Logistics Glossary
1. Introduction
本文档定义了物流领域中的一些术语。人们在沟通中出现的很多障碍或误解往往是由于对于一些基本概念没有统一认识而造成的，因此术语的标准化是非常重要的，术语标准化是有效沟通的基础。本文档采用中英文对照的形式，本人依据原文并结合自己的理解进行了意译，期望使用本文档的同事能对文档内容进行勘误和丰富，以便更好的为大家的工作带来方便。.
2. Definitions
本文档定义了物流领域中的一些术语.
2.1 Advanced Planning and Scheduling (APS)
高级计划和调度
A subcomponent of supply chain planning, typically contextually describing
manufacturing planning and scheduling.
供应链计划的子模块，典型的包括了制造计划和调度
2.2 Advanced Ship Notice (ASN)
提前到货通知
Electronic message, including electronic data interchange (EDI) or Extensible Markup
Language (XML), giving notification of product due prior to receipt.
以EDI 或XML 电子报文形式发给仓库的提前到货通知，仓库将据此安排收货计划
2.3 Automated Storage and Retrieval System (AS/RS)
Computer-driven highrise system used to store and select cases or items automatically.
A system typically consists of highrise shelving, multi-level conveyors, and highrise
industrial truck equipment.
2.4 Back Order
The automatic addition of the out-of-stocks listed on one order to another shipment being delivered to a retail store. There are two types of back orders: 1) receiving –coming from
a supplier or vendor (the back order is sent with the next order), and 2) shipping – going
to a customer (send the back order with the next order).
The process a company uses when a customer orders an item that is not in inventory; the company fills the order when the item becomes available.
2.5 Batch Picking (Batch Selection)
批量拣货
A method of order selection in which several orders for different cus-tomers, or a
"batch" of them, are picked together. Generally, a number of selectors work at the
same time in different sections of the facility to pick the batch.
拣货的一种方法，具体指同时拣取不同客户的若干张定单或一批定单
2.6 Bill of Lading
提单
A document issued by a carrier that records the receipt of goods for shipment and the
contract terms. It is not an invoice.
由承运人签发给委托方记录货物收到及运输合同条款的单证，提单是有价证券，可转让、抵押，但不是商业发票
2.7 Carrier
承运人
Any individual, company, or corporation engaged in transporting goods.
从事货物运输的个人或公司
2.8 Cart
手推车
A manually pushed or pulled platform that has a handle and four wheels. It is used to
move merchandise in the facility.
具有把手和四轮可手工推拉的平台，用于在仓库中移动货物
2.9 Case
箱
The storage case that is taken in at receiving. This can vary from a ven-dor case when
it is split during receiving. The column in a table repre-sents the number of retail units
in a case.
Example:
Product: 12 oz. Cola cans
Case: 24 cans in a master case
Inner Pack: 6 cans tied together with plastic (a six-pack)
Retail Unit: A single can
In this example, if the customer orders by six-packs, the shipping unit would be set to 6.
If the customer orders by the case, the shipping unit would be set to 24. If the customer orders by the retail unit, the shipping unit would be set to 1. Note: This is only one
example of the many different ways that a product can be set up. A single product's
shipping unit can be set differently on different product details.
收货时的存储容器，因供应商而异，例如：产品：可乐箱：24 罐/主箱内包装：6 罐用塑料膜捆起来（6 罐包）零售单位：1 罐在上面的例子中，如果客户按6 罐包来定，则发运单位将设置为6，若客户按箱来定，则发运单位
设置为24，假如客户按零售单位来定，则发运单位设置为1
2.10 Case Pack
The number of selling units in a shipping case.
2.11 Code-Dated
日期编码
Merchandise bearing a date code indicating when a product was pack-aged, placed on
display, or should be sold. Code dates facilitate rotation and help prevent the sale of
off-quality items.
每件货品给一个日期编码表示何时被包装、展示、应该被销售，应用日期编码可防止销售已经变质的商品
2.12 Consolidation
集货
The act of assembling less-than-truckload (LTL) shipments into truck-load (TL)
shipments.
将不够一个整车或整柜的货拼成一个整车或整柜，目前海、陆、空、铁都有集货操作
2.13 Conveyor
传送带
A flexible band or belt used to transport cases or products from one place in a facility to
another.
仓储中用来传送箱子或产品的带子
2.14 Cross Docking
越库管理
Product (usually in pallet quantities) is designated for certain customers before or at the time of delivery. The product is taken directly from the inbound dock to the outbound
dock. Note: The received quantity is not added into the inventory.
货物从入口站台收货后，直接运到出口站台装车出运（收到的数量不计入库存）
2.15 Distribution
配送、分销
The movement of products from where they are made to where they are used. There are four levels of food store distribution: manufacturing, wholesaling, retailing, and
consuming.
在经济合理区域范围内，根据用户要求，对物品进行拣选、加工、包装、分割、组配等作业，并按时送达指定地点的物流活动。（GB/T18354-2001）
2.16 Distribution Center
配送中心
Wholesale facility of a chain-store company or distributor.
（GB/T18354-2001）从事配送业务的物流场所或组织，应符合下列要求：a）主要为特定的用户服务b）配送功能健全c）完善的信息网络d）辐射范围小
e）多品种、小批量f）以配送为主，储存为辅
2.17 Distribution Channel
分销渠道
The selling channels supported by an enterprise. These may include retail sales,
distribution partner (e.g., wholesale) sales, original equipment manufacturer (OEM) sales, Internet exchange or marketplace sales, and Internet auction or reverse auctions sales.
2.18 Distribution logistics
销售物流（GB/T18354-2001）生产企业、流通企业出售商品时，物品在供方与需方之间的实体流动。
2.19 Distribution Planning
配送计划
The ability to assess where products and services should be deployed and determine the stock-keeping unit/location-level replenishment plan.
决定在多仓库环境下每个仓库的补货计划
2.20 Distribution Processing
流通加工（GB/T18354-2001）物品在从生产地到使用地的过程中，根据需要施加包装、分割、计量、分拣、刷标志、栓标签、组装等简单作业的总称。
2.21 Distribution requirement planning（DRP）
配送需求计划（GB/T18354-2001）一种既保证有效地满足市场需要，又能使得物流资源配置费用最省的计划方法，是MRP 原理与方法在物品配送中的运用。
2.22 Distribution resource planning（DRPⅡ）
配送资源计划（GB/T18354-2001）一种企业内物品配送计划系统管理模式。是在DRP 的基础上提高各环节的物流能力，达到系统优化运行的目的。
2.23 Distributor
分销商
Generally refers to a wholesaler. However, it also refers to a specialized wholesaler who handles one brand or category of product (e.g., appliances, automotives, and
glassware).
通常指批发商，有时也指经营某一品牌或某一类产品（如汽车、玻璃制品等）的专业批发商
2.24 Dock
码头、站台
A collection of dock doors where trucks or rail cars are loaded (shipping) or unloaded
(receiving).
卡车或火车可进行装卸货作业的场所，有很多门
2.25 Dock Door
站台门
Used to load or unload trailers or vans. Each dock door is identified individually
within the system.
用于车辆装卸，在系统中将会标识每一个门
2.26 Dry Grocery
干货
Non-perishable, unrefrigerated packaged products found in food stores
非易腐的、非冷冻的包装产品
2.27 Dunnage
Loose material used around cargo to prevent damage
包在货物周围用于防止破损的疏松材料
2.28 ECR(Efficient Customer Response)
快速客户反应
A consumer goods (primarily grocery) initiative aimed at reducing inefficient
practices and waste in the supply chain
2.29 EDI(Electronic Data Interchange)
电子数据交换
A computer system developed in 1982 that enables companies to communicate
electronically using Uniform Communications Standards (UCS). EDI can be used for order entry, invoices, and correspondence which eliminates the need for typewritten
documents.
2.30 Enterprise resource planning（ERP）
企业资源计划（GB/T18354-2001）在MRPⅡ基础上，通过前馈的物流和反馈的信息流、资金流，把客户需求和企业内部的生产经营活动以及供应商的资源整合在一起，体现完全按用户需求进行经营管理的一种全新的管理方法。
2.31 FIFO(First In First Out)
先进先出
Using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method to stock and sell merchan-dise; the oldest is sold first to ensure quality and freshness. Rotation is often guided by code-dating
先进先出应用于库存管理和销售中，即先入库的商品应该先出库以保证质量和鲜度
2.32 Fixed Slot
固定货槽
A preassigned and permanent location on the selection line for a particular item or
case(s) of merchandise. See also Floating Slot.
2.33 Floating Slot
流动货槽
A random location on the selection line for a particular item or case of merchandise.
Inbound pallets are placed in the first available open slot (or in several different,
non-adjoining slots). See also Fixed Slot.
2.34 Floor Slot
A location on the selection line that consists of floor space for the stacking of
merchandise
2.35 Flow Thru
Generates shipping instructions at the point of receipt, which eliminates the need for
product to be put-away in the warehouse. Instead, the product can be directly transferred from an inbound trailer directly to an outbound trailer
在收货时即产生了发运指令，货物直接从入口的车辆上转移到发运的车辆上，从而减少了产品入库的需求，类似于Cross Docking
2.36 ForkLift
叉车
A mechanical device used to transport pallet loads to or from storage.
用于装卸卡板的一种机械设备
2.37 Forward Location
The primary location from which the specified product is selected (temporary, rack, floor, drive-in, flow, shelf, beltpick, or pick-in-reserve).
2.38 Freight Charges
运费
The cost of transporting goods from the seller's warehouse to the buyer's warehouse or store. Prepaid usually means freight costs are paid by the seller who forwards no bill to the customer. Full Freight Allowed usually means that the seller will ultimately pay freight
costs; however the seller may ship goods collect and require the buyer to pay the freight bill. The buyer may then either invoice the seller or deduct the freight charges from the remittance to the seller for goods received. FOB (Free on Board) specifies payment of
freight charges one of two ways. FOB Destination means a shipment is moved free on
board to a destination; the seller pays the freight. FOB Factory (the point of ori-gin) means
a shipment is loaded free on board at the point of origin; the buyer pays for the freight.
Collect on Delivery (COD) means the buyer pays for the freight at the time of receipt
从卖家仓库运输货物到买家仓库的花费。
2.39 Full Pallet Select
整板选取
A full pallet select occurs when the ordered quantity is the same as the quantity on a full
pallet. The selection is usually performed by a fork-lift
当定单的定货数量与整板货物数量相同时就叫做整板选取，通常用叉车操作
2.40 Gravity-Flow Rack
重力流料架
A series of inclined shelves with rollers replenished from the rear. As one unit is
selected, another automatically moves forward
2.41 Handling/carrying
在同一场所内，对物品进行水平移动为主的物流作业。（GB/T18354-2001）
2.42 Handling Unit
处理单元
Goods or aggregation of goods bundled together for distribution and logistics purposes.
May include an individual item in a carton, combined items on pallets and skids, or items transferred in independently identified containers, such as ocean containers, rail cars or trucking trailers
处理单元包括了一个纸箱中的单独货品、卡板上的成组货品、在独立的标识容器中运输的货品
2.43 Harmonized Tariff Code
A code to numerically describe all articles in international trade managed by the World
Customs Organization 由世界海关组织维护的关于国际贸易货品的编码，也就是通常所说的HS
Code
2.44 Harardous Class/Indicator
危险品分类/标识
Indicates whether the product is a hazard or source of danger. This prevents non-
hazardous product from being mixed with hazardous products. The class indicates the
category of hazardous material
标识产品是否是危险品，危险品的分类
2.45 Inbound
入口
The flow of products into a distribution center prior to order selection
2.46 Inner Pack
内包装
A unit that is a multiple of a storage case. Normally this is some shrink-wrapped or
bundled quantity of retail units within a case. The inner pack is made up of one or many retail units. This quantity is not required to equal the number of retail units in a shipping unit.
内包装通常是收缩包缠或零售单元打包，内包装是由一个或多个零售单元组成，发运单位不一定与零售单位相同
2.47 Inventory
库存
All stock on hand at any given time, either visibly displayed or in stockrooms and other
secured areas. Inventory also refers to compiling an itemized list of all such items
指定时刻所有货品的在库量。
处于储存状态的物品。广义的库存还包括处于制造状态和运输状态的物品（GB/T18354-2001）
2.48 Inventory Adjustment
库存调整
Adjustments made to the inventory created by the physical inventory and cycle
counting processes
当盘点出现异动后对库存进行调整
2.49 Inventory Control
存量控制
Control of current stock (shelf, back room, warehouse, on order, etc.) so that
merchandise received conforms to sales demands, and out-of-stocks or over-stocks are avoided
控制当前库存使得收到的货品能满足销售的需求，避免缺货或积压情况的出现
2.50 Inventory Detail
存储细节
A pallet of a single product located in a warehouse location. When a pallet is put away,
the information from the receipt detail is transferred to the inventory detail. The
inventory detail is then associated with the location
当一板货放置到存储区后，存储细节被更新，存储细节与存储位置相关
2.51 Invoice
发票
A bill for goods showing the amount owed to a creditor
2.52 Just in time(JIT)
准时制（GB/T18354-2001）
在精确测定生产各工艺环节作业效率的前提下按订单准确的计划，消除一切无效作业与浪费为目的标的一种管理模式。
2.53 JIT Delivery System
即时交货系统
An inventory management system in which warehouse inventory is maintained at
minimum levels because replenishment stock is immedi-ately available from suppliers
即时交货系统保证了库存处于最低水平，因为可以立即地从供应商处补货
2.54 Label
标签
A pressure-sensitive, adhesive-backed paper (containing product, pric-ing, and other
information) affixed to cases or pallets to identify and track them through the distribution
process
贴在箱或卡板上的纸条，通常包括包含产品信息，用于在整个配送过程中标识和跟踪这批货
2.55 Lead Time
Total time from receipt of store order to the scheduled delivery time of the product at
the store
从收到门店的定单开始到货交付到门店所花费的时间
2.56 LTL(Less-Than-Truckload)
A shipment weighing less than the weight required for a truckload rate
运输重量少于整车的额定重量
2.57 Let Down(Replenishment)
The moving of inventory from reserve storage to the active picking slots below
从后备区移动货物到活动拣货区
2.58 License Plate
Normally a bar code identifying a pallet or quantity of product; can be generic or
system-generated
用来标识一个卡板或若干货品的条形码
2.59 Loading and unloading
装卸（GB/T18354-2001）
物品在指定地点以人力或机械装入运输设备或卸下。
2.60 Logistics
物流
Logistics is that part of the supply chain process that plans, implements, and controls the efficient, effective flow and storage of goods, services, and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption in order to meet customers' requirements.
（Definition of Council of Logistics Management）
物品从供应地向接收地的实物流动过程。根据实际需要，将运输、储存、装卸、包装、流通加工、配送、信息处理等基本功能实施有机结合。（GB/T18354-2001）
2.61 Logistics center
物流中心（GB/T18354-2001）
从事物流活动的场所或组织，应基本符合下列条件：
a）主要面向社会服务
b）物流功能健全
c）完善的信息网络
d）辐射范围大
e）少品种、大批量
f）存储、吞吐能力强
g）物流业务统一经营、管理
2.62 Lot Number
批号
The process of tracking production where units are produced in a batch
用于跟踪同一批次产品的编号，批次的编号规则应生产厂商而异
例一：某制药企业的批号编码规则：两位年份+ 四位日期+ 两位当天生产批次流水号
2.63 Material requirements planning（MRP）
物料需求计划（GB/T18354-2001）一种工业制造企业内的物资计划管理模式。根据产品结构个层次物品的从属和数量关系，以每个物品为计划对象，以完工日期为时间基准倒排计划，按提前期长短区别各个物品下达计划时间的先后顺序。
2.64 Manufacturing resource planning（MRPⅡ）
制造需求计划（GB/T18354-2001）从整体最优的角度出发，运用科学的方法，对企业的各种制造资源和企业生产经营各环节实行合理有效地计划、组织、控制和协调，达到既能连续均衡生产，又能有效地降低各种物品的库存两，进而提高企业经济效益的管理方法。
2.65 Minimum Order Requirements
最小定单要求
A minimum quantity of goods (set by the manufacturer or supplier) that the retailer or
wholesaler must order at one time in order to qualify for a discount
由生产商或供应商设定的最小定货数量，零售商或批发商只有达到这一标准才能获得折扣
2.66 Mixed Load
混合装载
A trailer load that includes more than one product line (i.e., dry grocer-ies, produce, meat,
and dairy products).
将不同类的产品如杂货、肉、日常用品混装
2.67 Narrow Aisle
窄过道
An aisle that requires special equipment to pick or stock, normally 5–6 feet in width
一种需要特种设备进行上货和拣货的过道，通常5-6 英尺宽
2.68 Numbering System
编号系统
A guide to all the slot locations in the facility, that is essential for effi-cient storage,
replenishment, and selection. The system chosen depends on the facility's unique needs.
Up to ten characters (alphanumeric) are used to designate aisle, bay, level, and position.
A section ID before the aisle number may also be included.
编号系统用于在仓库中确定货槽位置，这对于有效率的存储、补货和拣货是很关键的。编号系统因物理
设施而异：例一：A11034B 表示设施A、Bay11 、货架03、第4 层、位置B
2.69 Order picking
拣选（GB/T18354-2001）按订单或出库单的要求，从储存场所选出物品，并放置在指定地点的作业。
2.70 Order Selection
定单拣取
One of the basic operating functions of any distribution center. Products are selected
(picked) from warehouse inventory to fill retail store orders
配送中心的一种基本操作，货品从存储区拣取出来以满足零售店定货的需求
2.71 Out-Of-Stock
缺货
Product not in supply in a warehouse or store. Warehouse "outs" are expressed as
detail items of an order placed that cannot be filled
2.72 Outbound
出口
The flow of products out of a warehouse after order selection
2.73 Package/packaging
包装（GB/T18354-2001）为在流通过程中保护产品、方便储运、促进销售，按一定技术方法而采用的容器、材料及辅助物的总称。也指为了达到上述目的而采用的容器、材料及辅助物的过程中施加一定技术方法等的操作活动。
2.74 Pallet
卡板、托盘、栈板、货板
A wooden platform used for stacking unit loads of merchandise. Stan-dard size is 40" x
48."
一种用于堆叠货品单元的平台，便于机械装卸，可以是木、塑料等材质，标准大小是1×1.2 米
2.75 Pallet Cube
卡板容量
The amount of cubic feet of product that is allowed to be shipped or stored on a pallet
一个卡板允许承载的货品体积
2.76 Physical Inventory
物理库存
An actual count of all items on-hand at a given time in a facility
仓库中指定时刻实际在库的货品数量
2.77 Pick Rate
拣货速度
The amount of time it takes a selector to pick a determined amount of merchandise. For example, a pick rate might be 170 pieces per hour
拣货速度是衡量配送中心作业效率的一个重要指标
2.78 Production Detail
产品明细
Specific information about the product, such as a product description, size, pack, units on order, etc. Note: A product ID may have multiple product details. The product detail represents a unique pack for a prod-uct. The system treats each product detail as though it were a unique product. The different details for a single product are kept in different locations and primary selections, ensuring that the product will not mix and will be
selected separately
有关产品的特别信息如产品描述、大小、包装、定货单位等。一个产品编号可能有多个产品明细，产品明细代表了一种产品的唯一包装，即使是唯一的产品系统也会区分不同的产品明细，同一产品的产品明细将保存在不同的地方以确保不会混淆，在拣货时也可单独拣取
2.79 Production ID
产品ID
A unique code identifying a specific product
2.80 Production logistics
生产物流（GB/T18354-2001）
生产过程中，原材料、在制品、半成品、产成品等，在企业内部的实物流动。
2.81 Purchase Order
采购单
A document giving a vendor authority to ship specified merchandise in designated
quantities at an agreed-upon time and price
客户给供应商的一种单证，内容包括了按约定好的时间和价格发运规定数量的货品
2.82 Put-away
放置
Determines the best reserve or select location to store each pallet received. Putaway takes into account the stackability of the item, the height from the floor of a reserve location, whether the product is code- dated, etc
放置是将收到的卡板放到合适的位置，放置需要考虑的因素有货品的可堆叠性、货槽高度、产品是否需要鲜度管理等
2.83 Quick response（QR）
快速反应（GB/T18354-2001）物流企业面对多品种、小批量的买方市场，不是储备了“产品”，而是准备了各种“要素”，在用户提出需求时，能以最快速度抽取“要素”，及时“组装”，提供所需服务或产品。
2.84 Rack
料架
A structure used for the optimum storage of palletized loads. A drive-in rack has horizontal
beams running perpendicular to the aisle (so the rack can be driven partway into). A
drive-through rack is similar to a drive-in rack, except that it can be driven through.
2.85 Rack Bay
A section of rack separated by the upright supports, usually two pallets in width
2.86 Receiving
收货
One of the basic operating functions of the food distribution center where incoming
merchandise is unloaded from trucks or rail cars and checked for condition and
completeness
配送中心里的一项基本操作，货物从运输工具卸下到检查的过程
2.87 Replenishment
补货
The moving of inventory from reserve storage to the active picking slots below
将货物从后备区移动到活动拣货区的过程
2.88 Replenishment Level
补货下线
When the number of units drops below this specified amount, the inventory level is
refilled
当货品库存数量低于某一数量时，开始执行补货操作
2.89 Retail Unit
零售单位
The piece that is sold to a retail customer at the cash register
2.90 RF Unit
射频单元
A radio frequency communications device that is mounted on a forklift, carried, or worn
on a selector
一种便携式的无线电通讯设备
2.91 Safety Stock
安全库存
A stock reserve to protect against unexpected increases in product movement and to
prevent out-of-stocks
2.92 Sales Order
销售单
2.93 Service Level
服务水准
The in-stock position of a warehouse expressed as the percentage of retail orders that can be filled (99% is a good level of service).
零售商定单被履约的百分比，这是衡量配送中心服务质量的一个重要指标
2.94 Shipping
发运
The loading and delivery (usually on trucks) of orders from the grocery distribution
center to the retailer
从配送中心装货并运输到零售商的过程
2.95 Shipping Unit/Shipping Case
发运单位/发运箱
Represents the single unit that a warehouse selects for a store. The col-umn in a table represents the number of retail units in a shipping unit. The number of retail units in a shipping case must be evenly divisible into the number of retail units in a case. If the two numbers are equal, then the warehouse is receiving and shipping in master cases. If the numbers are not equal, then the warehouse is re-packing (breaking down) the master cases into smaller units before shipping
2.96 Slot(Location)
货槽
The position occupied by pallets or cases of products. There are two types of slots:
primary (select) and reserve (storage).
由卡板或货箱占据的位置，通常有主货槽和后备货槽两种，主货槽用于拣货，后备货槽用于存储
2.97 Sorting
拣选
The process of grouping products by grade (see also Grading). This may refer to
separating batch-picked merchandise for shipping to vari-ous retail stores
将产品按等级分组的处理，例如将批量拣货来的货品分组以便发运到不同的零售分店
分拣（GB/T18354-2001）
将物品按品种、出入库先后顺序进行分门别类堆放的作业。
2.98 Split-Case(Broken-Case)
Less than a full case of merchandise. The picking method using individual units that are selected
2.99 Staging Area
A space on which the receiving and shipping docks used to gather and check inbound and
outbound loads
2.100 Stereoscopic warehouse
立体仓库（GB/T18354-2001）利用高层货架配以货箱或托盘储存货物，用巷道堆垛起重机及
其他机械进行作业的仓库。
2.101 SKU(Stock Keeping Unit)
库存单位
A multi-character item that must be stored and accounted for sepa-rately. A single
stockkeeping unit may have to be stored in different lots for quality control or maintaining stock rotation. It may also be necessary to split units between reserve storage and pick line when the entire stock cannot be maintained in the selection area. A unique
alphanumeric code that subdivides a product into more specific categories. For example, a pen product can be subdivided by color, each color having its own SKU code. A catalog item cannot be sold without an SKU code.
一个唯一的用于产品细分的编码。例如一种笔可以按颜色细分，那么每一种颜色的笔拥有自己的SKU
编码。再比如一种衬衫有10 种颜色和2 种尺码，那么它就有20 个SKU。也就是说一个UPC 码下
可能有若干SKU 编码，SKU 编码用于货品的库存控制。
2.102 Storage and Replenishment
存储和补货
A basic operation of the grocery distribution center in which merchan-dise is moved to
assigned storage or reserve locations until needed to replenish the selection line
配送中心的一项基本操作，货物被移动到指定的存储取或后备区直到需要补充到活动拣货区
2.103 Storing
储存（GB/T18354-2001）
保护、管理、贮藏物品。
2.104 Storage
保管（GB/T18354-2001）
对物品进行保存及对其数量、质量进行管理控制的活动。
2.105 Straight Load
直接装载
Merchandise delivered to retail stores in trucks carrying only one product group, or a
whole trailer carrying different products for one customer
送往零售分店的货物只包含一个产品组或一个整车包含给一个客户的不同货品
2.106 Supplier(Vendor)
供应商
Any person or company who sells goods of any nature to a store. This term can refer to
a wholesaler, jobber, wholesale agent, or manufacturer
任何向商店供货的人或公司。供应商通常指批发商、批发代理或制造商
2.107 Supply Chain
供应链
encompasses every effort involved in producing and delivering a final product or service, from the supplier's supplier to the customer's customer. Supply Chain Management
includes managing supply and demand, sourcing raw materials and parts, manufacturing and assembly, warehousing and inventory tracking, order entry and order management, distribution across all channels, and delivery to the customer.
供应链覆盖了涉及生产与交付最终产品和服务的一切活动，从供应商的供应商到客户的客户。供应链管理包括管理供应与需求、原材料及零部件的采购、制造与装配，仓储及库存跟踪、定单的录入与管理、渠道分销及最终交付用户（供应链协会的定义）生产及流通过程中，涉及将产品或服务提供给最终用户活动的上游与下游企业，所形成的网链结构。（GB/T18354-2001）
供应链是围绕核心企业，通过对信息流、货物流、资金流的控制，从采购原材料开始，制成中间产品以及最终产品，最后由销售网络把产品送到消费者手中的将供应商、制造商、分销商、零售商、直到
最终用户连成一个整体的功能网络链结构模式（马士华教授在《供应链管理》一书中的定义）
2.108 SCE(Supply Chain Execution)
供应链执行
A subset of supply chain management, this is a framework of execution-oriented
applications that enables the efficient procurement and supply of goods, services and
information across enterprise boundaries to meet customer-specific demand. In its
broadest sense, SCE includes the manufacturing execution system (MES), warehouse
management system and other execution systems within the enterprise, as well as
throughout the supply chain. The logistics-oriented elements of SCE include the
transportation management system, warehouse management system, international trade systems (ITSs), real-time decision support systems (e.g., dynamic routing and dynamic sourcing systems), and supply chain inventory visibility systems.
供应链管理的一个子集，通过一个面向执行的应用框架使得可以进行有效率的采购、货品供应、跨企业的信息和服务，以满足客户的需求。广义上的，SCE 包括了制造执行系统、仓库管理系统和企业内部以及跨供应链的其它执行系统，狭义上面向物流的SCE 包括了运输管理系统、仓库管理系统、国际贸易系统、实时决策支持系统（如动态路径规划）、供应链库存透明化
2.109 Suply Chain Inventory Visibility
供应链库存透明化
Applications that allow enterprises to monitor and manage events across the supply chain to plan their activities more effectively and pre-empt problems. SCIV systems enable
enterprises not only to track and trace inventory globally on a line-item level, but also
submit plans and receive alerts when events deviate from expectations. This visibility into orders and shipments on a real-time basis gives enterprises reliable advance knowledge of when goods will arrive.
企业可以跨供应链的监控和管理事件，从而可以更有效地计划活动和发现问题。通过供应链库存透明化，企业不但可以在全球范围跟踪到产品明细行层次的库存，还可以当事件偏离了预期设想时自动生成警报
2.110 SCM(Suply Chain Management)
供应链管理
A business strategy to improve shareholder and customer value by optimizing the flow of
products, services and related information from source to customer. SCM encompasses the processes of creating and fulfilling the market's demand for goods and services. It is a set of business processes that encompasses a trading partner community engaged in a common goal of satisfying the end customer. Thus, a supply chain process can stretch
from a supplier's supplier to a customer's customer. Functionally, SCM encompasses both transactional execution systems (e.g., enterprise resource planning, warehouse
management system, MES, transportation management system and ITS); planning;
optimization systems e.g., supply chain planning); and supply chain analytics (e.g., data warehousing).
一种通过优化从源头到客户的产品流、服务和相关信息来提高股东和客户价值的商业战略。供应链管理覆盖了事务执行系统（如企业资源计划、仓库管理系统、运输管理系统、国际贸易系统等）；计划；优化系统（如供应链计划）和供应链分析（如数据仓库）
利用计算机网络技术全面规划供应链中的商流、物流、信息流、资金流等，并进行计划、组织、协调与控制。（GB/T18354-2001）
2.111 SCP(Supply Chain Planning)
供应链计划
A subset of SCM, this is the process of coordinating assets to optimize the delivery of
goods, services and information from supplier to customer, balancing supply and demand.
An SCP suite sits on top of a transactional system to provide planning, what-if scenario analysis capabilities and real-time demand commitments. Typical modules include
network planning, capacity planning, demand planning, manufacturing planning and
scheduling, distribution and deployment planning, and transportation planning and
scheduling
是供应链管理的一个子集，通过协调各种资源以优化交货、平衡供需。供应链计划套件基于事务处理系统之上，提供了计划、what-if 场景分析和实时需求承诺。典型的模块包括了网络计划、能力计划、需求计划、制造计划、调度、配送和部署计划、运输计划和调度
2.112 Supply logistics
供应物流（GB/T18354-2001）为生产企业提供原材料、零部件或其他物品时，物品在提供者
与需求者之间的实物流动。
2.113 Transportation
运输（GB/T18354-2001）用设备和工具，将物品从一地点向另一地点运送的物流活动。其中包括集货、分配、搬运、中转、装入、卸下、分散等一系列操作。
2.114 Third Party Logistics(TPL)
第三方物流
Third Party Logistics involves the use of external companies to perform logistics functions that have traditionally been performed within an organization. The function performed by the third party can encompass the entire logistics process or selected activities within that process.(Definition of Lieb)
第三方物流是指企业使用外部的公司来完成传统上由企业内部完成的物流职能。第三方物流完成的功能可以覆盖整个物流全过程，也可以是过程中的某项活动。
有供方与需方以外的物流企业提供物流服务的业务模式。（GB/T18354-2001）
2.115 TMS(Transporation Management System)
运输管理系统
System used to plan freight movements, do freight rating and shopping across all
modes, select the appropriate route and carrier, and manage freight bills and payments
用于运输计划的系统，功能包括了多种运输模式下的计费、选择合适的路线和承运人、管理运费帐单和付款
2.116 Transportation Planning and Scheduling
运输计划和调度
Specifies how, when and where to transport goods. Transportation planning and
scheduling applications may provide weight/size restrictions, merge-in-transit,
continuous move, mode or carrier selection, and less than truckload (LTL)/full
truckload (FTL) planning functionality.
规定了怎样、何时、在哪里运输货物。运输计划和调度应用可能提供载重/尺码限制、集运、连续移动、运输模式和承运人选择以及LTL/FTL 的计划功能
2.117 UPC(Universal Product Code)
通用产品编码
A computer code identifying a product. An electronic scanner reads the code and
sends the information to a central computer. Also known as bar code
2.118 Virtual logistics
虚拟物流（GB/T18354-2001）以计算机网络技术进行物流动作与管理，实现企业间物流资源共享
和优化配置的物流方式。
2.119 VMI(Vendor-Managed Inventory)
供应商管理库存
In the VMI process, the vendor assumes responsibility for managing the replenishment of stock. Rather than a customer submitting orders, the vendor will replenish stock as needed. This is sometimes referred to as supplier-managed inventory (SMI) or
co-managed inventory
不是由客户向供应商发定单，而是供应商根据需要对客户的库存进行补货
2.120 Warehouse
仓库
A physical facility in which the primary purpose is storage of merchandise
以存储货物为目的的物理设施
2.121 保管、储存物品的建筑物和场所的总称。（GB/T18354-2001）WMS(Warehouse Management
System) 仓库管理系统A software application that manages the operations of a
warehouse or distribution center. Application functionality includes receiving,
putaway, inventory management, cycle counting, task interleaving, wave planning,
order allocation, order picking, replenishment, packing, shipping, labor management and automated material-handling equipment interfaces. The use of radio frequency
technology in conjunction with bar codes provides the foundation of a WMS,
delivering accurate information in real time
一种用于仓库或配送中心作业管理的应用软件。通常的功能包括了收货、放置、库存管理、盘点、task interleaving 、wave planning 、定单分配、定单拣取、补货、包装、发运、人力管理和自动物料处理设备接口。基于RF 技术和条码技术的WMS 提供了实时的准确信息。
2.122 Warehouse Point 仓库位置编码The ID for a place in the warehouse. The first three
characters are the point's type; the last three digits identify the point. For example, DOR003 identifies dock door number 3. Types of points are: assign-ment, dock, door, haul, office, passage, P-N-D, stage, and twilight zone 仓库中的位置编码，前三个字符标识了位置的类型，如码头、门、办公室、通道等，后三个数字标识位置，例如DOR003 表示3 号门
2.123
Zero-inventory technology 零库存技术（GB/T18354-2001）在生产与流通领域按照JIT 组织物
资供应，使整个过程库存最小化的技术的总称。
常用术语中英文词典 Raw materials: alumina 铝土 bauxite 铝矿土 log 大圆棒 billet 小圆棒（铝棒） butt 废料（挤压切头） Magnesium 镁 Silicon 硅 Iron 铁 Copper 铜 Manganese 锰 Chromium 铬 extruability 可挤压性 strength-to-weight ratio 强度重量比quenching 淬火 conductivity 可导电性，导电率Equipment: 设备： log conveyor 大圆棒运输机 log furnace 大圆棒加热炉 billet furnace 铝棒加热炉 solvus tempreture 溶线温度 solidus tempreture 固线温度 log shear 圆棒剪 billet transveyor 铝棒运输机 press loader 挤压机托料架机械手ram 挤压杆 dummy block 压饼（挤压垫）container 盛锭筒 container liner 盛锭筒内衬（内套）runout table 输出台 front platen 前板 main cylinder 主缸 Die: 模具： die ring 模套 die 模具 backer 模垫 bolster 前垫 shim (sub-bolster) 后垫 feeder 导流板 pocket(cavity of feeder) 袋式平模hollow die 空心模 semi-hollow die 半空心模 solid die 平模
aperture (pocket) 孔隙 die cap 下模（母模） mandrel 上模（公模） porthole 孔式分流模 pancake 园盘式模 bridge 桥式模 spider 蜘蛛模 horse shoe 马蹄形止口 tool carrier 模座 die bearing 工作带 relief 空刀 die oven 模具加热炉 radiant oven 辐射炉 infrared oven 红处线炉 lead-out table 导出台 quench box 淬火槽 standing-wave cooling 过水槽冷却 mist cooling 水雾冷却 air cooling 风冷 web 桥 port 进料孔 puller 牵引机 transfer belts 传送台 cooling belt 冷却带（台） stretcher 拉直机（调直机） tail head 固定端 power head 活动端 clamps 夹头 crossover belts （拉直机）传送带 staging and saw: 锯切工作台和锯 staging area 锯切工作台 saw 锯 batching belt 配置传送带 saw gauge 锯切定尺台 supervisory control system(SCS) 监视控制系统programmable logic controller(PLC) 可编过程控制器aging oven 时效炉 Process temperature rise 挤压时的上升温度 exit temperature 出口温度 tearing 扯裂 container wall 挤压筒筒壁 shear zone exit temp. measurement 出口温度测量
财会常见名词英汉对照表 （1）会计与会计理论 会计accounting 决策人Decision Maker 投资人Investor 股东Shareholder 债权人Creditor 财务会计Financial Accounting 管理会计Management Accounting 成本会计Cost Accounting 私业会计Private Accounting 公众会计Public Accounting 注册会计师CPA Certified Public Accountant 国际会计准则委员会IASC 美国注册会计师协会AICPA 财务会计准则委员会FASB 管理会计协会IMA 美国会计学会AAA 税务稽核署IRS 独资企业Proprietorship 合伙人企业Partnership 公司Corporation
会计目标Accounting Objectives 会计假设Accounting Assumptions 会计要素Accounting Elements 会计原则Accounting Principles 会计实务过程Accounting Procedures 财务报表Financial Statements 财务分析Financial Analysis 会计主体假设Separate-entity Assumption 货币计量假设Unit-of-measure Assumption 持续经营假设Continuity(Going-concern) Assumption 会计分期假设Time-period Assumption 资产Asset 负债Liability 业主权益Owner's Equity 收入Revenue 费用Expense 收益Income 亏损Loss 历史成本原则Cost Principle 收入实现原则Revenue Principle 配比原则Matching Principle 全面披露原则Full-disclosure (Reporting) Principle
医药行业专业英语词汇 词典 集团文件发布号：（9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-
FDA和EDQM术语: CLINICAL TRIAL：临床试验 ANIMAL TRIAL：动物试验 ACCELERATED APPROVAL：加速批准 STANDARD DRUG：标准药物 INVESTIGATOR：研究人员；调研人员 PREPARING AND SUBMITTING：起草和申报 SUBMISSION：申报；递交 BENIFIT（S）：受益 RISK（S）：受害 DRUG PRODUCT：药物产品 DRUG SUBSTANCE：原料药 ESTABLISHED NAME：确定的名称 GENERIC NAME：非专利名称 PROPRIETARY NAME：专有名称； INN（INTERNATIONAL NONPROPRIETARY NAME）：国际非专有名称ADVERSE EFFECT：副作用 ADVERSE REACTION：不良反应 PROTOCOL：方案 ARCHIVAL COPY：存档用副本 REVIEW COPY：审查用副本 OFFICIAL COMPENDIUM：法定药典（主要指USP、 NF）．
USP（THE UNITED STATES PHARMACOPEIA）：美国药典 NF（NATIONAL FORMULARY）：（美国）国家处方集 OFFICIAL＝PHARMACOPEIAL= COMPENDIAL：药典的；法定的；官方的AGENCY：审理部门（指FDA） IDENTITY：真伪；鉴别；特性 STRENGTH：规格；规格含量（每一剂量单位所含有效成分的量） LABELED AMOUNT：标示量 REGULATORY SPECIFICATION：质量管理规格标准（NDA提供） REGULATORY METHODOLOGY：质量管理方法 REGULATORY METHODS VALIDATION：管理用分析方法的验证 COS/CEP 欧洲药典符合性认证 ICH（International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use)人用药物注册技术要求国际协调会议 ICH文件分为质量、安全性、有效性和综合学科4类。 质量技术要求文件以Q开头,再以a,b,c,d代表小项: Q1:药品的稳定性 Q2:方法学 Q3:杂质 Q4:药典 Q5:生物技术产品质量 Q6:标准规格
最全紧固件中英文对照，外贸必备词典！ 一、紧固件 Fasteners 标准紧固件 Standard Fasteners 非标准紧固件 Nonstandard Fasteners 特殊紧固件 Special Fasteners 汽车紧固件 Automotive Fasteners 铜制紧固件 Brass Fasteners 航天用紧固件 Aerospace Fasteners 精密紧固件 Precision Fasteners 化学紧固件 Chemical Fasteners 摩托车紧固件 Motorcycle Fasteners 不锈钢紧固件 Stainless Steel Fasteners 铁道紧固件 Railway Fasteners 防松紧固件 Self-locking Fasteners 高强度紧固件 High strength Fasteners PEM紧固件 PEM Fasteners 钢结构紧固件 Steel Structural Fasteners 压铆紧固件 Self-Clinching Fasteners
铝制紧固件 Aluminum Fasteners 钛合金紧固件 Titanium Alloy Fasteners 尼龙紧固件 Nylon Fasteners 精制紧固件 Finished Fastener 粗制紧固件 Unfinished Fastener 螺纹紧固件 Threaded Fastener 半精制紧固件 Semi-Finished Fastener 抗剪紧固件 Shear Fastener 抗拉紧固件 Tension Fastener 面板紧固件 Panel Fasteners 二、螺栓 Bolts 六角头螺栓Hexagon Head Bolts 六角法兰面螺栓Hexagon Flange Bolts 轨道螺栓（鱼尾螺丝）Track Bolts 高强度螺栓 High Strength Bolts 地脚螺栓Eyelet Bolts 马车螺栓 Carriage Bolts 护拦螺栓 Guardrail Bots 焊接螺栓 Weld Bolts
从单语语文词典释义的灵活性看英汉双语词典的释义 李红梅 一、单语语文词典释义的灵活性及原因 释义（单语），简言之，就是词典编纂者对每个词目在广泛语言环境的运用中所表现出来的含义，经过综合、分析、概括（包括多义词的分项）后用最简洁的文字把它准确地解释出来。根据词典性质、对象、规模的差异，编者会选择不同的释义风格。粗略翻阅一下《韦氏三版新国际英语词典》（ Webster s Third New International Dictionary）、《兰登书屋词典》(Random House Dictionary)和《朗文当代英语词典》(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)，我们可以看出：由于《韦氏三版》是大型综合性词典，针对的读者对象主要是学者；《兰登》是普通语文词典，针对的是一般使用者；而《朗文》是为英语学习者而编的学生词典，它们的释义风格相差很大。且不说不同读者对象的词典，单就两部同是学习词典的《牛津现代英语高级学生词典》（Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary) 和《朗文当代英语词典》(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)，我们就可以清楚地看到以下释义方面的不同（以使用较多的牛津1989年版和朗文1987年版为例）： 1.两部学生词典释义词难易不同 2.释义详尽程度和区别性特征细节不同 3.义项的确立、分合与排列不同 4.语用标识不同 单语语文词典释义的主观伸缩性或灵活性是有原因的。 1.“语言的本质功能在于它是一种交际工具，创制和使用语言的目的是为了满足人们的交际需要，而且是全社会的交际需要。”(张联荣，1997)因此作为语文词典的释义反映的不一定是一种内涵的认识，而是满足交际需要的语文义，即人对某种事物的一种认识和评价，而不同编者对这种语文义的认识即对特定事物和概念的认识和评价是存在差异性的。这就造成了词典释义的处理带有一定的灵活性和主观性。 2.定义要包括所需要的尽可能多的区别性特征以和其他同类的概念相区分。这是术语学的基本原则。但是这一原则不同程度地适用于普通语文词典。“普通语文词典只需根据词典编纂的目的罗列足够的区别性特征达到精确表达符号的内容即可。”(Svensen，1993)“足够的区别性特征”是一个很模糊的概念，这给词典编纂者很大的活动空间。因此传统的“属+种差”释义方法中“种差”即“区别性特征”的取舍也是带有一定灵活性的。 3.模糊语言学认为：一些词的外延部分不明确，一些词义之间或几个义项之间没有一条泾渭分明的界限，不是非此即彼，而是亦此亦彼。比如“爱”的词义是很模糊的，很多表示深挚的感情都可以用它来表示。词典给这样一些模糊词释义时常带有编者的主观情感和主观认识的差异性。 4.编者要根据读者对象不同而选择释义风格，如学者需要词典编者给出尽量多的信息；学习者需要简单明了的释义。因此词典对某个义项的语义内涵揭示到什么程度和它所涵盖的词汇量及信息范围必须视读者的需要而定。 5.英语还有国别之分，英国与美国在词典编纂方面有观点和手法上的区别。 二、单语语文词典释义灵活性在双语词典中的体现 编纂一部双语词典要有丰富的资料。资料的来源一般有两种：一种是在编纂宗旨和类型确定之后自建第一手语料库；另一种是选择几部具有权威性的单语词典作为参考依据，以其中一部作为蓝本，然后据此加以增删。由于并非所有的编纂者都具备大规模收集第一手资料的条件，多数双语词典是以一部或多部单语词典为蓝本，根据双语词典的特点及双语词典使用者的需求编纂而成。于是单语词典释义的灵活性在双语词典中也得到了体现。 如heinous 一词，不同的英汉双语词典分别解释为。
电力术语英文词典三（电气部分） 1030.发电机 electric generator, generator 1031.发电机组 generator set, generating unit 1032.发电机定子 generator stator 1033.发电机定子引出线 generator stator terminal lead 1034.发电机定子铁芯 generator stator core, stator core of generator 1035.发电机定子绕组 generator stator winding, stator winding of generator 1036.发电机转子 generator stator 1037.双水内冷发电机 dual internal water cooled generator 1038.水-氢-氢冷发电机water-hydrogen-hydrogen cooling generator 1039.空气冷却发电机 air cooled generator 1040.转子护环rotor end –cap 1041.发电机过负荷 generator overload 1042.发电机四角冷却器corner cooler of 1043.发电机风温 air temperature of generator 1044.汽轮发电机无蒸汽运行mini-steam operation of turbo-generator 1045.发电机无励磁运行loss of excitation of generator 1046.柴油发电机 diesel-engine generator 1047.直流发电机 dynamo, direct current generator 1048.调相机 phase modulator, phase modifier 1049.主励磁机main exciter 1050.副励磁机 pilot exciter 1051.备用励磁机 standby exciter 1052.励磁系统 excitation system 1053.整流器rectifier 1054.整流子commutator，collector 1055.石墨电刷 graphite brush 1056.刷握 brush holder 1057.集电环 slip ring, collector ring 1058.电刷接头 brush joint 1059.灭磁开关field suppression switch 1060.汇流环collector ring, collector-shoe gear 1061.主变压器main transformer 1062.升压变压器 step-up transform er 1063.降压变压器 step-down transformer 1064.工作变压器 operating transform er 1065.备用变压器 standby transformer 1066.公用变压器common transformer 1067.三相变压器three-phase transformer 1068.单相变压器 single-phase transformer 1069.带负荷调压变压器 on-load regulating transformer 1070.联络变压器tie-in transformer 1071.启动变压器 starting transformer
会计报表术语中英文对照 一、损益表INCOME STA TEMENT Aggregate income statement 合并损益表 Operating Results 经营业绩 FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS 财务摘要 Gross revenues 总收入/毛收入 Net revenues 销售收入/净收入 Sales 销售额 Turnover 营业额 Cost of revenues 销售成本 Gross profit 毛利润 Gross margin 毛利率 Other income and gain 其他收入及利得 EBITDA 息、税、折旧、摊销前利润（EBITDA） EBITDA margin EBITDA率 EBITA 息、税、摊销前利润 EBIT 息税前利润/营业利润 Operating income（loss）营业利润/（亏损） Operating profit 营业利润 Operating margin 营业利润率 EBIT margin EBIT率（营业利润率） Profit before disposal of investments 出售投资前利润 Operating expenses: 营业费用： Research and development costs （R&D）研发费用 marketing expensesSelling expenses 销售费用 Cost of revenues 营业成本 Selling Cost 销售成本 Sales and marketing expenses Selling and marketing expenses 销售费用、或销售及市场推广费用 Selling and distribution costs 营销费用/行销费用 General and administrative expenses 管理费用/一般及管理费用 Administrative expenses 管理费用 Operating income（loss）营业利润/（亏损） Profit from operating activities 营业利润/经营活动之利润 Finance costs 财务费用/财务成本 Financial result 财务费用 Finance income 财务收益 Change in fair value of derivative liability associated with Series B convertible redeemable preference shares 可转换可赎回优先股B相关衍生负债公允值变动 Loss on the derivative component of convertible bonds 可換股債券衍生工具之損失 Equity loss of affiliates 子公司权益损失
一、损益表INCOME STATEMENT Aggregate income statement 合并损益表 Operating Results 经营业绩 FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS 财务摘要 Gross revenues 总收入/毛收入 Net revenues 销售收入/净收入 Sales 销售额 Turnover 营业额 Cost of revenues 销售成本 Gross profit 毛利润 Gross margin 毛利率 Other income and gain 其他收入及利得 EBITDA 息、税、折旧、摊销前利润（EBITDA） EBITDA margin EBITDA率 EBITA 息、税、摊销前利润 EBIT 息税前利润/营业利润 Operating income（loss）营业利润/（亏损） Operating profit 营业利润 Operating margin 营业利润率 EBIT margin EBIT率（营业利润率） Profit before disposal of investments 出售投资前利润 Operating expenses: 营业费用： Research and development costs （R&D）研发费用 marketing expensesSelling expenses 销售费用 Cost of revenues 营业成本 Selling Cost 销售成本 Sales and marketing expenses Selling and marketing expenses 销售费用、或销售及市场推广费用 Selling and distribution costs 营销费用/行销费用 General and administrative expenses 管理费用/一般及管理费用 Administrative expenses 管理费用 Operating income（loss）营业利润/（亏损） Profit from operating activities 营业利润/经营活动之利润 Finance costs 财务费用/财务成本 Financial result 财务费用 Finance income 财务收益 Change in fair value of derivative liability associated with Series B convertible redeemable preference shares 可转换可赎回优先股B相关衍生负债公允值变动 Loss on the derivative component of convertible bonds 可換股債券衍生工具之損失Equity loss of affiliates 子公司权益损失 Government grant income 政府补助 Other (expense) / income 其他收入/（费用）
建筑词典大全附中文详细解释I 第一节一般术语 1. 工程结构building and civil engineering structures 房屋建筑和土木工程的建筑物、构筑物及其相关组成部分的总称。 2. 工程结构设计design of building and civil engineering structures 在工程结构的可靠与经济、适用与美观之间，选择一种最佳的合理的平衡，使所建造的结构能满足各种预定功能要求。 3. 房屋建筑工程building engineering 一般称建筑工程，为新建、改建或扩建房屋建筑物和附属构筑物所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。 4. 土木工程civil engineering 除房屋建筑外，为新建、改建或扩建各类工程的建筑物、构筑物和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。 5. 公路工程highway engineering 为新建或改建各级公路和相关配套设施等而进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。 6. 铁路工程railway engineering 为新建或改建铁路和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。 7. 港口与航道工程port ( harbour ) and waterway engineering 为新建或改建港口与航道和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。 8. 水利工程hydraulic engineering 为修建治理水患、开发利用水资源的各项建筑物、构筑物和相关配设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。 9. 水利发电工程（水电工程）hydraulic and hydroelectric engineering 以利用水能发电为主要任务的水利工程。 10. 建筑物（构筑物）construction works 房屋建筑或土木工程中的单项工程实体。 11. 结构structure 广义地指房屋建筑和土木工程的建筑物、构筑物及其相关组成部分的实体，狭义地指各种工程实体的承重骨架。 12. 基础foundation 将建筑物、构筑物以及各种设施的上部结构所承受的各种作用和自重传递到地基的结构组成部分。 13. 地基foundation soil; subgrade; subbase; ground 支承由基础传递或直接由上部结构传递的各种作用的土体或岩体。未经加工处理的称为天然地基。 14. 木结构timber structure 以木材为主制作的结构 15. 砌体结构masonry structure 以砌体为主制作的结构。它包括砖结构、石结构和其它材料的砌块结构。有无筋砌体结构和配筋砌体结构。 16. 钢结构steel structure
经济学词典 提供经济学词典.向他致敬! Ability－to－pay principle（of taxation）（税收的）支付能力原则按照纳税人支 付能力确定纳税负担的原则。纳税人支付能力依据其收人或财富来衡量。这一原则并不 说明某经济状况较好的人到底该比别人多负担多少。 Absolute advantage(in international trade）(国际贸易中的）绝对优势 A国所具 有的比B国能更加有效地（即单位投入的产出水平比较高等）生产某种商品的能力。这 种优势并不意味着A国必然能将该商品成功地出口到B国。因为B国还可能有一种我们所 说的比较优势或曰比较利益（comparative advantage）。 Accelerator principle 加速原理解释产出率变动同方向地引致投资需求变动的理论。 Actual,cyc1ical，and structual budget 实际预算、周期预算和结构预算实际预算的赤字或盈余指的是某年份实际记录的赤字或盈余。实际预算可划分成结构预算和周期预算。结构预算假定经济在潜在产出水平上运行，并据此测算该经济条件下的政府税入、支出和赤字等指标。周期预算基于所预测的商业周期（及其经济波动）对预算的影 响。 Adaptive expectations 适应性预期见预期（expectations）。Adjustable peg 可调整钉住一种（固定）汇率制度。在该制度下，各国货币对其他货币保持一种固定的或曰“钉住的”汇率。当某些基本因素发生变动、原先汇率失去合理依据的时候，这种汇率便不时地趋于凋整。在1944－1971年期间，世界各主要货币都普 遍实行这种制度，称为“布雷顿森林体系”。 Administered（or inflexible）prices 管理（或非浮动）价格特指某类价格的术语 。按照有关规定，这类价格在某一段时间内、在若干种交易中能够维持不变。（见价格浮动，price flexibility） Adverse selection 逆向选择一种市场不灵。指的是这样一种情况，即那些遭遇风险机会最多的人，最容易决定购买保险。推而广之，逆向选择指的是这样一种情况：就某产品而言，买方和卖方所掌握的信息不同。比如旧车市场。 Aggregate demand 总需求某一时期一个经济所计划或所需要开支的总数。它取决于总 的价格水平，并受到国内投资、净出口、政府开支、消费水平和货币供应等因素的影响。 Aggregate demand（AD）curve 总需求曲线在其他条件不变的情况下，体现一个经济中 人们所愿意购买的商品和服务的总量与该经济的价格总水平之间的关系的曲线。同其他需求曲线一样，总需求曲线背后也存在着一系列重要的经济变量，如政府开支、出口和货币供应，等等。 Aggregate supply 总供给某一时期一个经济中各企业所愿意生产的商品与服务的价
电力术语英文词典五（仪控部分） 2038.热电阻thermal resistance 2039.热电偶thermocouple 2040.温度计thermometer 2041.水银温度计mercury thermometer 2042.电阻式温度计resistance thermometer 2043.酒精温度计 alcohol thermometer 2044.双金属温度计 bimetallic thermometer 2045.动圈式显示仪表moving coil indicator 2046.多点温度巡测仪multi-point logger 2047.温度变送器temperature transmitter 2048.温度开关temperature switch 2049.恒温箱thermostat, calorstat 2050.冷端补偿器cold junction compensator 2051.套管插入深度jacket insertion depth 2052.绝对温度 absolute temperature 2053.平均温度 average temperature 2054.冷端温度cold end temperature 2055.临界温度critical temperature 2056.入口温度inlet temperature 2057.出口温度 outlet temperature 2058.表面温度 surface temperature 2059.室内温度indoor temperature 2060.室外温度 outdoor temperature 2061.工作温度 working temperature 2062.环境温度 ambient temperature 2063.壁温 wall temperature 2064.温差temperature difference 2065.玻璃管式压力计 glass tube pressure gauge 2066.活塞式压力表 piston type pressure gauge 2067.膜盒式压力表 bellows-gauge 2068.弹簧管压力表 bourdon tube pressure gauge 2069.电接点压力表 electric contact pressure gauge 2070.霍尔压力变送器hall pressure transmitter 2071.电容式压力变送器capacitance pressure transmitter 2072.扩散硅压力变送器 diffused silicon pressure transmitter 2073.智能压力变送器 smart pressure transmitter 2074.压力开关 pressure switch 2075.绝对压力 absolute pressure 2076.实际压力 actual pressure 2077.工作压力 working pressure 2078.环境压力 ambient pressure 2079.标准大气压力 standard atmosphere
A: A share Ａ股；甲类股份 abatement of tax 减税；减扣免税额 ABN AMRO Bank N.V. 荷兰银行 above-the-line expenditure 线上项目支出；经常预算支出above-the-line receipt 线上项目收入；经常预算收入 ABSA Asia Limited 南非联合亚洲有限公司 absolute change 绝对数值变更 absolute expenditure 实际开支 absolute guideline figure 绝对准则数字 absolute interest 绝对权益 absolute order of discharge 绝对破产解除令 absolute profit margin 绝对利润幅度 absolute value 实值；绝对值 absolutely vested interest 绝对既得权益 absorbed cost 已吸收成本；已分摊成本 absorption 吸收；分摊；合并 absorption rate 吸收率；摊配率；分摊率 ACB Finance Limited 亚洲商业财务有限公司 acceptable form of reciprocity 合理的互惠条件 acceptable rate 适当利率；适当汇率 acceptance agreement 承兑协议 acceptance for honour 参加承兑 acceptor 承兑人；接受人；受票人 acceptor for honour 参加承兑人 accident insurance 意外保险 Accident Insurance Association of Hong Kong 香港意外保险公会accident insurance scheme 意外保险计划 accident year basis 意外年度基准 accommodation 通融；贷款 accommodation bill 通融票据；空头票据 accommodation party 汇票代发人 account balance 帐户余额；帐户结余 account book 帐簿 account collected in advance 预收款项 account current book 往来帐簿 account of after-acquired property 事后取得的财产报告account of defaulter 拖欠帐目 account payable 应付帐款 account payee only [A/C payee only] 只可转帐；存入收款人帐户account receivable 应收帐款 account receivable report 应收帐款报表 account statement 结单；帐单；会计财务报表
1DESIGN BASIS 设计依据 计划建议书planning proposals 设计任务书design order 标准规范standards and codes 条件图information drawing 设计基础资料basic data for design 工艺流程图process flowchart 工程地质资料engineering geological data 原始资料original data 设计进度schedule of design 2STAGE OF DESIGN 设计阶段 方案scheme, draft 草图sketch 会谈纪要summary of discussion 谈判negotiation 可行性研究feasibility study 初步设计preliminary design 基础设计basic design 详细设计detail design 询价图enquiry drawing 施工图working drawing, construction drawing 竣工图as built drawing 3CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件 日照sunshine 风玫瑰wind rose 主导风向prevailing wind direction 最大(平均)风速maximum (mean) wind velocity 风荷载wind load 最大(平均)降雨量maximum (mean) rainfall 雷击及闪电thunder and lightning 飓风hurricane 台风typhoon 旋风cyclone 降雨强度rainfall intensity 年降雨量annual rainfall 湿球温度wet bulb temperature 干球温度dry bulb temperature 冰冻期frost period
纺织中英文词典 常用服装英语缩写(一) A.H. ARMHOLE 夹圈 ABS AREA BOUNDED STAPLE FABRIC 面粘非织造布 ADL ACCEPTABLE DEFECT LEVEL 允许疵点规范 AQL ACCEPTABLE QUALITY LEVEL 验收合格规范ATTN. A TTENTION 注意 AUD. AUDIT 稽查 B. BACK 后 B.H. BUTTON HOLE 钮门/扣眼 B.L. BACK LENGTH 后长 B.P. BUST POINT 胸点 BK. BLACK 黑色 BL BUST LINE 胸围线 BMT BASIC MOTION TIME 基本动作时间 BNL BACK NECKLINE 后领圈线 BNP/BNPT BACK NECK POINT 后领点 BR BACK RISE 后浪 BSP BACK SHOULDER POINT 后肩颈点 BTM. BOTTOM 衫脚 BTN. BUTTON 钮扣 C.V.C. CHIEF VALUE OF COTTON 棉为主的混纺物 C/B (C.B.) CENTER BACK 后中 C/F (C.F.) CENTER FRONT 前中 CAD COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN 电脑辅助设计 CAE COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING 电脑辅助工程CAL COMPUTER AIDED LAYOUT 电脑辅助排料 CAM COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURE 电脑辅助制造CAP COMPUTER AIDED PATTERN 电脑辅助画样 CBF CENTER BACK FOLD 后中对折 CBL CENTER BACK LINE 后中线 CBN-W CENTER BACK NECK POINT TO WAIST 后颈点至腰CFL CENTER FRONT FOLD 前中对折 CI CORPORATE IDENTIFY 企业标识 CIF COST, INSURANCE & FREIGHT 到岸价 CLR. COLOR 颜色 CMT CUTTING, MAKING, TRIMMING 来料加工 COL. COLOR 颜色 常用服装英语缩写(二) H. HIPS 坐围 HL HIPS LINE 坐围线
A (1)ABC 作业基础成本计算 A (2)absorbed overhead 已汲取制造费用 A (3)absorption costing 汲取成本计算 A (4)account 帐户,报表 A (5)accounting postulate 会计假设 A (6)accounting series release 会计公告文件 A (7)accounting valuation 会计计价 A (8)account sale 承销清单 A (9)accountability concept 经营责任概念 A (10)accountancy 会计职业 A (11)accountant 会计师 A (12)accounting 会计 A (13)agency cost 代理成本 A (14)accounting bases 会计基础 A (15)accounting manual 会计手册 A (16)accounting period 会计期间 A (17)accounting policies 会计方针 A (18)accounting rate of return 会计酬劳率 A (19)accounting reference date 会计参照日 A (20)accounting reference period 会计参照期间A (21)accrual concept 应计概念 A (22)accrual expenses 应计费用
A (23)acid test ration 速动比率(酸性测试比率) A (24)acquisition 购置 A (25)acquisition accounting 收购会计 A (26)activity based accounting 作业基础成本计算A (27)adjusting events 调整事项 A (28)administrative expenses 行政治理费 A (29)advice note 发货通知 A (30)amortization 摊销 A (31)analytical review 分析性检查 A (32)annual equivalent cost 年度等量成本法 A (33)annual report and accounts 年度报告和报表A (34)appraisal cost 检验成本 A (35)appropriation account 盈余分配帐户 A (36)articles of association 公司章程细则 A (37)assets 资产 A (38)assets cover 资产保障 A (39)asset value per share 每股资产价值 A (40)associated company 联营公司 A (41)attainable standard 可达标准 A (42)attributable profit 可归属利润 A (43)audit 审计 A (44)audit report 审计报告