U1
1. We have a problem with the computer system, but I think it’s fairly minor.
2. My father died when I was too young to live on my own. The people of my hometown took over (responsibility for) my upbringing at that point.
3. The toys have to meet strict/ tough safety requirements before they can be sold to children.
4. Radio and television have supplemented rather than replaced the newspaper as
carriers of news and opinion.
5. When it comes to this magazine, it is/ carries a digest of articles from many newspapers and magazines around the world
A decade ago, Nancy did what so many Americans dream about. She quit an executive position and opened / set up a household equipment store in her neighborhood. People like Nancy made the decision primarily because of/owing to/due to their desire to improve the quality of their lives.
But, to run a small business is by no means an easy job. Without her steady income, Nancy had to cut back on her daily expenses. Sometimes she did not even have the money to pay the premiums for the various kinds of insurance she needed. Once she could not even pick up the phone bill and had to ask her parents to loan her some money.
Fortunately, through her own hard work, she has now got through the most difficult time. She is determined to continue pursuing her vision of a better life.
U3
1) The Internet is changing the way people live, (no matter) whether they are in urban or rural areas.
2)Medium-sized and small companies are more vulnerable to the threat of the global economic crisis than large ones.
3) With regard to our term paper, the professor asked us to analyze the unemployment chart first, and then provide critical reflections on the nations economic development.
4)It never occurred to him that their team would win the basketball match by a large margin.
5) Looking back on my twenty years' teaching in high school, I attribute my success to patience, talent, and the constant pursuit of knowledge.
2. It is almost impossible to keep a determined burglar out. All you can do is discourage him for a few minutes. Thus exposing him to police patrols. Common sense tells us that lighting is a barrier to criminal activity. A light should be fixed in the doorway and switched on at night. Make sure/Assure yourself that you don't leave the door on the latch if you happen to be the last to come in. If you decide to buy a sophisticated electronic alarm system, be sure to ask for its signs and put them up on both windows and doors. In addition you may have it hooked up to a police station.
U4
1) The volunteers sent/assigned by the Red Cross disinfected, with great caution, the drinking water in the village so as to avoid an outbreak of plague.
2)Einstein spent many years trying to unify the theories of electromagnetism and gravity but failed.
3)Professor Wang received/won the Presidential Award for his excellence in stimulating students'
creative imagination. 4) As there were some major design flaws, the board of directors didn't approve of the economic stimulus package.
5) Having realized that nobody could help him, Jordan finally came to the conclusion that he had to face reality and take up/meet the challenge by himself.
2. What was remarkable about 2005 was perhaps that the UN declared it "The World Year of Physics". It was the 100th anniversary of Einstein's theory of relativity and the 50th anniversary of his death. In 1905 Einstein published five highly important essays in the history of science, thus revolutionizing physics. His great achievements can be credited to his impressive powers of imagination, constant questioning, and not giving a fig for authority. It is beyond doubt that Einstein was the greatest scientist in the 20th century.
U5
1. Grandma took it for granted that food prices would soar, so she bought a lot of rice.
2. I can quote you several instances of her dedication to science.
3. The 1980s saw the start of the swift development of some special economic zones in China.
4. Tension between the two countries stemmed in part from the latest spy affair.
5. Peter has worked in a law firm for many years. You can consider having him as your lawyer to act on your behalf when you need legal help.
Amid the atmosphere of Thanksgiving, George was immersed in the diary left to him by his father, who died at sea after he completed two successive trips around the world. The diary brought back every moment George had spent with his father and many of the specific things his father did on his behalf.
George's father used to impress on him the need to undergo all kinds of hardship in quest of excellence. Even today, George still remembers how his father would quote Aesop's famous saying "Gratitude is the sign of noble souls" and tell him to accord the greatest importance to it.
U7
1. I grew terribly scared when I heard sound of footsteps echoing round the hallway at midnight yesterday.
2. The name-brand sports shoes are guaranteed for 12 months.
3. Snowstorms threw communications and transportation into disorder
4. I’ve been suffering a lot of stress from work lately. I feel like taking a vacation at the seaside.
5. Living in an apartment is all right, but it has its limitations ---for example, you don’t have your own garden.
Tom was born a cripple, with one of his lower limbs useless. Early in his childhood, he learned that unless he so exerted himself as to rise above his limitations, he could not earn a living, and unless he succeeded in making a living on his own, he could not win/gain the respect of others. That was the price he had to pay for his dignity as a human beingTom applied for numerous jobs, only to be turned down, before he finally got one as a delivery boy for a Pizza Hut. He then worked as a sales representative for a sports wear company in a territory no one else would want. Today he owns a fairly profitable retail shop in his hometown, and hires several people to work for him on straight commission.
U8 A 1 在过去的30年里，作为一个专业的大提琴演奏家，我花了相当于整整20年时间在路上执行和学习音乐传统和文化。我的旅行使我相信在我们的全球化的世界中，文化传统来自于一个身份、社会稳定和富有同情心的互动的基本框架。 2 世界在快速改变，正如我们一定会创造不稳定的文化，让人质疑他们的地方。全球化使我们服从于别人的规则，这往往会威胁到个人的身份。这自然使我们紧张，因为这些规则要求我们改变传统习惯。所以如今全球领导者的关键问题是：如何使习惯和文化发展到融入更大的行星，同时不必牺牲鲜明特色和个人的骄傲？ 3 我的音乐旅程提醒了我，全球化带来的相互作用不只是摧毁文化；他们能够创造新的文化，生机，传播存在已久的传统。这不像生态“边缘效应”，它是用来描述两个不同的生态系统相遇发生了什么，例如，森林和草原。在这个接口，那里是最小密度和生命形式的最大的多样性，每种生物都可以从这两个生态系统的核心作画。有时最有趣的事情发生在边缘。在交叉口可以显示意想不到的连接。 4 文化是一个由世界每个角落的礼物组成的织物。发现世界的一种方式是例如通过深入挖掘其传统。例如音乐方面，在任何的大提琴演奏家的曲目的核心是由巴赫大提琴组曲。每个组件的核心是一个称为萨拉班德舞曲的舞蹈动作。这种舞蹈起源于北非的柏柏尔人的音乐，它是一个缓慢的、性感的舞蹈。它后来出现在西班牙，在那里被禁止，因为它被认为是下流的。西班牙人把它带到了美洲，也去了法国，在那里成为一个优雅的舞蹈。在1720年，巴赫公司的萨拉班德在他的大提琴组曲运动。今天，我扮演巴赫，一个巴黎裔美国人的中国血统的音乐家。所以谁真正拥有的萨拉班德？每一种文化都采用了音乐，使其具有特定的内涵，但每一种文化都必须共享所有权：它属于我们所有人。 5 1998年，我从丝绸之路发现在数千年来从地中海和太平洋许多文化间观念的流动。当丝绸之路合奏团执行，我们试图把世界上大部分集中在一个阶段。它的成员是一个名家的同等团体，大师的生活传统是欧洲、阿拉伯、阿塞拜疆、亚美尼亚、波斯、俄罗斯、中亚、印度、蒙古、中国、韩国或日本。他们都慷慨地分享他们的知识，并好奇和渴望学习其他形式的表达。 6 在过去的几年里，我们发现每一个传统都是成功的发明的结果。确保传统的生存的一个最好的方法是由有机进化，目前利用我们所有可用的工具。通过录音和电影；通过驻在博物馆、大学、设计学校和城市；通过表演从教室到体育场，合奏的音乐家，包括我自己，学习有用的技能。回到家中，我们和其他人分享这些技能，确保我们的传统在文化桌上有一席之地。 7 我们发现，在本国执行传统出口的是国外激励从业者。最重要的是，我们对彼此的音乐发展出了激情，并建立了相互尊重、友谊和信任的纽带，每一次我们都在舞台上这都是可触及的。这种欢乐的互动是为了一个理想的共同的更大的目标：我们始终能够通过友好的对话解决任何分歧。我们相互开放，我们形成一个桥进入陌生的传统，驱逐往往伴随着变化和错位的恐惧。换句话说，当我们扩大我们看世界的镜头的时候，我们更好地了解自己，自己的生活和文化。我们与我们的小星球的遥远的行星有更多的共同分享，而不是我们意识到的。 8 发现这些共同的文化是很重要的，但不只是为了艺术的缘故。所以我们的许多城市，不仅是伦敦，纽约，东京，现在即使甚至是中小城市正在经历着移民潮。我们将如何吸取同化有自己独特的习惯的人群？移民不可避免地会导致抵抗和冲突，就像过去一样？有什么关于德国的土耳其人口的阿尔巴尼亚人在意大利，北非人在西班牙和法国？文化繁荣的引擎可以帮助我们找出如何集合可以和平融合，同时不牺牲个性身份。这不是政治正确性。它是关于对人而言什么是珍贵的承认，和每一个文化已经给予我们世界的礼物。
作文翻译 Unit 1 李明是学化学的，性格开朗幽默，颇有魅力，但英语成绩不佳，每次只能勉强及格。老师警告他，英语不好会阻碍他拿奖学金，并亮出了自己的王牌：如果李明不努力，就让他考试不过关。老师还告诉他，学习英语不能只为了文凭，否则他即使大学毕业，也还是个半文盲。李明虽然保持镇定，但他明白，他的学业生涯正在攸关之际，必须安心下来埋头学习，坚持不懈。 Li Ming was a chemistry major, a charmer noted for his easygoing and humorous temperament. However, his English was so poor that he always barely got by. The teacher admonished him that his poor English would be an impediment to scholarship. What’s more, she showed her trump card: if Li Ming did not work hard. She would flunk him. He was also told that he should not learn English merely for the sake of his diploma. otherwise, even after graduation from university, he would still be semiliterate. Although Li Ming did not lose his composure, he was well aware that he had to settle down to work and follow through because his academic life was at stake. Unit2 我的朋友琳达接受过良好的教育，既美丽又端庄，三十好几依然没有人向她求婚。究其原因，她的事业心极强，整日扑在工作上，每天来往于住处和公司之间，根本没有时间和异性交往。一想到女儿这么大了还单身一人，她父母就焦虑不安。他们不知道该如何是好，甚至还去咨询一些社会学专家。 但是事情在上个月出现了转机，公司的总部调琳达到培训部。在新的工作岗位上，琳达遇到了第一个触动她心弦的男人。从此，他们几乎每天约会，琳达意识到她会不顾一切地爱这个男人。决定嫁人的时候，她告诉了我这个好消息。 虽然琳达的爱情让人想起电影中才会有的浪漫故事，我也担忧未来究竟会怎样，但我还是表达了我由衷的祝福，并爽快答应在婚礼那天做他们的伴娘和伴郎随从中的一员。 Linda, my good friend, has received good education and is both beautiful and elegant. She was not proposed to even when she was well over thirty. The reason is that she, as a career –oriented woman, is devoted to her work. Navigating between home and the company, she had hardly any time to socialize with people of the opposite sex. Her parents were gripped by anxiety at the thought of their daughter still remaining single at such an age. They did not know what to do and even consulted with some sociologists. But the situation began to change last month, when the headquarters of the company transferred Linda to the training department. On the new post, Linda met a man who tugged on her heartstrings for the first time. Ever since then, they dated virtually on a daily basis, and Linda realized that she would love the man beyond all reason. When she decided to take the matrimonial plunge, she informed me. Though Linda’s love is reminiscent of the romance that we see only in movies and I don’t know what the future will hold for her, I give her my heart-felt wishes and agree readily to be a member of the entourage of bridesmaids and groomsmen. Unit 3 食品供应商缺乏诚信已经成为当今社会的一大问题。部分企业欺骗公众，故意散布假消息，颂扬食品添加剂是食品工业的伟大成就，并声称适量的添加剂对健康有益无害。部分有良知的科学家对食品添加剂的含量和毒性展开了深入的病理学研究。研究结果表明，部分常见的食品添加剂经长期，可能会对健康产生危害，这被认为是食品安全研究方面极为重要的
Lesson One: The Time Message Elwood N, Chapman 新的学习任务开始之际，千头万绪，最重要的是安排好时间，做时间的主人。本文作者提出了7点具体建议，或许对你有所启迪。 1 Time is tricky. It is difficult to control and easy to waste. When you look a head, you think you have more time than you need. For Example,at the beginning of a semester, you may feel that you have plenty of time on your hands, but toward the end of the term you may suddenly find that time is running out. You don't have enough time to cover all your duties (duty), so you get worried. What is the answer? Control! 译：时间真是不好对付，既难以控制好，又很容易浪费掉，当你向前看时，你觉得你的时间用不完。例如，在一个学期的开始，你或许觉得你有许多时间，但到学期快要结束时，你会突然发现时间快用光了，你甚至找不出时间把所有你必须干的事情干完，这样你就紧张了。答案是什么呢？控制。 2 Time is dangerous. If you don't control it, it will control you. I f you don't make it work fo r you, it will work against you. So you must become the master of time, not its servant. As a first-year college student, time management will be your number one Problem. 译：时间是危险的，如果你控制不了时间，时间就会控制你，如果你不能让时间为你服务，它就会起反作用。所以，你必须成为时间的主人，而不是它的奴仆，作为刚入学的大学生，妥善安排时间是你的头等大事。 3 Time is valuable. Wasting time is a bad habit. It is like a drug. The more time you waste,the easier it is to go on wasting time. If seriously wish to get the most out of college, you must put the time message into practice. 译：时间是珍贵的，浪费时间是个坏习惯，这就像毒品一样，你越浪费时间，就越容易继续浪费下去，如果你真的想充分利用上大学的机会，你就应该把利用时间的要旨付诸实践。 Message1. Control time from the beginning. 4 Time is today, not tomorrow or next week. Start your plan at the Beginning of the term. 译：抓紧时间就是抓紧当前的时间，不要把事情推到明天或是下周，在学期开始就开始计划。 Message2. Get the notebook habit. 5 Go and buy a notebook today, Use it to plan your study time each day. Once a weekly study plan is prepared, follow the same pattern every week with small changes. Sunday is a good day to make the Plan for the following week.
第九单元医学 Text A 谁还需要医生？在变化的时代洪流中与时俱进 费格斯?沙纳汉所有的一切都早经由前人说过，但是没有人听，于是我们不得不总是返回起点，从头开始。 ——安德烈?纪德 通常情况下，医生大都具备适应变化的能力。但随着变化的脚步逐渐加快，他们会不断面临挑战，所担任的角色也会遭到不少质疑。尽管医学界在医药方面已经取得了不少成就，但是现代社会对医疗职业却存有的越来越多的疑问；尽管与之前相比，人们变得越来越健康，但是健康仍旧是人们所关注的热门话题。因此，随着人们对医疗职业的职业满意度越来越低，替代医学逐渐兴起。美国的新 闻杂志借由其封面大声喊出，“谁还需要医生啊？”，而很多医学杂志的评论标题也充斥着负面的情绪：“不高兴的医生”；“现代医学一成不变”；“医学作为一种艺术的失败”；以及“医生会有未来吗？”而这种情绪也在皇家医师学会的报道中有所体现，他们报道的对象正是在变化大潮中不断变化的医生角色。报道中出现了一些对医生不利的词语与表达：“医疗职业……处于劣势”；“心神不安”；“很多医生看起来都不快乐”；“医生……过时了”以及“医生的角色需要清晰的解释”。因此， 人们呼吁医生们在塑造未来的过程中能够担当起更加积极的角色。对医疗行业来说，明智之举就是培养更多的领导能力，重点关注如何能使人们保持健康的状态，以巩固医疗行业对社会福利的影响。但是目前，医疗行业存在的最大挑战将会是 在“伙伴关系”方面，也就是医生和病人之间的关系——医患关系。 十多年前有社论观点做出预测称，正是超级专业化，分子医学以及冠以“循证”的一切这些因素促进了医疗行业的变化，而最彻底的变化是在医患关系方面。 这种关系错综复杂，容易受到社会潮流的影响。而过去的分析倾向于侧重医生们如何确诊疾病，而当前难以捉摸的诊断已经很少见了。而对于病人来说，医患关系的好坏结果也取决于医生的职业福利，因此这方面需要获得人们的关注。随着世界变化日新月异，人们的职业也应在变化的大潮中面对挑战，做出相应的回应，所以医生个人需要与时俱进，并且要思考如何能够信心十足地面对挑战，并且享 受挑战。这里并不是指通过某些“熟能生巧”来提高工作技能或者委托给继续医学 教育进行新的资格认证就能达到的。这里关乎的是医学态度与医学方法。 医生终将会适应经济，社会以及人口学的潮流，但是在面对未来科学技术的进步时，有些人仍会遭遇挑战，或者无法跟上科技进步的脚步。上文提到的现代医学所感受到的不安与焦虑中，究竟有多少是来自信息技术对医患关系产生的影
Finding your true calling 找寻内心真实的呼唤 The very worst use of time in life is to stay for months or years at a job for which you are completely unsuited. However, a great number of people spend their whole lives doing something during the week so that they can somehow find some thing enjoyable to do on the weekend. 人们一生中利用时间最糟糕的莫过于经年累月地从事自己完全不合适的工作。可是，有相当多的人却一生都是如此度过的：工作日内做做事，周末找些乐子。 In every case, these are men and women with very little future before them.They look upon their jobs as a form of drudgery, a penance they have to pay in order to enjoy the rest of their lives. And because of this attitude, they will seldom advance or be promoted. They will stay pretty much at the same level, moving from job to job, and always wondering why other people seem to live the "good life" while they feel they are living lives of quiet desperation. 从各种情况看，这些人的前途黯淡。他们认为自己的工作是沉重的任务，是他们为了享受余生对自己的惩罚。正是由于这种态度，他们很少会有发展或得到提升。他们总是在原地踏步，工作换了一个又一个，
材料科学与工程专业英语1（18单元课后翻译答案）- 目睹了我们的生活通过发生在医药、电信和交通运输行业的革命得到了重塑。8 .世界上80%的人口缺乏安全饮用水，近40%的人口没有卫生设施。9 .材料和社会是相互联系的，我们应该看到微型企业研究议程和影响人类状况的社会问题之间的密切关系，这是合理的。从化学角度来看，金属是一种容易失去电子形成正离子的元素，正离子与其他金原子形成金属键。2.金属键的无方向性被认为是金属延展性的主要原因。3.只有当原子间的键断裂时，带有共价键的晶体才会变形，导致晶体断裂。4.合金，尤其是那些满足更高应用要求的合金，如喷气发动机，可能含有十多种元素。5.离域电子电子结构碱土金属化学电池核电荷电导率。金属有时被描述为被离域电子云包围的正离子晶格。7 .金属通常具有优异的导电性和导热性、高密度和在应力下变形而不裂开的能力。8 .合金是两种或多种元素在固溶体中的混合物，其中主要成分是金属。9 .将不同比例的金属结合在一起作为 超级合金的发展严重依赖于化学和加工创新，主要由航空和能源行业推动。2.抗蠕变性主要取决于晶体结构中位错速度的减缓。3.高温合金加工技术的发展大大提高了高温合金的工作温度。4.单晶高温合金是采用改进的定向凝固技术形成的，因此材料中没有晶界。5.面心立方晶体结构涡轮入口温度金属材料相稳定性核反应堆纳米粒子的合成。超级合金通常具有悬浮面心立方晶体结构。7 .在需要高温强度和腐蚀/氧化的地方使用超级合金 电阻。8 .超级合金广泛用于航空潜艇、核反应堆和军用电动机。9 .
在高温下，气态明矾腐蚀过程本质上是一个电化学过程，具有与电池相同的基本特性。2.从矿物中提取金属所需的能量问题与随后的腐蚀和能量释放直接相关。3.当电子与中和的正离子(如电解质中的氢离子)反应时，阴极的电子必须平衡。4.保护膜电路自由电子转移金属阳离子阳极反应5。一些金属如金和银可以 在地球上以天然金属状态存在，它们几乎不容易腐蚀。6 .氧化是从原子中剥离电子的过程，当电子被加到原子中时，就会发生还原。7 .如果表面变湿，腐蚀可能通过阳极和阴极之间的表面水层中的离子交换发生。8 .腐蚀通常根据腐蚀的外观进行分类 我们必须观察(研究)这些特性，看它们如何与我们期望的陶瓷成分相匹配。2.在高于玻璃化转变温度的高温下，玻璃不再具有脆性行为，而是显示出粘性液体。3.它们表现出优异的机械性能、抗腐蚀/抗氧化性能或电、光或磁性能。人们普遍认为，先进陶瓷的发展只是在最近100年，而传统的粘土基陶瓷已经使用了25000多年。5.玻璃转变温度离子共价键热膨胀应力分布系数玻璃光纤材料科学与工程固体氧化物燃料电池电子显微镜。被归类为陶瓷的金刚石的热导率是所有已知材料中最高的。7 .陶瓷的压缩强度比拉伸强度大，而金属的拉伸强度和压缩强度相当。8 .陶瓷的韧性通常较低，尽管将其结合在复合材料中可以显著提高其韧性 提高这一性能。9 .陶瓷产品的功能取决于它们的化学成分和微观结构，这决定了它们的合适性。材料科学和工程领域通常是根据四个主要方面——合成和加工、结构和组成、性能和性能——之间的相互关
1.Our big old house was closely related with the joys and sorrows of four generations. 2.I planted these roses a long, long time ago before your mother was born. 3.Many sons left home to fight against the Fascist Nazi. 4.Take the first friendly greeting and always keep it deep in your heart. 1.He has prepared answers to the questions that he expects to confront during the interview. 2.His sad story touched us so deeply that we nearly cried. 3.The two of them are walking hand in hand along the river bank, chatting, laughing, and looking happy. 4.When he heart the exciting news, tears of joy welled up in his eyes. 5.People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect have much in common. 6.Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within three years. 7.He finally gave in to his daughter’s repeated requests to further her education abroad. 8.We locked all our valuables away before we went on holiday. 9.Although we have parted from eah other, I hope that we will remain good friends and that we will care for and help each other just as we did in the past. 10.At that critical moment, the army commander summoned all the officers to work out new strategies and tactics which would make it possible to conquer the enemy. Unit 2 1.A gracious manner adds the greatest splendour to your image. 2.I firmly believed the note my guest sent me didn’t take long to write. 3.The simple phrase “Excuse me.” made most of your irritation disappear. 4.Being on time is a virtue which belongs not only to the past but also to the present. 5.Y ou shouldn’t accept the other person’s presence without thinking of its importance. 6.Good manners produce the same feelings or actions in others. 1.I am sorry I am late; I was at a meeting and couldn’t get away. 2.At the concert whnever a singer finished singing a beautiful song, the audience would burst into loud cheers to show their appreciation. 3.As a stylish dresser, she is always wearing stylish clothes, but she seldom cares about what she eats or drinks. 4.The nurse tells me that the doctors have done wonders for your heart disease. 5.When awarding the prize, the chairman complimented the winner on his great contribution to mankind. 6.This problem has bothered the experts for many years. 7.The crowd of demonstrators melted away when the police arrived. 8.Since punctuality is a good habit, we should pay much attention to it and make great efforts to cultivate this good habit. 9.The old man cherishes that girl, as if she were his own daughter. 10.It is just a routine physical checkup, nothing to get worried about.
Deciding on a topic 决定一个主题 As a college student of science and technology,you are often required to write a literature review about a certain topic,or a 1500-word term paper.In either case,the writing is a complex process which involves choosing a topic,searching for relevant materials,and compiling a reference list.Hence the first thing you need to do is to choose a research topic. 作为一个研究科学技术学生，你通常需要写一个关于某一主题的文献综述，或一个1500字的论文。不管是哪种，写作都是一个复杂的过程，涉及选题，查找资料，编写参考清单。因此，你首先需要做的是选择一个研究课题。 A topic is what the essay or research paper is about.Choosing a topic for your literature review or research paper requires careful consideration.A topic that is too specialized or the general may bring many problems in terms of the time you can devote to the research or the sources of information available on the topic.How do you choose a topic which is possible to research?There are four principles: 主题就是文章或研究论文是与什么有关的。为你的文献综述或研究论文选择一个主题需要仔细考虑。一个太专业或太宽泛的主题可能带来的诸多问题，影响你花费在研究或与主题相关的信息资源上的时间。你怎么选择一种可能的研究课题？有四个原则： 1)Interesting.If a topic holds your interest,you will most likely working on it.However,you should also be aware of the interest of your readers.For example,if your readers are from different disciplines or academic backgrounds,your topic should not be too specific. 1)有趣.如果一个话题引起了你的兴趣，你将很有可能在它上工作.但是，你也应该知道你的读者的兴趣.例如，如果你的读者是来自不同的学科或学术背景的，你的主题不应该太具体。 2)Important.You also have to consider the value of the topic you are likely to choose,both academic and social.And essay without practical or theoretical value will probably not attract readers. 2)重要.你也需要考虑你可能选择的课题研究的价值,包括学术的和社会的。没有实践或理论价值的论文可能不会吸引读者。 3)Manageable.Narrow down your topic to make your paper manageable.For example,if you want to discuss the history of a disease,it may not be possible for you to cover all the important ideas in a 1500-word essay. 3)可控的.缩小你的主题，使你的论文易于管理。例如，如果你想讨论一种疾病的历史，你或许不可能用一篇1500字的文章来涵盖所有重要的想法。 4)Adequate.You have to ask the question:Can the topic I have chosen be researched?One criterion is that you mast make sure that there are adequate source materials available on the topic.Avoid a topic that has very limited information about it,for it is difficult to carry out your research without previous studies. 4）足够的。你必须问这个问题：我选择的话题能被研究吗？一个标准是，你必须确保这个主题有足够的可用的源材料，避免一个仅有非常有限的信息得主题，因为没有以前的研究，你是很难进行你的研究的。 Formulating a research question 制定一个研究问题
基础综合英语课文翻译 导语：《基础综合英语》综合听说读写四个方面。每单元前半 部分涉及听说技能，而后半部分突出读写技能。这四种技能都围绕同一主题展开，相互补充，协同提高。下面是由的关于基础综合英语课文第一单元部分课文的翻译。欢迎阅读！ 对F的赞美 今年将有好几万的十八岁青年毕业，他们都将被授予毫无意义 的文凭。这些文凭看上去跟颁发给比他们幸运的同班同学的文凭没什么两样。只有当雇主发现这些毕业生是半文盲时，文凭的效力才会被质疑。 最后，少数幸运者会进入教育维修车间——成人识字课程，我 教的一门关于基础语法和写作的课程就属于这种性质。在教育维修车间里，高中毕业生和高中辍学生将学习他们本该在学校就学好的技能，以获得同等学历毕业证书。他们还将发现他们被我们的教育体系欺骗了。 在我教课的过程中，我对我们的学校教育深有了解。在每学期 开始的时候，我会让我的学生写一下他们在学校的不快体验。这种时候学生不会有任何写作障碍！我希望有人能让我停止吸毒，让我学习。我喜欢参加派对，似乎没人在意。我是一个好孩子，不会制造任何麻烦，于是他们就让我考试通过，即使我阅读不好，也不会写作。很多诸如此类的抱怨。
我基本是一个空想社会改良家，在教这门课之前，我将孩子们 的学力能力差归咎于毒品、离婚和其它妨碍注意力集中的东西，要想学习好就必须集中注意力。但是，我每一次走进教室都会再度发现，一个老师在期望学生全神贯注之前，他必须先吸引学生的注意力，无论附近有什么分散注意力的东西。要做到这点，有很多种办法，它们与教学风格有很大的关系。然而，单靠风格无法起效，有另一个办法可以显示谁是在教室里掌握胜局的人。这个办法就是亮出失败的王牌。 我永远也忘不了一位老师亮出那张王牌以吸引我的一个孩子的 注意。我的小儿子是个世界级的万人迷，学习不怎么动脑筋却总能蒙混过关，直到施蒂夫特夫人当了他的老师，这种局面才彻底改变了。 当她教我儿子英语时，我儿子是一个高中高年级学生。他坐在 后排和他的朋友说话。她告诉我。你为什么不把他换到前排来？我恳求道，我相信令他难堪的做法会让他安心学习。史蒂夫特夫人从眼镜上方冷冷地看着我。我不会换高年级学生的座位。她说，我会给他们不及格的成绩。我大感紧张。我们儿子的学习生涯在我的眼前闪现。之前，没有老师以此威胁过他。我恢复镇定，艰难地表示我认为她是对的。到家时，我对此感觉良好。目前这是一种激进的做法，但是，嗯，为什么不这么做呢？她要给你不及格。我告诉我的儿我没有再多说什么。突然英语就在他的生活中成了头等大事。他期末得了一个A。 我知道一个例子不能说明问题，但我在夜校中看见了一群愤怒、怨恨的学生，他们愤恨的原因是学校让他们一路混，直到他们甚至都无法再假装跟得上。这些学生智力水平至少也算中等，但最终都退学
材料科学与工程专业英语第三版翻译以及答案 Document serial number【KK89K-LLS98YT-SS8CB-SSUT-SST108】
UNIT 1 一、材料根深蒂固于我们生活的程度可能远远的超过了我们的想象，交通、装修、制衣、通信、娱乐（recreation）和食品生产，事实上（virtually），我们生活中的方方面面或多或少受到了材料的影响。历史上，社会的发展和进步和生产材料的能力以及操纵材料来实现他们的需求密切（intimately）相关，事实上，早期的文明就是通过材料发展的能力来命名的（石器时代、青铜时代、铁器时代）。 二、早期的人类仅仅使用（access）了非常有限数量的材料，比如自然的石头、木头、粘土（clay）、兽皮等等。随着时间的发展，通过使用技术来生产获得的材料比自然的材料具有更加优秀的性能。这些性材料包括了陶瓷（pottery）以及各种各样的金属，而且他们还发现通过添加其他物质和改变加热温度可以改变材料的性能。此时，材料的应用（utilization）完全就是一个选择的过程，也就是说，在一系列有限的材料中，根据材料的优点来选择最合适的材料，直到最近的时间内，科学家才理解了材料的基本结构以及它们的性能的关系。在过去的100年间对这些知识的获得，使对材料性质的研究变得非常时髦起来。因此，为了满足我们现代而且复杂的社会，成千上万具有不同性质的材料被研发出来，包括了金属、塑料、玻璃和纤维。 三、由于很多新的技术的发展，使我们获得了合适的材料并且使得我们的存在变得更为舒适。对一种材料性质的理解的进步往往是技术的发展的先兆，例如：如果没有合适并且没有不昂贵的钢材，或者没有其他可以替代（substitute）的东西，汽车就不可能被生产，在现代、复杂的（sophisticated）电子设备依赖于半导体（semiconducting）材料四、有时，将材料科学与工程划分为材料科学和材料工程这两个副学科（subdiscipline）是非常有用的，严格的来说，材料科学是研究材料的性能以及结构的关系，与此相反，材料工程则是基于材料结构和性能的关系，来设计和生产具有预定性
一单元One way of summarizing the American position is to state that we value originality and independence more than the Chinese do. The contrast between our two cultures can also be seen in terms of the fears we both harbor. Chinese teachers are fearful that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired; there is, on the other hand, no comparable hurry to promote creativity. American educators fear that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge; on the other hand, skills can be picked up later. However, I do not want to overstate my case. There is enormous creativity to be found in Chinese scientific, technological and artistic innovations past and present. And there is a danger of exaggerating creative breakthroughs in the West. When any innovation is examined closely, its reliance on previous achievements is all too apparent (the "standing on the shoulders of giants" phenomenon). But assuming that the contrast I have developed is valid, and that the fostering of skills and creativity are both worthwhile goals, the important question becomes this: Can we gather, from the Chinese and American extremes, a superior way to approach education, perhaps striking a better balance between the poles of creativity and basic skills? 美国人的立场可以概括起来这么说，我们比中国人更重视创新和自立。我们两种文化的差异也可以从我们各自所怀的忧虑中显示出来。中国老师担心，如果年轻人不及早掌握技艺，就有可能一辈子掌握不了；另一方面，他们并不同样地急于促进创造力的发展。美国教育工作者则担心，除非从一开始就发展创造力，不然创造力就有可能永不再现；而另一方面，技艺可于日后获得。 但我并不想夸大其辞。无论在过去还是在当今，中国在科学、技术和艺术革新方面都展示了巨大的创造力。而西方的创新突破则有被夸大的危险。如果仔细审视任何一项创新，其对以往成就的依赖则都显而易见（“站在巨人肩膀之上”的现象）。 然而，假定我这里所说的反差是成立的，而培养技艺与创造力两者都是值得追求的目标，那么重要的问题就在于：我们能否从中美两个极端中寻求一种更好的教育方式，它或许能在创造力与基本技能这两极之间获得某种较好的平衡？ 三单元SEAN: If that sort of thing happened only once in a while, it wouldn't be so bad. Overall, I wouldn't want to trade my dad for anyone else's. He loves us kids and Mom too. But I think that's sometimes the problem. He wants to do things for us, things he thinks are good. But he needs to give them more thought because: SEAN, HEIDI and DIANE: (In unison) Father knows better! DIANE: Can you imagine how humiliated I was? An honor student, class president. And Father was out asking people to have their sons call and ask me to the prom! But that's dear old dad. Actually, he is a dear. He just doesn't stop to think. And it's not just one of us who've felt the heavy hand of interference. Oh, no, all three of us live in constant dread knowing that at any time disaster can strike because:肖恩：这类事要是偶尔发生一两次，那倒也没什么。总的来说，我是不肯把自己老爸跟别人的老爸换的。他爱我们当子女的，也爱老妈。不过我想，有时问题就出在这儿。他一心想帮助我们，他自以为在为我们做好事呢。可他应该多想想才对，因为：