国外著名建筑师的生态建筑思想比较
[摘要] 该文通过简要阐述生态建筑的概念和表现形式，以及对托马斯·赫尔佐格和诺曼·福斯特两位建筑大师的生态建筑思想和作品的比较，来学习和理解生态建筑，最后希望借助两位大师的突出成就来引起我国建筑师对生态建筑的重视和思考。
关键词: 托马斯·赫尔佐格诺曼-福斯特生态建筑生态建筑的表现形式生态建筑思想生态美学
目前，随着人们对防治环境污染和保持生态平衡意识的不断增强，以及城市绿化的日益发展，创造低能耗的、可持续发展的生态建筑环境这个崭新的建筑研究方向，越来越受到重视和推崇。那么，什么样的建筑可称之为生态建筑呢?
生态建筑是将建筑作为一个生态系统，其内部各种物质能源有序的循环使用，因而获得高效率、低能耗、少污染的建筑环境，并与自然相平衡，以此达到与自然的和谐共生。本文对同样在生态建筑方面有突出贡献的两位国外建筑师(托马斯·赫尔佐格&诺曼·福斯特)进行分析和比较，希望能进一步达对生态建筑的认识和理解。
1 生态建筑的概念
所谓生态建筑，就是根据当地自然生态环境，运用生态学、建筑技术科学的原理和其他相关学科知识，合理地安排并组织建筑与其他领域相关因素之间的关系，使其与环境形成一个有机结合的整体，且适合人类的栖居。生态建筑必须满足以下四点：第一，必须与周围环境协调，并且对周围生态环境起到保护作用；第二，建筑物本身绝不可对自然环境造成污染或破坏，建筑物内部的使用者能较好地享受大自然并感受到其赋予的舒适和愉快；第三．室内设计应尽量回归自然，如天然采光、自然通风、利用太阳能、理想的室内绿化等；第四，各种物质、源在建筑系统内可以有序的循环转换。归纳起来也就是要做到尊重环境和回归自然。
2生态建筑的表现形式
针对上述定义，结合目前国内外生态建筑实例，可将生态建筑的表现形式归纳为以下几点：
2．1建筑节能
以目前的建筑态势来看，低能耗已经成为生态建筑的重要标志之一。较为常见的方式有太阳能、风能、水能、地热能等无污染能源，直接或通过技术转换成为可被建筑利用的形式，帮助建筑在采光、通风、采暖等方面降低能耗。
2．2建筑污染防治
建筑的污染防治是生态建筑的重要一环。三废问题一直以来都是环境保护的核心问题之一。人们的治污观念也从只注重生产、生活过程中排污的治理，逐渐转向了建筑从建设到营运、维护过程中的污染治理。
2．3建筑资源再利用
在整个世界的能源消耗中有50％是在建筑的建造、维护和使用中所消耗的，所以对资源的高效利用、循环利用和降低对自然环境的影响是建筑资源利用在生态建筑这一领域中有待迅速提高的一个环节。
近年来，生态建筑材料③的出现缓解了这一问题。其主要特征首先是节约资源和能源，其次是减少环境污染，最后是易于回收和循环利用。
通过以上的论述，对生态建筑有了一定的了解。然而要进一步研究生态建筑，光靠理论阐述是不够的，我们必须去分析一些实例，理论与实践相结合，科学地研究和理解生态建筑。下文通过对两位大师(托马斯·赫尔佐格和诺曼·福斯特)的生态建筑思想和作品的分析和比较，来更进一步地认识和研究生态建筑，从大师的思想与实践中汲取营养，探讨生态建筑在我国的发展与前景。
3托马斯·赫尔佐格(Thomas HerZoq)
托马斯·赫尔佐格是一位将技术和艺术完美结合，同时对生态、环境等负有深深使命感的德国建筑大师。他的建筑作品具有很高的工艺技术水平，他工作的本质意义在于其对生态的关注，这不仅体现在他的设计中，在教学当中、在经常举办的展览中、在大量的著作中、在与其他建筑师进行的合作当中，他都身体力行。他超越了现代建筑的范式，并代之以更具生态倾向的价值取向，而这种取向必然取代旧的范式。
3．1 托马斯·赫尔佐格的生态建筑思想
托马斯·赫尔佐格很少把自己的创作愿望强加于环境之上，而是推测和听从生态环境的变化过程和循环，本着参与及合作的精神去完成他的工作。他的生态建筑思想是将人类和所有的人工制造物达到一个自然和人造自然的亲切和睦的境地。他始终坚持“从生态到建筑，从技术到自然”的原则，他已经把生态升华成一种思想和精神，并以此贯穿他一生的建筑设计过程。托马斯·赫尔佐格的设计不仅仅考虑一个孤立的内部工作和外在形式，相反，他的设计扩大到对影响建筑环境的所有方面及相互关系的塑造。另外，他十分注重和其他各方面专业人士的紧密合作，通过对新材料、新构件、新系统和合适的设计工具的发展给予建筑设计活动更大的自由，并最终达到建筑与自然环境的统一协调，以及建筑自身的可持续发展。
托马斯·赫尔佐格在从事建筑设计活动中除了运
用各种新材料、新构件、新系统之外，也一直在研究和开发更新、更生态、更合理的材料、构件和系统。如：佩托卡波那外墙体系、菲舍尔立面组装系统、日光栅格系统等。托马斯·赫尔佐格更关注的是建筑物在与周围环境协调基础上自身的节能程度、技术的精确性和高效
托马斯·赫尔佐格很少把自己的创作愿望强加于性。通过精心设计的建筑细部提高资源和能源的利用效率，减少不可再生资源的耗费，来达到对生态环境的关注。
托马斯认为，建筑师应该利用高效率的技术，因为可以通过采用比常规做法少得多的物质材料，满足同样的功能要求。当然，采用新技术的前提是它们必须是正确、恰当的。他同时非常关注设计的灵活性和建筑元素的灵活性，不仅强调建筑功能的灵活性，还强调建筑细部的灵活性和多功能性。
4．1诺曼·福斯特的生态建筑思想
在现今存在的一些对生态建筑的介绍以及许多建筑师对生态建筑的创作思路上，绝大多数集中在对建筑外部环境的物质层面的利用和适应上，如太阳能、地下水的利用等等。这些大都属于建筑物理方面的理解和运用。而诺曼·福斯特则认为建筑作为空间的建构和场所的确立不应仅仅停留在满足人的物理意义的舒适度上，而应向更高的层次上发展，以满足人的文化需求、审美取向等。从他的伦敦市政厅可以看出他对环境的关注以及对现代技术利用和审美取向的转变，其生态与艺术的完美结合是一种新的美学——生态美学的完美体现。
诺曼·福斯特除了以上关注点外还十分注重建筑物内部的微观气候，他对建筑微观气候的关注可以具体归纳为三方面：一是适宜的室内温度和湿度(满足人体热舒适及健康的要求)；二是尽可能最多地获得自然采光(减少人工照明的能耗)；三是最大限度地获得自然通风(减少空调能耗)。但在不同气候条件下对以上三要素的侧重点和处理方式又有所不同。因此，通过最高效的人工技术手段来实现以上目标或达到各要素之间的平衡就成为福斯特不懈追求的方向。他在法国南部的两个作品：卡里艺术中心和弗雷尤斯地方中等职业中学就是对他生的态气候观的充分表现。他的设计中不仅贯穿着生态设计的理念，同时也充分体现了对传统文脉和地域文化的关注和尊重，与过去的完全以自我为中心的“高技派”相比，这一转变无疑是十分深刻的。它使得“高技派”超越了一种简单的外在风格而步入更深层次的境界。在这一点上可以说他为“高技派”的未来指明了方向，同时也为我国致力于生态建筑领域的建筑师提供了宝贵的经验。
5两位大师的对比
通过以上两位建筑大师的生态建筑思想和作品可以看出：
5．1共同点
两位建筑大师都在生态建筑领域做出了突出的贡献，都提倡借助新材料、新技术、新系统和合适的设计工具来完成他们的生态建筑作品；都强调在人与自然、建筑与自然和谐共生的基础上
去为人类创造更为舒适的工作和生活环境；都在为同一目标从不同层面做着不懈的努力，给人类创造美好的环境，给子孙后代留下更多的精神和物质财富。
5．2不同点
托马斯·赫尔佐格在生态建筑方面主要是从整体环境人手(包括周围环境和建筑物自身环境)，去进行生态建筑的设计和研究；他一直强调要从人类持续发展的角度，而非短时、局部的视点看问题；他不仅关心过去和现在，他更关心未来；他不仅关心本地区域，而且关心相关区域甚至将来可能会产生影响的区域；他更多的是借助与新技术、建筑细部以及不同学科的协作来达到建筑物和周围环境以及人与自然的和谐与共生；他所强调的生态建筑不是一种建筑形式，而是将生态作为一种态度和精神贯穿于他的设计过程及其一生；他在生态建筑方面的研究更加全面和彻底，是真正意义上的生态建筑设计，真正做到了与周围环境协调，并且对周围生态环境起到保护作用，尊重环境和回归自然。
诺曼·福斯特在生态建筑方面主要是以满足人的文化需求，审美取向来达到生态与艺术的完美结合；通过技术支持以及建筑物内部的空间创作和外部形体来回应大自然、融合大自然。他的生态建筑设计和作品更大程度的是达到人对大自然的向往和享受大自然的目的，他的微观生态气候观在一定程度上更加符合“高技派”建筑的生态观。他是运用生态的建筑表皮和灵活、适用的内部空间两者的完美结合来达到建筑物自身与周围环境的协调和融合。
结语
两位建筑大师的生态建筑思想和作品给我们以启示：生态建筑不是一种时髦的风格和标签，也不是一个口号。在中国这样一个经济和技术水平都不十分先进的国家里，建筑业的各个环节更应该贯彻的是生态建筑思想。其实，中国也不乏适应自然环境的建筑精品，如：西北的窑洞——纯粹的绿色建筑，低能耗、低污染、冬暖夏凉、环境宜人，还有大草原上的毡房、新疆的风塔等等。中国的未来建筑不应再盲目地效仿外国的种种风格流派，这种单纯从形式上的移植，不利于中国自身建筑特色的形成，对于建筑工作者的创造性也是一种扼杀。正如托马斯·赫尔佐格所说：“不能简单地制定一个生态的国际标准。不同的国家在不同的时期会有不同的条件，还是应该根据国情去定。”我国是一个人口大国，环境状况令人堪忧，中国的资源相对匮乏。因此，我们不可能在短时间内拥有发达国家所具有的技术、材料、系统以及理论支持，这就需要我们从实际出发，借助国外的经验寻求适合中国国情的生态建筑道路。
目前，我国对生态建筑的研究、实践以及认识还存在着许多不足，因此，一些针对性的相关策略的研究显得尤为必要。结合我国自身的情况，笔者认为可以从以下几点去尝试：一是加强生态意识及生态建筑的宣传，从而唤起全民的重视，培养生态意识；二是组织生态建筑科研机构，进行生态建筑及其相关领域的研究和开发，为中国建筑师的实践提供有力的支持；三在高校建筑学教育的大纲中增加生态建筑知识和设计课程的比重；四是通过建立机制来鼓励和推动生态建筑的发展。许多发达国家正在或已经这样做了，并取得了很好的成绩。■
参考文献
刁文怡．法兰克福商业银行大厦．华中建筑，1999(3)：48—51．
奚于成．建筑·生态建筑·数字生态建筑．华中建筑，2005(5)：68—69．
3 金武．生态研究的误区华中建筑，2001(5)：18
4 郑炜迈向生态的高技术建筑．华中建筑，1999(1)：105—110．
5 万书元当代西方建筑美学．南京：东南大学出版社．2()01．
6 英格伯格·弗拉格等著托马斯·赫尔佐格——建筑+技术．李保峰译北京：中国建筑工业出
版社。2003
Ecological building and rather well-known foreign architects
Abstract Generally stating the concept and the expression of ecological buldings and comparing Thomas Herzog and Norman Foster'stheories and works of ecological buildings to learn and acknowledge ecological buildings，this articIe wants to stimuIate Chinese architect s’attention and consideration of ecological buildings by the Outstanding achievement of the two masters．Key Words Thomas Herzog，Norman Foster，EcologicaI building，Expressjon form of ecological building，Theory Of ecological bullding．Ecological esthetic
Now, with the people continue to enhance the prevention of environmental pollution and maintaining ecological balance awareness, as well as urban greening, increasing development, to create low energy, sustainable development of eco-building environment of the new building research, more and more attention and respected. So, what kind of building could be called eco-buildings?
1The concept of eco-building
The so-called eco-building, according to the local natural environment, the use of the principle of ecology, building technology, science and other relevant subject knowledge, reasonably arrange and organize the relationship between buildings and other relevant factors in the field and the enviro nment form an organic combination ofoverall, and suitable for human dwelling. Ecological building must meet the following four points: first, to be coordinated with the surrounding environment, and has protective effects on the surrounding ecological environment; buildings must not be on the natural environment caused by pollution or destruction of buildings within the usercan better to enjoy nature and feel that conferred comfortable and pleasant;The interior design should try to return to nature, such as natural lighting,natural ventilation, use of solar energy, the ideal indoor green; Fourth, a variety of substances, the source within the building systems can be orderedcycle of conversion. To sum up is to achieve respect for the environment andreturn to nature
2 Manifestations of ecological building
For the above definition, the present ecological architecture
instance,manifestations of ecological building can be summarized as follows: 2.1 building energy efficiency
View to the current architectural trend, low-power has become one of theimportant symbol of ecological building. The more common way to solar, wind, hydro, geothermal and other non-polluting energy, directly or throughtechnology transfer, building use form, to help the building to reduce energy consumption in lighting, ventilation, heating, etc..
2.2 Building pollution prevention and control
Pollution prevention and control of the building is an important part of the ecological construction. The core issue of environmental protection has always been one of the waste problem. People's concept of pollution controlto focus only on production, the life process in sewagmagradually turned to the building from construction to operation andmaintenance of pollution control in the process.
2.3 building re-use resources
In the entire world's energy consumption 50% in building
construction,maintenance and use of consumption, so efficient use of resources,recycling and reduce the impact on the natural environment is the construction of resource use in ecological building to be rapidly improving link.
In recent years, the emergence of ecological building materials ③alleviatethis problem. First of all the main characteristics of saving resources and energy, followed by reducing environmental pollution, and finally the easyrecovery and recycling.
Above discussion, a certain understanding of the ecological building.However, in order to further study the ecological building, is not enough torely on theoretical explanations, we need to analyze some examples, theory and practice, scientific research and understanding of ecological building.Below through the analysis and comparison of eco-building ideas and works of two masters (Thomas Herzog and Norman Foster), to further understanding and study of ecological architecture, and learn from themaster of thought and
practice nutrition, explore the development and prospects of ecological construction in China.
3.Thomas Herzog
Thomas Herzog is a perfect combination of technology and the arts, have a deep sense of mission at the same time on the ecology and environment of the German masters of architecture. His architectural works have a high level of technology, the essential meaning of his work lies in its ecological concern, not only in his design, in the course of teaching, often exhibitions, a large number of works, in cooperation with other architects, he personally.He goes beyond the paradigm of modern architecture, and replaced with more eco-dumping
Value orientation, and this orientation is bound to replace the old paradigm.
3.1 Thomas Herzog, ecological building thought
Thomas Herzog rarely impose their own creative aspirations on the environment above, but to speculate and listen to the change process and the cycle of the ecological environment, the spirit of participation and cooperation to complete his work. His ecological building human and artificial matter to a natural and man-made natural cordial and harmonious situation. He always adhere to the principle of "from ecology to architecture, from technology to nature", he has eco sublimated into a mental and spiritual, and throughout his life, the building design process.
Thomas Herzog's design is not considered an isolated internal and external form, on the contrary, his designs expanded to all aspects of the built environment and the relationship between the shape. In addition, he attaches great importance to work closely with other professionals to give greater freedom of architectural design activities through the development of new materials, new components, the new system and appropriate design tools, and ultimately to achieve the unity of the building and the natural environment coordination, as well as building its own sustainable development.
Thomas Herzog in the architectural activities in addition to transport
In a variety of new materials, new components, the new system, has been updated in the research and development, more ecological, more reasonable materials, components and systems. Such as: Peituo Kaposi external wall system, Fischer facade assembly system, solar grid system, and so on. Thomas Herzog is more concerned about the accuracy and efficiency of the buildings
in harmony with their surroundings on the basis of their own energy-saving technology
Thomas Herzog rarely own creative desire to impose. Architectural detail through carefully designed to improve resource and energy use efficiency, and reduce the cost of non-renewable resources to focus on the ecological environment.
Thomas believes that architects should take advantage of the technology, because of high efficiency by using much less material than conventional practice materials to meet the same functional requirements. Of course, the introduction of new technology, they must be correct and proper. He also is very concerned about the flexibility of the design flexibility and architectural elements, not only emphasizes the flexibility of the building function, but also stressed that the flexibility and versatility of the architectural details.
4.1 Norman Foster ecological building thinking
The introduction of some of the ecological building exist today, and many architects of ecological building creative ideas, the vast majority focused on the use and adaptation of the material aspects of the construction of th e external environment, such as solar energy, use of groundwater. These mostly belong to the understanding and use of building physics. Norman Foster building constructed as a space and place is established not merely meet the physical meaning of comfort should be a higher level of development to meet the cultural needs of the people, aesthetic orientation.His concern for the environment can be seen from the London Guildhall,and the transformation of modern technology and aesthetic orientation, theperfect combination of ecology and art is the perfect embodiment of a new aesthetic - Ecological Aesthetics.
In addition to the above concerns, Norman Foster also paid great attention to micro-climate inside the building, he can focus on buildingmicro-climate specific grouped into three areas: First, a suitabletemperature and humidity (to meet the thermal comfort and health requirements); as far as possible, the most access to natural light (reducingthe energy consumption of artificial lighting); maximize natural ventilation (to reduce air conditioning energy consumption). However, under different climatic conditions different focus and approach of the above three elements. Thus, by the most efficient artificial means to achieve these objectives, or to achieve a balance between
the various elements of Foster's relentless pursuit direction. In the two works in the south of France:Cary Center for the Arts and the Frederick Eustace place middle vocational schools is the full performance of his raw state climate concept. His design not only runs through the concept of ecological design, but also fully embodies the attention and respect of traditional cultural and geographical culture, compared with the past completely self-centered high-tech school ",this change is undoubtedly is very profound. It makes high-tech school "goes beyond a simple external style and step into a deeper realm. It can be said at this point he pointed out the direction for the future of high-techschool ", but also provided valuable experience for our commitment to eco-building architects in the field.
5 comparison of two masters
Can be seen through the eco-building ideas and works of two masters of architecture:
5.1 in common
The two masters of architecture in the field of ecological building ma de outstanding contributions to advocate with the new materials, new technologies, new systems and the appropriate design tools to complete their ecological construction works; emphasized in man and nature,architecture and nature harmony on the basis of up to create a morecomfortable working and living environment of mankind; for the same target from different aspects of making unremitting efforts to create a better environment to human beings, more spiritual and material wealth to leave our future genera tions .
5.2 The difference
Thomas Herzog in ecological architecture is mainly from the overall environment of staff (including the surrounding environment and buildingtheir own environment), and ecological building design and research; he has been emphasized from the human point of view of sustainable development, rather than short when the viewpoint of local issues; he not only cares about the past and present, he is more concerned about the future; he not only cares about the local area, but also with relevant regionaland even the future may impact the area; him more is the use of new technologies, building detail and from different disciplines collaborate to reach the building and the surrounding environment and the people and the natural harmony and symbiosis; he stressed that eco-construction is not anarchitectural form, but
Ecology as an attitude and spirit throughout the design process and its
life;more comprehensive and thorough research in ecological construction,ecological building design in the true sense of the truly harmony with their surroundings, and the surrounding eco-environmental protection, respect for the environment and return to nature.
In ecological architecture, Norman Foster mainly to meet the cultural needs of the people's, aesthetic orientation to achieve the perfect combination ofecology and art; space creation through technical support and building internal and external body to respond to nature, integration of large natural.Ecological building design and works a greater degree of purpose to reach people yearning to nature and enjoy nature, the concept of micro-ecological climate to some extent, more in line with the ecological concept of "high-tech school" building. He is the use of ecological building epidermis and flexible, applicable to the internal space between the perfect combination to achieve the building itself and the coordination and integration of the surrounding environment.
Conclusion
Eco-building ideas and works of two masters of architecture to there velation: eco-building is not a fashionable style and labels, not just a slogan. In such an economic and technological levels in China are not very advanced countries, all aspects of the construction industry should carry out ecological architectural thinking. In fact, there are some to adapt to thenatural environment, building products, such as: the cave of the northwest -pure green buildings, low energy consumption, low pollution, cool and pleasant environment, as well as a yurt in the steppes, the wind tower inXinjiang and so on. China's future construction should not blindly follow the example of all the foreign genre, this simply from the formal transfer, is not conducive to the formation of China's architectural features and is also astifle the creativity of the construction workers. As Thomas Herzog said:"We can not simply develop an ecology of international standards in different countries have different conditions at different times, or should beaccording to national circumstances." China is a populous country, the state of the environment It is worrying, the relative lack of resources in China. It is not possible in a short time with the developed countries havethe technology, materials, systems, and
theoretical support, which we need to proceed from reality, with the experience of other countries seeking eco-construction of roads suitable for China.
At present, our research, practice and understanding of the ecological building there are many deficiencies, therefore, a targeted strategy is particularly necessary. Combined with our own situation, I believe that to try from the following points: First, strengthen the propaganda of ecologicalawareness and ecological building, in order to arouse the attention of the whole people, to cultivate ecological awareness; the organization ofecological building research institutions, ecological building and its related areas of research and development, provide strong support for the practice of Chinese architects; outline of the college of Architecture Education to increase the proportion of eco-construction of knowledge and design courses; through the establishment of mechanisms to encourage and promote the development of eco-building . Many developed countries areor have already done so, and have achieved good results.
References
Diao Wenyi. Frankfurt Commercial Bank Building. Central building, 1999 (3):48-51.
Xi Yu cheng. Construction, ecological building, digital eco-building. Huazhong Architecture, 2005 (5) :68-69.
3 jin cheng. Ecological studies of Mistakes Architecture, 2001 (5): 18
4 Zheng Wei mai the ecological high-tech construction. Huazhong Architecture 1999
5 wan yuan books of contemporary Western architectural aesthetics. Nanjing: Southeast University Press. 2 () 01.
6 for Thomas Herzog - Architecture +technology. Li Baofeng translated Beijing: China Architecture & Building
Publishing House. 2003
Points for Attention 1. Household register has legal effectiveness to certify a resident’s identity and relations between family members. It is the main basis for household registration authority to make survey and check the census register. The head of the household and the family members should hand out the household register on their own initiative when Staff members of the authority make survey and check. 2. The head of the household should keep the register properly. It is forbidden to alter privately, to transfer and to borrow or lend. If the register is lost, please let household registration authority know immediately. 3. The right of the household registration belongs to household registration authority. Any other unit or individual mustn’t make record on the register. 4. In case of the increase or decrease of the family members, the register should be handed to household registration authority for registration. 5. If the whole family moves from the jurisdictional area, the register should be handed to household registration authority for cancellation.
Household Register Under Supervision of the Ministry of Public Security of P.R.C. Residence Type Non Agricultural Residence Name of Householder Residence Number Address Certified Seal of Certified Seal of____Province Household Registration Office Public Security Bureau For Household Registration only______Police Station People Road Undertake’s Stamped signature:Issue Date: 1
Permanent Resident Population’s Register Name Householder or Relation with Householder Householder Former Name Sex Male Place of Birth Nationality Place of Origin Date of Birth Other Address in This City(County)Religious Belief None Citizen ID Number Height Blood Type Educational Level Marital Status Military Service Status Place of Work Occupation Date of Moving to the City(County)and Previous Place Date of Moving to Present Dwelling Place and Previous Dwelling Place Undertake’s Stamped signature:Issue Date: 2
英文论文APA格式 英文论文一些格式要求与国内期刊有所不同。从学术的角度讲，它更加严谨和科学，并且方便电子系统检索和存档。 版面格式
表格 表格的题目格式与正文相同，靠左边，位于表格的上部。题目前加Table后跟数字，表示此文的第几个表格。 表格主体居中，边框粗细采用0.5磅；表格内文字采用Times New Roman，10磅。 举例： Table 1. The capitals, assets and revenue in listed banks
图表和图片 图表和图片的题目格式与正文相同，位于图表和图片的下部。题目前加Figure 后跟数字，表示此文的第几个图表。图表及题目都居中。只允许使用黑白图片和表格。 举例： Figure 1. The Trend of Economic Development 注：Figure与Table都不要缩写。 引用格式与参考文献 1. 在论文中的引用采取插入作者、年份和页数方式，如"Doe (2001, p.10) reported that …" or "This在论文中的引用采取作者和年份插入方式，如"Doe (2001, p.10) reported that …" or "This problem has been studied previously (Smith, 1958, pp.20-25)。文中插入的引用应该与文末参考文献相对应。 举例：Frankly speaking, it is just a simulating one made by the government, or a fake competition, directly speaking. (Gao, 2003, p.220). 2. 在文末参考文献中，姓前名后，姓与名之间以逗号分隔；如有两个作者，以and连接；如有三个或三个以上作者，前面的作者以逗号分隔，最后一个作者以and连接。 3. 参考文献中各项目以“点”分隔，最后以“点”结束。 4. 文末参考文献请按照以下格式：
剃须心得：有钱不必花在刀刃上 A Penny Shaved Is A Penny Earned For years, I've felt like a sap whenever I bought razors. 很多年来，每当我买剃须刀时都觉得自己像个傻瓜。 It killed me to spend $2.50 to $3 a blade for my Gillette Mach 3. Yet the few times when I used cheap disposable razors, it was like shaving with a file. 为我的吉列锋速3（Gillette Mach 3）买一个刀片要花2.50美元到3美元，这让我心疼不已。但有几次我用便宜的一次性剃须刀时，感觉就像在用锉刀刮胡子。 Finally, a couple of weeks ago, I bought a serviceable store-brand razor that costs about half the price of the premier brands. Jon Protas for The Wall Street Journal 吉列锋速3是好剃须刀，但刀片的价钱真不便宜最终，几星期前，我买了一把商店自有品牌的剃须刀，这把剃须刀也还好用，而且价格只有名牌剃须刀的一半左右。 It shouldn't have come to this. I've used Gillette razors for decades, and I like them. The rub is the cost. In my book, a fair price for refills would be about a buck. 事情不应该变成这样。我已经用了几十年吉列剃须刀了，而且我喜欢用它。问题出在价格上。在我看来，刀片的合理价格应该约为1美元。 I'm a believer in markets, but it doesn't seem like the razor-blade market gives me what I want. Instead of competing on price, Gillette and Schick largely seem to be engaged in a silly arms race to improve a product that already works perfectly well. Two blades, three blades, four blades -- when will it stop? 我是一个信奉市场的人，但剃须刀刀片市场看来并没有给出我想要的结果。吉列（Gillette）和舒适（Schick）并没有在价格上进行竞争，而更像是投入了一场愚蠢的军备竞赛，以改进一种本来已经很完善的产品。双刀片、三刀片、四刀片──什么时候才是个头？ Not anytime soon, apparently. Schick will soon launch its own five-blade razor, and says that prices for it should be 10% to 20% above the Quattro, its four-blade razor that was introduced in 2003. 显然，这种趋势短期内不会停止。舒适公司很快将推出它的五刀片剃须刀，并称该产品的价格将比其2003年推出的四刀片剃须刀“创4纪”（Quattro）高10%至20%。 Gillette, a unit of Procter & Gamble, got there first. Its Fusion Power MVP -- an early version of which went on sale in 2006 -- has five spring-mounted blades and battery-powered micropulses to reduce friction 'so you barely feel the blades.' The
Think it over…… 好好想想…… Today we have higher buildings and wider highways, but shorter temperaments and narrower points of view; 今天我们拥有了更高层的楼宇以及更宽阔的公路，但是我们的性情却更为急躁，眼光也更加狭隘； We spend more, but enjoy less; 我们消耗的更多，享受到的却更少； We have bigger houses, but smaller families; 我们的住房更大了，但我们的家庭却更小了； We have more compromises, but less time; 我们妥协更多，时间更少； We have more knowledge, but less judgment; 我们拥有了更多的知识，可判断力却更差了； We have more medicines, but less health; 我们有了更多的药品，但健康状况却更不如意； We have multiplied out possessions, but reduced out values; 我们拥有的财富倍增，但其价值却减少了； We talk much, we love only a little, and we hate too much; 我们说的多了，爱的却少了，我们的仇恨也更多了； We reached the Moon and came back, but we find it troublesome to cross our own street and meet our neighbors; 我们可以往返月球，但却难以迈出一步去亲近我们的左邻右舍； We have conquered the uter space, but not our inner space; 我们可以征服外太空，却征服不了我们的内心； We have higher income, but less morals; 我们的收入增加了，但我们的道德却少了； These are times with more liberty, but less joy; 我们的时代更加自由了，但我们拥有的快乐时光却越来越少； We have much more food, but less nutrition; 我们有了更多的食物，但所能得到的营养却越来越少了； These are the days in which it takes two salaries for each home, but divorces increase; 现在每个家庭都可以有双份收入，但离婚的现象越来越多了； These are times of finer houses, but more broken homes; 现在的住房越来越精致，但我们也有了更多破碎的家庭； That's why I propose, that as of today; 这就是我为什么要说，让我们从今天开始； You do not keep anything for a special occasion because every day that you live is a SPECIAL OCCASION. 不要将你的东西为了某一个特别的时刻而预留着，因为你生活的每一天都是那么特别；Search for knowledge, read more, sit on your porch and admire the view without paying attention to your needs;
在职及准假证明 致：签证官 XX女士/先生在XXX公司工作，职位是XXXX。她/他自XXXX年X月进入我公司。我公司批准XX女士/先生XXXX年XX月赴意大利旅游，所有费用包括：机票费，运输费，住宿费和医疗保险等均由她/他本人承担。她/他将会按时回国并继续在我公司工作。 姓名出生日期护照号职位月薪 XXXXXX.XX.XXGXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.XX 在此我们担保她/他会在当地遵守意大利的法律。旅游后她/他会回到中国并继续在我单位上班。所有的旅游费用均由她/他本人承担。 希望您能够予以签证 领导人签名 领导人职位XXXXXXX 单位盖章 单位电话：XXXX XXXX 单位地址：北京市XXXXX 单位名称：XXXXXXXXXX
CERTIFICATION Dear Visa Officer: Hereby we certify that Mr./Ms.XXX is the (Title)of (Company Name). He/She joined our company since (Date). We certificate Mr./Ms. XXX take his/her holiday to Italy from (date) to (date). We make sure that he/she will obey the local rules and come back to China on Time. We will also keep his/her position till his/her coming back. Name Date of Birth Passport-No .Position Salary XXXXXXX.XX.XXGXXXXXXXXXXXXRMBXXXX.XX Hereby we guarantee that he/she will abide by the laws of Italy. He/She is going to visit and will come back to China on schedule and still working in our units. All the cost of the travel will be borne by him/herself. Your kind approval of this application will be highly appreciated. Name of leader: Position of leader Company stamp: Best Regards, Signature: Title: XXXX Tel: XXXXXXXX
液位控制系统论文中英文资料对照外文翻译 The liquid level control system based on dde\matlab\simulink Process control is an important application field of automatic technology, it is to point to the level, temperature, flow control process variables, such as in metallurgy, machinery, chemical, electric power, etc can be widely used. Especially liquid level control technology in real life, played an important role in production, for example, the water supply, civil water tower if low water levels, can affect people's lives in water; Industrial enterprises with water, if the drainage water drainage or controlled properly or not, in relation to the workshop of condition; Boiler drum, if the control level boiler is too low, can make level boiler overheating, possible accident; Jing flow, liquid level control tower control accuracy and level of the craft can influence the quality of the products and the cost, etc. In these production field, are basically labor strength or the operation has certain risk nature of work, extremely prone to accidents caused by operating error, the losses, killing manufacturer. Visible, in actual production, liquid level control accuracy and control effects directly affect the factory production cost and economic benefit of safety coefficient. Even equipment So, in order to ensure safety, convenient operation, you have to research the development of a d v a n c e d l e v e l c o n t r o l m e t h o d s a n d s t r a t e g i e s. The graduation design topic is the liquid level control system based on dde\matlab\simulink\force control, Among them was controlled object for tank level, Communication mode for DDE communications , Matlab is mainly used in the simulation test ,And force control software used for modeling, This system mainly through combination of hardware and software device to achieve precise control of liquid level , In modern industry level control of important component, it influence upon production not allow to ignore, in order to ensure safety in production and the product quality and quantity, the level and perform effective control is very necessary, The following is a description of all aspects：
PAGE 1-FRONT PAGE 1-BACK It is an accurate translation of the original document. Signature: Confirmed by the Translator: XXXX Contact: +861333333333Email:XXXXX Date of Translation: 2015/05/19
PAGE 2-FRONT PAGE 2-BACK It is an accurate translation of the original document. Signature: Confirmed by the Translator: XXXX Contact: +861333333333Email:XXXXX Date of Translation: 2015/05/19
PAGE 3-FRONT PAGE 3-BACK It is an accurate translation of the original document. Signature: Confirmed by the Translator: XXXX Contact: +861333333333Email:XXXXX Date of Translation: 2015/05/19
PAGE 4-FRONT PAGE 4-BACK It is an accurate translation of the original document. Signature: Confirmed by the Translator: XXXX Contact: +861333333333Email:XXXXX Date of Translation: 2015/05/19
中国经济犯罪刑事政策的转型与应然选择【摘要】刑事政策是一国犯罪状况与国家治理政策的集中反映，对一国经济社会发展具有导向作用。新中国成立以来中国经济犯罪刑事政策经历了1980年代和当前两次转型。1980年代，因经济犯罪猖獗引发经济犯罪刑事政策向“严打”政策转型，单极化成为这一政策的核心。经济转型步入深化期后，经济秩序维护与治理的内在矛盾日趋复杂、尖锐，中国经济犯罪刑事政策面临第二次转型与选择。这次转型与选择必须以宽严相济刑事政策为导向，体现“两极化”刑事政策的要求；对经济犯罪作“经济安全型”与“秩序危害型”的区分，并将仅具行为类型典型性但触犯公共安全的经济犯罪逐出既有经济犯罪的范围；合理调节犯罪圈、刑罚圈以及罪刑配置关系，实现国家有限刑法与刑罚资源的科学配置。 【关键词】犯罪治理；经济犯罪；刑事政策；转型与选择 The Transformation and Rational Selection of the Criminal Policy against Economic Crimes in China Abstract: Keywords:
现代社会以来，经济安全日益成为国家安全之重要基础，经济犯罪治理在现代国家犯罪治理中的重要地位也由此得以显现。经济犯罪的衍生与高发，是传统社会向现代社会转型的重要标志之一，经济犯罪发案率的攀升、种类的增加、领域的扩大，对一国经济安全威胁的日益加剧，是引发包括刑法在内的一国法律体系完善的重要动因之一。……进入21世纪，中国大力倡导社会主义和谐社会的构建，内在地要求中国经济犯罪刑事政策的相应调整。中国应如何确立科学的经济犯罪刑事政策，成为转型深化期以来中国刑事立法发展中亟待解决的现实问题。 一、中国经济犯罪的衍生与治理特征 （一）中国经济犯罪的衍生 1．计划体制下的经济犯罪 经济犯罪为人类所关注的历史不长。学说史的研究表明，“经济犯罪”一词最早由英国学者希尔于1872年提出。济犯罪不断扩张与膨胀，愈来愈呈现出复杂的态势。①中国自改革开放以来实行的“严打”的经济犯罪刑事政策，虽然在短时间内实现了经济犯罪率的下降和社会治安的好转，但是从长远来看，刑事立法和司法活动并未收到显著的遏制经济犯罪的效果。②进入21世纪，中国大力倡导建立社会主义和谐社会，③内在地要求中国的经济犯罪刑事政策作出相应的调整，④基于经济犯罪刑事政策对经济法治建设的重要指导性作用，⑤中国经济犯罪刑事政策必须要审时度势，作出相应改变。⑥笔者认为，⑦现代风险社会下经济犯罪的类型划分，以及与世界“轻轻重重”的经济犯罪刑事政策相呼应，中国应倡导宽严相济“两极化”的刑事政策：首先，对严重危害国家经济安全的犯罪应严，具体包括：立足本国实际，统一立法模式；严密法网；调整刑罚结构，合理配置刑罚；犯罪评价模式广泛引入行为本位主义，实现法益保护的前置化。其次，对单纯危害经济交易秩序的行为应宽，具体措施包括：完善前置性法律，加强与经济刑法的衔接；建立有效的出罪机制，坚持前置性法律用尽原则；以行政处罚等非刑罚 ①刘国钧，张敏强.教育测量学[M].北京：人民教育出版社，1998:77. ②叶澜.中国教育学发展世纪问题的审视[J].新华文摘,2004(6):76-77. ③仲伟志.2005中国改革交锋录[N].经济观察报,2005,10(3):7. ④Basar，T..Dynamic Noncooperative Game Theory[M].New York,Academic Press，1982:p.123. ⑤姚伯元．毕业设计(论文)规范化管理与培养学生综合素质［EB/OL］．：中国高等教育网教学研究，2005-2-2：12 ⑥张和生．地质力学系统理论［Ｄ］．太原：太原理工大学，1998：132 ⑦
Household Register Under Supervision of the Ministry of Public Security of P. R. C. Basic Information of Household No. Type of Household:Name of Householder: Household Number:Current residential address: Authorized supervisor:Authorized Administrator: Registrar:Date of Issue: 1 Register of Residence Change New Address Date of registration update Registrar
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中英文对照资料外文翻译文献 汽车变速器设计 ----------外文翻译 我们知道，汽车发动机在一定的转速下能够达到最好的状态，此时发出的功率比较大，燃油经济性也比较好。因此，我们希望发动机总是在最好的状态下工作。但是，汽车在使用的时候需要有不同的速度，这样就产生了矛盾。这个矛盾要通过变速器来解决。 汽车变速器的作用用一句话概括，就叫做变速变扭，即增速减扭或减速增扭。为什么减速可以增扭，而增速又要减扭呢？设发动机输出的功率不变，功率可以表示为 N = w T，其中w是转动的角速度，T是扭距。当N固定的时候，w与T是成反比的。所以增速必减扭，减速必增扭。汽车变速器齿轮传动就根据变速变扭的原理，分成各个档位对应不同的传动比，以适应不同的运行状况。 一般的手动变速器内设置输入轴、中间轴和输出轴，又称三轴式，另外还有倒档轴。三轴式是变速器的主体结构，输入轴的转速也就是发动机的转速，输出轴转速则是中间轴与输出轴之间不同齿轮啮合所产生的转速。不同的齿轮啮合就有不同的传动比，也就有了不同的转速。例如郑州日产ZN6481W2G型SUV车手动变速器，它的传动比分别是：1档3.704:１；2档2.202:1；3档1.414:1；4档1:1；5档（超速档）0.802:1。 当汽车启动司机选择1档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器向后接合1档齿轮并将它锁定输出轴上，动力经输入轴、中间轴和输出轴上的1档齿轮，1档齿轮带动输出轴，输出轴将动力传递到传动轴上（红色箭头）。典型1档变速齿轮传动比是3:1,也就是说输入轴转3圈，输出轴转1圈。
当汽车增速司机选择2档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器与1档分离后接合2档齿轮并锁定输出轴上，动力传递路线相似，所不同的是输出轴上的1档齿轮换成2档齿轮带动输出轴。典型2档变速齿轮传动比是2.2:1，输入轴转2.2圈，输出轴转1圈，比1档转速增加，扭矩降低。 当汽车加油增速司机选择3档时，拨叉使1/2档同步器回到空档位置，又使3/4档同步器移动直至将3档齿轮锁定在输出轴上，使动力可以从轴入轴—中间轴—输出轴上的3档变速齿轮，通过3档变速齿轮带动输出轴。典型3档传动比是1.7:1，输入轴转1.7圈，输出轴转1圈，是进一步的增速。 当汽车加油增速司机选择4档时，拨叉将3/4档同步器脱离3档齿轮直接与输入轴主动齿轮接合，动力直接从输入轴传递到输出轴，此时传动比1:1，即输出轴与输入轴转速一样。由于动力不经中间轴，又称直接档，该档传动比的传动效率最高。汽车多数运行时间都用直接档以达到最好的燃油经济性。 换档时要先进入空档，变速器处于空档时变速齿轮没有锁定在输出轴上，它们不能带动输出轴转动，没有动力输出。 一般汽车手动变速器传动比主要分上述1－4档，通常设计者首先确定最低（1档）与最高（4档）传动比后，中间各档传动比一般按等比级数分配。另外，还有倒档和超速档，超速档又称为5档。 当汽车要加速超过同向汽车时司机选择5档，典型5档传动比是0.87:1，也就是用大齿轮带动小齿轮，当主动齿轮转0.87圈时，被动齿轮已经转完1圈了。 倒档时输出轴要向相反方向旋转。如果一对齿轮啮合时大家反向旋转，中间加上一个齿轮就会变成同向旋转。利用这个原理，倒档就要添加一个齿轮做“媒介”，将轴的转动方向调转，因此就有了一根倒档轴。倒档轴独立装在变速器壳内，与中间轴平行，当轴上齿轮分别与中间轴齿轮和输出轴齿轮啮合时，输出轴转向会相反。
本科毕业设计（论文） 中英文对照翻译 院（系部）电气工程与自动化学院专业名称电气工程及其自动化年级班级03级2班 学生姓名 指导老师 电力系统
1 电力的技术特点 电力具有独特的技术特点，这使得电力工业具有独特的行业特点。 1.无形性。用户不能用人体感官直接察觉千瓦时的用电量。 2.质量。供电质量可由供电连续性或供电可靠性、在标准电压等级下的电压均等性、交流电压频率的正确不变性来度量。 3.电力的贮存。与大多数行业不同，电力部门必须随时根据用电的需求生产出电力来，因为电能无法贮存。 4.对供电负责。电由电力部门输送到用户，因此必须对安全、可靠供电负责。 5.对公众的安全。电力部门须对公众及其技术人员提供稳妥的保护。 2 电力系统的规划 预期到电力部门的供电负荷将持续增长，电力系统的容量也持续增大。远期规划主要是保证这种扩建在技术上是适宜的，在造价上是合理的，与增长模式是相符的。远期规划者碰到的困难包括：不同地域和不同时间负荷增长的不确定性、新发明新技术发展的可能性。优异的系统规划要努力做到全系统设计的最优化，而不能为了系统某部分造价的最小化而不顾其它部分的影响。近年来，已经强调了规划和运行的经济性。现在则越来越强调可靠性和环境方面的因素。 在作出规划前，须要仔细考虑许多因素： （1）设备的决策具有远期效应，这需要15—25年的预期和研究。 （2）有许多发电途径可选择：核电、基荷火电、中等规模燃气轮机发电或水电，以及大型、中型、小型电厂和各种形式的蓄能。
（3）有多种送电途径可选择，例如由交流或直流，架空线或地下电缆送电并有各种电压等级。 （4）规划决策受负荷管理技术和负荷模式的影响。 （5）有关因素存在不确定性。如将来燃料价格货币的利率资金的来源设备的强迫停运率新技术环境的要求。 3 电力分配 3.1 最初的分配系统 发电厂和最后的各支路之间的分配线路叫做最初的分配系统。在这两个电力系统之间传输有多种方法. 其中最常见的两种方法是辐射式和环绕式。 （1）.辐射式 这种辐射来自于全世界的辐射，意思就是从中心向四周扩散。这种辐射系统是一类起源于主电站并向各种分电站传递电能的电力传输系统。 从最简单的出发, 一个辐射系统是从生产电能的发电厂辐射开来. 这些电能从主电站被传输出来，通常是部分的，或者是从相邻的发电厂发出的. 所以从主电站输出的电能为了长距离输电，在主电站将电压升高到较高的值。 从主电站,许多线路将电能传达到各地方的电站. 为了在人口密集地区配电，在分电站将电压降低到合适的值。在分电站,电能是通过线路传输给各变压器的。这些变压器再把电压降低到能让用电户所承受的电压。 （2）环系统 环系统是从主电站或者一个分电站开始而且经过周围变电站电能的相互传输最后回到主电站的。这将造成所有的电站供应同样的电能,最后因为隔离绝缘而崩溃。所以环系统的维持需要一个更大的环系统并从主电站供电。 （3）用户分配系统
What is a scientific paper? A paper is an organized description of hypotheses, data and conclusions, intended to instruct the reader. Papers are a central part of research. If your research does not generate papers, it might just as well not have been don e. “Interesting and unpublished” is equivalent to “non-existent.” 什么是科技论文？科技论文是集假说、数据和结论为一体的概括性描述，以此向读者论述。论文是研究工作的中心部分。如果你的研究没有写成论文，也就等同于没有做研究。有意义但没有发表，等同于不存在。Realize that your objective in research is to formulate and test hypotheses, to draw conclusions from these tests, and to teach these conclusions to others. Your objective is not to “collect data.” 要意识到研究的目的是为了形成并证实假说，从一些测试中得出结论，并把结论传授给别人。你的研究目的不是简单的收集数据。 A paper is not just an archival device for storing a completed research program, it is also a structure for planning your research in progress. If you clearly understand the purpose and form of a paper, it can be immensely useful to you in organizing and conducting your research. A good outline for the paper is also a good plan for the research program. You should write and rewrite these plans/outlines throughout the course of the research. At the beginning, you will have mostly plan; at the end, mostly outline. The continuous effort to understand, analyze, summarize, and reformulate hypotheses on paper will be immensely more efficient for you than a process in which you collect data and only start to organize them when their collection is“complete.” 一篇论文并不仅仅是收集已经得到的研究结果，它也有助于形成进一步的研究工作的框架。如果明确了论文的目的，这对于计划开展你的研究工作有很大益处。好的文章提要也是研究工作的好计划，在研究的过程中，应该反复修改这些计划或提要。研究工作开始时，应有完善的计划；工作结束时，应充分的总结。最有效率的做法是及时的理解，分析，总结，形成假说；而不是等到完成时才开始收集和整理数据。 01 The reason for outlines. First emphasize the central place of an outline in writing papers, preparing seminars, and planning research. I especially believe that for you, and for me, i t is most efficient to write papers from outlines. An outline is a written plan of the organization of a paper, including the data onwhich it rests. You should, in fact, think of an outline as a carefully organized and presented set o data,with attendant objectives, hypotheses and conclusions, rather than an outline of text. 为什么要写提纲？我在这里要强调提纲在论文写作，准备报告以及研究计划中的重要作用。我尤其相信按照提纲进行写作对我们大家都是最有效的方法。提纲是一篇论文的行文计划，应该包括论文所依靠的数据。 事实上，提纲不仅仅是列出各段的内容，而是按照目的，假说，结论来精心组织数据。 An outline itself contains little text. If you and I can agree on the details of the outline (that is, on the data and organization), the supporting text can be assembled fairly easily. If we do not agree on the outline, any text is useless. Much of the time in writing a paper goes into the text; most of the thought goes into the organization of the data and into the analysis. It can be relatively efficient to go through several (even many) cycles of an outline before beginning to write text; writing many versions of the full text of a paper is slow. 提纲本身应该文字简练。如果大家都同意提纲中的细节部分，那么正文组织起来就更容易。在我们就提纲达成一致以前，写正文是没有意义的。写文章时，大部份时间花在写正文上；而大部份思考是用在整理和分析数据。在动笔前，详细讨论几遍写作提纲会提高写作效率；写很多遍正文反倒很慢。 All the writing that I do - papers, reports, proposals (and, of course, slides for seminars)- I do from outlines. I urge you to learn how to use them as well. 我写的所有文章，包括论文，报告，建议（当然还有讨论会的胶片）都从提纲开始。我也希望你们能学会