1. 各类机构或组织的首长其汉语称谓译成英语时虽可套用通用词 head，但从比较严格的意义上看，应使用特定的、规范的称谓语。例如：
校长（大学） President of Beijing University
校长（中小学） Principal /Headmaster of Donghai Middle School
院长（大学下属） Dean of the Graduate School
系主任（大学学院下属） Chair/Chairman of the English Department
会长/主席（学/协会） President of the Student Union， Shanghai University
厂长（企业） Director of the Machine Tools Manufacturing Plant
院长（医院） President of Huadong Hospital
主任（中心） Director of the Business Center
主任（行政） Director of Foreign Affairs Office
董事长（企业） President/Chairman of the Board of Directors
董事长（学校） President/Chairman of the Board of Trustees
2. 首席长官的汉语称谓常以“总……”表示，而表示首席长官的英语称谓语则常带有 chief general， head ，managing 这类词，因此当翻译冠以“总”字的头衔时，需遵循英语头衔的表达习惯：
总书记 general secretary
总工程师 chief engineer
总会计师 chief accountant
总建筑师 chief architect
总编辑 chief editor； editor-in-chief； managing editor
总出纳 chief cashier； general cashier
总裁判 chief referee
总经理 general manager； managing director； executive head
总代理 general agent
总教练 head coach
总导演 head director
总干事 secretary-general；commissioner
总指挥 commander-in-chief； generalissimo
总领事 consul-general
总监 chief inspector； inspector-general；chief impresario
总厨 head cook； chef
3. 有些部门或机构的首长或主管的英译，可以用一些通用的头衔词表示，例如下列机构的负责人可以用 director，head 或 chief 来表示：
司（部属）department
厅（省属）department
署（省属）office（行署为administrative office）
局 bureau
所 institute
处 division
科 section
股 section
室 office
教研室 program / section
例：
局长 director of the bureau； head of the bureau； bureau chief。
国务院 the State Council 属下的部为 ministry，所以部长叫作 minister。
另外，公署专员叫作commissioner，其办事机构叫作“专员公署”，英语
为 prefectural commissioner's office。
4. 汉语中表示副职的头衔一般都冠以“副”字，英译时需视词语的固定搭配或表达习惯等情况，可选择 vice，associate， assistant， deputy 等词。相对而言，vice 使用面较广，例如：
副总统（或大学副校长等）vice president
副主席（或系副主任等）vice chairman
副总理 vice premier
副部长 vice minister
副省长 vice governor
副市长 vice mayor
副领事 vice consul
副校长（中小学）vice principal
行政职务的副职头衔与学术头衔的“副”职称往往用不同的词表达，最为常用的英语词是 associate，例如：
副教授 associate professor
副研究员 associate research fellow
副主编 associate managing editor
副编审 associate senior editor
副审判长 associate judge
副研究馆员 associate research fellow of ... （e.g. library science）
副译审 associate senior translator
副主任医师 associate senior doctor
当然，有些英语职位头衔，如 manager 和 headmaster，其副职头衔可冠
以 assistant，例如：
副总经理 assistant / deputy general manager； assistant / deputy managing director
大堂副理（宾馆）assistant manager
副校长（中小学）assistant headmaster
以 director 表示的职位的副职常以 deputy director 表示。此外，secretary， mayor， dean 等头衔的副职也可冠以 deputy，例如：
副秘书长 deputy secretary-general
耐书记 deputy secretary
副市长 deputy mayor
副院长 deputy dean
5. 学术头衔系列除了含“正”“副”级别的高级职称和中级职称外，还有初级职称如“助理”，“助理”常用 assistant 来表示，例如：
助理教授 assistant professor
助理研究员 assistant research fellow
助理工程师 assistant engineer
助理编辑 assistant editor
助理馆员 assistant research fellow of... （e.g. library science）
助理教练 assistant coach
助理农艺师 assistant agronomist
6. 还有一些行业的职称头衔，其高级职称不用“正”或“副”表示，而直接用“高级”或“资深”来表示，我们可以用senior 来称呼，例如：
高级编辑 senior editor
高级工程师 senior engineer
高级记者 senior reporter
高级讲师 senior lecturer
高级教师 senior teacher
高级农艺师 senior agronomist
7. 有一些行业的职称或职务系列中，最高级别的职位冠以“首席”一词，英语常用 chief 来表示：
首席执行官 chief executive officer （CEO）
首席法官 chief judge
首席顾问 chief advisor
首席检察官 chief inspector / prosecutor
首席仲裁员 chief arbitrator
首席监事 chief supervisor
首席播音员 chief announcer / broadcaster
首席代表 chief representative
首席记者 chief correspondent
8. 除了用“总”、“高级”、“首席”等词语来表示一些机构或行业的最高级职务之外，还有一些高级职务则使用带“长”字的头衔，例如：
检察长 procurator-general
审判长 presiding judge；chief judge；chief of judges
护士长 head nurse
秘书长 secretary-general
参谋长 chief of staff
厨师长 head cook，chef
9. 有些头衔会含诸如“代理”、“常务”、“执行”、“名誉”这类称谓语，例如：
代理市长，代理总理，代理主任
常务理事，常务副校长
执行主席，执行主任，执行秘书
名誉校长，名誉会长
一般说来，“代理”可译作 acting，例如：
代理市长 acting mayor
代理总理 acting premier
代理主任 acting director
“常务”可以 managing 表示，例如：
常务理事 managing director
常务副校长 managing vice president（亦可作 first vice mayor）
“执行”可译作 executive，例如：
执行主任executive director
执行秘书executive secretary
执行主席executive chairman（也可译作presiding chairman）
“名誉”译为honorary，例如：
名誉校长 honorary president / principal
名誉主席、会长 honorary chairman / president（也可用 emeritus 表示，
如 emeritus chairman / president）
有些职称或职务带有“主任”、“主治”、“特级”厂特派，、“特约”等头衔，英译不尽相同，例如：
主任编辑 associate senior editor
主任秘书 chief secretary
主任医师 senior doctor
主任护士 senior nurse
主治医师 attending / chief doctor； physician； consultant
特级教师 special-grade senior teacher
特派记者 accredited correspondent
特派员/专员 commissioner
特约编辑 contributing editor
特约记者 special correspondent
10. 许多职称、职务的头衔称谓其英语表达法难以归类，需要日积月累，逐步登录在自己的称谓语料库中。以下所列举是其中的一部分：
办公室主任 office manager （如“校长办公室主任” manager of president's office）
财务主任 treasurer
车间主任 workshop manager / director
编审 senior editor
博导（博士生导师）doctoral student supervisor
研究生导师 graduate student tutor
客座教授 visiting professor
院士 academician
译审 senior translator
村长 village head
领班 captain；foreman；gaffer
经纪人 broker
税务员 tax collector
研究管员 research fellow of...（如“图书馆研究管员” research fellow of library science）
股票交易员 stock dealer
红马夹（stock exchange） floor broker
业务经理 service/business/operation manager
住院医生 resident （doctor）； registrar
国际大师 international master
注册会计师 chartered / certified public accountant； registered / incorporated accountant
11. 我国有一些常见的荣誉称号（honorary title）在许多英语国家没有对应的表达语，现列举部分英译供参考：
标兵 pacemaker
学习标兵 student pacemaker； model student
劳动模范 model worker
模范教师 model teacher
优秀教师 excellent teacher
优秀员工 outstanding employee； employee of the month / year
青年标兵 model youth / youth pacemaker
三好学生 "triple-A" outstanding student； outstanding student
三八妇女红旗手 "March 8th Red Banner" outstanding woman pacemaker
历年上海英语翻译中级口译汉译英真题及答案 原文： 越来越多受英文教育的海外华人父母，已经认识到孩子在掌握不可或缺的英文的同时，也通晓中文的重要性。中国的崛起，让他们充分认识到孩子掌握双语的好处——既能增加他们的就业机会，也能让他们接触和熟悉东西方两种不同的文化。 这些人对中文的态度几乎没有完全改变。曾几何时，他们还非常骄傲地宣称自己只懂英文。现在，他们已开始积极支持孩子学习中文和中国文化，而且还不时走访中国，欣赏壮观的自然风光，认识丰富的文化遗产。 译文： An increasing number of English-educated Chinese parents overseas have come to the realization that while English learning is indispensable to their children, it is essential that their kids have a good command of Chinese. China’s rise has fully awakened their awareness of the fact that their kids can benefit from their bilingual ability which can not only enhance their competitiveness in the job market, but also facilitate their exposure to and familiarity with the two different cultures between the East and the West. They have hardly changed their attitudes towards Chinese. At one time they proudly declared that they knew English only. Now, they have begun to give full support to their kids learning Chinese and its culture, and they also make occasional visits to China, where they can enjoy its magnificent natural landscape and get to know its rich cultural heritage. 解析： 本段是一篇文化类介绍文章。总体难度一般，以句号结束的句子即可作为一
?那么什么是口译？口译是一种通过口头表达形式，将所感知和理解的信息准确而又快速地由一种语言形式转换成另一种语言形式，进而达到完整并即时传递与交流信息之目的的交际行为，是现代社会跨文化、跨民族交往的一种基本沟通方式。 ?——梅德明《中级口译教程》第一部分“口译概论” ?第二节“口译定义” ?The Criteria of Interpretation 翻译的标准 ?功能对等functional equivalence ?信、达、雅faithfulness fluency/ expressiveness and elegance ?Remember how modern interpretation started? ? ?口译特点The Characteristics of Interpretation (The similarity and difference between T and I) We still need to improve: ?语言解意能力listening comprehension ?反应记忆能力short-term memory and quick response ?信息组合能力summarizing information ?语言表达能力language expressiveness ?文化背景知识all-embracing knowledge ? ?Even more… ?unpredictability —flexibility and expressiveness ?pressure — self-confidence ?solo work —great responsibility ?all embracing knowledge — jack of all trades, master of none ?smart power…… ? ?口译的类型 the categorical classification of Interpretation ?形式 ?交替传译 ?同声传译 ?耳语口译 ?视阅口译
产品介绍 1.我们的电热水壶是最新的快速煮沸开水及饮料的家用电器产品，适用于家庭及办公室。 Our electric kettle is the most up-to-date household appliance to boil water and make hot drinks fast at home or in the office. 2.该产品具有热效率高、耗电量少、性能可靠等优点，是您的最佳选择。 The product is your best choice with its high thermal efficiency, low power consumption, as well as reliable performance. 3.这跑车很酷，因此深受年轻人的喜爱，而且比其他式样的要轻便很多。 The sports car is so cool that it is popular with young people, and it is much lighter/convenient than other styles. Meet with a great favor in young people, Enjoy wide/great popularity among Is appreciated by young users 4.脱胎漆器无论是形状、样式、颜色、光泽，都那么高雅大方，此外，还轻便耐久。 Bodiles s lacquerwork is elegant in its 5.这很容易操作。你要做的就是轻轻按下这个按钮。看，开动了。 It is easy handling. / to handle. What you need to do is push/press the bottom lightly. Look, it gets started./ it is starting. 6.我们的绣花衬衫质量上乘，款式新颖，在欧洲和美国都很受欢迎，相信在你们国家也会有市场 的。 Our embroidered shirts are fine/superior in quality, fashionable in design, and have met with grater favor in European countries and America. I’m sure they will also enjoy a wide popularity in your country. (Warmly welcomed by) 定货-询价-报价-还价 7.由于订单太多，我们最多只能供应100台。我建议你把订单的数量削减一半，怎么样？ As we are heavily committed, we can only supply 100 set at most. May I suggest that you cut the quantity of your order by half? As we have too many orders on hand, 100 set is the best we can offer you. I’d sugget that you reduce your order by half, what do you think? 8.我们能按不同市场的流行款式或客户来样，制作不同款式的箱包。 We can produce suitcase modeled after the fashions of different markets or according to buyers' samples. We can produce different styles of suitcase according to the fashions of the markets or the customers’samples. 9.我们的“虎”牌商标已经被大多数海外顾客所接受，并且在世界市场站稳了脚跟。 Our “Tiger” Trade Mark is well received by most of the overseas customers and has been well established in the world market. 10.坦白地说吧，已经有其他的客户已更高的价格向我们的订货呢。如果不是考虑到我们长期的业 务关系，我们也不会以这个价钱向你方报实盘。 To be frank with you, other clients have ordered at a higher price. We would not be willing to make you a firm offer at that price if it were not for the longstanding relations between us. 11.作为我们的老客户，您应该很清楚我们产品的质量上乘，而且，我们的报价是与世界市场的现 行价格相一致的 You is our old client, so you know very well that know fully well that our product is of superior quality, and Our quotation always comes in line with the world market/Our price is in line with the
历年上海英语中级口译翻译英译汉真题及答案 原文： 出自Newsweek Why We Must Fire Bad Teachers The relative decline of American education at the elementary- and high-school levels has long been a national embarrassment as well as a threat to the nation’s future. Once upon a time, American students tested better than any other students in the world. Now, ranked against European schoolchildren, America does about as well as Lithuania, behind at least 10 other nations. For much of this time—roughly the last half century—professional educators believed that if they could only find the right pedagogy, the right method of instruction, all would be well. They tried New Math, open classrooms, Whole Language—but nothing seemed to achieve significant or lasting improvements. Yet in recent years researchers have discovered something that may seem obvious, but for many reasons was overlooked or denied. What really makes a difference, what matters more than the class size or the textbook, the teaching method or the technology, or even the curriculum, is the quality of the teacher. Much of the ability to teach is innate—an ability to inspire young minds as well as control unruly classrooms that some people instinctively possess (and some people definitely do not). Teaching can be taught, to some degree, but not the way many graduate schools of education do it, with a lot of insipid or marginally relevant theorizing and pedagogy. In any case the research shows that within about five years, you can generally tell who is a good teacher and who is not. 我们为什么必须叫停“不称职”的老师?
口译培训-第一单元-翻译titles
第一单元：Training Course 1—1：称谓口译 Interpreting Titles 一.以“总……”表示的首席长官，可选择general、chief、head这类词表示。 总经理 general manager 总工程师 chief engineer 总会计师 chief accountant 总教练 head coach 二.一些行业的职称头衔，直接用“高级”或“资深”来表示，可用“senior”来称呼。高级记者 senior reporter 高级讲师 senior lecturer 三.“首席”英语常用chief来表达。 首席执行官 chief cxecutive officer（CEO） 首席顾问 chief advisor 首席检察官 chief inspector 四.还有一些高级职务带“长”字，例如： 参谋长 chief of staff 护士长 head nurse 秘书长 secretary-general 五.以“副”字的表示副职的行政职务头衔，可用vice、deputy表达。 副总统 vice president 副主席 vice chairman 副总理 vice minister 副秘书长 deputy secretary-general 副书记 deputy secretary 副市长 deputy mayor
六.学术头衔的“副”职称，常用associate表示。 副教授 associate professor 副研究员 associate research fellow 副审判长 associate judge 以香港警务处为例：The Hong Kong Police Force has an establishment of 28,984 disciplined officers 纪律人员supported by 4,577 civilian officers文职人员.
尊称的译法: 在寒暄、介绍、礼仪祝词中，对对方或他人的尊敬称谓十分常见，中文和英语中的尊称说法有很多，较为常见的是英译中时可将you，your company，your university译成“您”、“贵公司”.“贵校”，而中译英的情况则较为复杂。如果是泛称，比如“尊敬的来宾”，一般可译成distinguished guests，honorable guests或respected guests等。但对不同身份、不同地位的个人则常常需要使用不同的尊称方式，主要有以下几种: 1. 陛下：Majesty，是对King(国王)，Queen（王后或女王）的尊称。 直接称谓：Your Majesty 间接称谓：His/Her Majesty Majesty后面还可以加上人名：H. M. (Her Majesty) Queen Elizabeth 2. 殿下：Highness，是Prince (王子)，Princess (公主)，Royal Duke （王族公爵）和Royal Duchess (王族公爵夫人）的尊称， 直接称谓：Your Highness 间接称谓：His/Her Highness Highness后面还可以加上头衔及人名：Your Royal Highness Princess Diana 3. 阁下：Excellency，是对Prime Minister （总理），Secretary (大臣)，Minister(部长)，Governor(总督／省长)，Bishop(主教），Ambassador(大使）等高官及教士的尊称。 直接称谓：Your Excellency 间接称谓：His/Her Excellency 后面还可以加上职衔及人名：Your Excellency Prime Minister Brown 4. 大人：Grace，主要用于对Duke （公爵)，Duchess (公爵夫人），Arch-bishop （大主教）表示敬意。 直接称谓：Your Grace 间接称谓：His/Her Grace 5. 先生：Honor，是对法官或某些高官的尊称。 直接称谓：Your Honor 间接称谓：His/Her Honor
我国有一些常见的荣誉称号(honorary title) 在许多英语国家没有对应的表达语，现列举部分英译供参考： 标兵pacemaker 学习标兵student pacemaker; model student 劳动模范model worker 模范教师model teacher 优秀教师excellent teacher 优秀员工outstanding employee; employee of the month / year 青年标兵model youth / youth pacemaker 青年突击手youth shock worker 三好学生"triple-A" outstanding student; outstanding student 三八妇女红旗手"March 8th Red Banner" outstanding woman pacemaker 校长（大学）President of Beijing University 校长（中小学）Principal /Headmaster of Donghai Middle School 院长（大学下属）Dean of the Graduate School 系主任（大学学院下属）Chair/Chairman of the English Department 会长／主席（学／协会）President of the Student Union, Shanghai University 厂长（企业）Director of the Machine Tools Manufacturing Plant 院长（医院）President of Huadong Hospital 主任（中心）Director of the Business Center 主任（行政）Director of Foreign Affairs Office 董事长（企业）President／Chairman of the Board of Directors 董事长（学校）President／Chairman of the Board of Trustees 首席长官的汉语称谓常以“总……”表示，而表示首席长官的英语称谓语则常带有chief general, head , managing 这类词，因此当翻译冠以“总”字的头衔时，需遵循英语头衔的表达习惯： 总书记general secretary 总工程师chief engineer 总会计师chief accountant 总建筑师chief architect 总编辑chief editor; editor-in-chief; managing editor 总出纳chief cashier; general cashier 总裁判chief referee 总经理general manager; managing director; executive head 总代理general agent 总教练head coach 总导演head director 总干事secretary-general; commissioner 总指挥commander-in-chief; generalissimo 总领事consul-general 总监chief inspector; inspector-general；chief impresario 总厨head cook; chef
口译中翻译复杂中文句子的方法 我曾写过一个帖子，介绍如何将一个复杂的英文句子翻译成中文。昨天我收到网友“CQ美眉”的邮件，她请我再写一个帖子，介绍如何将一个复杂的中文句子翻译成英文，也就是再写一个相反的帖子。这位网友还特意给我提供了一个例句，请看下面： 每一个人，作为社会的一个成员，有权享受其人格和尊严的自由发展所必需的社会、经济、文化权利，这些权利是通过国家努力和国际合作来实现的，并且与所在国家的组织、资源、现状相一致。 对于这种比较复杂的中文句子，在正式翻译成英文句子之前，应当按照它的含义，将它划分成不同的部分，以便我们确定英文句子的结构。我首先将这个中文句子划分成6个部分，请特别注意，第4部分嵌套在第3部分中间。 ①每一个人，②作为社会的一个成员，③有权享受 [④其人格和尊严的自由发展所必需的] 社会、经济、文化权利，⑤这些权利是通过国家努力和国际合作来实现的，⑥并且与所在国家的组织、资源、现状相一致。 这样划分之后，我初步决定，将第4、5、6部分翻译成三个定语从句，用来修饰第3部分的最后一个单词rights，请看： ①Everyone ②as a member of society ③is entitled to the social, economic and cultural rights ④which are necessary to the unrestrained development of his/her personality and dignity ⑤which are realized through national effort and international cooperation ⑥which are concordant with the organization, resources and situation of each country. 不过，在英语中，通常是一个定语从句修饰一个名词，很少有三个定语从句修饰一个名词，因此我临时决定，将第4部分改写成一个短语，将第5、6部分合并成一个定语句子，请看：
董事长 Chairman 总经理 General Manager; C.E.O(Chief Executive Officer) 经理 Manager 销售部经理 Sales Manager 副总经理 Deputy General Manager 财务主管 Controller 会计Accountant 采购员 Purchaser 出纳员 Cashier 计算机工程师 Computer Engineer 高级工程师 Senior Engineer 设计师 Designer 机械师 Mechanic 顾问 Adviser Consultant Interpreter 口语翻译 Technical Translator 技术翻译 Translator 翻译员 质检员 Quality Inspector Office Controller 技师 Technician Manufacturing Engineer 制造工程师 Manufacturing Worker 生产员工 Technical Worker 技术工人 Planning Manager 企划部经理 deputy Planning manager企划部副经理 Engineering manager 工程部经理 Administrative Assistant 行政助理 采购主管 Procurement charge 网络维护 Network Maintenance 主管 Charge 验收员 Members of acceptance 保管员 Custodians 质检员 QA （Quality Assurance） 品牌执行经理 Brand Executive Manager 技术代表 Technical Representative 科技研发高级经理 technology research and development senior manager 技术部 Technology 市场销售经理 marketing manager 全国市场部 National Marketing
中级口译历年真题--翻译篇 2012年春季（3月） 英译汉原文： When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the bibles of my generation. It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch. This was in the late 1960′s, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and Polaroid cameras. It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: it was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notions. Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it we re the words: “Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.” It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. And I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you. 英译汉参考译文： 我年轻的时候，有本非常好的杂志《全球目录》，这是我们那代人的“圣经”之一。杂志的创办人是斯图尔特·布兰德，创办地是在离这里不远的门罗公园，他赋予了这本杂志诗一样的美感。六十年代后期，个人电脑和桌面排版尚未出现，所以这本杂志完全利用打字机、剪刀、偏光镜来完成，有点像平装本的谷歌，却出现在谷歌问世三十五年前。这本杂志充满了理想色彩，充满了整齐利落的工具、不同寻常的见解。 斯图尔特和他的团队出版了几期《全球目录》，在它完成使命后，他们出版了最后一期杂志。那是在七十年代中期，那时我和你们的年龄相仿。杂志最后一期的封底上是张清晨的乡村公路的照片，那样的路，如果你有些冒险精神，可能会一路搭车走过。照片下面有两句话：“求知若饥，虚怀若愚”，这是他们停刊的告别语，“求知若饥，虚怀若愚”，我总是以此鼓励自己。现在，当你们即将毕业踏上新的旅程，我给予你们同样的期望。 翻译评析： 这篇短文取自于乔布斯在斯坦福大学毕业典礼上的演讲。语言比较口语化，词汇不难。因为是演讲类短文，所以考生在翻译的时候大可以顺序驱动。节选的这个短文有几处的词汇和短语大家可以注意下： poetic：充满诗情画意的 idealistic: 理想主义的 run his course: 完成使命 hitchhiking: 搭乘 sign off: 停止签发，停止 汉译英： 吸烟之危害，可谓大矣，其严重性是不能低估的。吸烟污染空气，损害健康，使肺癌发病率大大增加。为了使各国人民关注烟草的盛行及预防吸烟导致的疾病和死亡，世界卫生组织已将每年的5月31日定为“世界无烟日”。 瘾君子们说，一天饭不吃可以，一个时辰不抽烟就难捱了，不能戒。只要真正意识到吸烟有百害而无一利，于人于己都是一种祸害，就有可能下决心摆脱烟草的诱惑。戒烟贵在坚持，坚持下去就是收获。 参考译文： Smoking does great harm to human and its gravity should not be underestimated. Smoking pollutes air, damages health, and increases the incidence of lung cancer. To arouse the awareness about the prevalence of tobacco in all the countries and to prevent smoking-induced diseases and deaths, the WHO (World Health Organization) has defined May 31st in every year as World No-Tobacco Day. The tobacco addicts say that smoking is impossible to quit because they could do without meals in a day but would feel tortured without tobacco in two hours. However, when one realizes that smoking is harmful in many ways but beneficial in no way and that it is a curse to others as well
称谓翻译小技巧：口译中遇到令人发狂的称谓怎么办 作者: star_zhang 【口语听力技巧16】翻译小技巧：口译中遇到令人发狂的称谓怎么办 在外事接待活动中，译员首先面临的一道难题是称谓的口译。称谓代表了一个人的职位、职衔或学衔，体现了一个人的资历和地位。称谓的误译不仅是对有关人员的不尊重，而且也会产生种种不良的后果。称谓的准确翻译其关键在于译员对有关人员的身份及其称谓的表达是否有一个正确的理解，尤其是对称谓语的认识。一种称谓语很可能表示多种身份，例如，英语的头衔语president，译成汉语时可视具体情况分别译作共和国的总统、国家主席、大学的校长、学院的院长、学会或协会的会长或主席、公司的总裁或董事长等等。 一般说来，各类机构或组织的首长其汉语称谓译成英语时虽可套用通用词head，但从比较严格的意义上看，应使用特定的、规范的称谓语。例如： 校长（大学）President of Beijing University 校长（中小学）Principal /Headmaster of Donghai Middle School 院长（大学下属）Dean of the Graduate School 系主任（大学学院下属）Chair/Chairman of the English Department 会长／主席（学／协会）President of the Student Union, Shanghai University 厂长（企业）Director of the Machine Tools Manufacturing Plant 院长（医院）President of Huadong Hospital 主任（中心）Director of the Business Center 主任（行政）Director of Foreign Affairs Office 董事长（企业）President／Chairman of the Board of Directors 董事长（学校）President／Chairman of the Board of Trustees 首席长官的汉语称谓常以“总……”表示，而表示首席长官的英语称谓语则常带有chief gene ral, head , managing 这类词，因此当翻译冠以“总”字的头衔时，需遵循英语头衔的表达习惯： 总书记general secretary 总工程师chief engineer 总会计师chief accountant 总建筑师chief architect
1.直译的 中共中央总书记General Secretary, the CPC Central Committee 政治局常委Member, Standing Committee of Political Bureau,the CPC Central Committee 政治局委员Member, Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee 书记处书记Member, secretariat of the CPC Central Committee 中央委员Member, Central Committee 候补委员Alternate Member … 省委/市委书记Secretary,…Provincial/Municipal Committee of the CPC 党组书记secretary, Party Leadership Group 中华人民共和国主席/副主席President/Vice President, the People's Republic of China 全国人大委员长/副委员长Chairman/Vice Chairman, National People's Congress 秘书长Secretary-General 主任委员Chairman 委员Member 地方人大主任Chairman, Local People's Congress
人大代表Deputy to the People's Congress 国务院总理Premier, State Council 国务委员State Councilor 秘书长Secretary-General 国务院各委员会主任Minister in Charge of Commission for 国务院各部部长Minister 部长助理Assistant Minister 司长Director （也做：director general） 局长Director 省长Governor 常务副省长Executive Vice Governor 自治区人民政府主席Chairman, Autonomous Regional People's Government 地区专员Commissioner, prefecture 香港特别行政区行政长官Chief Executive, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 市长/副市长Mayor/Vice Mayor
英译中 The shape of the world is changing almost as dramatically as this city's skyline. Today the cold war is over. The risk of the global nuclear conflict has been greatly reduced and the free flow of goods and ideas is bringing to life the concept of a global village. But just as all nations can benefit from the promise of this new world, no nation is immune to its perils. We all have a stake in building peace and prosperity, and in confronting threats that respects no borders—terrorism and drug trafficking, disease and environmental destruction. To meet these challenges most effectively, China and the United States must act in concert. Some argue that with the Cold War's end, the strategic importance of the US-China relationship has diminished. I believe they have it exactly backwards. As a new century begins, the importance of strengthening the ties between the United States and China will grow even greater. 【参考译文】 世界的面貌正在发生引人注目的变化，其变化之快几乎就象这座城市德空中轮廓。今天，冷战已经结束。全球核冲突的危险性已大大减小，商品和思想的自由交流正在激发地球村的概念。但是，正如世界各国会受益于这个新世界的美好前景，没有一个国家能够免遭其祸害。缔造和平与繁荣，抵御不分国界的诸多威胁---恐怖主义、贩毒、疾病和环境破坏，这些与我们大家都有着利害关系。 为了最有效地迎接这些挑战，中国和美国必须协力行动。有些人说，随着冷战的结束，美中关系的战略意义已经减弱了。我认为这些人刚好说反了。随着新世纪的开始，加强美国和中国的联系，其重要性将变得更大。 中译英 手术室的门开了，我和爸爸急忙走进去。啊，妈妈那双炯炯有神的大眼睛紧闭着，平进红红的脸现在苍白了。 望着病中的妈妈，我想起了1981年夏天奶奶生病的情景。 那年是上海少有的炎热天气。奶奶住院了，妈妈一天要去医院好几次，晚上还要去看护奶奶。妈妈多少天没有好好吃饭，好明显的瘦了。 妈妈是音乐教师，好不仅用歌声教育学生什么是爱，也用实际行动告诉我孝敬父母是我们中华民族的美德。现在妈妈生病了，我一定要好好照顾她，做一个孝敬妈妈的好女儿。 【参考译文】 The operating room opened, and Dad and I hurried in. Oh, Mom’s big, bright eyes were closed tight, and her normally red face looked pale. Looking at sick Mom, I recalled the summer of 1981 when Granny was ill. That summer was unusually hot in Shanghai. Granny was hospitalized. Mom went to the hospital several times a day, and in the evening she was also there looking after Granny. Having had no good meal several days running, Mom was obviously thinning. Mom is a music teacher. She not only teacher her students what love is all about with her songs but tells me by what she does that showing filial respect to parents is a virtue of our Chinese nation. Now that Mom is sick, I must take good care of her and be a fine daughter who is filial towards Mom.
商务英语口译中的数字翻译 21世纪的中国在政治、经济、文化、贸易等方面的对外交往更加频繁，口译作为国际政治、经济及文化交流的桥梁和纽带作用愈显重要。随着中国市场经济发展的不断成熟，国际技术贸易和项目拓展愈来愈需要更多的国际商务英语人才及商务英语口译人才。加之目前国内在培养口译人才时常常把语言培养和技能培养分而治之，商务英语口译人员在工作时会面临更大的挑战。其中，数字翻译亦是一项难题。从事商业或者相关工作，在询盘、报盘、订单、支付、谈判、仲裁等商务活动过程中，必然会用到很多数字。如果译员译错，甚至是不准确，都会为客户带来重大经济损失。 一、明确汉英数字表达体系差异 由于中西方文化的差异，思维方式的差异形成了数字表达的差异，这使译者在口译中感到束手无策。而衡量翻译的两条基本标准就是：“准确、流利”（梅德明，2006）。口译更要重视“准确与流利的有机统一”（陈苏东，2006）。在商务活动中，数字翻译一定要做到准确。所以，数字翻译是口译教学的重点，也是难点。汉英数字互译时涉及数字单位的换算问题，译员的反应和换算速度会决定翻译的准确性和流利度。 英文数字是三位数为一个单位，而中文是四位数为一个单位。 Tr：trillion； M：million； Th：thousand； H：hundred 中文四位一进和英文三位一进的差异决定了数字翻译不仅仅是语言翻译问题，还有单位换算问题。因此，在时间紧迫的环境下，口译员要准确无误地翻译出大数字就需要熟练掌握汉英表达体系，快速换算出目的语表达体系。 例如： （1）six hundred eighty-five million，nine hundred fifty-five thousand，one hundred and twenty-nine tons 六亿八千五百九十五万伍仟一百二十九吨 首先在听英语时，按照英语三位数字体系记录下阿拉伯数字：685，955，129，从右往左分别是“千”、“百万”、“亿”。在用中文表达时，译员需要把该数据重新划分：6，8595，5129，从右往左分别是“万”、“亿”。 （2）十三亿八千六百二十四万五百七十二人 one billion，three hundred and eighty-six million，two hundred and twenty-four thousand，five hundred and seventy two people 要把这个长长的数字翻译成英语，处理起来时比较复杂的。首先，译员要按照汉语四位数字体系记录下阿拉伯数字：13，8624，0572。在译成英文时，用斜杠或其他符号重新用三位数字体系划分1/386/240/572。这样，数字中的“0”还不会被忽略。 除此之外，译员在学习或练习过程中还要注意英美两国的数字表达体系也有差异。美国英语中数字的基本单位是：十、百（hundred）、千（thousand）、百万（million）、十亿（billion）、万亿（trillion）；英国英语中数字的基本单位原则是：十、百（hundred）、千（thousand）、百万（million）、万亿（billion）。 在英国英语数字表达体系中是没有“十亿”单位的，所以，译员在工作中要十分警惕这种现象。