M5U3语法——过去分词【附练习题+答案】
一、构成和用法
1. 过去分词是动词非谓语形式的一种（v-ed），在句中作状语、定语、表语、宾语补足语。
(1) 作状语：
1) Interested in the stories (＝as they were interested in her stories), they gave Tracy Wong
$15,000 in advance.
因为对她的小说感兴趣，他们预付了Tracy Wong一万五千美元。
2) The boy sat at the table buried in his lessons (＝and (he) was buried in his lessons).
那位男孩坐在桌前，埋头做功课。
(2) 作定语：
1) The first mammal cloned from an adult cell（＝that was / had been cloned from an adult
cell）was Dolly the sheep.
第一个用成年细胞克隆的哺乳动物是克隆羊多莉。
2) The name mentioned in the letter（＝which was mentioned in the letter）was unknown to me.
信里提到的名字我不熟。
(3) 作表语：
We were surprised to find that the window was broken. 窗子破了。
(4）作宾语补足语：
He found it hard to make himself understood. 他发现很难使自己被理解。
问题：由上例（斜体部分）你能看出过去分词有什么特点？
结论：a）过去分词（常常）表示“被动
．．”含义。
b）作状语和定语时，多数是由相应的从句转化而来。
2. 下面的例子中过去分词不表示被动：
1) The ground is covered with fallen leaves. 地上铺满了落叶。
2) At present China is still less developed than most western countries.
目前中国还没有多数西方国家发达。
3) Eating boiled eggs will do you good. 吃煮鸡蛋对你的身体有好处。
问题：斜体部分的动词有什么共同点？
结论：fall（掉，落下），develop（发展），boil（煮）等动词在上例中是不及物动词，不及物动词是不能表示被动的，它们的过去分词形式只表示“完成”、“过去”。
3. 过去分词的否定（not，never等）要放在过去分词前面。如：
1) Not given enough time, I had to give up halfway.
由于没有给我足够的时间，我只得中途放弃。
4、修饰分词的副词一般置于分词的前面。如：
1) Greatly encouraged by the story, we are determined to do our best for the country. 在这个故事的鼓舞下，我们决心全心全意为祖国服务。
5、过去分词还可以与其它词组成合成形容词。
(1) 副词＋过去分词：well-educated（受过良好教育的），ill-treated（受到恶劣对待的），overused （被滥用的），homemade（家制的）
(2) 名词＋过去分词：hand-made（手工制作的），man-made（人造的）
(3) 另外还有，形容词（或名词）＋名词＋ed的形式：kind-hearted（心地善良的），absent-minded （心不在焉的），warm-blooded（温血的）
二、形容词化的过去分词与现在分词
有些动词的过去分词和现在分词已经变成了形容词，这类动词的往往与人的心理感受有关，如：
amaze（使吃惊）—amazed—amazing; excite（使兴奋）—excited—exciting, please（使满意）—pleased—pleasing, thrill（使紧张）—thrilled—thrilling等。这类过去分词表示：
①“感到……的（having the feeling of ）”，表示人的感受，例如：
1) The public was shocked at his intention to clone a human.
公众对他克隆人的意图感到震惊
．．．．。
2) The disappointed parents gave a wry smile.
（感到
．．）失望的
．．．父母苦笑了笑。
②流露出……的（showing the feeling of），用来形容人的“表情、眼神”等，常修饰象look, expression, eye等名词，如：
1) The audience wore a bored look on their faces. 听众脸上挂着厌烦的表情
．．．．．。
现在分词则表示“令人（感到）……的（giving the feeling of），主要修饰表示事物的名词，但也不尽然。如：
2) The result is disappointing. 结果令人失望
．．．．。
3) They rejoiced at the exciting news. 他们对这令人兴奋
．．．．的．消息欣喜若狂。
试比较：
the disappointed boy（感到）失望的男孩（意思是说这个男孩感到失望）
the disappointing boy 令人失望的男孩（意思是说这个男孩令人失望）
因此，在特定的语境中要多加推敲。
三、图解分词（分词各种形式的比较）
在多数情况下，现在分词表示“主动”、“进行”的含义；
过去分词表示“被动”、“完成”的含义；
如果是“被动”但又是“进行”，那么就用“现在分词的被动式”，“现在分词的被动式”一般用作定语。
如果是“主动”但又是“完成”，那么就用“现在分词的完成式”，“现在分词的完成式”用作状语。
如下图：
现在分词的被动式the bridge being built正在（被）兴建的桥主动＋进行＝现在分词the workers building the bridge正在建桥的工人
被动＋完成＝过去分词the bridge built 已（被）建成的桥
现在分词的完成式Having built the bridge, the workers were allowed
some days’ leave. 建完了桥后，……
M5U3语法——过去分词练习题
1. What did the librarian _____ out of the library?
A. permit to take
B. forbid to be taken
C. allow to take
D. insist being taken
2. ---- Mum, why do you give me so much popcorn?
---- _____ the boring time.
A. Kill
B. Killing
C. To kill
D. Having killed
3. What Yang Liwei wanted to do when he got out of the spaceship was _____ the joy with all the Chinese.
A. share
B. shared
C. having shared
D. about to share
4. When she was alone at home, Mary needed a friend ______.
A. playing with
B. having played with
C. with whom to play with
D. with whom to play
5. _____ the big snake, the little girl stood under the tree _____ out of life.
A. Seeing; frightened
B. Seeing; frightening
C. Seen; frightened
D. To see; frightening
6. Could you give me a hand ______ from a car, please?
A. to carry the shopping
B. for carrying the shopping
C. and carrying shopping
D. carrying the shopping
7. Every minute must be made full use of ______ our lessons, for the college entrance examination is coming.
A. going over
B. to go over
C. go over
D. our going over
8. Who did the teacher have ______ an article for the wall newspaper just now?
A. written
B. writing
C. write
D. to write
9. ______ a boy of ten, he started working to support himself.
A. Being
B. When still
C. Because of
D. While
10. It is worth much______ is worth doing.
A. doing it
B. what to do
C. do what
D. to do what
11. There is always the chance ______ the weak ____ the strong.
A. of, defeating
B. about, defeating
C. of, winning
D. of, to defeat
12. She is looking forward as much to his return as he himself to ____ her.
A. have seen
B. seeing
C. see
D. be seen
13. There are ten waiting rooms at the newly-built station, _____ in all 20,000 people.
A. seating
B. seated
C. sitting
D. to seating
14. “If ,” he added, “ _____ enough time, I would certainly have done it better.”
A. to give
B. I was given
C. given
D. to be given
15. ---- Can’t you take a few days off from work to go with me to New York?
---- Sure. _____ my way and I will be glad to.
A. Pay
B. If you pay
C. To pay
D. Paying
16. ______ the answer, Tom, who asked the question, still stood with his hand ______.
A. Giving; raised
B. Given; raised
C. Given; risen
D. Giving; rising
17. ---- Shall we go swimming?
---- Ok, I’ll just go and get _______.
A. to change
B. myself changed
C. changed
D. to be changed
18. ---- Would you do me a favor?
---- I regret ______ I am busy right now.
A. to say
B. saying
C. having said
D. to have said
19. I have no one _____ me, for I am a new comer here.
A. help
B. helping
C. to help
D. to have helped
20. The building ____ in our school is for us teachers. Though there’s noise most of the day, we still feel happy about it.
A. built
B. having been built
C. to be built
D. being built
21. There’s ____ what the weather will be like tomorrow.
A. no knowing
B. not known
C. not knowing
D. no known
22. ---- You ___ part in the party on time.
---- Sorry, I was delayed by the accident.
A. are to take
B. were supposed to take
B. were to have taken D. supposed to take?
23. _____ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain doesn’t seem high at all.
A. When compared
B. To compare
C. While comparing
D. It compared
24. _____ in her best suit, the girl tried to make herself ____ at the party.
A. Dressed; noticed
B. Dressing; noticing
C. Dressed; noticing
D. Dressing; noticing
25. The matter ____ your study surely requires ____ carefully.
A. relating to; dealing with
B. related to; dealt with
C. related to; being dealt with
D. relating to; having dealt with
26. Everything ___ into consideration, they believed themselves more and returned to their positions.
A. to take
B. taken
C. to be taken
D. taking
27. ---- What do you think of the plan?
---- It’s easier said than _____.
A. carried out
B. carrying out
C. carry out
D. to carry out
28. Many businessmen attended the Boao Forum (博鳌论坛) because they knew what ____ from the forum.
A. to get
B. to be got
C. got
D. getting
29. There was a famous person at the party whom everyone would like ____to themselves.
A. to introduce
B. to be introduced
C. introducing
D. being introduced
30. ---- Were you at home last Sunday?
---- Yeah! I devoted the whole day to _____ the English grammar.
A. review
B. reviewing
C. be reviewed
D. being reviewed
31. Prices of daily goods ______ through a computer can be lower than store prices.
A. are bought
B. bought
C. been bought
D. buying
32. ____, John returned to school from his hometown.
A. The summer vocation being over
B. The summer vocation is over
C. Because the summer vocation over
D. After the summer vocation being over
33. ____ she can’t come, who will do the work?
A. Supposed
B. Supposing
C. Having supposed
D. Being supposed
34. ---- Is there anything you want from town?
---- No, thank you. But I would like to get ______.
A. those letters mailed
B. mailed letters
C. to mail those letters
D. those letters mail
35. After the guests left, she spent as much time as she could ____ the rooms.
A. tidy up
B. to clear away
C. clear away
D. tidying up
36. _____ it or not, this dictionary has shocked everyone in scientific circles.
A. Believe
B. To believe
C. Believing
D. Believed
37. To tell you the truth, I’d rather read than watch TV; the programs seem _____ all the time.
A. to get worse
B. to be getting worse
C. to have got worse
D. getting worse
38. After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on education, with girls as well as boys _____ to go to school.
A. to be encouraged
B. encouraging
C. encouraged
D. be encouraged
39. Everyone had an application form in his hand, but no one knew which office ____.
A. to send it to
B. to send it
C. to be sent to
D. to have it sent
40. The foreign tourists have visited many scenic spots in Shanghai, _____ as interpreter.
A. the guide acts
B. the guide acting
C. acting
D. acted
41. Linda is thought to ________ in Africa, but I really don’t know what country she worked in.
A. have worked
B. work
C. be working
D. be worked
42. _____ time and labor, cartoonists generally draw the hands of their characters with only 3 fingers and a thumb.
A. To save
B. Saved
C. Saving
D. Having saved
43. ____ money if you can and many poor children in the poor mountainous areas will be able to go back to school.
A. Having given
B. Given
C. To give
D. Give
44. Whatever trouble Mr. White had ____ with the case, he would stick to his own opinion.
A. deal
B. to deal
C. dealt
D. dealing
45. _____ the distance was too long and the time was too short, we decided not to drive to Florida.
A. Discovering
B. To discover
C. To have discovered
D. Discovered
46. What surprised me most was that there appeared a ____ look on her face on hearing the unexpected news.
A. worrying
B. worried
C. worry
D. worries
47. If you go to the West Lake in Hangzhou, you will find it more attractive than commonly _______.
A. supposing
B. to suppose
C. supposed
D. being supposed
48. ---- Haven’t you seen the sign, ____ “ NO PHOTOS”?
---- I’m really sorry I didn’t.
A. reads
B. to read
C. read
D. reading
49. ____ nice and delicious, the fried chicken was soon sold out.
A. Tasted
B. Being tasted
C. Tasting
D. To taste
50. ----The plan is heard _______ so well that we don’t have to make any changes.
----It is indeed.
A. to design
B. designing
C. designed
D. design
51. The woman found it no good ____ her daughter too much money.
A. giving
B. being given
C. given
D. gave
52. Her dress has become loose. She appears ____ weight.
A. to lose
B. being lost
C. losing
D. to have lost
53. I find these problems are easy ____.
A. to be worked out
B. to work them out
C. to work out
D. to be worked them out
54. The purpose of new drugs used on patients is to make them less painful, ____ them more
terrible.
A. not make
B. not to make
C. not making
D. do not make
55. ----I would like to buy an expensive camera.
----Well. We have several models ____.
A. to choose from
B. of choice
C. to be chosen
D. for choosing
56. Tigers _____ meat-eating animals _____ meat.
A. belonged to; fed on
B. belonging to; feed on
C. were belonged to; feed on
D. belonging to; feeding on
57. ----Is it _____ the bad smell that is difficult?
----Of course.
A. how getting rid of
B. got rid of
C. to get rid of
D. being got rid of
58. Never ______ off your coa t; it’s rather cold outside.
A. take
B. taking
C. to take
D. taken
59. You have no business______ to me the way you did yesterday.
A. about talking
B. talking
C. talked
D. on talking
60. We must treasure every minute because______ time is ______forever.
A. lost; losing
B. lost; lost
C. losing; losing
D. losing; lost
M5U3语法——过去分词练习题答案
1—5 BCADA 6—10 ABCBD 11—15 ABACA 16—20 BCACD 21—25 ACAAA 26—30 BAABB 31—35 BABAD 36—40 ABCAB 41—45 CADDA 46—50 BCDCC 51—55 ADCBA 56—60 BCABB
第7章动词的过去分词形式 动词的-ed形式也是非谓语动词的一种，它具有动词的一些特点，同时也具有形容词、副词的句法功能，在句中可用作表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语等。 一、动词的-ed形式的特征 A．动词的-ed形式是由动词的过去分词构成 动词的-ed形式只有一种形式，即传统语法中的过去分词。绝大部分的动词的-ed形式由动词原形加-ed构成，也有一些动词的-ed形式是不规则的。 1．规则动词的-ed形式 limit→limited（限制） pretend→pretended（假装） escape→escaped（逃脱） provide→provided（提供） refer→referred（提交） drag→dragged（拖） pray→prayed（祈祷） supply→supplied（供应） 2．不规则动词的-ed形式 cast→cast（投掷） spread→spread（传播） bite→bitten（咬） forgive→forgiven（原谅） spit→spat（吐） wear→worn（穿） fight→fought（搏斗） lose→lost（丢失） 3．少数动词的-ed形式作定语时，读音与一般过去分词不同 learned a learned professor 一位知识渊博的教授 aged an aged man 老人 beloved his beloved computer 他心爱的计算机 B．动词的-ed形式的否定形式 动词的-ed形式的否定形式是由not或never加动词的-ed形式构成。 Not allowed to go in, he had to wait outside. 不允许他进去，他只好在外面等着。 Never invited to his party, she got angry with him. 从未被邀请过去他的聚会，她很生气。 C．动词的-ed形式的特征 动词的-ed形式有被动的意思，有时也可表示完成的动作。 1．动词的-ed形式表示已完成的动作。 除了作形容词用的-ed形式外，动词的-ed形式可带有完成的意义，有的同时也带有被动的意义。
英语语法归纳之非谓语动词（动名词） 敬告： 以下内容，不参加高考等有语法题（语法单选、语法填空、短文改错等）考试的应用类学员无须深究，知道该语法结构的存在，及其充当的句子成分和功能即可，应多花时间练习听说读写，否则就背离了语言学习真正目的。应试类学员有时间可以比较分析，基本搞懂。 过去分词长什么样？规则的情况下与动词过去式相同，当然有不规则的情况；过去分词可以充当定语、状语、补语、定语，不可能充当主语、宾语； 过去分词不像现在分词有多种体现时态和语态的形式，只有一种形式done表示。 1、过去分词可以充当主谓宾补句型中的宾语补语；它与宾语是被动关系，或者说它与宾语是动宾关系。 (1) We found the fish eaten by our cat. (2) I can’t make myself understood because of my poor English. 2、过去分词可以充当定语；充当定语当然是修饰主语、宾语等名性的结构；表达过去分词的动作是被动的或完成，或即被动又完成的。 (1) The party had last night (which was had last night) was very cheerful. (2) USA is a developed country (a country which has been developed). (3) A great number of students questioned (who had been questioned) said they were forced to practice the piano. 3、过分词可以充当状语，它与主句主语是被动关系，或者说它与主句的主语是动宾关系； 过去分词一般只强调被动动作而不强调时间，多用于条件和原因状语；(1) Taken in time, the medicine will turn out to be very effective. If the medicine is taken in time, it will turn out to be very effective. (2) Offered an important role in a new movie, Andy has a chance to become famous.
高中英语语法之动词过去分词 简介 规则动词的过去分词一般是由动词加ed构成(具体规则见后)，不规则动词的过去分词见不规则动词表。过去分词则属于类动词 1. 及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是被动关系,表示主语的状态,不但表示被动,还表示已完成了.The cup is broken. 茶杯破了. 2. 不及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是主动关系,表示主语的状态,只表示动作的完成. He is retired. 他已退休. 3. 有些过去分词作表语时,构成的谓语很接近被动结构. 过去分词构成规则 1 、规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则： (1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited (2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。live---lived---lived , (3)、以“辅音字母+ y ”结尾的动词，将"y" 变为"i" ，再加“ ed ”。 study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried , (4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。 stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped 2 、不规则动词，见不规则表 一、当过去分词作为表语 The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城市三面环山. 【注意】过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别:过去分词作表语,主要是表示主语的状态,而被动语态则表示动作. (1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被动语态,表示动作) (2) The library is now closed. 图书馆关门了.(过去分词作表语) 【注意】过去分词表示被动或完成, -ing 形式表示主动或进行.有些动词如interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人,用-ing 形式来修饰物. (3) The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. 这本书很有趣,我对它很感兴趣. 二、当过去分词作为定语 作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词,其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词.及物动词的过去分词作定语,既表被动又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语,只表完成. 1. 过去分词用作定语,如果是单个的,常置于其所修饰的名词之前. We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况. 2. 过去分词短语用作定语时,一般置于其所修饰的名词之后,其意义相当于一个定语从句,但较从句简洁,多用于书面语中. The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功. 3.过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号. The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会,到会的有五千多人. 4. 用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物,这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人,但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关.
动词过去分词及独立主格结构的用法 一、过去分词的定义及其基本形式 1．过去分词是动词的另一种非限定形式，过去分词具有动词、形容词和副词的特性，可以带宾语或受状语修饰。过去分词和宾语或状语一起构成过去分词短语。如： （1）spoken English 英语口语（过去分词具有形容词的特性，作定语） （2）Given more time, we could do it much better. =If we were given more time, we could do it much better. 多给点时间，我们会做得更好些。 （过去分词具有动词的特性，有自己的宾语more time，构成分词短语；过去分词短语在句中作状语，具有副词的特性。） 2．过去分词的基本形式 （1）规则动词的过去分词由动词＋ed构成 （2）不规则动词的过去分词须逐个记忆。 （3）不规则动词的过去分词表示完成，如： fallen leaves =leaves which have fallen落叶 （4）及物动词的过去分词表示被动或完成，如： the machines used in the workshop =the machines which are used in the workshop 车间用的机器（及物动词的过去分词表示被动） I heard the door opened. =I heard the door has been opened. 我听见门被打开了。（及物动词的过去分词表示被动和完成） 二、过去分词的句法功能 过去分词是一种非谓语动词，在句中不能单独做谓语。但它具有形容词和副词的特性，故在句中可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。
过去分词作定语 1. 单个过去分词作定语, 通常前置 a. 及物动词的过去分词，具有被动和完成的意义。 a broken cup a wounded soldier an unexpected guest the excited crowd b. 不及物动词的过去分词，具有主动和完成意义。 a retired officer C. 合成的过去分词 a much-needed reform state-owned enterprises 2. 过去分词短语作定语：通常后置，其作用相当于定语从句。 a letter written in pencil = a letter which was written in pencil the machines produced last year 过去分词与现在分词的区别： 1 语态不同：现在分词表示主动，及物动词的过去分词表示被动注：不及物动词的过去分词只有“完成”含义，而不表示被动The falling leaves the fallen leaves 2 时间关系不同：现在分词作定语，多表示“动作正在 进行”或“与谓语同时进行”或“经常性”。 过去分词作定语，则多表示分词动作“先于位于动词表 示的动作” 或“ 没有一定的时间性” 1.Do you know the boy ____(lie) under the big tree? 2. “Can’t you read?” Mary said angrily ____(point) to the notice. 3 The woman _____(sell) vegetables has gone. 4.The wheat is watered by water _____(bring) from a pond. 5. He is a leader________ (respect) by the people. 3 及物动词的过去分词(done)与现在分词的被动式 (being done)都可以表示“被动”，但前者多表示一个 完成了的动作，而后者则表示一个正在进行的动作. the problem discussed yesterday The problem being discussed 1. We lived in the house __built by my uncles ________________ (我舅舅们修建的). 2. Any medicine ___taken_____(服用) without the advice of a doctor can cause trouble. 3. We spent two hours discussing the plan __made by her __ ______________ (她制定的).
初中英语过去完成时态讲解试题 过去完成时态 1）过去完成时态的构成： 肯定式：had + 动词的过去分词 否定式：hadn't + 动词的过去分词 疑问式：Had … + 动词的过去分词 简略回答: Yes, 主 + have/has had. No, 主 + had现在完成时的用法 过去完成时的用法： 1、表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作。他表示的时间是"过去的过去 "常与by last year, by the time of yesterday,等连用。如： She said she had seen the film 4 times. When Mr Li got to the classroom, all the students had begun reading. By the time they arrived, the bus had left. 2、表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。常与for (后跟段时间)或since (后跟点时间)等连用.如: She had worked in this school since it opened 25 years ago. 例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！ 1. He ______ in Shanghai University for four years before he ______ Beijin g. A. studied, had gone B. had studied, went C. has studied, goes D. had studied, had gone
过去分词用法归纳-标准化文件发布号：（9556-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII
过去分词用法归纳 Mar 7, 2011 过去分词主要表示被动，可表示发生在过去，所以叫过去分词。也可以无时间概念，只表示被动。过去分词用法：状语、定语、补语、表语。 一．状语 情况 1：表“被动”的状语从句可简化成过去分词做状语。表示条件、时间、让步的连词可保留，如if, when, although。表原因的不保留，如because 等。 1) He won’t go to the party tomorrow, if he is not invited. He won’t go to the party, if not invited. 2) When she was asked about her age, she kept silent. When asked about her age, she kept silent. 3) Once it is formed, a bad habit is hard to kick. Once formed, a bad habit is hard to kick. 进一步练习: 1) If it is seen from the mountain, the city looks more beautiful. Seen from the mountain, the city looks more beautiful. 2) If it is heated to 100 degrees Centigrade, water boils. Heated to 100 degrees Centigrade, water boils. 3) The problems, if they are not solved properly, will seriously affect the relations of nations. The problems, if not solved properly, will seriously affect the relations of nations. 4) Although he was warned of the danger, the boy still went skating on the ice. 2
过去完成时专项练习 1. 1. 单项选择 1．He asked me _____ during the summer holidays. A. where I had been B. where I had gone C. where had I been D. where had I gone 2. What ____ Jane ____ by the time he was sever? A. did, do B. has, done C did, did. D. had, done 3. I ______ 900 English words by the time I was ten。 A. learned B. was learning C. had learned D. learnt 4. She ______lived here for ______ years. A. had, a few B. has, several C. had, a lot of D. has, a great deal of 5. By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I _____ the dinner already. A had cooked B. cooked C. have cooked D. was cooked 6. She said she __________ the principle already A .has seen B. saw C. will see D. had seen 7. She said her family _______ themselves ______ the army during the war. A. has hidden, from B. had hidden, from C. has hidden, with D. had hidden, with 8. By the time he was ten years old, he _________. A. has completed university B. has completed the university B. had completed an university D. had completed university 9. She had written a number of books ______ the end of last year. A. for B. in C. by D. at 10. He _____ to play ____ before he was 11 years old. A had learned, piano B. had learned, the piano C. has learned, the piano D. learns ,piano. 11. What _______ Annie ____ by the time he was ten? A. did, do B. did, did C. has, done D. had done 12 .He ___ in the factory for three years before he joined the Army. A. has worked B. works C. had worked D. will work
【初中语法系列】过去完成时，过去的过去！对于理解过去完成时来说，其要义只有一点，那就“过去的过去”。 一.过去完成时的概念与结构 概念： 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去（past-in-the-past ）”。 构成： “助动词had +过去分词”，其中had 通用于各种人称。 They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.在到达旅馆之前，他们已经吃过了早饭。 二.过去完成时的用法 1.表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”。例如： When I woke up, it had stopped raing. 我醒来时，雨已经停了。（雨停发生在醒来之前，即“过去的过去”） 2.表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。例如： By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.到去年年底为止，他已经在这个工厂工作了20年。（到去年年底为止已工作了20年，还有继续进行下去的可能） 三.过去完成时的判断依据 1.由时间状语来判定
一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有： （1）by +过去的时间点，例如： I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. 到昨天晚上九点钟为止，我已经读完了这本小说。 （2）by the end of +过去的时间点，例如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.到上学期末为止，我们已经学了两千多单词。 （3）before +过去的时间点，例如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 在xx之前，他们已经植了六百棵树。 2.由“过去的过去”来判定 过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指在过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在： （1）宾语从句中 当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。例如： She said that she had seen the film before. 她说她之前看过这部电影。 （2）状语从句中 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。例如：
过去分词的用法 一、构成：规则动词的过去分词是有动词原形+ed构成的，不规则动词则有各自构成。 二、基本特点：过去分词在句子中的基本用法有两点：1.与逻辑主语之间是被动关系 2.表示完成的动作 三、过去分词的用法： 1.作表语：过去分词作表语时，一般同时具备被动与完成的含义 例如：（1）The cup is broken.（2）He is retired. （3）After running,he is tired. 【注意】过去分词作表语时，已经变成形容词性质，主要表示主语的状态（被动完成）,而被动语态则表示动作. 例如：(1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被动语态,表示动作) （2）The cup is now broken. 茶杯碎了.(过去分词作表语,表示状态) 【注意】有些动词如interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人,表示“感到……” 用-ing 形式来修饰物，表示“令人……” 例如：The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. 这本书很有趣,我对它很感兴趣. 2.做定语 作定语用的过去分词其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词.及物动词的过去分词作定语,既表被动又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语,只表完成. 1）单一过去分词作定语,常置于其所修饰的名词之前，称作前置定语。 例如：We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况. 2）过去分词短语用作定语时,一般置于其所修饰的名词之后,相当于一个定语从句,称作后置定语。 例如：The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功. 3）过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号. 例如：The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 4）用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以修饰与人有关的表情，面貌，举止行为以及感觉等，这时不能用v-ing形式例如：The boy looked up with a pleased expression. His satisfied look showed that he had passed this exam. 3.作状语 作状语的过去分词在句子中多表示被动和完成两重含义。 1）时间状语：A.当和谓语动词动作同时发生时，一般仅表示被动,可以用when从句代替。 例如：Faced with difficulties,we shouldn’t withdraw for any excuse. B.当表示动作发生在谓语动词之前时，通常既表被动又表完成，可用after从句代替，也可用现在分词的被动完成形式代替。 例如：Caught by the police,the thief lay on the ground,crying and shouting. 2）原因状语：过去分词所表示的动作多有被动和完成两重含义。 例如：Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好. Welcomed by all the students,we expressed own true thanks to them.被全体同学欢迎，我们表达真挚的感激【注意】有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动而表主动.这样的过去分词及短语常见的有: lost (迷路); seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (驻扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦). 等，这种结构可以改写成一个because引导的主系表结构句子。 例如：Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音. Tired of the noise,he decided to move to the country.因厌倦了噪音，他决定搬到农村去。 Dressed in an orange dress,she looked more beautiful than before.穿上橘红色连衣裙，她看起来比以前更美3）条件状语：作条件状语时，一般只表被动含义。相当于if引导的条件状语从句。 例如：Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快. 4）伴随情况：表示伴随谓语动词发生的另外动作，位于主语之后，用逗号隔开，可以同时表示被动与完成， 例如：The mother ran across the street,followed by her little son. 5）结果状语：表示发生在谓语动词后的动作，位于主句后用都逗号分开，也可以同时表示被动与完成。 例如：He listened to the hero’s story,moved to tears. 【注意】状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词,构成"连词+过去分词"结构作状语. 例如：When given a medical examination, you should keep calm. 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定.
过去分词的用法 1. 分词的定义 动词的-ed分词即过去分词，是由动词的过去分词构成，一般只有一种形式。 2. 过去分词的语法作用 过去分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个形容词或副词，在句中可以作表语、定语、状语和补足语。 3. 过去分词作表语 1)过去分词作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态。如： Don’t touch the glass because it is broken. 不要碰那个杯子，它是坏的。 He is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 她很喜欢那礼服的式样。 2)及物动词的过去分词作表语，与句子主语是被动关系，表示主语的状态，既表示被动， 又表示完成。 The cup is broken. 茶杯破了。 3)不及物动词的过去分词作表语，与句子主语是主动关系，表示主语的状态，只表示动作 的完成。 He is retired. 他已退休。 4)过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别：过去分词作表语，主要是表示主语的状态，而被动 语态则表示动作。 The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的。(是被动语态,表示动作) The library is now closed. 图书馆关门了。(过去分词作表语) 4. 过去分词作定语 1)单个的过去分词作定语一般放在名词的前面，相当于一个定语从句。 The excited people rushed into the building. 激动的人们奔进了大楼。 =The people who were excited rushed into the building. 2)过去分词短语作定语通常放在被修饰的词后面，相当于一个定语从句。 The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager. 外国专家提出来的建议被经理采纳了。 =The suggestion that was made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager. 3)过去分词作定语也可用作非限制性定语，前后用逗号隔开。 The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.
现在分词和过去分词的用法 1)As Lily missed the bus, she was late for the class. Missing the bus, she was late for the class. 2)As the student was scolded by the teacher, she felt unhappy. scolded by the teacher, she felt unhappy. 一、现在分词 （一）现在分词的定义： 现在分词（Present Participle）(又称-ing形式、现在进行式) ，是分词的一种，由动词原形+ing形式组成。具有双重性，一面具有动词的特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语；另一面具有形容词和副词的特征，可以充当表语，定语，状语，补足语，可以表示主动或正在进行的动作，是非谓语动词的一种。 （二）现在分词的功能与用法： 1. 作定语 单个分词作定语时放在所修饰的名词前，分词短语作定语时放在后，并且名词与现在分词之间存有逻辑上的主谓关系。一般都可以转化为一个进行时的定语从句。 e.g. a running boy→ a boy who is running an old man standing there →an old man who is standing there 例如： The report indicated that 45% of students were in jobs not specific qualifications. A. requiring B. to be required C. being required D. to have required 2. 作补语 只有两类动词可以加现在分词作宾补: 1）感官动词：see hear watch feel notice observe find listen to look at 2）使役动词：have get make 注意：要想用现在分词来作宾补,只能是用于这些词后,但是并不代表这些动词后的宾补形式都要用现在分词（有些后面可以加不带to的不定式作宾补）。 eg. I saw Thomas playing computer games. Don’t have the students studying all day. 注意：宾语与作宾补的现在分词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，即宾语是现在分词动作的发出者。 3. 作表语 (1) 分词作表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词作表语，一种是过去分词作表语，究竟是用现在分词还是用过去分词作表语是学生们经常困惑的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是－ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用－ed形式。这类词常见的有： interesting 使人感到高兴— interested感到高兴的 exciting令人激动的— excited感到激动的
初中英语语法——过 去完成时
初中英语语法——过去完成时 过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。过去完成时是一种相对状态，情调动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。 1.过去完成时谓语动词的结构形式 过去完成时谓语动词的结构形式为：助动词had+过去分词。had在句中没有人称和数的变化。如： My father had left before I came here. My parents had begun to work by the time I got up. 2.过去完成时的用法 （1）表示在过去某时刻或在过去另一动作之前所完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。如： She had learned English before she came to English. I asked him if he had ever seen a whale blowing. （2）表示过去某一时间以前开始一直延续到那个时间并可能继续下去的动作或状态，常与for或since引导的表示时间的短语或从句连用。如： He had studied English for five years when he went to the middle school. He had been ill for a week when he was sent to the hospital. （3）过去完成时还经常用于主句为过去时的宾语从句中。在宾语从句中，主句用了一般过去时，从句表示完成用过去完成时。如： He said he had been a soldier. They said they had seen the film. （4）表示过去未曾实现的希望或计划用过去完成时。如：
21. The foreigner tried his best, but he still couldn’t make his point ___. A. understand B. understanding C. to understand D. understood 22. The scientists were waiting to see the problem ______. A. settle B. settled C. to settle D. settling 23. The library’s study room is full of students _____for the exam. A. busily prepared B. busy preparing C. busily prepare D. are busily preparing 24. The ground is _____with ____ leaves. A. covering, falling B. covered, falling C. covered, fallen D. covering, fallen 25. Lessons ____easily were soon forgotten. A. to learn B. learn C. learned D. learning 26. The wallet ____several days ago was found ____in the dustbin outside the building。 A. stolen, hidden B. stealing, hiding C. stealing, hidden D. stolen, hiding 27. A person _____a foreign language must be able to use the foreign language, ______all about his own. A. to learn, to forget B. learning, to forget C. to learn, forgetting D. learning, forgetting 28. ___different kinds of pianos, the workers farther improved their quality. A. To produce B. Being produced C. Produced D. Having produced 29. The students in the university are all taking courses ___a degree. A. coming to B. going to C. leading to D. turning to 30. Many things _____impossible in the past are very common today. A. consider B. considering C. considered D. be considered 31. ___many times, he still couldn’t understand. A. Having been told B. Having told C. He having been told D. Telling 32. The old sick lady entered the hospital, ____her two sons. A. to support B. supporting C. supported by D. having supported 33. China is one of the largest countries in the world, _____9. 6 million square kilometres. A. to cover B. covered C. covers D. covering 34. ____and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize. A Surprising B. Surprised C. Being surprised D. To be surprising 35. The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks,____ that he had enjoyed his stay here. A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added 36. “Can you read?” Mary said ____to the notice. A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing 37. _____ the composition, John handed it to the teacher and went out of the room. A. Writing B. Having written C. Written D. Being written 38. Were you ____when you saw that wild animal ? A. fright B. frightening C. frightened D. frighten 39. Properly _____with numbers, the books can be easily found. A. marked B. mark C. to mark D. marking 40. The child sat in the dentist’s chair ____. A. tremble B. trembling C. trembled D. to trembled 41. At this moment the bell rang, _____the end of class. A. announce B. announcing C. announced D. to announce 42. He walked down the hills, ____softly to himself. A. sing B. singing C. sung D. to sing 43. I had to shout to make myself _____ above the noise.