语法复习专题（7 ）
动词时态和语态
一、考点聚焦
1、动词时态考查要点简述
（ 1）一般现在时考点分析
①表示客观事实或普通真理（不受时态限制）
The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.
Water boils at 100 o C.
②表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多
用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。
Ice feels cold.
We always care for each other and help each other.
③表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see 、hear 、smell 、taste 、feel 、notice 、agree 、believe 、like 、hate 、 want 、think 、belong seem 等。如：
I know what you mean.
Smith owns a car and a house.
All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.
④在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if引导的条件
状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿” ，但不表示时态。
If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will
be pleased. 如果你愿意接受并参加我们的舞会，我的家人会非常高兴。
⑤少数用于表示起止的动词如come、go、leave 、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、
pen 、close、end、stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排
要发生的动作。当 be 表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现的状态，只用一般现在时。
The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day.
Tomorrow is Wednesday.
（ 2 ）一般过去时的考点分析（考核重点）。
①一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间
状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示）；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。如：
I met her in the street yesterday.
I once saw the famous star here.
They never drank wine.
*1*
I thought the film would be interesting,but it isn’t.
②如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中
的谓语动词连用过去式。如：
He told me he read an interesting novel last night.
③表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。
The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.
He bought a watch but lost it.
④常用一般过去时的句型：
Why didn ’ t you / I think of that?
I didn’ t notice it.
I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.
I didn’ t recognize him.
（ 3 ）一般将来时考点分析。
①表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall + 动词（常与表示将来的时间状语边用
如 tomorrow、next week等）。
②表示一种趋向或习惯动作。
We’ ll die without air or water.
③表示趋向行为的动词如come、 go 、 start、begin、leave等词常用进行时的形式
表示将来时。
④ be going to与will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及区别：
be going to表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，
甚至已做了某种准备；shall / will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。
be going to表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则能，表意愿。如：
I f it is fine, we’ ll go fishing.(正确)
If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(错误)
be to do sth.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能
性等。
A meeting is to be held at 3:00 o’ clock this afternoon.
be about to do sth.表示“即可，就要”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。
Autumn harvest is about to start.
（4 ）现在进行时考点分析。①表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段
但不一定是发生在讲话时；表近
期特定的安排或计划；go 、 come 等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。如：It is raining now.
He is teaching English and learning Chinese.
I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight.
We are leaving on Friday.
At six I am bathing the baby.(I start bathing the bady before six.)
*2*
The girl is always talking loud in public.(与always、often等频度副词连用，
表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩)
②下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。（ A）表示心理状态、情感的动作：like,love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。（B）表存
在的状态的动词：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, depend on。（C）表示一时性动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。（D）表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。
（ 5 ）过去完成时考点分析（考核重点）。
①常用过去完成时的几种情况：（ A）在 by 、by the end 、by the time 、until、before、since 后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。如：By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station.
(B) 表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant /
intended/
though / wanted / expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示即：hoped / planned , + to have done。（C）“时间名词+ before ”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用
过去完成时；“时间名词+ ago ”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。如：He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years
ago. （ D）表示“一,, 就”的几个句型：Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had +主语
+ 过去分词 + when / than / before + 一般过去时。如： We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.
②在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。
After he (had)left the room, the boss came in.
We arrived home before it snowed.
（ 6 ）过去将来时考点分析。
参照一般将来时对比：用would do 、 was / were going to do sth.表过去将来；come、
go 、 leave等过去进行时表过去将来时；was / were to do sth.和was / were about to
do sth.表过去将来。
（7 ）过去进行时考点分析。①过去某一时刻正在进行的动作
或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。
②某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when 或 while引导的时间状语
从句中。
（ 8 ）现在完成时考点分析。
①现在完成时除可以和for 、 since引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连
用： during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)、in recent years 等。
②下列句型中常用现在完成时
It is (has been) +一段时间+ since从句
This(That / It)is the first(second,)time that +完成时
This(That / It)is the only , + that +完成时
*3*
This(that / It)is the best / finest / most interesting , + that从句+完成时
③在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。如：
I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.
If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better.
Don’ t get off the bus until it has stopped.
（9 ）注意几组时态的区别：①一般过去时与现在完成时：时间上有差异：凡有
过去时间的均用过去时态，不能
用完成时态，如含有ago 、 last year、just now、the other day等。
结果上有差异：现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果，动作到现在刚完成
或还在继续；一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”，和现在毫无关系。
②过去完成时与一般过去时：过去完成时强调的是“过去的过去”；如出现同一主语
连续几个动作（“连谓”）形式则只用一般过去时即可。
2 、被动语态考查要点简述
被动语态的构成方式：be +过去分词，口语只也有用get / become +过去分词表示。被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态。强调
或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态（by 短语有时可以省略）。
（ 1 ）使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。
①主动变化被动时双宾语的变化。看下列例句。
My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.
An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.
I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday.
②主动变被动时，宾补成主补（位置不变）；（作补语的）不定式前需加to 。
The boss made him work all day long.
He was made to work all day long(by the boss)
③短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。
The children were taken good care of (by her).
Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.
④情态动词和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better
等结构变被动语态，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be + 过去分词。
⑤当句子的谓语为say 、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report 等时，被动语态有两种形式：（ A）谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。（B）用it 作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示。如：
People say he is a smart boy.
It is said that he is a smart boy.
He is said to be a smart boy.
People know paper was made in China first.
It is known that paper was made in China first.
*4*
Paper was known to be made in China first.
类似句型有：It is said / known / suggested / believed/ hoped/ thought that,
（2 ）不能用被动语态的几种情况。①所有的不及物动词或不
及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。
②表示状态的谓语动词，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、 last、look like、consist to等。
③表示归属的动词，如have 、 own、 belong to等。
④表示“希望、意图”的动词，如：wish 、 want 、 hope 、 like、love、hate等。
⑤宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。
⑥宾语是同源宾语，不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。
⑦有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时，常见的动词有sell、write 、 wash 、 open 、 lock等。
（ 3 ）主动形式表被动意义。
①当feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容词
时；当cut 、 read 、 sell、
wear 、 write等词带状语修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意
义时。
This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布易洗。
These novels won’ t sell well. 这些小说不畅销。
My pen writes smoothly.我的钢笔写起来很流畅。
The door won’ t lock.门锁不上。
The fish smells good.鱼闻起来香。
②当 break out 、 take place 、 shut off 、 turn off 、 work out 等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”
等意思时。
The plan worked out successfully.
The lamps on the wall turn off.
③want, require, need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。
④ be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。
⑤在“ be + 形容词 + to do ”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。
This kind of water isn’ t fit to drink.
The girl isn’ t easy to get along with.
另外： be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent（出租）也用主动形式表被动。
（ 4 ）被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。
① be seated坐着He is seated on a bench.
② be hidden躲藏
（ He seats himself on a bench.）坐在凳子上。
He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在门后。
③ be lost迷路
④ be drunk喝醉
⑤ be dressed穿着
*5*
The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.
（5 ）被动语态与系表结构的区别
被动语态强调动作；系表结构表主语的特点或状态。如：
The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被动语态)
The book is well sold.(系表结构)
二、精典名题导解
选择填空
1. Visitors ________not to touch the exhibits.(NMET2001)
A.will request
B.are requested
C.are requesting
D.request
解析：答案为B。此题的时态是不难判断的，因为说的是一条规定，所以用一般现
在时，而visitor与request之间是动宾关系，即request visitors not to touch the exhibits,究竟是谁要求他们这样做呢？不清楚，也不必知道，因此需要用被动语态。分析visitors与request 之间的关系是此题的解题关键。
2. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology __________ so rapidly.(NMET2001)
A.is changing
B.has changed
C.will have changed
D.will change
解析：答案为A。此题考查现在进行时态的用法。句意为“选择一部移动电话不是
一件容易的事，因为科技发展得十分迅速。”本句的主句一般现在时表达的是目前的情况，
而“科技发展迅速”也是现阶段正存在的一种状态，不是在过去，也不是在将来，因此
只能用现在进行时表达。
3. All the preparations for the task ___________, and we’ re ready（2000to start年春.季高考）
https://www.doczj.com/doc/f014666.html,pleted
https://www.doczj.com/doc/f014666.html,plete
C.had been completed
D.have been completed
解析：答案为 D 。现在完成时表示过去年做的事对现在的影响。从and we’re ready to start句意可知，一切准备工作已经就绪，可以开始工作了。complete是及物动词，与句
子的主语是被动关系，所以需要用被动语态表达。注意①分清complete与主语之间的关
系；②结合语境选择正确时态。
4.My mind wasn’ t on what he was saying so I’ m afraidhalfI of it.
A. was missing
B. had missed
C. will miss
D. missed
解析：答案为 D 。本句考时态和语境。全句意思是；我的心没在他说的话上，所以
恐怕他说的话我有一半没听到。整个事情是过去的事，且是做过的事，所以选一般过去
时 D 。
5.The discussion alive when an interesting topic was brought in.
A. was coming
B. had come
C. has come
D. came
*6*
解析：答案为 D 。 come alive “变得活跃” 。照顾时间状语从句时态一致时。
6. — I hear Jane has gone to the Holy Island for her holiday.
— Oh, how nice! Do you know when she?
A. was leaving
B. had left
C. has left
D. left
解析：答案为 D 。考查动词时态，由现完成时的用法，可知动作发生在过去，故选D。
*7*