Note-taking Symbols and Abbreviations
for Your Reference
Abbreviations in Note taking
Use only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time. You should also familiarize yourself with those symbols in practice, otherwise, they mean nothing to you and will only impair your short term memory. Suppose you stare at those symbols for seconds, trying to figure out the meanings, how can you come up with the appropriate interpretation. So use them cautiously. Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts and references.
S = sum
f = frequency
Leave out periods in standard abbreviations.
cf = compare
e.g. = example
dept = department
Use only the first syllable of a word.
pol = politics
dem = democracy
lib = liberal
cap = capitalism
Use entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable.
pres = presentation
subj = subject
ind = individual
cons = conservative
Eliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation. assoc = associate biol = biology
info = information ach = achievement
chem = chemistry max = maximum
intro = introduction conc = concentration
min = minimum rep = repetition
Omit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word.
ppd = prepared prblm = problem
estmt = estimate bkgd = background
gvt = government
Use an apostrophe in place of letters.
am't = amount cont'd = continued
gov't = government educat'l = educational
Form the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s.
chpts = chapters egs = examples
fs = frequencies intros = introductions
Use g to represent ing endings.
ckg = checking estg = establishing
decrg = decreasing exptg = experimenting
Use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words.
& = and w/ = with
w/o = without vs = against
\ = therefore = = is or equal
Use technical symbols where applicable.
zb = German, for example ibid = Latin, the same work
o = degrees H2O = water
To distinguish among various forms of the same word, use the first syllable of the word, an apostrophe, and the ending of the word. Examples:
tech'gy technology
gen'ion generalisation
del'y delivery
More reference:
Spell out, rather than abbreviate short words. Examples:
in but as key
Leave out unimportant verbs. Examples:
is was were
Leave out unnecessary article s. Examples:
a an the
If a term, phrase, or name is initially written out in full during the talk or meeting, initials can be substituted whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. Example:
January Advertising Campaign Budget JACB
Create your own set of abbreviations and symbols. You may wish to develop separate sets of symbols and abbreviations for different courses or subjects.
Other Symbols and Abbreviations
as a result of / consequences of <--->
resulting in --->
and / also +
equal to / same as =
following ff
most importantly *
less than <
greater than > especially esp/
一、Abbreviated words (缩略词)
There are certain amount of abbreviated words in English, e.g. IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible. If you can make good use of them, it will help you in short-hand writing. Abbreviated words falls into four categories.
Leaveout all the vowels in a word.
MKT: market
MGR: manager
MSG: message
STD: standard
RCV: receive
Use only the first few letters.
INFO information
INS insurance
EXCH exchange
I owe you IOU
Instead of I/O
Use the beginning and last few pronuncing letters.
WK week
RM room
PL people
Make use of the pronounciation.
R are
THO though
THRU through
高级口译听力常用英语缩略词表
APT Apartment ACC Accountant ACDG According
ACPT Accept AD Advertisement ADS Address
ADV Advice AMAP As much/many as possible
AMT Amount APV Approve ASAP As soon as possible BAL Balance BLDG Building CERT Certificate
CFM Conform CNCL Cancel CNF Conference
CMI Commission CMP Complete CMPE Compete/competitive CMU Communication CONC Concern/concerning/concerned COND Condition
CO. Company DEPT Department DISC Discount
DPT Departure EXCH Exchange EXPLN Explain
EXT Extent FLT Flight FNT Final
FRT Freight FYR For your reference GD Good
GUAR Guarantee H.O. Home office INFO Information
IMPS Impossible IMP(T) Important INCD Include
INDIV Individual INS Insurance INTST Interested
I/O In stead of IOU I owe you IVO In view of
MANUF Manufacture MDL Model MEMO Memorandum
MGR Manger MIN Minimum MKT Market
MSG Message NCRY Necessary NLT No later than
OBS Observe OBT Obtain ORD Ordinary
PAT Patent PC Piece PKG Packing
PL People PLS Please POSN Position
POSS(BL) Possible PROD Product QLTY Quality
QUTY Quantity RCV Receive REF Reference
REGL Regular REP Representative RESN Reservation
RPT Repeat RESPON Responsible SEC Section
SITN Situation STD Standard TEL Telephone
TEMP Temporary TGM Telegraph THO Though
TKS Thanks TRD Trade TRF Traffic
TTL Total U You UR Your
WK Week WL Will WT Weight
XL Extra large
二、字母、图像
Z 表示"人"people/person，因为"Z"看上去像个人头，它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。例如：日本人：J Z。
C 表示政府，统治：government，govern 希腊字母C读/ga:ma/, 近似government, 所以就用C 来表示govern, government。governmental official 可以表示为 C Z。
P 表示政治：politics, political希腊字母P读/pai/, 近似politics, political。那么politician就可以表示为 P Z。
E 表示总数：total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, ect. E 数学符号表示总值。
G 表示效率：efficient, effective。G为效率符号。
Q 表示"通货膨胀"：inflation因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。
A 表示农业: agriculture. agriculture经常用到，所以用首字母代替。
B 表示商业：business。
C×表示冲突，矛盾：conflict， confrontation "C×"中的"×"表示反对，字母"C"将反对的概念缩小为conflict 和 confrontation。
W 表示工作，职业: work, employ 等。它是work的第一个字母。所以W Z就可以用来表示worker, 而W(Z在字母上方表示employer, 在字母下方表示employee)。
i 表示工业: industry, industrial 字母i 像只烟囱，所以用来可以用来表示工业。
U U 看酷似一个酒杯，在笔记中表示合同、协议（treaty, agreement）一般只有在谈判成功、协议成交后才会表示"举杯祝贺"。如果在U内填入2××××，就可以表示为bilateral（双边的）, 填入3表示为trilateral(三边的)。填入在U中填入1表示: Unilateralism（单边主义），填入m (multiple) 表示多边主义。如果在U上加一个"/"××××表示谈判破裂。
O 表示"国家"、"民族"、"领土"等：country, state, nation, etc.
gO表示进口，Og表示出口。这个符号酷似一把椅子，可以表示主持、主办：chair, host, preside over。那么在此符号上加Z表示主席，主持人：chairman, host, etc.
T 表示"领导人"：leader, head那么head of government, head of company 便可以表示为CT
⊙圆圈表示一个圆桌，中间一点表示一盆花，这个符号就可以表示会议、开会等：meeting，conference， negotiation，seminar，discussion，symposium
k 这个符号看上像条鱼，所以表示"捕鱼业"等合fishery 有关的词汇。
O 圆圈代表地球，横线表示赤道，所以这个符号就可以表示国际的、世界的、全球的等: international, worldwide, global, universal, etc.
J 表示开心：pleasant, joyful，happy，excited, etc.
L 表示不满、生气unsatisfied, discomfort, angry, sad, etc.
EO 表示听到、众所周之：as we all know, as is known to all, as you have already heard of, etc. O 表示漠不关心、无动于衷：indifferent, apathetic, unconcern, don't care much, etc.
三、箭头
g 表示到达、传达：go into，arrive at，give to，send to，present to etc.
表示导致、引导：lead to, result in, in the direction of, etc.
表示屈服：submit to
f 表示来自于：be/come from，return，receive from, etc.
表示追溯到：come/go back to，originate
h 表示上升：up/upward/rise，increase，arise，ascend, etc.
表示发射、投放市场、发行：launch，open, start, etc.
表示发展、加强、推进：develop，strengthen， promote, etc
表示"波折"：ups and downs, twists and turns, etc.
四、数学符号
+ 表示"多": many, lots of, a great deal of, a good many of, etc.
++(+2) 表示"多"的比较级：more
+3 表示"多"的最高级：most
－表示"少": little, few, lack ,in short of/ be in shortage of etc.
×表示"错误"、"失误"和"坏"的概念：wrong/incorrect，something bad，notorious，negative, etc.
> 表示"多于"概念：bigger/larger/greater/more than/better than, etc.
表示"高" 概念：superior to，surpass, etc.
< 表示"少于"概念：less/smaller，etc.
表示"低"概念：inferior to，etc.
= 表示"同等"概念：means，that is to say， in other words，the same as，be equal to, etc.
表示"对手"概念：a match, rival, competitor, counterpart, etc.
( ) 表示"在......之间"：among, within, etc.
≠表示"不同"概念：be different from, etc.
表示"无敌"概念：matchless, peerless, etc.
～表示"大约"概念：about/around，or so， approximately, etc.
/ 表示"否定"，"消除"等概念：cross out, eliminate, etc.
五、标点等
: 表示各种各样"说"的动词：say, speak, talk, marks, announce, declare, etc.
? 表示"问题"：question，issue，例如：台湾问题：tw?
. (dot) 这个"."点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样".d"表示yesterday, ".y"表示last year,
".2m"表示two month ago。"y"表示this year, "y2." two year later"next week", 可
以表示为"wk."
∧表示转折
√表示"好的"状态，right/good，famous/well-known，etc.
表示"同意"状态，stand up for，support， agree with sb, certain/ affirmative, etc.
☆表示"重要的"状态：important，exemplary（模范的） best，outstanding，brilliant，etc.
n 表示"交流"状态：exchange，mutual, etc.
& 表示"和"，"与"：and，together with，along with， accompany，along with，further more，etc.
∥表示"结束"：end，stop，halt，bring sth to a standstill/stop, etc.
六、较长单词的处理办法
-ism 简写为 m 例如：socialism Sm
-tion 简简写为 n 例如：standardization (标准化) stdn
-cian 简简写为 o 例如：technician techo
-ing 简写为 g 例如：marketing (市场营销) MKTg
-ed 简写为 d 例如：accepted acptd
-able/ible/ble 简写为 bl 例如：available avbl
-ment 简写为 mt 例如：amendment amdmt
-ize 简写为 z 例如：recognize regz
Below are some common shorthand symbols useful for speedy note taking.
Many of the common general abbreviations useful in note taking are found in an appendix in a dictionary; however, some of these are listed below:
ｏ表示“人”people/person，因为“ｏ”看上去像个人头，它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。例如：日本人：Jｏ。 ⅹ表示政府，统治：government，govern；governmental official 可以表示为ⅹo。 ⊙：“通货膨胀”（inflation）因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。 A：农业: agriculture. agriculture经常用到，所以用首字母代替。 B：商业：business。 C×：冲突，矛盾（conflict，confrontation） W：工作，职业（work, employ ）。 ？？Worker employer employee employment i：工业（industry, industrial） 字母i 像只烟囱，所以用来可以用来表示工业。 □：“国家”、“民族”、“领土”（country, state, nation） →□表示进口，□→表示出口；□/□国家之间，国与国 椅子：主持、主办：chair, host, preside over。 ？？chairman, host, president U：合同、协议类 （treaty, agreement, contract） 在U中填入1表示: Unilateralism（单边主义） 在U内填入2，就可以表示为bilateral（双边的）, 填入3表示为trilateral (三边的)。 填入m (multiple) 表示多边主义。 如果在U上加一个“/”表示谈判破裂。 ︿表示“领导人”：leader, head ？？head of government, head of company V 表示victory，success 成功等 ⊙：会议、开会等（meeting，conference，negotiation，seminar，discussion，symposium）
朗阁专家把笔记符号分为以下四种： 数学符号 ∵：因为，由于，幸亏；because, due to, thanks to, … ∴：所以，因此，结果；so, therefore, consequently, … ＝：相同，一致，公平；the same as, equal to, similar to, … ≠：不同，不公平，有差距；difference, disparity, unfair, … ≈：大约，大概；about, almost, nearly, approximate, … ＞：大于，超过，高于；surpass, exceed, more than, superior to, … ＜：少于，低于；less than, inferior to, … ＋：另外，多；plus, add, moreover, besides, … －：减去，除去；minus, deduct, except, … α：行动，行为，法案；action, act, … (because of the pronunciation) ﹛﹜：在……之中，在……之内；among, within, … ∈：属于，源于；belong to, … ×：错的，不好的，负面的；wrong, mistake, bad, negative, … √：对的，好的，积极的；correct, good, positive, affirmative, … 惯用符号 ：：看，想，说，评论；speak, express, think, … ？：疑问，疑惑：question, problem, issue, inquiry, interrogate, ask, puzzle, query, confused, mystery, … ！：危险，警告，当心，注意；dangerous, warning, alarming, hazardous, jeopardy, watch out, certainty, of course, … ~：贸易，交换，交流，关于，代替；trade, exchange, communication, relationship, …_：这个，强调；（用于在一个确定单词下划线，加强语气，或者强调重点） e.g：举例，例如，比如；for example, such as, … 图形符号（此种符号考生可以继续自己扩展） ⊙：会议，聚会；conference, convention, session, seminar, council, congress, meeting, assembly, gathering, union, association, convocation, … ☆：重点，中心，重要的，杰出的；important, key, critical, meaningful, essential, eventful, outstanding, notable, great, wonderful, emphasize, stress, chief, main, pay attention to, fantastic, … *：特征，特点，代表；feature, character, symbol, sign, mark, specialty, represent, typify, on behalf of, stand for, … ^：领导，顶点，顶级；top, head, tip, peak, climax, leader, express, queen, ruler, monitor, minister, king, captain, … $：美元，钱，富裕的；dollar, money, rich, well-off, … ┛：过去；in the past, long before, past time, … ┗：将来；in future, will be, going to do, …
附录一笔记常用符号和缩略语(Note-taking: Useful Signs and Abbreviations) 1．常用笔记符号： 符号信息意义 箭头符号 ↑ 上升；提高；增强；上涨；增长；扩大；起飞；升空；提拔；晋升（grow, expand, develop, rise, go up, increase , ascend, launch, skyrocket, soar, appreciation, promote, upwards） ↓ 下降；下沉；降低；滑坡；轰炸；减少；恶化；降职；削减/裁减（drop to, bomb, jump, go down, descend, decrease, deteriorate, depreciation, reduce, downwards） ↗上扬；渐渐好转（become better and better） ↘下挫；不断亏损（become worse and worse） → 出口；去；向前；出国；前往；运往；导致；发展成为… （export to, enter, arrive in/at, present to, result in, send to, transmit to, lead to, export to, cause） ← 回顾；从前；进口；倒退；来自；源于（come from, originate from, receive from, go back to, import from）例如：café ← French意为: café源自于法语 数学符号 + 增加；补充；除此之外；另外(furthermore, in addition to, with, and, besides, etc) —减少；删除；缺乏（minus, lack, deduct, except, subtract） ×表示“不对的，错的，坏的，不好的，臭名昭著的”（mistake, incorrect, wrong, bad, inappropriate, notorious） > 超过，大于，胜过，优于（more than, bigger than, surpass, better than, superior to） ＞＞大大超过(much greater than, much more than) < 小于，不足，次于，逊色（fewer than, less than, worse than, inferior to） ＜＜远远少于(much less than) = 等于符号（equal) 在听力笔记中相当于“与…一样”（equal to, the same as)，另外可以表示“是… 的对手“（a rival, a competitor)等意思。 还可以表示“同等”概念(means, that is to say, in other words, the same as, etc) ≠ 表示否定意思“不等于”（not equal to )，“不同”（be different from），或者“无敌、不是…对手” （matchless, peerless, no match for） ≈ 表示“大约，左右”（approximately, around, about, or so） ∑ 总和；总数（total, the total number/sum, totally） ∵表示“原因，理由”（because, owing to, thanks to, due to） ∴表示“结果、结论”（therefore, as a result, consequently, so） 标点符号 ：表示“说，告诉，认为，宣称，声明，抗议，譬如”（say, speak, tell, declare, announce, protest, such as） ? 表示“问题，疑问，问”（problem, issue, question, doubt, suspicious, skeptical, ask, puzzle, confused, mystery, bewildered） ·（1）表示“观点，意见，注意，论点”（viewpoint, opinion, idea, point） （2）表示不同的时间概念。如用“d”表示“今天”（today)，那么“昨天”（yesterday)即用“·d”表 示，“前天”（the day before yesterday)同理类推，可记为“··d”，3天前（Three days ago)可写成“·3d”； “d·”表示“明天”（tomorrow)，“d··”表示“后天”（the day after tomorrow)。
口译笔记法常用符号
? 疑问，疑惑，问题是；question, problem, issue, inquiry, interrogate, ask, mystery,… ？ 问题；question, problem, … ！ 危险，警告，当心，值得注意的是；dangerous, warning, alarm, watch out, of course ° 人，人民，伙伴，朋友；people, partner, … 信息，消息，情报；information, message, intelligence, … 删除，废除，放弃；delete, discard, give up, … ? 贸易，交换，交流，关于，关联，替代；trade, exchange, communication, relationship __ 这个，强调；emphasize a certain word/ phrase. … 继续，持续，不断的，长期的，各种各样的，多的；more, continuous, … => 加强，推动，促进；enhance, promote, … × # 不仅；not only, … & 和，而且；and … ＠ 关于；about e.g . 例如，比如；for example, such as, … （三）图形符号 高兴，激动；happy, pleased, excited, … 失望，不满意，生气；unhappy, unsatisfied, angry, …
会议，聚会；conference, symposium, convention, session, forum, seminar, council, congress, meeting, assembly, gathering, committee, commission, association, union, senate, parliament, convocation, … 学校，大学，教育机构；school, college, educational institution, … 医院，医疗机构；hospital, medical institution, …○ 全部的，整个的，所有的，完整的，彻底的； complete, whole, … 目标，目的；aim, objective, target, … ?看到，注意到；see, notice, watch, … ?重视，强调；pay attention to, highlight, … □ 国家，民族；nation, state, republic, kingdom, federal, union, … 国际，世界；international, world, … ∧ 领导，顶点，顶级，最高级（上标）；top, peak, leader, boss, king, governor, mayor,… 国家领导人，政府首脑；state leader, … 出口；export, … 进口；import, … △ 城市，都市；city, urban, metropolitan, cosmopolitan, … ▽ 农村，乡村；village, rural, country, countryside, farm, suburb, outskirt, … ☆重点，重心，重视，重要的，主要的，杰出的；
4.3.2 口译笔记常用符号 在学会了对原语进行逻辑和思维路线再现之后，用适当的符号替换逻辑或者思维再现图中的部分文字，实际上就是口译笔记了，当然在真实的口译实践中，笔记还可以更进一步地简化。相当多的口译初学者觉得口译员使用的符号很神秘，看起来像天书一样，进而“神话”口译员的工作。其实口译员使用的符号主要来自于原语、译入语，小部分借用了速记符号。现在我们看看口译员常用的符号来源： 4.3.2.1 汉字、汉字偏旁部首、古汉语、简化汉字、拼音 大university, adult, generous, open-minded, large-size… 中middle school, medium-sized, intermediate, in the middle of, neutral,… 小primary (elementary), kid, children, mean, petty,… 凝聚ningju或者nju 饕餮taotie或者ttie “戈”可以用来代替“武器” 偏旁部首举例： 简化汉字举例： 4.3.2.2 英语、英语字母 英语单词的缩写规律：保留单词的辅音，去除元音，当然首字母是元音必须保留。一般保留三至五个辅音就可以帮助回忆整个单词，例如： impoverishment: impvr
debility: dblt rejuvenate: rjvn department: dpt standard: std reference: rfr 口译学习者还需要记住常用国际组织、专用名词、国家名及其首都名的缩写，例如： UN, UNESCO, NATO, APEC, OPEC, … Intellectual property protection: IPP NK, SK, CN, US, UK… 口译学习者还可以自己开动脑筋，充分发挥自己的创造性和想象力，开发出简介实用的笔记符号，下面以英文大写字母为例，看看如何创造性地在笔记中使用这些大写字母： A: first, top, excellent, extraordinary, outstanding, remarkable, unusual E: eyesight, economy, economic, economical, electronic, East F: failure, false, wrong, not true, full, flag G: government, God H: health, help, support, connect, bridge, cross, Hour I: I / we, my (our) party, eye L: long, lengthen, prolong M: money, mail, mother, mountain, movement, McDonald, man, May, Member (ship), mm… N: nose, nation, name, nothing, no, negation, deny, need, necessary, North O: zero, circle, old, orange, our, one, empty, world, all, success, complete P: pm, peace, park, pay, politics, people, perfect, president, prime minister, head, flagship Q: quality, quantity, quarter, question, cute, balloon, head, suspect, doubt, unknown, difficulty R: respect, representative, request, about, relations, return S: smile, snake, turns and twists, society, social, silence, curve, slim T: time, tea, cross-disciplinary, compound, T-shirt, T-stage, disagreement, dispute, disapproval U: you (your party), pitfall, trap, recycle, cycle, return, valley V: victory, triumph, vs, valley, bottom, tip W: west, western, wave, fluctuate, ups and downs X: X-ray, XL, wrong, negation, cross, times, execute, kill Y: why, year, yes, approve, agree, young, deviate, tree, servant Z: zero, zoo, last, zigzag, turns and twists, dream, sleep (comic strip) 从以上例子可以看出，我们可以从拼写、发音以及字母的结构等方面来进行联想，在笔记中创造性地使用这些符号。 4.3.2.3 箭头 箭头在口译笔记中的使用可以毫不夸张地说“占了半壁江山”，首先动词的位置往往由右箭头代替。下面看看箭头的用法：
字母、图像 ｏ表示“人”people/person，因为“ｏ”看上去像个人头，它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。例如：日本人：Jｏ。 C 表示政府，统治：government，govern 希腊字母C读/ga:ma/,近似government, 所以就用C来表示govern, government。governmental official 可以表示为 CZ P 表示政治：politics, political 希腊字母P读/pai/,近似politics, political。那么politician就可以表示为 PZ G 表示效率：efficient, effective。 G为效率符号。 Q 表示“通货膨胀”：inflation 因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。 A 表示农业: agriculture. agriculture经常用到，所以用首字母代替。 B 表示商业：business。 C×表示冲突，矛盾：conflict，confrontation “C×”中的“×”表示反对，字母“C”将反对的概念缩小为conflict 和 confrontation。 W 表示工作，职业: work, employ 等。 它是work的第一个字母。所以WZ就可以用来表示worker, 而“ Z” (小圆圈)在字母上方表示employer, 在字母下方表示employee。 i 表示工业: industry, industrial 字母i 像只烟囱，所以用来可以用来表示工业。
U U 看酷似一个酒杯，在笔记中表示合同、协议（treaty, agreement）一般只有在谈判成功、协议成交后才会表示“举杯祝贺”。 如果在U内填入2，就可以表示为bilateral（双边的）, 填入3表示为trilateral (三边的)。 填入在U中填入1表示: Unilateralism（单边主义），填入m (multiple) 表示多边主义。 如果在U上加一个“/”表示谈判破裂。 O 表示“国家”、“民族”、“领土”等：country, state, nation, etc. gO表示进口，Og表示出口 这个符号酷似一把椅子，可以表示主持、主办：chair, host, preside over。 那么在此符号上加Z表示主席，主持人：chairman, host, etc. T 表示“领导人”：leader, head 那么head of government, head of company 便可以表示为 CT ⊙圆圈表示一个圆桌，中间一点表示一盆花，这个符号就可以表示会议、开会等：meeting，conference， negotiation，seminar，discussion，symposium ∞这个符号看上像条鱼，所以表示“捕鱼业”等合fishery 有关的词汇。 O 圆圈代表地球，横线表示赤道，所以这个符号就可以表示国际的、世界的、全球的等: international, worldwide, global, universal, etc. J 表示开心：pleasant, joyful，happy，excited, etc. L 表示不满、生气unsatisfied, discomfort, angry, sad, etc. EO 表示听到、众所周之：as we all know, as is known to all, as you have already heard of, etc. O 表示漠不关心、无动于衷：indifferent, apathetic, unconcern, don’t care much, etc.
口译笔记常用符号及含义 ∵因为，由于，幸亏，because, for, as, due to, thanks to ∴所以，因此，于是，so, therefore, thus, hence, as a result, consequently, accordingly // 但是，然而，不过，相反，but, however, whereas, though, nevertheless, instead, contrast ∫如果，假设，if, once, provided that, in case (of), had I known, were this to happen + 另外，和，并且，连同，以及，加上，and, as well as, too, plus, add, moreover, besides = 也就是，即，意味着，等同于，which means, that is, in other words, equal to, same, similar ≠不同于，不如，不相当，different, unlike, not the same, unequal ≈大约，估计，大概，about, almost, nearly, estimated > 大于，多于，超过，高于，好于，more than, better than, superior to, surpass, exceed < 小于，少于，低于，次于，less than, inferior to ↑增长，发展，提高，升级，increase, raise, improve, develop, grow, boost, enhance ↓减少，下降，降低，decrease, decline, descend, reduce, cut, fall, drop →导致，引起，引发，到，向，去，to, lead to, cause, result in, bring about, contribute to ←由，自，归因于，result from, attributed to, credited to √正确，好，妥善，真实，肯定，good, true, correct, yes, well, positive, confirm, genuine ×错误，不是，否定，无效，负面，坏，bad, wrong, not, negative, false, rather than ?属于，包括，包含，例如，belong to, including, part of, contain, such as, for example ∑总和，总数，总之，一句话，结论，sum, all, conclusion, in one word, summary, in brief @ 关于，有关，相关，about, on, relevant, related, concerning, with regard to ? 问题，麻烦，难题，疑惑，ask, question, problem, trouble, confused, difficulty, issue ! * 重要，重视，注意，警告，强调，important, focus, alert, attention, warning, stress, emphasize ：说到，表示，提出，认为，想，相信，say, speak, tell, express, think, believe, be sure that <: 看到，了解到，意识到，考虑到，表明，显示出，see, know, show, imply □国家，地区，country, state, nation, region, area, ○世界，国际，全球，world, international, global, earth ⊙会议，讨论，谈判，meeting, conference, discussion, negotiation, seminar, summit h 主持，领导，主席，host, head, leader, chairman, president △代表，represent, on behalf of ∽互相，彼此，交换，交流，替代，each other, exchange, mutual, replace ?改变，变化，变形，转变，change, alter, transform ﹩美元，货币，金钱，财富，dollar, money, currency, fortune ﹟结束，停止，暂停，完成，stop, pause, end, finish, complete ⊥基础，根本，建立，根据，通过，凭借，based on, establish, according to, through ∪同意，认可，一致，协议，联合，agree, agreement, united, union ?高兴，荣幸，激动，乐观，满意，happy, pleasure, excited, privilege, honor, satisfied, luck ?难过，抱歉，同情，哀悼，后悔，生气，sad, sorrow, grief, sorry, sympathy, regret, angry °右上角标，表示人，者，家，如：中国人中°，Economist E° s右上角标，表示复数概念，如：几年来y s，各国□s _ 放在时间周围表示之前、之中和之后，如：2年前2y ，1年来1y ，6月后6M 放在缩略词或符号下，用于强调或加强语气，如：充分认识到<: ，深表赞同U
常用符号 （一）数学符号 +表示“加上”、“另外”、“除此之外”or“多”（plus, and, in addition to 或者many, lots of, a great deal of, a good many of, etc.） ++(+2) 表示“多”的比较级：more +3 表示“多”的最高级：most －表示“减去”or “缺乏/少”（minus, lack, in short of/ in shortage of etc或者little, few） ×表示“错误”、“失误”和“坏”的概念（wrong/incorrect，something bad，notorious，negative, etc.） √表示“对的”、“好的”、“积极的”（correct, good, positive, affirmative） > 表示“多于”或者“超过”（bigger/larger/greater/more than/better than, surpass, superior to, etc.）< 表示“少于”或者“不如”、“逊色”（less/smaller/fewer than, worse than, inferior to, etc.） ≥表示“大于或等于”、“不少于”（more than or equal to, no less than） ≤表示“小于或等于”、“不多于”（less than or equal to, no more than） = 表示“同等”、“相当于”(means，that is to say，in other words，the same as，be equal to, etc.) 也表示“对手”概念(a match, rival, competitor, counterpart, etc.) ≠表示“不同”概念(be different from, etc. )表示“无敌”概念(matchless, peerless, etc.) ≈表示“大约”概念(about/around，approximately, or so，etc.) ?表示“属于”（belong to） ( ) 表示“在......之间”(among, within, etc. ) ( 和)都可以表示并列 / 表示“否定”，“消除”等概念(cross out, eliminate, etc.) ∵“由于”、“因为”、“幸亏”（because, due to, thanks to, as, owing to） ∴“所以”、“因此”、“结果是”（so, therefore, as a result, consequently） ⊥表示“在……基础上”（based on）,或者“影响”、“效果”、“压力”“负担”（influence, effect, impact, pressure, stress, burden, load） E 数学符号表示总值（total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, ect. ）（二）标点符号 : 表示各种各样“说”或“想”的动词：say, speak, talk, marks, announce, declare, express, think, etc. ? 表示“问题”或“疑问”：question，issue，doubt例如：台湾问题：tw? 也可表示“问”（ask）·(dot) 这个“·”点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样“·d”表示yes terday, “·y”表示last year, “·2m”表示two mo nths ago。“y”表示this year, “y2·”two year later. “next week”, 可以表示为“wk·” !（感叹号）用来引起注意，表示“危险”、“警告”、“当心”或者“值得注意的是”（dangerous, warning, alarming, alert, hazardous, jeopardy, watch out或者sure, certainly, of course） （三）图形符号 ∥表示转折（but, however, although, nevertheless） ☆表示“重要的”状态：important，exemplary（模范的）best，outstanding，brilliant，etc. ?表示“人”（person, people）,因为它看起来像个人头。但是一般不单独用，用在单词、符号或者字母的右上角，比如“中国人”可以写成“中?”，“美国人”（US?）， “政客/政治家”（政?），“老师”（T?或者教?） ?表示“会议”、“开会”、“讨论”或“谈判”等（meeting, meet, conference, discussion, negotiation），因为看起来像圆形的会议桌。 表示“国家”、“民族”（country, state, nation）
一、缩写词： Abbreviations in Note taking Use only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time. 1．Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts and references. S = sum f = frequency Leave out periods in standard abbreviations. cf = compare e.g. = example dept = department Use only the first syllable of a word. pol = politics
dem = democracy lib = liberal cap = capitalism Use entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable. pres = presentation subj = subject ind = individual cons = conservative Eliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation. assoc = associate biol = biology info = information ach = achievement chem = chemistry max = maximum intro = introduction conc = concentration
口译笔记符号大汇总 一. 地名简写 原词速记符号原词速记符号Korea K Sweden SD Switzerland SW 东西南北中等方位“|－” the Republic of Korea(南朝鲜) ROK “K” the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea（北朝鲜） DPRK “_K” Eastern Germany (东德) “G|”Western Europe（西 欧） “|EU” 二. 货币简写 原词速记符号原词速记符号Sterling/pound ￡US dollar $ Renminbi/RMB ￥Australian dollars #A Austrian schillings Sch Canadian dollars Can$ Eurodollar €New Zealand dollars NZ$ Japanese yen 円 三．时间简写 原词速记符号原词速记符号hour hr minute ’ second ’’morning m afternoon a evening/night/tonight n today d yesterday .d the day before yesterday ”d tomorrow d’ the day after tomorrow d’ ’day by day/everyday dd last night ’n next morning m’ this week w the week before last ”w Monday 1w Tuesday 2w Wednesday 3w Thursday 4w
一、缩略词 英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高，如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。很显然如果能熟练掌握缩略词，会对考试大有裨益。 缩略词的写法一般为四种方式： 1.拿掉所有元音 MKT: market MGR: manager MSG: message STD: standard RCV: receive 2.保留前几个字母 INFO information INS insurance EXCH exchange I owe you IOU In stead of I/O 3.保留开头和结尾的发音字母 WK week RM room PL people 4.根据发音 R are THO though THRU through 高级口译听力常用英语缩略词表 缩略词原词 APT Apartment ACC Accountant ACDG According ACPT Accept AD Advertisement ADS Address 二、字母、图像 Z 表示“人” people/person，因为Z 看上去像个人头，它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。例如：日本人：JZ。 C 表示政府，统治：government，govern，希腊字母C读/ga:ma/,近似government, 所以就用C来表示govern, government。governmental official 可以表示为CZ。 P 表示政治：politics, political，希腊字母P读/pai/,近似politics, political。那么politician 就可以表示为PZ。 E 表示总数：total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, ect. E在数学符号中表示总值。 G 表示效率：efficient, effective。G为效率符号。 Q 表示“通货膨胀”：inflation，因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。 A 表示农业: agriculture. agriculture，经常用到，所以用首字母代替。
目录 [1].Note-taking symbols and abbreviations [2].关于缩略词 [3].关于字母和图像 [4].用箭头、数字符号、标点符号来表示 1. Note-taking symbols and abbreviations for your reference: Abbreviations in Note taking Use only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time. Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts and references. S = sum f = frequency Leave out periods in standard abbreviations. cp = compare e.g. = example dept = department Use only the first syllable of a word. pol = politics dem = democracy lib = liberal cap = capitalism Use entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable. pres = presentation subj = subject ind = individual cons = conservative Eliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation. assoc = associate biol = biology info = information ach = achievement chem = chemistry max = maximum intro = introduction conc = concentration min = minimum rep = repetition Omit vowels; retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word. ppd = prepared
一、地名简写 高级口译听力部分要求考生准确拼写出主要国家的名称和首都。如果要把每个国家的名称完整的记录下来．会很费时间。因此，常用国名的记录方法应常记心中，比如K=Korea, SD= Sweden, SW=Switzerland等等。有时还可以借助“|－”来表示东、西、南、北、中等方位。例如：the Republic of Korea(ROK，南朝鲜)，表示为“－K”; 相应的the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea（DPRK，北朝鲜）, 就可以表示为“K－”,Central London,表示为LD。Western Europe （西欧）表示为“|EU”，Eastern Germany (东德)表示为“G|”。 练习：Eastern Europe, South Africa, North China, Western Germany, South Asia，Central Ital 二、缩略词 英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高，如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。很显然如果能熟练掌握缩略词，会对考试大有裨益。 缩略词的写法一般为四种方式： （一）拿掉所有元音 MKT: market MGR: manager MSG: message STD: standard RCV: receive （二）保留前几个字母 INFO information INS insurance EXCH exchange I owe you IOU In stead of I/O （三）保留开头和结尾个发音字母 WK week RM room PL people （四）根据发音 R are THO though