2014年浙江大学考博真题和参考答案
1.听力Part A 原文：
In my opinion, technology has become too advanced. I am 17-years-old, and I can still remember a time when I did not have a computer in my home, and if you did, it was uncommon. Not until the mid-1990s was it common for（middle class families）to have computers. In our society today, almost every single family has at least one computer if not more, and these computers are incredibly advanced compared to what you'd have had in your home a short ten years ago. Over the years, I have seen technology bloom; all I have known my entire lifetime, is that there is going to be something bigger, I should really say smaller, and better （out on the market）in no time. I can't believe how fast manufacturers are coming out with new technology. What will happen in the future, will technology become so advanced is changes the course of our humanity? You can do everything you want from a computer, work, play,（talk to friends）, research, and even order food! A person could live their entire life jammed up in a room with a computer, and they would have access to everything they need! It is insane! The advances in communication technology are blowing up all over the place as well. I, myself just bought a new camera phone, and this phone is amazing. The picture quality is superb, and not only that but I （have access to the）internet on my PHONE! I can't believe how the cell phone market has so drastically increased. The first phone I ever had was five years ago, when I was 12 years old. That phone today would be considered huge, clunky, heavy, and "old". I personally couldn't even imagine myself walking around with that phone （without being embarrassed）. It just goes to show how much things have changed in five years, and people just keep on taking it all in. Every time I have bought a new phone since that point, six months later, I have wanted a new one because my phone was not up to date. Can you believe it, after not even a year a phone can completely go off the market because it is not advanced enough? The manufacturers are putting these things out faster than people can buy them.
2. 听力Part B 原文
括号内为答案
It is an honor to speak with you today on the issue of（public health disparities）. I would first like to thank the organizations that made this event possible. This has truly been a collaborative effort among a diverse group of constituents. I think this sets a positive tone and precedent for a healthy and spirited discussion. As many of you may know, reforming and improving our health care system is an issue that is close to my heart. I believe that in the richest and most powerful country in the world, we ought to be able to provide （basic health care）to all of our citizens. It is vitally important that we lessen the impact and burden of illness on all people in communities, regardless of race, gender, or religions. Our discussions today are critically important to rectify the injustices that many people face in our current health care system. Today’s sessions have a greater purpose than mere discussions and networking opportunities----today’s conference signifies an increased and （necessary call for action）among our region’s top heal th professionals. Public health is directly connected to poverty, income, education, and community. We cant’ look at health care in a silo and assume it is only a luxury for the well off. Health care needs to be provided to all people of all color. We are morally responsible for （improving the disparities in health care）because a healthy society is the foundation on which we build our schools, our neighborhoods, and our economy. Health care is not a privilege----it is a right. I know we have along road to travel in
achieving equality in health status. I know that everyone here knows this. And I am hopeful that perhaps more people than ever are（finally waking up to this reality）.
Part C1 原文3个选择题
There were very few places in the world that Jules Verne, the writer,, did not visit. He went round the world a hundred times or more. Once he did it in eighty days, unheard of in the nineteenth century. He voyaged sixty thousand miles under the sea, toured around the moon, exploded the center of the earth, and chatted with natives in Australia. Jules Verne, the man, was a stay-at-home. He was more likely to be tired from writing than from traveling. He did make a few visits to Europe and North Africa. And he made one six-week tour of New York State. But that was all. He spent less than one of his seventy-seven years really traveling. Yet he was the world’s most extraordinary tourist. His books are crowded with hunting and fishing expeditions. Jules actually went hunting only once. Then he raised his gun and shot off the guard’s hat! He neve r held a test tube in his hand. But he was an inspiration to the scientist in the laboratory. Long before radio was invented, he had TV working in his books. His name for it was phono-telephoto. He had helicopters fifty years before the Wright brothers flew their first plane at Kitty Hawk. In fact, there were few wonders of the twentieth century that this man of the nineteenth century did not foresee. In his stories you can read about neon lights, moving sidewalks, air-conditioners, sky-scrapers, guided missiles, tanks, electrically operated submarines, and air-planes,and so on.
第一个问题问这个人是干什么的选the writer
Part C2 原文第2篇 3个选择题
Very old people do raise moral problems for almost everyone who comes in contact with them. Their values—this can’t be repeated too often—are not necessarily our values. Physical comfort, cleanness and order are not necessarily the most important things. The social services from time to time find themselves faced with a flat with decaying food covered by small worms, and an old person lying alone in bed, taking no notice of the worms. But is it interfering with personal freedom to insist that they go to live with some of their relatives so that they might be taken better care of? Some social workers, the ones who clear up the worms, think we are in danger of carrying this concept of personal freedom to the point where serious risks are being taken with the health and safety of the old. Indeed, the old can be easily hurt or harmed. The body is like a car, it needs more mechanical maintenance as it gets older. You can carry this comparison right through to the provision of spare parts. But never forget that such operations are painful experiences, however good the results will be. And at what point should you stop to treat the old body? Is
it morally right to try to push off death by seeking the development of drugs to excite the forgetful old mind and to activate the old body, knowing that it is designed to die? You can’t ask doctors or scientists to decide, because so long as they can see the technical opportunities, they will feel bound to give them a try, on t he principle that while there’s life, there’s hope.
第三篇
Animals do not possess a language in the true sense of the word. In the higher vertebrates, as also in insects, particularly in the socially living species of both great groups, every individual has a certain number of inmate movements and sounds for expressing feelings. It has also innate ways of reacting to these signals whenever it sees or hears them in a fellow-member of the species. The highly social species of birds such as the jackdaw or the graylag goose, have a complicated code of such signals which are uttered and understood by every bird without any previous experience. The perfect co-ordination of social behaviour which is brought about by these actions and reactions conveys to the human observer the impression that the birds are talking and understanding a language of the own. Of course, this purely innate signal code of an animal species differs fundamentally from human language, every word of which must be learned laboriously by the human child. Moreover, being a genetically fixed character of the species—just as much as any bodily character—this so-called language is, for every individual animal species, ubiquitous in its distribution. Obvious though this fact may seem, it was, nevertheless, with something akin to na?ve surprise that I heard the jackdaws in northern Russia “talk”exactly the same, familiar “dialect”as my birds at home in Altenberg. The superficial similarity between these animal utterances and human languages diminishes further as it becomes gradually clear to the observer that the animal, in all these sounds and movements expressing its emotions, has in no way the conscious intention of influencing a fellow member of its species. This is proved by the fact that even geese or jackdaws reared and kept singly make all these signals as soon as the corresponding mood overtakes them. Under these circumstances the automatic and even mechanical character of these signals becomes strikingly apparent and reveals them as entirely different from human words.
二.（15题，15分）单选题（顺序打乱了）
The two friends sat in a corner and __B__ away to each other about the weather．
a．talked b．chatted c．muttered d．whispered
He is going to __D__ the meeting on the subject of war and peace in a minute．
a．speak b．talk c．remark d．address
Although not an economist himself, Dr. Smith has long been a severe critic of the government's ___A___ policies.
a. economic
b. economical
c. economy
d. economics
There are not many teachers who are strong _C_of traditional methods in English teaching.
a. sponsors
b. contributors
c. advocates
d. performers
A friendship may be ___B___ , casual, situational or deep and lasting.
a. identical
b. superficial
c. critical
d. original
Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system will _C_ down the economy.
a. put
b. settle
c. drag
d. knock
We are _D_ to the idea, but we doubt whether the time is ripe to put it into force.
a. equal
b. adequate
c. considerate
d. sympathetic
People were surprised to find that Mr. Johnson had the ability to ___B__ everything he was involved in.
a. Prevail
b. dominate
c. preside
d. instruct
You can do it if you want to, but in my opinion it’s not worth the __D__ it in volves.
a. force
b. trial
c. attempt
d. effort
The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for __D__ her attitude toward customers.
a. straightforward
b. partial
c. favorable
d. hostile 敌对的敌方的
You must pack plenty of food for the journey. __D__, you will need warm clothes, so pack them too.
a. Equally
b. Incidentally
c. Inevitably不可避免地
d. Likewise同样地
This __B_ was conducted to find out how many people prefer rice.
a. examination
b. survey
c. inspection
d. test
As a defense against air-pollution damage, many plants and animals __B__ a substance to absorb harmful chemicals
a. relieve
b. release
c. dismiss
d. discard
He said that very clearly so that nobody was in any___B__ about what was meant.
a. wonder
b. doubt
c. question
d. consideration
三.完形填空（20题20分）
Throughout history man has had to accept the fact that all living things must die. But people now live longer than they (1) . Yet, all living things still show the (2) of aging, which will eventually (3) death. Aging is not a disease, （4）as a person passes maturity, the cells of the body and the (5) they form do not function as well as they did in childhood and teenage years. The body provides less (6) against disease and is more (7) to have accident. A number of related causes may (8) aging. Some cells of the body have a （9）long life, but they are not (10) when they die. As a person ages, (11) of brain cells and muscle cells decreases. Other body cells die and are（12）by new cells. In an aging person the new cells may not be as workable or as capable (13) growth as those of a young person. Another (14) in aging may be changes within the cells(15). Some of the protein chemicals in cells are known to change with age and become less elastic. This is (16) the skin of old people wrinkles and hangs loose. This is also the reason why old people (17) in height. There may be other more important chemical changes in the cells. Some complex cell chemicals, （18）DNA and RNA, store and (19) information that the cells need.Aging may affect this (20) and change the informationcarrying molecules so that they do not transmit the information as well.
1.C A．would B．be used to C．used to D．used
2.B A．function B．effect C．affect D．sign
3.D A．lead in B．give in C．run into D．result in
4.but
5.D A．hands B．feet C．heart D．organs
6.B A．energy B．protection C．vigor D．power
7.A A．likely B．probable C．possible D．alike
8.B A．attend to B．contribute to C．add to D．devote to
9.fairly
10.A A．replaced B．reborn C．recovered D．surrendered
11.C A．a number B．the amount C．the number D．a great deal
12.replaced
13.C A．to B．for C．of D．in
14.A A．factor B．effect C．reason D．element
15.C A．for themselves B．of themselves C．themselves D．on their own
16.why
17.B A．increase B．shrink C．lengthen D．decrease
18.such as
19.D A．pass away B．pass by C．pass off D．pass on
20.D A．improvement B．procession C．approach D．process
四阅读（4篇，20分）
阅读第一篇
In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. one kind of learning is called "classical conditioning". this occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment, it is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother's face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion.
The second kind of learning is called "operant conditioning." this occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. for example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more.
Every day, we grow and have new experiences. we constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. this learning affects our emotions. why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? if a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. on the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.
1. the author's main purpose in writing the passage is to _B_.
a) teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotion
b) give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learning
c) give parents some advice on how to modify their children's emotions through learning
d) discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced
2.if your jokes often find already echo in a person, you will learn though _B_ that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence.
a) classical conditioning
b) operant conditioning
c) neither of them
d) some other sorts of conditioning
3. if a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. this is a typical example of learning through _A_.
a) classical conditioning
b) operant conditioning
c) both of them
d) neither of them
4. in the third paragraph, the author is _D_.
a) discussing how we grow and have new experiences every day
b) talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioning
c) concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so on
d) using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning
5. in the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss __C_.
a) definitions of positive feelings and negative feelings
b) the third kind of learning
c) further examples of learning through operant conditioning
d) none of the above
阅读第2篇，
Do we need laws that prevent us from running risks with our lives? If so, then perhaps laws are needed prohibiting the sale of cigarettes and alcoholic drinks. Both products have been known to kill people. The hazards of drinking too much alcohol are as bad or worse than the hazards of smiking too many cigarettes. All right then, let's pass a law closing the liquor stores and the bars in
this country. Let's put an end once and for all to the ruinous disease from which as many as 10 million Americans currently suffer--alcoholism.
But wait. We've already tried that. For 13 years, between 1920 and 1933, there were no liquor stores anywhere in the United States. They were shut down abilished by an amendment to the Constitution and by a law of Congress. After January 20, 1920, there was supposed to be no more manyfacturing, selling, or transporting of "intoxicating liquors". Without any more liquor, people could not drink it. And if they did not drink it, how could they get drunk? There would be no more dangers to the public welfare from drunkenness and alcoholism. It was all bery logical. And yet prohibition of liquor, beer, and wine did not work. Why?
Because, law or no law, millions of people still liked to drink alcohol. And they were willing to take risks to get it. They were not about to change their tastes and habits just because of a change in the law. And gans of liquor smugglers millions of gallons of the outlawed beverages across the Canadian and Mexican borders. Drinkers were licky to know of an illegal bar that served Mexican or Canadian liquor. Crime and drunkenness were both supposed to decline as a rusult of prohibition. Instead, people drank nore alcohol than ever-often poisoned alcohol.
1. Which of the following was NOT characteristic reason for the proposal of the 18th Amendment to the Constitution and the V olstead Act? A
a) There would be no further danger to the public from alcoholism.
b) There would be a rise in the cost of alcoholic beverages.
c) Without liquor, people would not drink.
d) People would not become drunk of create a public nuisance.
2. During Prohibition, illegal alcohol was_C___.
a) sold openly
b) no longer a temptation
c) a major factor in the passage of the V olstead Act
d) brought across the Mexican and Canadian borders
3. During Prohibition, people__B__.
a) lived in fear of the law
b) were willing to risk arrest for the pleasure of liquor
c) recklessly endangered their comunities
d) were respectful of the legal sanctions placed on them
4. When enacting the prohibition law, government officials assumend that__D__.
a) every American would buy alcohol illegally
b) all criminal activities would cease
c) patrols of the Canadian border would halt the sale of alcohol
d) the social threat from drunkerness would decline
5. It can be inferred from the passage that__A__.
a) the Congress was wise to repeal Prohibition
b) the Prohibition Era was characterized by a decrease in crime and drunkenness
c) during Prohibition, most Americans stopped drinking
d) laws should be passed to ban the sale of alcoholic beverages
第三篇
As people continue to grow and age, our body systems continue to change. At a certain point in your life, your body system began to weaken. Your joint may become stiff. It may become more difficult for you to see and hear. The slow change of aging causes our bodies to lose some of their ability to bounce back from disease and injury. In order to live longer, we have always tried to slow or stop this process that leads us toward the end of our lives.
Many factors contribute to your health. A well-balanced diet plays an important role. The amount and type of exercises you get is another factor. Your living environment and the amount of stress you are under is yet another. But scientists studying senescence want to know: Why do people grow old? They hope that by examining the aging process on a cellular level medical science may be able to extend the length of life.
There is nothing to be afraid of as old age approaches. Many consider the later portions of life to be the best time for living. Physical activity may lessen, but often you gain a broader understanding of yourself and the world.
What we consider old age now may only be middle-aged someday soon. Who knows with so many advances in medical science happening so quickly, life spans may one day be measured in centuries, rather than in years!
1. When people become aging, they will lose some of their ability to bounce back from disease and inj ury, “bounce back” here means __A__.
A. to improve in health after one?s disease and injury
B. to run fast
C. to recover from disease and injury
D. to jump after recovering
2. In order to live longer, ___A___.
A. we should postpone the process of aging
B. we should try to do some exercise
C. we have to try to be on a diet
D. we should keep in high spirits
3. Why are some scientists interested in studying senescence? ___B___
A. They may be able to find better ways to our life
B. If they pin down the biochemical process that makes us age, there will be hope for extending the length of life
C. They want find out if there is a link between how efficiently a cell could repair itself and how long a creature lives
D. They want to increase the general ability of our bodies
4. Many consider the later portions of life to be the best time of living, because ____A__.
A. they have a very good understanding of themselves and the outside world
B. they have nothing to do all day long only to watch their grandchildren growing up around them
C. they have come through the battle of life safely
D. they consider their life has been a successful one
5. According to the passage, “spans” means ____B_____.
A. a long period of time
B. a length of time
C. a long distance from one place to another
D. longevity
第四篇
Any country has good reason to want its citizens to be as healthy as possible, since one of its greatest resources is an active population. No country wants its people to suffer unnecessarily from ill health.
This was the kind of thinking which led to the introduction of a health service in many countries. In Britain this has developed into a “Welfare State” in which all citizens, rich and poor alike, can get most health treatment free. The money for this is partially raised by contributions from employers and employees.
As three decades have shown, such automatic arrangements are not always ideal and there are arguments for and against the Health Service. The number of patients treated every year and the cost of treatment are much greater than was estimated. This means that the people who work for the Health Service—doctors, nurses and other hospital staff—have much more routine work to do and as a result they have little time for preventive medicine. The Health Service does need more staff—a need that can only be met if more money is made available to it.
However, a powerful argument for the Health Service is that many people are able to receive expensive treatment which they could never afford themselves. Sometimes this free treatment is abused and people visit their doctors when they don’t really need to. Because they have so many
patients, doctors cannot spend as long with each one as they would like, and some people prefer to pay for private treatment so that their doctors can give them more time. In fact, some wealthy people feel that they should pay, and so free more money for treatment to others.
46. In the author’s view, Britain is a Welfare State in that __A__.
A. all citizens are entitled to a free medical treatment in some sense
B. poor, unlike the rich, could enjoy free medical treatment
C. health service is highly developed in Britain
D. Britain doesn’t allow its people to suffer unnecessarily from ill health
47. We can infer from the passage that __B__.
A. the Health Service is introduced to many other countries by Britain
B. the Health Service has been introduced and developed for 30 years in Britain
C. an active population is the greatest resource in Britain
D. all citizens in Britain have a good opinion of the Health Service
48. The best title for the passage would be __D__.
A. A Welfare State
B. Importance of the Health Service
C. Disadvantages of the Health Service
D. The Health Service
49. The author mentions that some wealthy people prefer to pay for private treatment because __C__.
A. their doctors can give them more time leave from work
B. those doctors have better medical instruments
C. they might save some money for the poor
D. their doctors have a stronger sense of responsibility for the patients
50. The word “abused” (Par. 4) means __B__.
A. destroyed
B. used in wrong way
C. ignored
D. wasted
五汉译英（25分）
2013年12月份以来，中国25个省份、100多座大中城市再次遭遇雾霾侵袭。北京、上海、南京等相继沦陷为雾霾重灾区，湖北、浙江、湖南、江苏、安徽等地雾霾天创下历史纪录。国家气象局数据显示，今年以来中国平均雾霾天数已经创出52年来之最。
虽然政府部门采取了工业企业关停减产的措施应对雾霾肆虐，但收效甚微，雾霾正在对人们
的生活产生越来越多的负面效应：学校停课、汽车限行、高速封闭。而更让有关部门尴尬的是，制造出雾霾的空气污染物来源，目前仍然是一个迷。
自京津冀频繁发生雾霾起，几年过去了，对于其形成的具体原因暂无定论。大多数的专家给出答案，重污染天气形成的主要原因有二：污染物排放总量过大和不利气象条件。具体看来，长三角周边更多为化工、水泥等企业，其工业废气组成更为复杂。
当然，问题的复杂性从来不是延缓解决方案的借口。在历经了京津冀地区的雾霾恐慌后，今年9月国务院出台了《大气污染防止行动计划》，涉及包括京津冀、长三角和珠三角在内的重点控制区的水泥、化工等六大重污染行业以及燃煤工业锅炉的新建项目。
从目前学界的研究来看，PM2.5的治理绝非易事。这样的长期计划要先布局，再行动，最后是对企业发力。
类比国外相关案例，上个世纪四五十年，无论是代洛杉矶雾霾爆还是伦敦雾霾事件，最后都是在政府和企业合力后，达成协议，最后以《清洁空气法》等法案的形式完成监督。
（答案在google 翻译自己翻）
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浙大考博英语真题部分考试
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2016年浙江大学博士生英语 听力 PART A Welcome to Everglades National Park. The Everglades is a watery plain covered with saw grass that's home to numerous species of plants and wildlife. At one and a half million acres, it's too big to see it all today, but this tour will offer you a good sampling. Our tour bus will stop first at T aylor Slough. This is a good place to start because it's home to many of the plants and animals typically associated with the Everglades. You'll see many exotic birds and, of course, our world famous alligators. Don't worry, there's a boardwalk that goes across the marsh, so you can look down at the animals in the water from a safe distance. The boardwalk is high enough to give you a great view of the saw grass prairie. From there we'll head to some other marshy and even jungle like areas that feature wonderful tropical plant life. For those of you who'd like a closer view of the saw grass prairie, you might consider renting a canoe sometime during your visit here. However, don't do this unless you have a very good sense of direction and can negotiate your way through tall grass. We'd hate to have to come looking for you. You have the good fortune of being here in the winter—the best time of year to visit. During the spring and summer, the mosquitoes will just about eat you alive! Right now they're not so bothersome, but you'll still want to use an insect repellent. Welcome to Everglades National Park. The Everglades is a watery plain covered with saw grass that's home to numerous species of plants and wildlife. At one and a half million acres, it's too big to see it all today, but this tour will offer you a good sampling. Our tour bus will stop first at Taylor Slough. This is a good place to start because it's home to many of the plants and animals typically associated with the Everglades. You'll see many exotic birds and, of course, our world famous alligators. Don't worry, there's a boardwalk that goes across the marsh, so you can look down at the animals in the water from a safe distance. The boardwalk is high enough to give you a great view of the saw grass prairie. From there we'll head to some other marshy and even jungle like areas that feature wonderful tropical plant life. For those of you who'd like a closer view of the saw grass prairie, you might consider renting a canoe sometime during your visit here. However, don't do this unless you have a very good sense of direction and can negotiate your way through tall grass. We'd hate to have to come looking for you. You have the good fortune of being here in the winter—the best time of year to visit. During the spring and summer, the mosquitoes will just about eat you alive! Right now they're not so bothersome, but you'll still want to use an insect repellent.----- 文章来源托福听力 听力是托福内容，完型填空是大学英语教程第四册里面的内容~~~
2017年北京清华大学考博英语真题 1. The leaders of the two countries feel it desirable to funds from armaments to health and education. A. derive B. deprive C. dispatch D. divert 2. To fund the event and also promote the marketing value of the National Games, the organizing committee set up the Marketing Development Department (MDD). A. beneficent B. expensive C. costly D. luxurious 3. Japanese workers still put in an impressive 42 hours each week, but they are by the South Koreans and Singaporeans who spend an average 46 hours at the grindstone. A. outdone B. outweighed C. outrun D. outrivaled 4. With the economy of the country going strong, the mood is optimism. A. presiding B. circulating C. floating D. prevailing 5. The hunter knows quite well that wild animals go seeking their in the jungle after dark. A. victim B. favorite C. prey D. sacrifice 6. The company, EDS, is smart enough to its 90,000-person workforce into independent micro teams that work directly with individual clients on creative business solutions. A. break out 、 B. break off C. break from D. break down 7. They agreed to take their disputes before the committee and by its decisions. A. stand B. observe C. abide D. precede 8. Very few people could understand the lecture the professor delivered because its subject was very . A. obscure B. indefinite C. dubious D. intriguing 9. Please don’t too much on the painful memories. Everything will be all right.
Reading Text 1 Few social problems have increased so suddenly or been dramatized so effectively as the plight of the homeless in the 1980s and 1990s.Once an invisible people who could easily be ignored, the homeless are now recognized everywhere on the streets and in the public facilities of major cities. There are bag ladies who roam the streets carrying what is left of their possessions in shopping bags or grocery carts. There are disoriented men curled up on benches, in stairwells, or alongside walls. There are children – some runaways and some throwaways scrounge(偷，骗取) for food and shelter. The number of homeless people in underdeveloped societies in the mid-1980s was estimated by the United Nations (UN) to be more than 100 million. The so-called “new”homeless live in the developed, industrialized nations of Europe, North America, and East Asia. Accurate statistics have been impossible to verify, in part because of the conflicting viewpoints on the subject of homelessness. Politicians, lawyers, and others who become advocates for the homeless have said that there are from 2 to 3 million homeless in the US alone. Others who have studied the problem from a less sympathetic point of view suggest that the
Test One（听力播放） Section A Directions: In this section you will hear 10 short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a third voice will ask a question about what was said. You will hear the question only once. When you have heard the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D and decide which is the best answer. Mark your answer by blackening the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a pencil. 1. A. He’s worried. B. It’s getting late. C. He heard a noise outside. D. He can’t see out of the window. 2. A. Soon B. In 20 minutes. C. They don’t care. D. They don’t know. 3. A. Here. B. A pass. C. An official. D.A letter of introduction. 4. A. Home. B. To town. C. To his friends. D. To a restaurant. 5. A. She uses coffee. B. She hates coffee. C. She never liked coffee. D. She liked coffee before. 6. A. The pay isn’t important. B. They don’t need the money. C. He wants to save the money. D. He doesn’t like waiting in line for his pay. 7. A. He wants to go to sleep. B. Doctors always tell him lies. C. He doesn’t believe in medicine. D. He needs a rest without being bothered. 8. A. He eats too much. B. He kills chickens. C. He only eats chickens. D. He married a greedy person. 9. A. Buying trees. B. Who owns the tree. C. Their family trees. D. How old the tree is. 10. A. A stranger. B. A ticket seller. C. A train attendant. D. Another passenger. Section B Directions: In this section of the test you will hear three brief talks. You will hear them only once. After each one you will hear some questions. You will hear each question only once. After you hear the question, you will have 15 seconds to choose the best answer from the four choices given. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet by blackening the corresponding letter with a pencil.
清华大学考博历年真题常用词汇集锦 EM-,EN-,IM-,IN-in,upon 进入,在上 字首em,en,im,in是英文重要的构词成分.共有四种拼法,em与en 源自希腊文的副词与介系词,im与in来自拉丁文的介系词,有in,within,upon之意.所接的字根第一个音,若是p,b,m三个双唇音之一,则拼作em或im,以双唇音接双唇音,方便发音,如embargo n.[禁止入港],empirical a.[经验上的],impart v.[传授,告知]等字均是.字根的第一个音若不在双唇音之列,则拼成en或in,如enamor v.[迷住],incise v.[切开,雕]等等. embargo禁止入港,禁止,阻碍 embark乘船;从事,著手 embarrass使困窘,使局促不安 embed嵌入,深植 embellish美化,装饰 emblem象徵,徽章 embody具体表现,编入 embrace拥抱,包含,接受 embroil使混乱 empathy共感,神入 emphasize强调 empirical实验上的 employ雇用,利用,使用 empower授权与 enact演出 enamor迷住 encase纳入套内,纳入箱内 enchant使迷住,迷惑 enclave被包领土 enclose围绕 encompass包围 encounter邂逅,遭遇 encourage鼓励,激励 encroach侵占,侵入 endeavor努力 endemic某地特有的
endorse背书;赞同 endow赋与 endure忍受,忍耐,持久 energy精力,活力 enfold围绕,笼罩,包封 enforce加强,力劝,迫使 engage从事,忙於 engender酿成,产生 engrave刻,铭记(於心) enhance增加,提高 enjoin命令,禁止 enjoy欢喜,享受 enlist服役,从军 enrage激怒,使暴怒 enrapture使狂喜 enrich使丰富,充实,装饰 enroll入学,登记,入伍 enshrine奉祀於庙堂中,奉为神圣enshroud覆盖,遮蔽 enslave奴役 ensnare诱入陷阱 ensure保证 entangle使困惑,使陷入 enthrall迷住 entice吸引,引诱 entitle给与名称,使有资格,使有权利entrance使出神,使神魂颠倒 entreat恳求 entrench挖壕沟以保护,确立 entrust交托 envelop包围,围绕 environment环境 environs周围,郊外 envisage想像,设想 envision拟想(未来) envoy使者
2011年浙江大学考博英语真题听力原文，仅供参考 第一篇 Among my experiences as a college president is the all‐too‐frequent phone call in the night that begins: "One of your students is in the emergency room with alcohol poisoning." The whole country got a similar wake‐up call in Ju ne when it was reported that alcohol abuse on college campuses is on the rise, especially for women, and that college students drink far more than nonstudents. One statistic showed that college students spend more money on alcohol while in college than on books. Alcohol abuse, although tragic, is but one symptom of a larger campus crisis. A generation has come to college quite fragile, not very secure about who it is, fearful of its lack of identity and without confidence in its future. Many students are ashamed of themselves and afraid of relationships. Students use alcohol as an escape. It's used as an excuse for bad behavior: the insanity defense writ large on campus. This diminished sense of self has caused a growth in racism, sexism, attempted suicide, theft, property‐damage and cheating on most campuses. This is not the stuff of most presidents' public conversations. Nor can it be explained away as an "underclass" problem; it is found on our most privileged campuses. It is happening because the generation now entering college has experienced few authentic connections with adults in its lifetime. I call this the "Culture of Neglect," and we — parents, teachers, professors and administrators — are the primary architects. It begins at home, where social and economic factors — such as declining incomes requiring longer work hours — result in less family time. Young people have been allowed to or must take part‐time jobs rather than spending time in school, on homework or with their families. More children and youths are being reared in a vacuum, with television as their only supervisor, and there is little expectation that they learn personal responsibility. Immersed in themselves, they are left to their peers. 31. The main idea of the first paragraph is that ( ) . ×正确答案为C [A] it is easy to be a college president [B] a college president has to sit up till midnight [C] alcohol abuse is quite common on campus [D] it is harmful for college students to drink alcohol 32. According to the author, college students turn to alcohol as a(n) ( ). ×正确答案为C [A] inspiration [B] stimulation [C] escape [D] relaxation 33. The word "architects" in Para. 2 can be best replaced by ( ). ×正确答案为D [A] artists [B] experts [C] discoverers [D] designers 34. How do parents react to the "Culture of Neglect"?( ) ×正确答案为B [A] Parents have lowered their expectations on children. [B] Parents take little care of the growth of their children. [C] Parents spend too much time watching television.
清华大学日语语言文学专业考博复习资料参考书-育明考博 一、清华大学人文学院日语语言文学考博内容分析（育明考博辅导中心) 专业方向招生人数初试内容 复试内容050200外国语言文学日语语言文学 约1人①101英语、102俄语、104德 语、105法语 ②848日语语言文学501综合考试育明考博辅导中心张老师解析： 1、清华大学人文学院日语语言文学考博的报录比平均在5:1左右（竞争较激烈） 2、本专业有两位导师：隽雪艳、王成 3、同等学力考生在初试合格后须加试报考专业两门硕士专业学位课程和自然辩证法。 4、初试英语拉开的分差较小，两门专业课拉开的分差非常大。要进入复试就必须在两门专业课中取得较高的分数。专业课的复习备考中“信息”和“方向”比单纯的时间投入和努力程度更重要。 5、清华大学考博初试外语中不含听力。 6、学院并不指定外语和专业课复习的参考书。 育明教育考博分校针对清华大学各专业考博开设的辅导课程有：考博英语课程班·专业课课程班·视频班·复试保过班·高端协议班。每年专业课课程班的平均通过率都在80%以上。根植育明学校从2006年开始积累的深厚高校资源，整合利用历届育明优秀学员的成功经验与高分资料，为每一位学员构建考博成功的基础保障。 （清华大学人文学院考博资料获取、课程咨询育明教育张老师叩叩：772678537） 二、清华大学人文学院外国语言文学专业历年考博复试分数线（育明考博课程中心） 育明考博辅导中心张老师解析： 1、人文学院外国语言文学专业共有6个研究方向，各研究方向之间报录比差别还是比较大的。 2、根据最新的信息，学院将会逐步增加硕博连读的名额，减少在职定向读博的名额。 3、初试英语拉开的分差较小，两门专业课拉开的分差非常大。要进入复试就必须在两门专业课中取得较高的分数。专业课的复习备考中“信息”和“方向”比单纯的时间投入和努力程度更重要。年份 录取成绩要求复试人数/招生人数2014年外语50分、专业课50分 综合考试60分 12人/9人（不包括骨干计划）2015年外语50分、专业课50分 综合考试60分15人/11人（不包括骨干计划）
2013浙江大学考博英语阅读试题
学苑教育考博辅导老师为您提供备考建议，希望对您有所帮助。 Today,cigarette smoking is a common habit. About forty-three percent of the adult menand thirty-one percent of the adult women in the United States smoke cigarettesregularly. It is encouraging to see that millions of people have given upsmoking. It is a fact that men as a group smoke more than women. Among both men andwomen the age group with the highest proportion of smokers is 24-44. Income, education, and occupation all play a part in determining a person’ssmoking habit. City people smoke more than people living on farms.Well-educated men with high incomes are less likely to smoke cigarettes thanmen with fewer years of schooling and lower incomes. On the other hand, if awell-educated man with a higher income smoked at all, he is likely to smokemore packs of cigarettes per day. The situation is somewhat different for women.(80)There are slightly moresmokers among women with higher family income and higher education than amongthe lower income and lower educational groups. These more highly educated womentend to smoke more heavily. Among teenagers the picture is similar. There are fewer teenaged smokers fromupper-income, well-educated families, and fewer from families living in farmareas. Children are most likely to start smoking if one or both of theirparents smoke. 1. What do we know from the first paragraph ? A.More and more people take up the habit of smoking. B. There are more smoking women than smoking men in USA. C. It is good news that more people have given up smoking. D. The U.S. has more smoking people than any other country. 2.What factors determine a person’s smokinghabits ?
浙江大学考博英语复试经验参考 一、题型分析 浙江大学近几年博士生入学考试题型分布： 听力(20分)、词汇(15分)、完型(20分)、阅读(20分)、翻译(25分) 考试时长3个小时。 分析真题的难度，听力、翻译略难于大学英语6级，其他和6级 难度基本保持一致。感觉浙大考博英语听力难度类似于6级阅读理解。 二、近几年分数线分析【总分线（听力线）】 03春：59（10）03秋：53（7） 04春：56（8）04秋：57（8） 05春：53（7）05秋：63（11) 06春：60（11)06秋：58（9) 07秋：50（8）08秋：50（6） 09年：55（8）10年：50（6） 11年：58（7）12年：60（9） 13年：60（10）14年：60（10） 15年：60（10）16年：60（10） 17年：60（12）18年：60 60分达标建议：平时做题听力单选至少要对7个以上，因听写得分很不容易，完型对13个以上，阅读对16个以上，翻译一般同学得 分会为10-15分。
三、评分细则 1.听力听写在宽松判卷情况下，写对关键词得0.5分，时态、单 复数错误只得0.5分。注意：如写的超过规定单词数，即使写的和听 力原文完全一样，也只有0.5分，这时需要想办法去掉不重要的单词，千万不要超过规定单词数。 2.翻译一般以10-15分为基准，亮点多会提升一个档次分数 （15-20分），以此类推，语言比一般同学的还要粗糙恐怕会给10分 以下。如有“低级下流”语句，比如Iis、youis等，可能直接给10 分以下。没写完的得分也会直接降低，如果真没时间写了，注意，赶 紧去写结尾。 一模一样内容，字写得工整整齐可能会高至少3分，总体感觉和 改考研作文一样，同样一个句子，有的同学写出来就是很美的复合句、连贯、浑然一体，有的同学则是简单粗糙、堆砌、上下文断裂，虽然 表达清楚了汉语内容。 四、相对应对策 1.过好词汇关 浙大英语总体词汇量偏重于英语6级，所以选一本6级高频词汇 作为记忆点，应付考试充足。建议上班族用手机里的APP(如扇贝单词、百词斩等)背记;建议应届生还是用高频词汇本。 背单词时，不要幻想背一次就充足了，如果基础好建议背两次， 基础一般的建议背三次，每天根据自己实际情况确定要被单词量先少 后多，词汇会慢慢熟悉起来，记的时候一定要熟读例句，并注重单词 各种形式、用法和读音。到了临考前二周左右，再拿起单词本或者APP 应该能够在一周内全部背完，此时词汇量完全能够应付考试。 此外，要用好真题词汇题。分析发现真题词汇会以不同形式重复 用法，建议每做完一套真题后总结分析词汇题，特别是对自己背过的 单词如果模糊的话，一定要去查，重点注重形近词、意近词和自己不
清华大学2007年博士研究生人学考试 英语试题 Part I Listening Comprehension(15 points)(略） Part II Reading Comprehendon (40%) Directions ：There are 4 reading passages in this part Each passage is followed by some questions or unfin?ished statements. For each or them there are four choices marked A，B, C and D* You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet Questions 16 to 20 are based on the foUowing passage： Sometimes，over a span of many years，a business will continue to grow，generating ever-increasing a- mounts of cash，repurchasing stock，paying increased dividends，reducing debt，opening new stores，expan?ding production facilities，moving into new markets，etc.，while at the same tune its stock price remains stagnant (or even falls)* When this happens，the average and professional investors alike tend to overlook the company because they become familiar with the trading range. Take，for example，Wal-Mart Over the past five years，the retailing behemoth has grown sales by over 80% , profits by over 100%，and yet the stock price has fallen as much as 30% during that timeframe. Clearly, the valuation picture has changed An investor that read the annual report back in 2000 or 2001 might have passed on the security，deeming it too expensive based on a metric such as the price to earnings ratio. Today，however, the equation is completely different~despite the stock price,Wal-Mart is, in essence, trading at half its former price because each share is backed by a larger dividend, twice the earnings power, more stores，and a bigger infrastructure. Home Depot is in much the same boat，largely because some Wall Street analysts question how fast two of the world?s largest companies can continue to grow before their sheer size slows them down to the rate of the general economy. Coca-Cola is another excellent example of this phenomenon. Ten years ago，in 1996, the stock traded between a range of $36. 10 and $54. 30 per share. At the time, it had reported earnings per share of $ 1. 40 and paid a cash dividend of $ 0. 50 per share. Corporate per share book value was $ 2. 48. Last year, the stock traded within a range of $ 40. 30 and $ 45. 30 per share；squarely in the middle of the same area it had been nearly a decade prior! Yet，despite the stagnant stock price，the 2006 estimates Value Line In?vestment Survey estimates for earnings per share stand around $2. 16 (a rise of 54% )，the cash dividend has more than doubled to $ 1. 20, book value is expected to have grown to $ 7. 40 per share (a gain of nearly 300% )，and the total number of shares outstanding (未偿付的，未完成的）has actually decreased,from 2. 481 billion to an estimated 2, 355 billion due to the company's share repurchase program. 16. This passage is probably a part of ? A. Find Hidden Value in the Market B. Become Richer C. Get Good Bargains D. Identify Good Companies 17. The italicized word“ stagnant?，(line 3，Para. 1) can be best paraphrased as ? A. prominent B. terrible C. unchanged D. progressing Wal-Mart is now trading at a much lower price because . A. it has stored a large quantity of goods B. it has become financially more powerful C. it has been eager to collect money to prevent bankruptcy