Legends of Vietnam: Shoulder to Shoulder
The Grumman A-6 was ugly, but it sure could cook.
?By Rafael Lima
?Air & Space Magazine, May 01, 2009
On a May afternoon in 1972 a flight of four Grumman A-6 Intruders, the lead elements in an air wing strike, flew a hundred feet above North Vietnamese rice paddies west of the Gulf of Tonkin, about 25 miles south of Hanoi. Loaded with Mk 20 Rockeye bomblet canisters, the jets were headed toward Bai Thuong, an enemy airfield. Navy pilot and air group commander Roger Sheets flew the lead Intruder. He and his bombardier/navigator Charlie Carr, a Marine Corps captain, used the aircraft's radar and visual cues to guide them to Bai Thuong. "The A-6 was the all-weather attack aircraft," says Carr. "Monsoon season never affected our operations." But that day was clear; Sheets and Carr were getting a good look at North Vietnam, and any other aircraft sharing that patch of sky could get a good look at them.
As the Intruders approached their target, they climbed to 200 feet. From the right seat, Carr spotted enemy MiGs above. They looked like little arrowheads circling watchfully about 1,500 feet up. He threw a switch and informed Sheets that the A-6's three-plus tons of ordnance were now armed.
"We came in underneath this wheel of MiGs," Carr recalls, "maybe 12, 15 of them. We were hoping to catch them on the ground and bomb the hell out of 'em. The airbase was alerted, however."
Sheets kept the A-6 straight and level as they approached the airfield. A few seconds later he thumbed the release on the stick, freed all 12 Mk 20s, and banked the Intruder hard to the left.
Carr remembers seeing one of the MiGs dive toward them. "OK, so now we had a problem," says Carr. "Now the MiG-17 was on our tail."
Compared to the MiG, the A-6 was no sprinter. Carr armed the aircraft's Sidewinder missiles, but there was little chance that Sheets could get into a position to take a shot. Instead, he began to jink, performing quick dodging maneuvers that made it tough for the MiG pilot to keep them in his sights. Sheets intended to drag the MiG toward the coast, hoping to run it out of gas. Carr remembers seeing puffs of smoke from the MiG's 37-mm cannon. That's when an F-4 Phantom appeared like a big brother late to a fight. The F-4 fired a missile, the MiG went down in flames, and Sheets and Carr made it back to the USS Coral Sea.
MiGs were among the reasons that A-6 crews preferred the cover of darkness or nasty weather. Using terrain-following radar, the crews flew low and fast no matter the hour. Because of the complexity of carrier operations, says Carr, only about a quarter of his flights from the Coral Sea were at night. "But missions from land," he says, "were almost all at night."
If darkness suited the A-6, perhaps one reason was that the airplane was no beauty queen. The twin intakes for the Pratt & Whitney J-52 P-8B turbojets swelled amidships, giving the craft a portly look. A bent refueling probe protruded from the top of a large, rounded snout. "The plane wasn't pretty," remembers Carr. "Only Grumman could make a plane that ugly."
The intruder's genesis predates Vietnam. During the Korean War the U.S. Navy lacked an
all-weather, carrier-launched strike aircraft. So in March 1957 the service's Bureau of Aeronautics issued a request for proposals, detailing a requirement for a subsonic, two-seat attack bomber. Boeing, Douglas, Vought, Martin, Bell, Lockheed, Grumman, and North American submitted a total of 11 designs.
Interviews with flight crews led designers to focus on crew coordination. "The Navy wanted the side-by-side seating," says Joe Ruggiero, a Grumman engineer who worked on the A-6
from the prototype to the final A-6F, and was later a Northrop Grumman program director for the EA-6B Prowler, the Intruder's electronic warfare variant. "They thought, correctly, that it would enhance the workload in the cockpit. The design team knew it was going to be a bomber, and the radar system requirements did not lend themselves to a pointy nose. The engineers designed a plane that could carry lots of ordnance under the fuselage and wings. What eventually showed up on the drawing boards was the configuration of the A-6 Intruder."
Grumman won the design competition and signed the contract early in 1958. Two years later the prototype rolled out and the insults rolled in. "The pointy end was on the wrong end," says Carr. Some called it a "flying drumstick." "Well, it was a really ugly plane when you first looked at it," says retired Rear Admiral Rupe Owens, who has flown every version of the A-6. "But when it went to work flying in combat, the tadpole-looking plane became a thing of beauty." John Vosilla, a Northrop Grumman spokesman, bristles at the put-downs. "When we look at a project at Grumman, we're looking at engineering, not works of art," he says.
"To me and my team," says Ruggiero, "it was a beautiful airplane."
Both Charlie Carr and Rupe Owens liked the Intruder's side-by-side seating. So did the Marine Corps' Bruce Byrum (now a retired general), another Vietnam veteran who, like Carr and Owens, logged more than 3,000 hours as an A-6 pilot.
"There was a lot the bombardier/navigator could do to help," says Byrum. "He wasn't just a passenger along for the ride to operate the weapons system." A good bombardier/navigator, he says, monitored the radio, rate of descent, airspeed, power settings, and attitude, as well as the aircraft's place in the landing pattern as crews returned to the ship. "He had as much to do with the pilot's success as the pilot," Byrum adds.
Carol Reardon, a military historian at Pennsylvania State University and author of Launch the Intruders, an account of a Vietnam-era A-6 squadron called the Sunday Punchers, finds that the crew concept was critical to the Intruder's success in Vietnam, where it flew 35,000 combat sorties. "Pilots and B/Ns [bombardier/navigators] had to learn to trust each other's skills," she writes. "Repeatedly, instructors reminded them that the A-6 required two minds functioning in synch with each other. Both members of an A-6 crew got the same award for the same mission. Both suffered the consequences of an error. The A-6 community could afford no loners."
The crews say that the two-abreast arrangement enhanced interaction. "With two guys sitting side by side, you could communicate with hand gestures, if need be," says Owens. "You could simply look at the other guy and nod."
Good communication was important in dodging surface-to-air missiles (SAMs). Intruder pilots relied on their own skills at low-altitude flying, the eyes of their bombardier/navigators, and the power of their Pratt & Whitney engines.
"You could outfly the SAMs with the A-6," says Owens. "What you did was make hard turns.
At their intercept speed of about Mach 3, the SAMs couldn't turn with the A-6, especially at low level." Owens remembers approaching a target when points of light far ahead came at his airplane, streaming long, bright tails of flame, five in all. "We managed to out-turn them all, but I remember the sound of those five rocket motors from the SAMs as they went by. It got loud. Real loud."
SAMs harassed many A-6s, and took their toll—of the 69 Intruders lost to combat in Southeast Asia, 36 were claimed by anti-aircraft fire, 10 by SAMs, and only two by MiGs.
The intruder earned a reputation as a dependable attacker that could drop bombs in pitch darkness in any weather on both stationary and moving targets. Its reliability was due mainly to a new bomb release tool, the Digital Integrated Attack and Navigation Equipment system, or DIANE. Coupled to an analog computer, the system could take into account any angle of climb or dive, speed, G force, and wind and calculate when to drop a payload accurately. DIANE's Vertical Display Indicator gave the pilot a representation of terrain, sky, and horizon, as well as heading, radar altitude, vertical speed, and angle of attack. The aircraft's
terrain-hugging capability was key to low-altitude missions. When Intruders were striking some targets, A-7 Corsairs and F-4 Phantoms flew along in formation and released their ordnance when directed by the A-6 crews using DIANE.
The Intruder also carried an Airborne Moving Target Indicator, a unique doppler radar that gathered returns from moving ground objects. And ground-based acoustic and seismic sensors, air-dropped along supply trails, provided another method for A-6 crews, with the help of ground controllers, to find targets moving on such routes as the Ho Chi Minh Trail. "Sometimes at night," says Byrum, "enemy anti-aircraft fire used colored tracer rounds fired aimlessly into the night sky when aircraft were detected flying in the area, to warn all vehicles on the road that we were there." Intruders generally dropped Rockeye cluster bombs first, which pierced vehicles' gas tanks or weapons caches and set off secondary fires. These
provided visual aim points for a second pass, in which crews would drop Mk 82s. In the absence of secondary fires, they would head off for preassigned secondary targets.
The Intruder absorbed lots of punches. On one daylight mission, North Vietnamese 23-mm anti-aircraft fire damaged an A-6 in Byrum's squadron. The crew diverted to Da Nang. Byrum flew close to look them over and escort them to the airfield.
"It was hard to believe that the aircraft was still flying," he says. The A-6 had taken a direct hit to the leading edge of the right wing near its root. The pilot, in the left side of the cockpit, couldn't see the damage. His bombardier/navigator could, though, and had apparently decided to say little about it, probably hoping to delay an ejection over enemy territory. "The hole in the wing was about the diameter of a 50-gallon drum," says Byrum. "You could see the landing gear up inside the now-visible wheel well." Miraculously, no fuel or hydraulic fluid sprayed out, so Byrum and his navigator refrained from reporting the damage to the pilot. No sense in unnerving him.
Byrum followed the stricken Intruder to touchdown. By the time he taxied up, the pilot of the damaged A-6 had shut down and climbed out. Coming around to the starboard side of his airplane, he was stunned by what he saw. "His first reaction was to knock the
bombardier/navigator to the ground. Obviously, he wasn't happy," Byrum recalls. "We didn't bother to open our cockpit. Although we couldn't hear what he was yelling, he was just as upset with us. I don't know what he would have done differently. He surely did not want to eject."
"They didn't call it the 'Grumman Iron Works' for nothing," says Ruggiero. "Look at the Wildcat and the Hellcat. We built planes that would take the fight to the enemy and bring back safely the youngsters [who] flew them."
Back on the ship, 'round-the-clock, all-weather ops made one day meld into the next for A-6 crews. They often flew two missions per day—one attack and one as refuelers for the rest of a carrier's air wing. There was little free time. "If they weren't flying their combat mission," says Reardon, "they were planning it or debriefing it—and that took several hours in itself."
The crews did have moments of relaxation. "Movies were very popular," says Reardon, "if they were not very new—and not always G-rated." When the films began to grow old, the crew ran them backward for kicks, making up their own dialogue—"like kids used to do with old Japanese monster movies," she says. Carr recalls wearing out the 1971 shark documentary
Blue Water, White Death. "We sat and watched it I don't know how many times. By the end of that cruise we'd seen every damned shark in the world."
For some squadrons, says Reardon, the transit from the States involved a little
below-the-radar, late-night drinking to dull the anxiety of what lay ahead. Once active air ops began, though, they refrained. "They saved the craziness for their times between [periods when the carrier was on combat station], when they went ashore in the Philippines," Reardon says, "or some exotic location such as Singapore or Hong Kong." Carr doesn't recall any drinking on the transit. "Doesn't mean it didn't happen," he says. "I just didn't see it. We did operations planning. We had targets, and we had to plan 'em. And we flew." He does remember a stop in Hawaii. "We pulled into Pearl [Harbor] and raised holy hell for a couple days." And when they got orders to come off the line for the last time and head home, he remembers that, magically, beer and spirits appeared.
The navy retired the A-6 on February 28, 1997, after 693 had rolled off Grumman's assembly line. By then it had inspired a shoulder-to-shoulder camaraderie. The Intruder Association, which Owens chairs, carries that torch, gathering pilots and bombardier/navigators to share stories and rekindle friendships.
"The Navy and the Marine Corps finally got a plane that could unite the services," says Carr. "You'd never get those guys together, except for their common love of the A-6." He would receive 10 Distinguished Flying Crosses and a Silver Star, and flew in Operation Desert Storm. Carr retired a full colonel in August 1994.
The Intruder's precision strike role was briefly handled by the F-14 Tomcat. The other
multi-crew tactical aircraft of today—the F-15E Strike Eagle and the F/A-18F Super Hornet—are, like the Tomcat, tandem seaters, with the weapons systems officer behind, not beside, the pilot. Their fundamental design rule is to be streamlined. These aircraft are expected to do it all: attack, dogfight, recon, electronic warfare. The F/A-18 is a tanker too. They sport broad wings for maneuverability, but they're packed with the tools for ground attack. They're designed to fight their way in, deliver their payloads, and fight their way out.
The A-6's shoulder-to-shoulder cockpit is now a quaint curiosity in the pantheon of aerospace engineering. Another shoulder-to-shoulder workhorse was the General Dynamics F-111, which was retired in 1996. Grumman's electronic warfare version, the EF-111A, was retired in 1998.
That leaves the EA-6B Prowler. Though the Marine Corps may fly the Prowler into the next decade, the Navy plans to fully convert to the tandem-seat EA-18G Growler by 2012.
Ruggiero reflects warmly on his airplane. "We didn't have to be supersonic," he says. "Our plane was a good truck and didn't have to be pointy. We had to deliver weapons to the target in all kinds of weather."
Reardon remembers a bombardier/navigator who offered a suggestion for her book's cover that he thought would perfectly suit the airplane and its mission. "He said, 'You should make the cover pitch black, black as the darkest night, and make it sopping wet.' "
Rafael Lima is a writer and documentary video producer based in Coral Gables, Florida.
分考点1 表示时间的介词 Point 1 at, in, on 的用法 （1）at 的用法 At 表示时间点，用于具体的时刻（几点，正午，午夜，黎明，拂晓，日出，日落等），或把某一时间看作某一时刻的词之前以及某些节假日的词之前。 at 6：00 在6点钟 At noon 在中午 At daybreak 在拂晓 At down 在黎明 At Christmas 在圣诞节 【特别注意】在以下的时间短语中，at 表示时间段。 At dinner time 在（吃）晚饭时 At weekends/ the weekend 在周末 （2）in 的用法 ①表示时间段，与表示较长一段时间的词搭配，如年份，月份，季节，世纪，朝代，还可以用于泛指的上午、下午、傍晚等时间段的词前。 In 2009 在2009年 In April 在四月 In the 1990s 在20世纪90年代 In Tang Dynasty 在唐朝 In the morning在上午 ②后接时间段，用于将来时，表示“在一段时间之后”。 The film will begin in an hour. 电影将于一个小时之后开始。 【特别注意】当时间名词前有this，that，last，next，every，each，some等词修饰时，通常不用任何介词。 This morning 今天上午last year 去年 （3）on 的用法 ①表示在特定的日子、具体的日期、星期几、具体的某一天或某些日子。 On September the first 在9月1号 On National Day 在国庆节 We left the dock on a beautiful afternoon. 我们在一个明媚的下午离开了码头。 ②表示在具体的某一天的上午、下午或晚上（常有前置定语或后置定语修饰）。 On Sunday morning 在星期日的早上 On the night of October 1 在10月1号的晚上 【特别注意】“on +名词或动名词”表示“一...就...”. On my arrival home/ arriving home, I discovered they had gone. 我一到家就发现他们已经离开了。 Point 2 in，after 的用法 In 和after都可以接时间段，表示“在...之后”，但in 常与将来时连用，after 常与过去时连用。 We will meet again in two weeks.
英语介词用法大全 TTA standardization office【TTA 5AB- TTAK 08- TTA 2C】
介词（The Preposition）又叫做前置词，通常置于名词之前。它是一种虚词，不需要重读，在句中不单独作任何句子成分，只表示其后的名词或相当于名词的词语与其他句子成分的关系。中国学生在使用英语进行书面或口头表达时，往往会出现遗漏介词或误用介词的错误，因此各类考试语法的结构部分均有这方面的测试内容。 1. 介词的种类 英语中最常用的介词，按照不同的分类标准可分为以下几类： (1). 简单介词、复合介词和短语介词 ①.简单介词是指单一介词。如： at , in ,of ,by , about , for, from , except , since, near, with 等。②. 复合介词是指由两个简单介词组成的介词。如： Inside, outside , onto, into , throughout, without , as to as for , unpon, except for 等。 ③. 短语介词是指由短语构成的介词。如： In front of , by means o f, on behalf of, in spite of , by way of , in favor of , in regard to 等。 (2). 按词义分类 {1} 表地点（包括动向）的介词。如： About ,above, across, after, along , among, around , at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between , beyond ,by, down, from, in, into , near, off, on, over, through, throught, to, towards,, under, up, unpon, with, within , without 等。 {2} 表时间的介词。如： About, after, around , as , at, before , behind , between , by, during, for, from, in, into, of, on, over, past, since, through, throughout, till(until) , to, towards , within 等。 {3} 表除去的介词。如： beside , but, except等。 {4} 表比较的介词。如： As, like, above, over等。 {5} 表反对的介词。如： againt ,with 等。 {6} 表原因、目的的介词。如： for, with, from 等。 {7} 表结果的介词。如： to, with , without 等。 {8} 表手段、方式的介词。如： by, in ,with 等。 {9} 表所属的介词。如： of , with 等。 {10} 表条件的介词。如：
越南人宣称自己是东亚人遭各国网友嘲讽…… Vietnamese claiming to be East AsiansSEPTEMBER 1, 2016 / CONTROVERSIALDoes it annoy you that the Vietnamese claim themselves to East Asians?Inferiority complex? Insecurities and low self-esteem?I’ve been following Vietnamese media and this is very evident.Their celebrities are picked based on how East Asian they lookThe Vietnamese are making a joke out of themselves. I bet the East Asians are laughing at them.Just look at their beauty pageant:Since Vietnamese are so insecured and ignore their own Southeast Asian roots, we can only feel sorry for them.Vietnamese are sore losers thinking that this woman (even after heavy photoshop)Is anything remotely beautiful as this womanFurthermore I’ve been reading arguments online where even the Chinese became annoyed at Vietnamese effort to be related to them.These are things that make Vietnamese Southeast Asians whether they like it or not:1. Fish sauce and tropical ingredients in Vietnamese food2. Climate3. People. Vietnamese are Southeast Asians with dark brown skin and large eyesNo matter how much the Vietnamese deny it, they are Southeast Asians. But Southeast Asians should not embrace them either since obviously they
英语常用介词用法与辨析 ■表示方位的介词：in, to, on 1. in 表示在某地范围之内。如： Shanghai is/lies in the east of China. 上海在中国的东部。 2. to 表示在某地范围之外。如： Japan is/lies to the east of China. 日本位于中国的东面。 3. on 表示与某地相邻或接壤。如： Mongolia is/lies on the north of China. 蒙古国位于中国北边。 ■表示计量的介词：at, for, by 1. at表示“以……速度”“以……价格”。如： It flies at about 900 kilometers a hour. 它以每小时900公里的速度飞行。 I sold my car at a high price. 我以高价出售了我的汽车。 2. for表示“用……交换，以……为代价”。如： He sold his car for 500 dollars. 他以五百元把车卖了。 注意：at表示单价(price) ，for表示总钱数。 3. by表示“以……计”，后跟度量单位。如： They paid him by the month. 他们按月给他计酬。 Here eggs are sold by weight. 在这里鸡蛋是按重量卖的。 ■表示材料的介词：of, from, in 1. of成品仍可看出原料。如： This box is made of paper. 这个盒子是纸做的。 2. from成品已看不出原料。如： Wine is made from grapes. 葡萄酒是葡萄酿成的。 3. in表示用某种材料或语言。如： Please fill in the form in pencil first. 请先用铅笔填写这个表格。 They talk in English. 他们用英语交谈(from 。 注意：in指用材料，不用冠词；而with指用工具，要用冠词。请比较：draw in penc il/draw with a pencil。 ■表示工具或手段的介词：by, with, on 1. by用某种方式，多用于交通。如by bus乘公共汽车，by e-mail. 通过电子邮件。
with的用法大全----四级专项训练with结构是许多英语复合结构中最常用的一种。学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合结构、动名词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的构成、特点及用法等作一较全面阐述，以帮助同学们掌握这一重要的语法知识。 一、 with结构的构成 它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成，复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语，复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当，第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当，分词可以是现在分词，也可以是过去分词。With结构构成方式如下： 1. with或without-名词/代词+形容词; 2. with或without-名词/代词+副词; 3. with或without-名词/代词+介词短语; 4. with或without-名词/代词+动词不定式; 5. with或without-名词/代词+分词。 下面分别举例：
1、 She came into the room，with her nose red because of cold.(with+名词+形容词，作伴随状语) 2、 With the meal over ， we all went home.(with+名词+副词，作时间状语) 3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。(with+名词+介词短语，作伴随状语。) The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand. 4、He lay in the dark empty house，with not a man ，woman or child to say he was kind to me.(with+名词+不定式，作伴随状语) He could not finish it without me to help him.(without+代词 +不定式，作条件状语) 5、She fell asleep with the light burning.(with+名词+现在分词，作伴随状语) 6、Without anything left in the cupboard， she went out to get something to eat.(without+代词+过去分词，作为原因状语) 二、with结构的用法 在句子中with结构多数充当状语，表示行为方式，伴随情况、时间、原因或条件(详见上述例句)。
——45个基本介词的用法 1、about 【原始含义】 a-b-out “A在B外面” 【引申含义】 [prep] （1）在…到处，在…各处here and there eg: We wandered about the town for an hour or so. He looked about the room. （2）在…附近next to a place eg. She lives about the office. （3）关于in connection with eg: a book about English study I don’t know what you are talking about. [adv] （1）大约close to eg: We left there about 10 o’clock. It costs about 500 dollars. （2）到处，各处 eg: The children were rushing about in the garden. （3）在附近 eg : There is no food about. 【常见搭配】 作介词时的搭配: 一.动词+(about+名词) （1）arrange (about sth) 安排关于某事（2）argue (about sth) 讨论某事 （3）ask (about sth) 询问关于某事（4）boast (about sb/sth) 吹嘘... （5）care (about sb/sth)关心…,对…感兴趣（6）chat(about sth) 谈论某事（7）complain(about sb/sth) 抱怨… （8）dream (about sb/sth) 梦见某人/某物（9）go (about sth) 着手做...；从事...
with用法归纳 （1）“用……”表示使用工具，手段等。例如： ①We can walk with our legs and feet. 我们用腿脚行走。 ②He writes with a pencil. 他用铅笔写。 （2）“和……在一起”，表示伴随。例如： ①Can you go to a movie with me? 你能和我一起去看电影'>电影吗？ ②He often goes to the library with Jenny. 他常和詹妮一起去图书馆。 （3）“与……”。例如： I’d like to have a talk with you. 我很想和你说句话。 （4）“关于，对于”，表示一种关系或适应范围。例如： What’s wrong with your watch? 你的手表怎么了？ （5）“带有，具有”。例如： ①He’s a tall kid with short hair. 他是个长着一头短发的高个子小孩。 ②They have no money with them. 他们没带钱。 （6）“在……方面”。例如： Kate helps me with my English. 凯特帮我学英语。 （7）“随着，与……同时”。例如： With these words, he left the room. 说完这些话，他离开了房间。 [解题过程] with结构也称为with复合结构。是由with+复合宾语组成。常在句中做状语，表示谓语动作发生的伴随情况、时间、原因、方式等。其构成有下列几种情形： 1.with+名词(或代词)+现在分词 此时，现在分词和前面的名词或代词是逻辑上的主谓关系。 例如:1)With prices going up so fast, we can't afford luxuries. 由于物价上涨很快，我们买不起高档商品。（原因状语） 2)With the crowds cheering, they drove to the palace. 在人群的欢呼声中，他们驱车来到皇宫。（伴随情况） 2.with+名词(或代词)+过去分词 此时，过去分词和前面的名词或代词是逻辑上的动宾关系。
介词with的用法大全 With是个介词，基本的意思是“用”，但它也可以协助构成一个极为多采多姿的句型，在句子中起两种作用；副词与形容词。 with在下列结构中起副词作用： 1.“with+宾语+现在分词或短语”，如： (1) This article deals with common social ills, with particular attention being paid to vandalism. 2.“with+宾语+过去分词或短语”，如： (2) With different techniques used, different results can be obtained. (3) The TV mechanic entered the factory with tools carried in both hands. 3.“with+宾语+形容词或短语”，如： (4) With so much water vapour present in the room, some iron-made utensils have become rusty easily. (5) Every night, Helen sleeps with all the windows open. 4.“with+宾语＋介词短语”，如： (6) With the school badge on his shirt, he looks all the more serious. (7) With the security guard near the gate no bad character could do any thing illegal. 5.“with+宾语＋副词虚词”，如： (8) You cannot leave the machine there with electric power on. (9) How can you lock the door with your guests in? 上面五种“with”结构的副词功能，相当普遍，尤其是在科技英语中。 接着谈“with”结构的形容词功能，有下列五种： 一、“with+宾语+现在分词或短语”，如： (10) The body with a constant force acting on it. moves at constant pace. (11) Can you see the huge box with a long handle attaching to it ? 二、“with+宾语+过去分词或短语” (12) Throw away the container with its cover sealed. (13) Atoms with the outer layer filled with electrons do not form compounds. 三、“with+宾语+形容词或短语”，如： (14) Put the documents in the filing container with all the drawers open.
The Vietnam War era—the 1960s and early 1970s—was one of the most turbulent periods in American history and the and The Vietnam War was was considered as one of the most grueling and devastating wars America has ever fought. With the the coutless numbers of Americans were sacrificed for this unnecessary battles as they suffered harsh and dangerous condition. The war destabilized societies and led and the home front fell into chaotic. The Vietnam War brought tremendous changes and tensions to social, political and econocy aspects in the United States.. The Vietnam War tarnished America‘s self image by becoming the first time in history the United States failed to accomplish its stated war aims, to preserve a separate, independent, noncommunist government. It was the first war ever broadcast on television. The public was able to see what happened on the battlefield. Because of the tumultuous controversies caused by the war, Americans split into two social factions –those against the war and those who supported it. In order to stop the Domino Theory in Vietnam, the U.S. invaded. However, The war was useless for the American government to get involved with. Even Robert Kennedy described our presence in Vietnam as ?... sending a lion to halt an epidemic of jungle rot.‘ (Doc E) From new groups forming to rebel, to inflation and loss of trust in the Government, from 1960‘s to the 1970‘s the Vietnam War heightened social, political and economic tensions in the United States. The Vietnam war caused Social aspects in the United States to rapidly change, from Black rights, Women's rights and Free Speech to the radical politics of New Left. If the people weren‘t upset about the war in Vietnam already, word of the My Lai massacre caused an uproar. It was said that American Soldiers were becoming frustrated by not being able to capture an elusive enemy, so instead, they open fired on innocent women and children. The Government tried to cover this atrocious story for more than 20 months after it occurred, leaving American Citizens to be skeptical to trust in their leaders. In all this upset, the black community was outraged. They, like women, were being treated as second-class citizens and weren‘t hav ing it. Martin Luther King Jr. opposed the war by making speeches that appealed to the families of lost soldiers. He talked about the unnecessary slaughter that their people were being led to in Vietnam. (Doc C) In 1966, Stokely Carmichael started ?Black P ower‘. The idea that the black people held as much power as whites did. Black groups, such as the Black Panthers, wanted to ?change the system‘. They worked towards denouncing major political parties and big business. In the same year, another large group had started: The National Organization for Women (N.O.W.). The women in this group strived for equal rights in partnership with men. Radical Feminists soon began to appear, protesting the usage of women being used for sex or being treated as servants. A Free Speech movement crossed the nation riding the backs of those in New Left. New Left, though their members had extreme differences, all united for two things: Hatred of Racism and their hatred of War. These members differed inexecution. Some had belief that in social change by just negotiation, others were revolutionists who thoughts negotiation wouldn‘t change a thing. Because of the harsh conditions of the Vietnam war, many men skipped on their drafts. Half a million men escaped the draft throughout the 20 years of war. One man, James Fallows, writes about his draft
介词at的基本用法： 一、at引导的时间短语通常可表示： 1.在几点几分，例如：at one o’clock(在一点钟) I usually make the bed at one o’clock.. 2.在用餐时间，例如：at lunchtime（在午餐时间） 3.在某个节日，例如：at Christmas 在圣诞节的时候 4.在某个年龄的时候，例如：at the age of 12。在12岁的时候 5.一天中的某段较短的时间，例如：at noon在中午at night在夜里 二、at也可引导地点短语，常用于小地点之前，例如： at the bus stop在汽车站at the butcher’s 在肉店里at school在学校里at home在家里 介词on的基本用法： 一、on可引导地点短语，表示“在…上面”，例如：on the table在桌子上 二、on也可引导时间短语，通常有以下用法： 1.用于“星期”和“月份”中的任何一天之前，例如：On Monday在星期一on April 1st. 2.用于某个“星期几”当天的某段时间，例如：on Monday morning在星期一上午 3.用于具体某一天之前，例如：on that day在那一天On my birthday在我的生日那天 On Christmas day在圣诞节那天 介词in的基本用法： 一、in可引导地点短语，常表示“在…里面”，例如：in the bag在袋子里 二、in引导的时间短于通常有以下用法： 1.在某个世纪，例如：in the 21st century在21世纪 2.在某一年，例如：in 1995在1995年 3.在某一个季节，例如：in spring在春季 4.在某一个月份，例如：in March在三月里 5.在某段时期，例如：in the holidays在假期里 6.在某个持续几天的节日里，例如：in Easter Week在复活周 7.在一天中的某段时间，例如：in the morning在上午（早晨）
介词“with”的用法 1、同, 与, 和, 跟 talk with a friend 与朋友谈话 learn farming with an old peasant 跟老农学习种田 fight [quarrel, argue] with sb. 跟某人打架 [争吵, 辩论] [说明表示动作的词, 表示伴随]随着, 和...同时 change with the temperature 随着温度而变化 increase with years 逐年增加 be up with the dawn 黎明即起 W-these words he left the room. 他说完这些话便离开了房间。2 2、表示使用的工具, 手段 defend the motherland with one s life 用生命保卫祖国 dig with a pick 用镐挖掘 cut meat with a knife 用刀割肉3
3、说明名词, 表示事物的附属部分或所具有的性质]具有; 带有; 加上; 包括...在内 tea with sugar 加糖的茶水 a country with a long history 历史悠久的国家4 4、表示一致]在...一边, 与...一致; 拥护, 有利于 vote with sb. 投票赞成某人 with的复合结构作独立主格,表示伴随情况时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构： with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。例如： He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise.他举手着站在那儿。 典型例题 The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 答案D. with +名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用
介词 介词不能单独作句子成分，而是用来表示名词或代词等和句中其他词的关系，通常放在名词或代词之前，构成介词短语。介词短语作为一个成分在句中可用作定语，表语，状语等。When shall we have the talk on the history of the Party我们何时听党史报告（定语）His elder brother is in the army.他的哥哥在部队。（表语） I went to school at half past seven yesterday.昨天我7：30 上学。（状语） 《 Will you please come along with me跟我一起走好吗（状语） ※同一个汉语词可以译成不同的英语介词。例如： 一幢石头的房子 a house of stone 这个房间的钥匙 the key to this room 明天的票 the ticket for tomorrow 《 （一）About 1．表示地点：在。。。周围；在。。。附近 We took the foreign guests about the campus. 我们带领外宾在校园里各处看看。 2．表示时间：大约。。。；近于。。。时刻前后We left there about six o’clock 我大约在六点左右离开那个地方。 3．表示客体关系：对于；关于；有关。例如：1) I must see him, I’ve heard so much about him 我必须要见他，我听到很多关于他的事情。2) What do you know about China 关于中国你知道些啥 （二）Above 表示位置，职位，数量，年龄等：在。。。上方；在。。。之上；超过。。。 1) Henry’s work is well above the average.亨利的功课大大超过一般水平。 2) A bird is flying above the woods. 一只鸟在树林上飞。 3) The portrait is above the blackboard.一幅肖像挂在黑板的上方。 4) It weighs above five tons. 这东西有5 吨多重。 （三）Across 1．表动作方向/位置：横过；穿过。（在表面）1）The boy helped the old lady across the street. 男孩扶老大娘穿过马路。2) The tree had fallen down across the railway line.树倒啦，横在铁路上。 2．表示地点：在对面；在。。。的另一边。 1）The church is across the river. 教堂在河的对面。 （四）After 1.表示时间或位置：在。。。之后。 1）Please line up one after another. 请一个挨一个排好对。 He goes on working day after day ,week after week without any change. 他继续日复一日地工作，没有丝毫改变。Shut the door after you. 随手关门！ 2．引伸意义：仿照；按照。 Please make sentences after the model. 请照示例造句。 ※（五）Against 1．表示位置：依着；紧靠；撞击；碰着。 1) He rested his bike against the wall.他把自行车靠在墙上。 2) The rain was beating against the windows. 雨敲打着窗户。 2．引伸意义：反对；禁止。 1）Are you for it or against it 你是赞成还是反对 2) Is there a law in this country against spitting right and left 你们国家有没有反对随地吐痰的规定
英语介词with的用法 with结构是许多英语复合结构中最常用的一种。学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合结构、动名词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的构成、特点及用法等作一较全面阐述，以帮助同学们掌握这一重要的语法知识。 一、 with结构的构成 它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成，复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语，复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当，第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当，分词可以是现在分词，也可以是过去分词。With结构构成方式如下： 1. with或without-名词/代词+形容词； 2. with或without-名词/代词+副词； 3. with或without-名词/代词+介词短语； 4. with或without-名词/代词+动词不定式； 5. with或without-名词/代词+分词。 下面分别举例： 1、 She came into the room，with her nose red because of cold.（with+名词+形容词，作伴随状语） 2、 With the meal over ， we all went home.（with+名词+副词，作时间状语） 3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。（with+名词+介词短语，作伴随状语。） The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand. 4、He lay in the dark empty house，with not a man ，woman or child to say he was kind to me.（with+名词+不定式，作伴随状语） He could not finish it without me to help him.（without+代词 +不定式，作条件状语） 5、She fell asleep with the light burning.（with+名词+现在分词，作伴随状语） 6、Without anything left in the cupboard， she went out to get something to eat.（without+代词+过去分词，作为原因状语）
Vietnam Vietnam Personal Income Tax Vietnam personal income tax rates are progressive to 35%. Nonresidents are taxed at a flat tax rate of 20%. Nonemployment income is taxed at rates from 0.1% to 25%. Individuals are responsible for self-declaration and payment of tax.
All residents and non-residents are subject to Personal Income Tax in Vietnam. A resident is liable to pay tax on income sourced in Vietnam as well as on the portion of income from foreign sources (except for non-taxable income, including income from real estate transferred between a husband, wife and blood-relations, scholarships, and overseas remittances). Residence– An individual is resident if he/she: (1) spends 183 days or more in the aggregate in a 12-month period in Vietnam starting from the date the individual arrives in Vietnam; (2) maintains a residence in Vietnam; or (3) has leased a residence for 90 days or more in a tax year. Deductions : Available for family considerations for residents, comprising children under 18, unemployed spouses and elderly and unemployed parents. Other taxes on individuals:
with在下列结构中起副词作用： 1."with+宾语+现在分词或短语"，如： 2."with+宾语+过去分词或短语"，如： （2）With different techniques used，different results can be obtained. （3）The TV mechanic entered the factory with tools carried in both hands. 3."with+宾语+形容词或短语"，如： （5）Every night，Helen sleeps with all the windows open. 4."with+宾语＋介词短语"，如： （6）With the school badge on his shirt，he looks all the more serious. （7）Withesecurityguardnearthegatenobadcharactercoulddoanythingillegal. 5."with+宾语＋副词虚词"，如： （8）You cannot leave the machine there with electric power on. （9）How can you lock the door with your guests in？ 上面五种"with"结构的副词功能，相当普遍，尤其是在科技英语中。 接着谈"with"结构的形容词功能，有下列五种： 一、"with+宾语+现在分词或短语"，如： （10）The body with a constant force acting on it. moves at constant pace. （11）Can you see the huge box with a long handle attaching to it？二、"with+宾语+过去分词或短语" （12）Throw away the container with its cover sealed.