![英国文学重点作品赏析[1]](https://img.doczj.com/imgea/071plsnutspg884cf52v-a1.webp)
![英国文学重点作品赏析[1]](https://img.doczj.com/imgea/071plsnutspg884cf52v-e2.webp)
Hamlet is the first work of literature to look squarely at the stupidity, falsity and sham of everyday life, without laughing and without easy answers. In a world where things are not as they seem, Hamlet…s genuineness, thoughtfulness, and sincerity make him special.
Hamlet is no saint. But unlike most of the other characters (and most people today), Hamlet chooses not to compromise with evil. Dying, Hamlet reaffirms the tragic dignity of a basically decent person in a bad world
Hamlet is the first work of literature to show an ordinary person looking at the futility and wrongs in life, asking the toughest questions and coming up with honest semi-answers like most people do today.
Unlike so much of popular culture today, "Hamlet" leaves us with the message that life is indeed worth living, even by imperfect people in an imperfect world.
犹豫scholars have debated for centuries about Hamlet's hesitation in killing his uncle. Some see it as a plot device to prolong the action, and others see it as the result of pressure exerted by the complex philosophical and ethical issues that surround cold-blooded murder, calculated revenge and thwarted desire.
More recently, psychoanalytic critics have examined Hamlet's unconscious desires (Freud concludes that Hamlet has an "Oedipal desire for his mother and the subsequent guilt [is] preventing him from murdering the man [Claudius] who has done what he unconsciously wanted to do".
Analysis of “To be, or not to be”
The main idea
The speech conveys a sense of world-weariness as well as the author?s incisive comments on the social reality of his time.
Unlike the earlier single-minded avengers, Hamlet lives between action and resolution. He is so contemplative that he examines the nature of the action only to deny its possibility. He considers it better for people to die, but then says nobody knows what happens in the afterlife.
One of the clearest summaries of this soliloquy was provided by Schopenhauer :
'The essential purport of the world-famous monologue in Hamlet is, in condensed form, that our state is so wretched that complete non-existence would be decidedly preferable to it. Now if suicide actually offered
us this, so that the alternative "to be or not to be" lay before us in the full sense of the words, it could be chosen unconditionally as a highly desirable termination ("a consummation devoutly to be wish'd" [Act III, Sc. I.]). There is something in us, however, which tells us that this is not so, that this is not the end of things, that death is not an absolute annihilation.' .
Sonnet 18
This sonnet is certainly the most famous in the sequence of Shakespeare's sonnets; it may be the most famous lyric poem in English. Among Shakespeare's works, only lines such as "To be or not to be" and "Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?" are better-known. This is not to say that it is at all the best or most interesting or most beautiful of the sonnets; but the simplicity and loveliness of its praise of the beloved has guaranteed its place.
Meterical Pattern
abab cdcd efef gg
Theme
The message is that in this world no beauty (in Nature) can stay except poetry or art; and your beauty can only last if I write it down in my poetry.
Also notice the love play. Apparently the poet is addressing a man of his heart, the wooing sounds more like a game play than anything real and sincere. The love here is too conditional to be genuine.
Structure
Proposal (line1-2)
Argument (line3-12)
Conclusion (line13-14)
Sonnet 29
Sonnet 29 shows us the poet at his most insecure and troubled. He feels himself unlucky, disgraced, and jealous of those around him. What is causing the poet's anguish one can only guess, but an examination of the circumstances surrounding his life at the time he wrote sonnet 29 could help us to understand his depression. In 1592, the London theatres closed due to a severe outbreak of the plague. Although it is possible that Shakespeare toured the outlying areas of London with acting companies like Pembroke's Men or Lord Strange's Men, it seems more likely that he left the theatre entirely during this time, possibly
to work on his non-dramatic poetry. The closing of the playhouses made it hard for Shakespeare and other actors of the day to earn a living. With plague and poverty threatening his life, it is only natural that he felt "in disgrace with fortune".
Moreover, in 1592 there came a scathing attack on Shakespeare by dramatist Robert Greene, who wrote in a deathbed diary: "There is an upstart crow, beautified with our feathers, that with his Tygers heart wrapt in a Players hide supposes he is as well able to bombast out a blank verse as the best of you; and, being an absolute Johannes Factotum, is in his own conceit the only Shake-scene in a country." Shakespeare was deeply disturbed by this assault, feeling disgraced in "men's eyes" as well as fortune's.
The poet is so forlorn that even the passion for his profession as an actor seems to have died (8). But the sonnet ends with a positive affirmation that all is not lost -- that the poet's dear friend can compensate for the grief he feels.
Paradise Lost
—John Milton
1. Introduction
Long epic in 12 books
Written in blank verse
Based on Genesis《创世纪》in the Old Testament
Dramatizes the Biblical account of humanity?s banishment.
2. Theme
—Milton?s aimed purpose: “justify the ways of God to man”（昭示天道对人的公正）
—Real purpose: challenge the restored monarch
·God — tyrannical, represents the king
·Satan — rebelling against monarch
·Love between Adam and Eve — human pursuit for happiness, the spirit of Renaissance
3. Writing features
—Milton style: Sonority洪亮, Eloquence雄辩, Majesty尊严, Grandeur壮美
·The blank verse
·Long and involved sentences
—Latinate style
·Inversion
·Allusion
William Blake
The Lame
The poem is written in rhyming couplets with alternating iambic and anapestic feet. it?s one of the poems that collected in Songs of Innocence which express the poe t?s delight in life, even in the face of sorrow and suffering.
The poem is a child song, in the form of a question and answer. The first stanza is rural and descriptive, while the second focuses on abstract spiritual matters and contains explanation and analogy. The child?s question is both na?ve and profound. “who made thee” is a simple question, but the child is also tapping into the deep and timeless questions that all human beings have, about their own origins and the nature of creation. The situation of a child talking to an animal is a believable one. Yet by answering his own question the child coverts it into a rhetorical one, thus counteraction the initial spontaneous sense of the poem, and also reveals his confidence in his simple Christian faith and his innocent acceptance of its teachings.
The lamb symbolizes Jesus, as Jesus has a traditional image as a lamb. The image of the child is also associated with Jesus: in the Gospel, Jesus displays a special concern for children. This poem, like many of the poems in Songs of Innocence, accepts that Blake saw as the most positive aspects of conventional Christian belief.
Robinson Crusoe
—Daniel Defoe
1. Theme:
—to sing the praises of human labor
—to celebrate the strength of human rational will to conquer the natural environment
—to beautify colonialism & Negro slavery
2. Plot:
run away from home → become a sailor → a planter in Brazil → to an uninhabited island because of shipwreck → made a living there all by himself → save a negro named Friday who became his servant → back to England → visit the remote island again and Friday was killed
3. Robinson Crusoe’s characterization:
typical of the rising English bourgeois class, practical, diligent, a restless curiosity to know more about the world and a desire to prove individual power in the face of social and natural challenges; shrewd, care about money and good at managing; courageous and intelligent to overcome all kinds of obstacles
4. Style:
journalistic truth with many vivid details, simple and plain sentence structure and language, first person point of view, natural order in narration, making the story intimate to the readers and become popular among lower classes
Robinson is a grand hero in westerners? eyes. He survived in the deserted island and led a meaningful life.
Robinson is a colonist, as can be seen from his selling the boy who helped save his life at the beginning of the novel.
Robinson is a capitalist, as can be seen from his disposal of the gold coins he happens to find on the wrecked ship.
Robinson is a man chauvinist, as can be seen from his comment on women.
Robinson Crusoe is the first important English novel in the picaresque tradition. It is also the fundamental work in English island literature.
Robert Burns
A Red, Red, Rose
The metrical pattern of the poem is basically in the ballad form, i.e. each stanza consisting of four lines, with four stressed syllables in the odd-numbered lines and three stressed syllables in the
even-numbered lines, and with rhymes occurring on the even-numbered lines.
The image of rose evokes traditional associations of beauty, love and romance. Its simple lyrics and straight form and expression of feeling make it a favorite choice for poetry anthologies and a most appreciated poem for readers. Incorporating various elements from folk songs, the poem is supposed to be a song sung by an Irish sailor to his sweet heart before his ship sailed off to sea, the exaggerated declaration of love “till the seas are gone dry and till the rock melts” can remind us of a well known Chinese oath. There is no tearful parting. But determined hope of reunion: the sailor will come back to his sweet heart” though it were ten thousand miles.”
What’s symbolism? 1）Symbolism is a movement in literature and the visual arts that originated in France in the late 19th century. In literature, symbolism was an aesthetic movement that encouraged writers to express their ideas, feelings, and values by means of symbols or suggestions rather than by direct statements. Hawthorne and Melville are masters of symbolism in America in the 19th century. 2）举例。
48. “Young Goodman Brown ”is one of Hawthorne ’s most profound tales. What is the allegorical meaning of Brown, the protagonist? What does Hawthorne set out to prove in this tale? How does Melville comment on Hawthorne ’s manner of concerning with guilt and evil?
**ELIZABETH **4. A comparison of the three giants: William Dean Howells; Mark Twain; and Henry James They are the three dominant figures of the realistic period. The forerunner of American Realism is Howells. Though the three writers wrote more or less at the same time, they differed in their understanding of the “truth.”While Mark Twain and Howells seemed to have paid more attention to the “life”of the Americans, Henry James had apparently laid a greater emphasis on the “inner world”of man. Though Twain and Howells both shared the same concern in presenting the truth of the American society, they had each of them different emphasis. Howells focused his discussion on the rising middle class and the way they lived, while Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories. This particular concern about the local character of a region came about as “local colorism,”a unique variation (变体) of American literary realism.
《外国文学专题》期末复习 外国文学专题，中央电大必修课程。4学分，开设一学期。 四次平时形成性考核，占30分（见沧州电大在线）。期末开卷考试，占70分。 绪论 第一编现实主义文学 包括二章： 第一章 20世纪西欧及美国的现实主义文学；第二章 20世纪俄苏现实主义文学。 第二编现代主义文学（二战结束前） 包括五章： 第一章表现主义；第二章后期象征主义；第三章意识流小说；第四章存在主义；第五章俄苏现代主义文学及非主流作家。 第三编后现代主义文学（二战结束后） 包括四章： 第一章荒诞派戏剧；第二章新小说；第三章黑色幽默；第四章拉丁美洲魔幻现实主义文学。 具体学习要求： 绪论 [教学要求] 了解：20世纪世界历史的基本特征、西方哲学、心理学的主要代表人物的学说要点、20世纪欧美文学的发展轨迹。 20世纪是历史上空前的大战争、大革命、大动荡的世纪，是思想文化、哲学社会科学和美学思想最为繁荣的世纪，是欧美文学（理论与批评、创作方法与文学流派）发生最大变化的世纪，是最追求标新立异的世纪。世界文学在20世纪真正形成。
第一编20世纪欧美现实主义文学 引言 [教学要点] 掌握：20世纪欧美文学现实主义文学的基本特征。 20世纪欧美现实主义文学与19世纪欧美现实主义相比，显示了一些重要特征,主要表现为：1.视域和主题的变化；2.创作理念的变化；3.方法与形式的变化。 第一章20世纪西欧及美国现实主义文学 [教学要点] 了解：20世纪英国、法国、德语国家及其他地区、美国的现实主义文学主要代表作家作品，理解：“愤怒的青年”、“迷惘的一代”、“垮掉的一代”等概念。 了解：萧伯纳生平和创作概况。理解：萧伯纳戏剧创作的主要特征。掌握：《巴巴拉少校》的主要人物形象、思想内容和艺术特点。 了解：托马斯·曼生平和创作概况。理解：《魔山》、《布登博洛克一家》的思想内容、托马斯·曼的现实主义和传统现实主义的不同之处。 了解：布莱希特生平和创作概况。掌握：布莱希特“叙事剧”戏剧理论的主要内容、《胆大妈妈和她的孩子们》的思想内容及所表现的“叙事剧”艺术特点。 了解：海明威生平和创作概况。理解：《永别了，武器》的思想内容。掌握：《老人与海》的思想内容和艺术特点、海明威“冰山原则”的内涵。 了解：索尔·贝娄生平和创作概况。掌握：《赫索格》的主人公形象、思想内容和艺术特点。 第一节概述 20世纪西欧和美国现实主义文学的主要成就。 英国：较为传统的现实主义作家高尔斯华绥、（萧伯纳见专节）；接受现代主义（后现代主义）创作手法的作家劳伦斯、戈尔丁、多丽丝·莱辛；左翼进步作家旭恩·奥凯西；“愤怒的青年”等。 法国：罗曼·罗兰、安德烈·纪德、弗朗索瓦·莫里亚克、路易·阿拉贡、安德烈·马尔罗、亨利·巴比塞、马丁·杜·加尔。 德语国家及欧洲其他地区：亨利希·曼、托马斯·曼；反战文学及雷马克；德国无产阶级文学及安娜·西格斯、布莱希特；西德“废墟文学”。奥地利的茨威格、瑞士的迪伦马特；欧洲其他地区作家作品。 美国：20世纪初的重要作家：弗兰克·诺里斯、厄普顿·辛克莱、杰克·伦敦、德莱
《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements (此处可能会有填空,选择等小题 2. Romance (名词解释 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’ s story 4. Ballad(名词解释 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释 8. Renaissance(名词解释 9.Thomas More—— Utopia 10. Sonnet(名词解释 11. Blank verse(名词解释12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies” (推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照,本文用词正式优雅,多排比句和长句,语言造诣非常高,里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句,非常值得一读 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要,此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了,这些剧的主题,背景,情节,人物形象都要熟悉,当然他最重要的是 Hamlet 这是肯定的。他的sonnet 也很重要,最重要属 sonnet18。 (其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要,特别是 Paradise Lost 和 Samson Agonistes。对于 Paradise Lost 需要知道它是 blank verse写成的,故事情节来自 Old Testament,另外要知道此书 theme 和 Satan 的形象。
I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud By William Wordsworth 1 I wandered lonely as a cloud 我好似一朵孤独的流云, （Simile） That floats on high o'er vales and hills,高高地飘游在山谷之上, （Simile） When all at once I saw a crowd,突然我看见一大片鲜花, （Personification/Metaphor） A host, of golden daffodils;是金色的水仙遍地开放, Beside the lake, beneath the trees, 它们开在湖畔,开在树下, （alliteration） Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.它们随风嬉舞,随风波荡。（Personification/Metaphor 2 Continuous as the stars that shine 它们密集如银河的星星, And twinkle on the milky way, 像群星在闪烁一片晶莹; （一二两行Simile/hyperbole） They stretched in never-ending line 它们沿着海湾向前伸展, Along the margin of a bay: 通往远方仿佛无穷无尽; （三四两行Simile/hyperbole） Ten thousand saw I at a glance, 一眼看去就有千朵万朵, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance..万花摇首舞得多么高兴。（personification） 3 The waves beside them danced; but they粼粼湖波也在近旁欢跳, （personification） Out-did the sparkling waves in glee:却不如这水仙舞得轻俏; （personification） A poet could not but be gay；诗人遇见这快乐的旅伴, In such a jocund company;又怎能不感到欣喜雀跃; I gazed—and gazed—but little thought我久久凝视——却未领悟 What wealth the show to me had brought:...这景象所给我的精神之宝。 4 For oft when on my couch I lie后来多少次我郁郁独卧, In vacant or in pensive mood, 感到百无聊赖心灵空漠;
英国文学史 Part one: Early and Medieval English Literature Chapter 1 The Making of England 1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts. 2. In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar. The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years. It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain. And in 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned. 3. The English Conquest At the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates（海盗）. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles. And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo -Saxon, or Old English. 4. The Social Condition of the Anglo -Saxon Therefore, the Anglo -Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism. 5. Anglo -Saxon Religious Belief and Its Influence The Anglo -Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century. Chapter 2 Beowulf 1. Anglo -Saxon Poetry But there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf. 3. Analysis of Its Content Beowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo -Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century. 4. Features of Beowulf The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements. Chapter 3 Feudal England 1）T he Norman Conquest 2. The Norman Conquest The French -speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England. The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.
外国文学(1）作业 第一章古代文学 简述题： 1、简述希腊神话的内容和特征 （一）神话的起源 希腊神话是古代希腊人民留给后世的一份丰富多彩的口头文学遗产。在原始社会中，人们不可能科学地解释自然，只能借助于想象来达到这样的目的。这就产生了神话。 （二）神话的内容 希腊神话主要包括神的故事和英雄传说两部分。 神的故事主要包括关于开天辟地、神的产生、神的谱系、天上的改朝换代、人类的起源和神的日常活动的故事。 （三）神话的特点 希腊神话的特点是高度人格化，人神同形同性。 2、简述荷马史诗的思想内容和艺术特色 （一）思想内容 首先，荷马史诗反映了古希腊氏族公社向奴隶制过渡时期的历史社会生活。 其次，史诗热情歌颂了英雄们的勇敢、智慧、刚毅、顽强和崇高的荣誉感、责任感，如阿喀琉斯、赫克托耳、奥德修等人物。 再次，荷马史诗中已经表现出以人为本的思想。一是热爱现世生活。二是肯定人的力量。三是歌颂了劳动。 （二）艺术成就 史诗中已出现现实主义和浪漫主义这两种最基本的创作方法的因素。 史诗结构巧妙完整。作品没有从头至尾叙述十年的战争。而是采用高度集中概括的手法，把故事集中在一个人物、一个事情、一段时间上。 第二章中世纪文学 简述题： 1、结合具体作品阐述《列那狐的故事》 《列那狐的故事》——《列那狐的故事》是中世纪城市文学代表作。作品假托动物世界的故事，实际上表现的是人类的社会。列那狐对伊桑格兰狼的斗争是贯穿始终的主线。列那狐的形象体现了市民阶级的双重性：一方面它和狮王、狼那样的大权贵进行斗争，表现了市民阶级对封建统治阶级的反抗思想；另一方面它也欺凌残害弱小者，表现了市民上层与下层之间的矛盾。 论述题： 1、试述《神曲》的两重性
英国文学史 I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages
浙江大学远程教育学院 《外国文学(1）》课程作业答案（选做） 第一章古代文学 名词解释： 1、“俄林波斯神系”——俄林波斯神系是希腊神话中神的故事的一部分。神的故事包括天地的开辟、神和人的起源、四季的成因、动植物的出现，以及以宙斯为首的俄林波斯神族成员的活动。古希腊人按照人的形象创造了神，并认为天上也和人间一样有一个神的大家庭，因其居住在希腊北部的俄林波斯山上而称为俄林波斯神系。主要的神有神王宙斯，神后赫拉，宙斯的哥哥冥王哈得斯、海神波塞冬，还有宙斯的儿子太阳神阿波罗、战神阿瑞斯、工匠之神赫淮斯托斯，女儿智慧女神雅典娜、爱神和美神阿佛洛狄忒。此外，还有9个缪斯是文艺女神，3个摩伊勒是命运女神。以宙斯为主宰的“俄林波斯神统”是个高度组织化、纪律化的社会，是父权社会的反映。 2、《荷马史诗》——相传是公元前九至八世纪由一个名叫荷马的盲诗人根据在小亚细亚流传的史诗短歌综合编成的，包括《伊利昂纪》和《奥德修纪》，是欧洲文学史中最早的重要作品。史诗反映了古希腊氏族公社向奴隶制过渡时期的历史社会生活，歌颂了古希腊人民理想的英雄，如阿喀琉斯、赫克托耳、奥德修等。史诗还表现出古希腊人热爱现世生活、肯定人的力量的以人为本的思想。史诗在艺术上的成就也很高，出现了现实主义和浪漫主义这两种最基本的创作方法的因素，史诗的结构巧妙完整。荷马史诗在素材、思想内容、艺术方面对后世欧洲产生了重大影响。 3、《俄狄浦斯王》——《俄狄浦斯王》为古希腊悲剧作家索福克勒斯于西元前427年根据希腊神话中俄狄浦斯的故事所创作的一出希腊悲剧，为希腊悲剧中的代表之作。作品描述俄狄浦斯竭力逃避神谕所示的命运，而这逃避本身恰恰在实践着神谕。本书主题是人的意志和命运的冲突。诗人承认命运的存在，同时谴责命运的邪恶，赞颂人的不屈不挠的积极斗争精神。亚里士多得高度评价《俄狄浦斯王》的结构，把它视为古希腊悲剧的典范。 第二章中世纪文学 名词解释： 1、骑士文学——骑士文学是中世纪欧洲特有的一种文学现象。它是骑士制度的产物，是世俗封建主文学的主要成就，法国的骑士文学最兴盛。骑士文学的主要内容是写骑士的冒险故事、骑士与贵妇人之间的爱情故事。骑士文学的主要体裁有骑士抒情诗（《破晓歌》）和骑士叙事诗（《特里斯丹和伊瑟》）。骑士文学表现出反禁欲主义、反封建婚姻礼教、肯定现实生活的积极因素。在艺术方面，骑士抒情诗注意心理描写，诗律新颖多样，对文艺复兴时期的抒情诗的发展有一定影响。
Alexander Pope An Essay on Man （know then thyself） The poem is written in iambic tetrameter, every two line have the same thyme at the last word. The poem is important in the sense that it embodies the 18th century concepts of the universe and man’s place in it, that is man is made in the shape of God, and occupies a middle position in the Great Chain of Being. As the poet says sometimes we have too much knowledge and feel suspect about everything, but sometimes we have too much weakness and can not be as pride as Stotic, sometimes we seem to have the power to rule all things but sometimes we seem prey to all. We are in the middle place and sometimes we are confused about whether to act or rest. The poet perfectly describes man’s feeling about ourselves and about the world. Although Pope is never profound in thought but he is very adapt in voicing the idea of his contemporaries in a beautiful and clever way. Robert Burns A Red, Red, Rose The metrical pattern of the poem is basically in the ballad form, i.e. each stanza consisting of four lines, with four stressed syllables in the odd-numbered lines and three stressed syllables in the even-numbered lines, and with rhymes occurring on the even-numbered lines. The image of rose evokes traditional associations of beauty, love and romance. Its simple lyrics and straight form and expression of feeling make it a favorite choice for poetry anthologies and a most appreciated poem for readers. Incorporating various elements from folk songs, the poem is supposed to be a song sung by an Irish sailor to his sweet heart before his ship sailed off to sea, the exaggerated declaration of love “till the
1.现实主义、批判现实主义（代表人物、作品，以及每部作品讲了什么故事）P276—比如《匹克威克外传》主要讲什么？P281 《双城记》主要讲什么？P298 《大卫科波菲尔》主要讲什么？P292 2.其中自传体形式的作品有哪些？ 3.傲慢与偏见的第一个名字：first impression(Pride and prejudice现) 4.三姐妹指的是？ 5.19世纪有名小说名利场副标题：“A Novel Without a Hero”作者：William Makepeace Thackeray P303 6.18th浪漫主义作家、代表作P211 反对什么,反抗什么思想？ 7.Pop代表作有哪些？P134 剪发记？ 8.玄学诗派有哪些人物组成？Leading Feature? P116 9.乌托邦is written in form of ?P33 10.Universal Wicks大学才子是谁？P50 11.中世纪文学流行的是? 主题特征骑马精神P8？ 12.最著名作家：乔叟P19 13.对于三次征服的概念（1）罗马征服P1 （2）英国人征服P2（3）诺曼征服P5 14.人民大宪章什么时候出现？时间：1837年
1.John Milton He was born in London in 1608. He is a master of the blank verse, and a great stylist. And he is famous for his grand style.But his style is never exactly natural. He devoted almost twenty years of his best life to the fight for political, religious and personal liberty as a writer. His famous works are Paradise lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes. 2.Romance Romance was the most prevailing kind of literature of the upper class in feudal England in the Medieval Ages. It is a long composition in verse or in prose which describes the life and chivalric adventures of a noble hero. The central character of romances is the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapon. The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances. 3.the Enlightenment It is the philosophical and artistic movement growing out of the Renaissance and continuing until the nineteenth century. It was an optimistic belief that humanity could improve itself by applying logic and reasons to all things. Typically, these enlightenment writers would use satire to ridicule what they felt illogical errors in government, social
一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066) 1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒) 2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法 3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法） 例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved, To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise. 二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) Canto 诗章 1、romance 传奇文学 2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗 三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期 1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父 2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格) 3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端) 大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups. 朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体 小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character. 这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。 小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信) and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命运). 他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。 4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(笔记) Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(书上). 歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式
外国文学史1 一、填空 1、维吉尔是古罗马最伟大的诗人，史诗《埃涅阿斯纪》是代表作。埃涅阿斯建立的新国家是——罗马。 2、《伊利昂纪》以战争结束前50天的战事为描写重点，以阿基琉斯的愤怒为主线。 3、古希腊戏剧包括悲剧、喜剧、萨图罗斯剧（羊人剧）、拟剧。 4、埃斯库罗斯被后人尊称为“悲剧之父”。 5、索福克勒斯《俄狄浦斯王》，命运的性质是邪恶的，不可顺从的，命运的力量是巨大的，不可抗拒的， 命运的根源是神秘的，不可解释的。 6、中世纪英雄史诗代表作，法国《罗兰之歌》，西班牙《熙德之歌》，德国《尼伯龙根之歌》，古罗斯《伊 戈尔远征记》。 7、骑士抒情诗尤其以“破晓歌”最为著名。 8、骑士传奇的题材来源系统：不列颠故事系统；拜占庭系统；古代系统 9、城市文学长篇叙事诗代表：法国《列那狐传奇》最重要。表现市民阶层内部的矛盾，谴责了上层市民弱 肉强食的行径。 10、《神曲》采用中世纪文学特有的幻游形式。 11、《神曲》分为《地狱》、《炼狱》、《天堂》，采用俗语写作，托斯卡纳方言。 12、十四行诗、框架式短篇小说，尤其是长篇小说等艺术样式都发端于人文主义文学时期。 13、彼特拉克被认为是第一个人文主义者，“人文主义之父”，指出“人学”和“神学”是两个对立的概念。 抒情诗集《歌集》。 14、英国人文主义学者托马斯．莫尔《乌托邦》 15、16世纪中叶，伦敦剧作家众多，“大学才子派”。 16、《十日谈》故事有楔子，采用故事会的形式，大框架中套小框架，故事中套故事，框架式结构。 17、笛卡尔的唯理主义是古典主义的哲学基础。 18、法国马莱布是古典主义文学的开创者，要求语言准确、明晰、和谐、庄重。 19、拉辛悲剧《安德洛马克》展示了为满足情欲而置国家利益和义务于不顾的人物。 20、弥尔顿，清教徒文学诗作《失乐园》，《复乐园》，《力士参孙》。 21、莫里哀喜剧《伪君子》，“达尔杜弗”成为伪君子的代名词。 22、法国启蒙文学作家狄德罗，对话体小说《拉摩的侄儿》。 23、莱辛是德国民族文学的真正奠基人，剧作《萨拉．萨姆逊小姐》是欧洲文学中第一部市民悲剧。 24、卢梭代表作《新爱洛伊丝》、《爱弥尔》、《忏悔录》。 25、卢梭作品特色：1、讴歌大自然。2、对人性作了深入的挖掘。3、卢梭的作品充满激情。4、卢梭具有 演说家的风格。 26、歌德代表作《浮士德》。 二、简答题 1、人物形象分析 2、文学类型题材 十四行诗 ．．．．：四行诗是欧洲的一种抒情诗体。音译为"商籁体"，语源于普罗旺斯语Sonet。原系中世纪民间流行并用于歌唱的一种短小诗歌。 自欧洲进入文艺复兴时代之后，这种诗体获得广泛的运用。意大利的诗人彼特拉克成了运用十四行诗体
1.A novel is a highly stylized prose account of fictional reality in the form of story with profundity for the purpose of changing the reader’s mind by the aid of the reader’s active involvement while providing entertainment and superior truth of life. 2.Character is an invented personality to resemble but never to equal a real person in life. Characters refer to people, animals, things, etc. in a literary work presented as people. 3.A plot is a particular arrangement of happenings in a novel that is aimed at revealing their causal relationships or at conveying the novelist’s ideas. 4.The theme of a novel is its controlling idea or its central insight about human beings and life. 5.Epistolary novel is a novel which consists of the letters the characters write to each other. 6.Roman a Clef is a novel with a key, and the key is usually a famous figure or, in some cases, the author. 7.Nonfictional novel is a novel that depicts real events with techniques of fiction. 8.Anagnorisis refers to the recognition by the tragic hero of some truth about his or her identity or actions that accompanies the reversal of the situation in the plot, the peripeteia. 9.Catharsis refers to the the purging of the emotions of pity and fear that are aroused in the viewer of a tragedy. 10.Hamartia refers to the "tragic flaw" of the hero such as "sin," "error," "trespass,“and "missing the mark". 11.A ballad refers to a short simple narrative poem often relating a dramatic event (folk and literary). 12.A narrative poem is one that mainly tells a relatively complete story. 13.A sonnet is a lyric invariably of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme. 1）Petrarchan Sonnet: Italian sonnet; Named after Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374), the Italian poet; Introduced into English poetry in the early 16th century by Sir Thomas Wyatt; Structure: an octave with the rhyme pattern abbaabba and a sestet of various rhyme patterns such as cdecde, cdcdcd or cde edc.; Octave: projecting and developing a subject in the octave; sestet: executing a turn 2）Shakespearean Sonnet: Elizabethan sonnet; English sonnet; Developed first by Henry Howard (1517-1547) ; Structure: 3 quatrains and a terminal couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg; 1st quatrain: introducing an idea; 2nd quatrain: complicating it; 3rd quatrain: complicating it still further; final epigrammatic couplet: resolving the whole thing 3）Spenserian Sonnet: a variant on the English Sonnet; Named after the 16th Century poet Edmund Spenser; Structure: 3 quatrains and a couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme abab bcbc cdcd ee. 14.Rhyme refers to the repetition of the stressed vowel sound and all succeeding sounds. 15.Rhythm is communicated by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables 16.Image refers to the element in a poem that sparks off the senses, the representation of sense experience through language