2017届新课标高考英语阅读理解猜测词意（词义）解题策略
高考考情分析解读：
词义猜测题是高考阅读理解题中的一种常见的题型。词义猜测可以是对一个单词的意义推断，也可以是对一个短语或一个句子的意义推断，既可以是生词生义，也可以是熟词新义，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。通过对近年新课标全国卷分析统计来看，词义猜测题一般有1－2题。考查相对比较稳定，但难度略有增加，需要在复杂的句式中通过上下文综合分析才能得出答案。在词义猜测题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或词组的含义。
2016年全国卷设问形式例子：
(1)What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean？(2016年课标全国卷Ⅱ)
(2)What does the underline phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean？(2016年课标全国卷Ⅲ)
(3)What does the word “contributions” in t he last paragraph refer to？(2015年课标全国卷Ⅰ)
常见的命题形式有：
The underlined word in the second paragraph means “________”．
Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the last paragraph?
The underlined word “________” in Paragraph 2can best be replaced by “________”．
What does the phrase “________”in Paragraph 1 mean?
附：典故谚语知识储备
单词或短语意思猜测题
该题型着重考查考生根据上下文猜测词义的能力，这也是一个从“已知”得出“未知”的过程，即利用上下文的已知部分(尤其是该词或短语前后的句子)进行推理，有时还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义。考查范围涉及对某个生词或短语的含义的猜测、对某个熟词进行生义的猜测或考查该词能被哪个单词或短语代替等。
中，定义解释作者所用词的准确含义。下定义时，作者通常使用信号词，如i.e., is, are, is/are called, mean, refer to, known as等等。利用同义解释猜词
同义解释形式多样，有的利用下定义，有的利用or，that is(to say)，in other words，namely等引出后面的解释，有的利用破折号、同位语(从句)、定语从句或同义词、近义词等引出后面的解释。
1).Anthropology is the scientific study of man.
2).It will be very hard but very brittle— that is , it will break easily.
3). This was a very domesticated bird that needed help or it would not survive.
A.Having been abandoned
B.Having been used to home life
C.Having been used to life in the wild
D.Having been weak and hungry
4). He is a resolute man. Once he sets up a goal, he will not give it up easily.
5). She is bilingual. In other words, she speaks English and French equally well.
6). Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window.
7). The schools are reluctant to take time off——even teachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the day off.
?The underlined word “reluctant” may probably mean_______.
A.kind
B. unwilling
C. free
D. careless
同义词（近义词）
在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。并列关系(同义关系）提示词：and, also, as … as, the same as利用语境及前后的提示来猜测词义。
例如.
I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem courier. Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips- of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells（干细胞）in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we’ve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.
题目.Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph1?
A. provider
B. delivery man
C. collector
D. medical doctor
9).Mr. White loves to talk , his wife is also as loquacious as him.
10).Mark Twain was not the author’s real name; it was a pseudonym.
11).The new tax law supersedes, or replaces, the law that was in effect last year.
12).If you agree, write “Yes”; if you dissent, write “No”.
13).Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also
regard drinking as harmful.
运用构词法判断生词的意义是一种快速有效的解题方法。根据构词法猜测词义英语中的许多词汇，特别是不断出现的新词大多是通过构词法生成的。因此，掌握主要的构词法有助于猜测词义。
根据词根、前缀、后缀、复合、派生等猜测词义。
super- inter- mini- micro- -some anti- co-
post- pre- -ship
pro- 表示“往前”
progress ['pr?ugres] n./v. 进步promote v.增进，促进，提高
pre- 提前，领先
predict vt. 预测prevent vt. 预防；妨碍preview n./v. 预览；预习
prevent
记：预先pre 走掉（-vent，似went）是预防
Timely repetition will prevent you from forgetting words.
及时重复才能预防忘记单词。timely adv. 及时地repetition n. 重复
per “每个，都，一直”
person n. 人percent n. 百分比
persist v. 坚持persuade [p?'sweid]vt.说服，劝服
记：一直（per）碎碎（sua）念就可以说服
re-表示“再次，重复，往回，”
repeat n./v. 重复rewrite v. 重写，改写
recall v.回想，记起；召回recover v. 重新获得，恢复
report n./v 报告
表示“往上”的前缀up-和in- “向下”的前缀de
grade n. 等级，级别，成绩
upgrade ___________ degrade ______________
increase n./v 上升增加decrease n./v 减少，减小
in-除了表示“往上”，更重要的意思是“往里”。和它音近的im-，en-，em- 都是“往里”的含义
inside a.里面的
import vt. 进口
记：port港口，进到（im-）港口来，叫进口
invite v. 邀请
ink n. 墨水
in-是“往里”，那想想“往外”怎么说？
往外ex-，e-
export v./n 出口expand v. 扩张exit v. 出口['eksit] experience n. 经历，经验vt.体会explain v.解释
exhibit v. 展览[ig'zibit; eg-]
表示否定的前缀：
un- unfair,unhappy
non-nonsmoker (常用在n. adj. adv. 前)
in-inactive, inhuman, indirect (常用在adj.)
dis-disagree,disappear
im-impolite,impossible (用在b,p,m 开头的词前)
il-illegal
ir-irreal, irregular
(B).表示错误或失当的前缀:
mis-misjudge, misdirect(误导)
(C).表示向背的前缀:
pro-(亲，支持) pro-Chinese, pro-American
anti-（阻止，抗）antiwar, anti-Japanese war
(D).表示程度、大小的前缀
super- superstar,supermarket,
superman, superpower
over- overhead, overeat, overuse
mini- minibus, miniskirt, mini-car
under- underground, underestimate
semi-(半，部分) semicircle, semiskilled,
(E).表示时间的前缀
pre- prewar
post- postwar
fore-(前，预先)
foretell,
forecast, foresee,
weather forecast
(F).表示方位的前缀：
sub- subway, submarine
inter- international,
interclass(年级之间的）
trans-(横过，通过，超越，进入)
transplant,
transatlantic （横渡大西洋的）
常见的后缀
-ment 名词性后缀，表“行为，结果或具体物”
move v.移动；搬家movement n.运动，活动
agree v. 同意agreement n.同意，协议
manage v.管理management n.管理
-tion 名词后缀，表动作，性质，状态
1. n. 行动action
2. n. 污染pollution
3. n. 人口population
4. n. 手术operation
-ty 名词后缀，加在形容词后面,表示特性或情况
1. n. 诚实honesty
2. n. 安全safety
3. n. 多样；种类；；变化variety
4. n 焦虑anxiety
5. n. 残酷cruelty
-able, 形容词后缀有”能够、有某种特性”的意思
1. adj. 舒服的comfortable
2. adj. 合适的suitable
3. adj. 时尚的，时髦的fashionable
4. adj. 有道理的，合理的，公道的reasonable
5. adj. 可信赖的，可靠的
v. 信赖rely reliable
6. adj. 大量的；可观的
考虑动词是？
considerable adj.大量的，可观的
7. adj. 稳定的
stable adj. 稳定的
记：s-音似“死”；-table桌子。一个死的桌子，肯定是很稳定的。
8.adj 可用的，可得到的
available adj 可用的，可得到的
-ish 为形容词和名词后缀。
1. adj. 愚蠢的foolish
2. adj. 自私的selfish
记忆：一条自私的鱼
3. n. 垃圾rubbish
4. n. 英语English
5. adj. 英国的，英国人的British
-ful 形容词后缀
1. adj. 鲜艳的，多姿多彩的colourful
2. adj. 高兴的，愉快的cheerful delightful
3. adj. 有希望的，有前途的hopeful
4. adj 有意义的，意味深长的meaningful
5. adj. 奇妙的，极好的，精彩的wonderful
1.动词变名词：
-ation
satisfaction, education, realization
-ment
development, movement, disappointment
-al
arrival, refusal
-ee
trainee（受训者）, employee
-er
teacher, worker
-or
visitor, sailor
wrong-doer 做错事情的人
补充学习
over- : too much overcrowded
(1)Overwork may cause diseases.
(2)There was a dissatisfied look in the manager's eyes.
2.en- 动词前缀enable, endanger, enrich
3.重要后缀-ment, -ion, -ness, -tion, -ful, -able, -less, -en等
4.合成词For them, playing well and winning are often life-and-death affairs.
Down-to-earth spirit is a necessity. Sharp words from a teacher can usually bring a day-dreaming student
down-to-earth.
Her name was Rachel, and I mooned my way through the grade and high school, stricken at the mere sight of her, tongue-tied in her presence. …At any rate, my love for Rachel remained without result. We graduated from high school, she went on to college, and I joined the Army. I was sent overseas during the war. For a time we wrote, and her letters were the highlight of those terrible endless years.
词性转换（解释意思）
He is a man with broad shoulders.
We will shoulder the responsibilities at any time.
So when someone has hurt you, calm yourself first. Take a couple of breaths, and think of something that gives you p leasure…Keep in mind that forgiveness does not necessarily mean accepting the action of the person who upsets you.
Never trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. (trouble 词性与意义？)
[真题演练] A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness,_or worry.
别留心某些词语，如or，that is，in other words，including，although，but，even if，on the other hand，on the contrary，other than，rather than，more than，instead of等。
利用上下文线索猜测词义
(1)重述
作者为了使某一难词或术语的含义更清楚，通常会使用常用、简明的词或词组对其进行解释，这就是重述。重述部分通过逗号与句子的其他部分隔开(有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或括号)或用信号词引导。常见的信号词有：or, namely, that is, in other words, that is to say, to be more exact, to put in another way等等。
[典例]In the library, I found my way into the“Children's Room.”I sat down on the floor and pulled a few books off the shelf at random. The cover of a book caught my eye. It presented a picture of a beagle. I had recently had a beagle,_the first and only animal companion I ever had as a child.
(2) 举例
作者常常会通过对某一难词给出具体的例子，帮助读者理解该词的词义。举例常用的信号词有：such as, such ...as, for example, for instance, like, including, especially等。
[典例] Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad.
1). Tom must be very affluent. He wears expensive clothes and jewelry, drives a Rolls-Royce convertible, and owns a $1,750,000 house in London.
2). You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, English Learning, or Reader’s Digest.
(3)对比转折法：根据反义词或对比关系猜测词义。
有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词/词组常见的有：(whether)．..or, unlike, but, yet, however, while, although, nevertheless, instead, rather than, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand，but, however, although , though，while(然而), rather than, instead of 等标志词。
[典例]If you're tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored, you can attend an upbeat group fitness class that'll keep your workout on track.
73．The underlined word“upbeat”in the second paragraph probably means “________”.
A．cheerful B．average
C．serious D．temporary
举例：
He had been getting better, However , during the night his condition deteriorated.
A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle; instead, it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months.
Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby.
Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy person who does not like to go to parties or make new friends.
She is usually prompt for all her class , but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.
对比Time is something from which we can’t escape. Even if we ignore it, it’s still going by, ticking awa y, second by second, minute by minute, hour by hour. So the main issue in using your time well is, “Who’s in charge?” We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy. Or we can take control of it and make it our ally.
?The underlined word “ally” most l ikely means somebody or something that is ______.
A. your slave and serves you
B. your supporter and helps you
B. under your control and obeys you D. under your influence and follows you
（4）因果关系法：根据前后句因果关系猜测词义。
Signal words: because，since ,so, such…that, so…that, for, ect.
I could see nothing because the light was too faint .
I feel that since you are my superior（上司），it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”
The word “presumptuous”is closest in meaning to “”.
A．full of respect B．rude and too confident
C．lacking in experience D．too shy and quiet
词语再应用
1). The collision of the two cars caused a lot of damage to both.
a). side-by-side b). striking c). acting
2). My dog is hostile to strangers and therefore will bark at you and may bite you until he gets to know you.
a). friendly b). kind c). unfriendly
3). The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow。
4) . That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day.
5).The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again.
因果Please stay on permitted paths. Otherwise you may destroy desert plants. Pack out what you pack in, so you leave no signs of your visit. It is important to keep in mind that you are in a national park where wildlife exists.
?What do the underlined words “pack out what you pack in” probably mean?
A. Keep everything out of campgrounds.
B. Take away everything you bring in.
C. Carry all the necessary food.
D. Look after your personal belongings.
再如：
真题演练
[典例] There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you'll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it's a_pipe_dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.
30．What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream”in Paragraph 3 mean?
A．A practical idea. B．A vain hope.
C．A brilliant plan. D．A selfish desire.
[典例] This of course created a new problem: dirt practically buried the first floors of every building in Chicago. Building owners were faced with a choice: either change the first floors of their buildings into basements, and the second stories into main floors, or hoist the entire buildings to meet the new street level. Small wood-frame buildings could be lifted fairly easily.
63．The underlined word “hoist”in Paragraph 4 means “________”．
A．change B．lift
C．repair D．decorate
词义的线索。
[典例] Some 2,500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. There were great
civilizations, splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies,_ one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses.
65．What does the underlined word“tyrannies”in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Countries where their people need help.
B．Powerful states with higher civilization.
C．Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom.
D．Governments ruled with absolute power.
, 以及英美国家的风俗习惯、宗教信仰、社会生活等将生词推测出来。
1). Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots(嫩芽）, or young leaves of trees.
The word “pruning” means______
A. Regular cutting of the plants
B. Frequent watering
C. Regular use of chemicals
D. Growing the plants high in the mountain
2). Husband：It’s really cold out tonight. Wife: Sure it is. My hands are alm ost numb. How about lighting the fireplace?
a). dying b). frozen c). hurt
3). The objects around you are visible because they interact with light .Light typically travels in a straight line.But some materials slow and scatter (散射) light，bouncing it away from its original path.Others absorb light，stopping it dead in its tracks. Both scattering and absorption make an object look different from other objects around it，so you can see it easily.
The underlined word “dead” in Paragraph 3 means ________．
A．silently B．gradually
C．regularly D．completely
4). My color television has given me nothing but a headache.I was able to buy it a little over a year ago because I had my relatives give me money for my birthday instead of a lot of clothes that wouldn’t fit.I let a salesclerk fool me into buying a discontinued model.I realized this a day later，when I saw newspaper advertisements for the set at seventy-five dollars less than I had paid.The set worked so beautifully when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed_off for the night.Fortunately，I didn’t get any channels showing all night movies or I would never have gotten to bed.
Which of the following can best replace the phrase “signed off” in Paragraph 1?_______
A．ended all their programs
B．provided fewer channels
C．changed to commercials
D．showed allnight movies
代词指代猜测题
代词指代题要求考生依据语境的逻辑关系，判断画线的人称代词或指示代词在文章中指代的对象，包括考查it(指动物、无生命的事物、特定的事件或人)，they/them(指代人、物、事件的复数名词)，he/she等人称代词的指代意义，以及指示代词this，that，these，those 等在文章中的指代意义，以考查考生对文章中叙述的特定的人、物、事件的再认能力。常见的命题形式有：The word “it/they” in the last sentence refers to “________”. What does “that/those/them” in Paragraph 3 refer to?
Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure，providing unique rides twice a day to explore deep into the delta.The camps have excellent horses，professional guides and lots of support workers.They have a reputation for providing a great riding experience.
What does the underlined word “They” refer to?________
A．Flooded waters. B．Wildlife journeys.
C．Safari camps. D．Unique rides.
直接要求考生指出代词所指的具体内容
[例] However, to succeed in life, one first needs to set a goal and then gradually make it more practical. And, in addition to that, in order to get really good at something, one needs to spend at least 10,000 hours studying and practicing.
?In Paragraph 2, the underlined word “that” refers to ______.
A. being good at something
B. setting a practical goal
C. putting in more time
D. succeeding in life
间接考查考生对代词指代内容的把握
因为代词在上下文或上下句中起语义的衔接作用，在解答某些细节题时，如果不弄清代词的指代内容，就很难选出正确的答案。解题中，考生需要利用代词的回指或预指来理清上下句的衔接关系，从而找到问题的答案。
It was hard to lift her. She was just out. But he managed to raise her the four feet to the platform so that bystanders could hold her by the grins and drag her away from the edge. That was where Lisa briefly regained consciousness, felt herself being pulled along the ground, and saw someone else holding her purse.
?When did Lisa become conscious again?
A. When the train was leaving.
B. After she was back on the platform.
C. After the police and fire officials came.
D. When a man was cleaning the blood from her head.
Twain’s racial tone was not perfect. One is left uneasy, for example, by the lengthy passage in his autobiography (自传) about how much he loved wha t were called “nigger shows” in his youth—mostly with white men performing in black-face—and his delight in getting his mother to laugh at them.
Yet there is no reason to think Twain saw the shows as representing reality. His frequent attacks on slavery and prejudice suggest his keen awareness that they did not.
?What does the underlined word “they” refer to?
A. The attacks
B. Slavery and prejudice
C. White men
D. The shows
Two 12-year-old boys, Christian and Jack, rowed out a boat to search a footba ll. Once they’d rowed beyond the calm waters, a beach umbrella tied to the boat caught the wind and pulled the boat into open water. The pair panicked and tried to row back to shore. But they were no match for it and the boat was out of control.
What does “it” refer to?
A. The beach
B. The water
C. The boat
D. The wind
However，physicist Joseph West thinks there might have been a simpler way，who led the new study.West said，“I was inspired while watching a television program showing how sleds might have helped with pyramid construction.I thought，‘Why don’t they just try rolling the things？’”A square could be turned into a rough sort of wheel by attaching wooden poles to its sides，he realized.That，he notes，should make a block of stone “a lot easier to rol l than a square”．
So he tried it．
What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 7 refer to?__________
A．Rolling the blocks with poles attached.
B．Rolling the blocks on wooden wheels.
C．Rolling poles to move the blocks.
D．Rolling the blocks with fat.
名师点津
解答代词指代题时，我们要认真阅读画线词所在句和前后邻近句的内容，分析人称转换和动作变换的详细过程，理清其来龙去脉和前后的因果关系，从而准确推断其指代的对象。因此，理解上下文(特别是上句)的意思和代词所在句的意思是解题的关键。
针对句子句意猜测题
名师点津
考查句意理解的试题一般出现在长难句中。对于这种试题，考生应该认真阅读原文，特别是画线句子的上下文，准确理解作者的观点，尤其是对特定的人、物、事件的褒贬观点，以准确推断语句的含义。
句意猜测题通常需要考生猜测意思的是一个具有概括性的句子或是格言、谚语等，要求考生通过阅读文章，
用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。常见的命题形式有：
The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means “________”．
The underlined words in Paragraph 1 probably mean ________．
While，deep down，we know we can do it，our mind—or the minds of those close to us—usually s ays we can’t.That isn’t a reason to stop，it’s just the mind，that little man or woman on your shoulder，trying to talk you out of something again.It has done it many times before.It’s all about starting simple and doing it now.
Decide and act before overthinking.When you do this you may feel a little，or large，release from the jail of your mind and you’ll be on your way.
Which of the following best explains the underlined part in the last paragraph?_________
A．Escape from your punishment.
B．Realization of your dreams.
C．Freedom from your tension.
D．Reduction of your expectations.
常见典故谚语（短语）知识储备
skeleton in the cupboard/closet 碗橱里的骨架引申为：不为人知的家丑，不可外扬的家丑，隐情”
the last straw 压垮骆驼的最后一根稻草,终于使人不堪忍受的最后一件事，终于使人不支的最后一击，导火线; “have nine lives like a cat”（富有生命力的）
you reap what you sow一分耕耘，一分收获our small kindnesses often bring us rich rewards, while our small offence can bring disasters.
senior citizens 老年人，年长的人
as easy as pie 十分容易，轻而易举
“meet one’s Waterloo”（一败涂地）
capital punishment 死刑
dog tired非常累
catch-22 第二十二条军规（指让人左右为难的规定或处境）
“rain cats and dogs”（倾盆大雨）
Don't count your chickens before/until they are hatched.
鸡蛋未孵出,先别数小鸡。寓意:别高兴太早了。
Pandora’s Box 潘多拉魔盒(邪恶之源)、
see the handwriting on the wall –see signs that disaster is coming
Achilles’ heel 阿基里斯的脚踵(致命弱点)、
the apple of somebody’s eye—a child who is loved very much by his or her parents.
视觉的核心”，即“眼睛中的苹果 (apple of the
eye)”时，我们就会联想到，那是对我们来说最为宝贵的东西。与汉语成语“掌上明珠”颇相似。
《圣经》中的Adam's apple(喉结) 、
a feather in one’s cap—something that you can be proud of
可夸耀的事,值得骄傲的事。
《圣经》中的Garden of Eden伊甸园(世外桃源)、
Shylock（夏洛克）来比喻“狡诈者，守财奴”
scratch the surface 隔靴搔痒，只触及问题的表面或一小部分
其他古希腊典故：
the sword of Damocles(达摩克利斯之剑)“富贵中隐藏的危险”的同义语，也可以指形势危急，千钧一发。Damon and Pythias 生死之交
Penelop’s web 一项永远也完不成的工作
apple of discord意思是“不和的根源、发生纠纷的事端”
daphne（月桂树）古罗马人便用月桂树枝条编成冠冕，奖励音乐、美术、体育竞赛和作战的胜利者，“桂冠”就成了优胜的标志和荣誉的象征。
猜测词意练习题目：
Passage 1
A man’s position among the black-tent people depends on his ancestors, relatives, and fellow tribesmen. If they
are honored, he is also honored. If they are disgraced, he too is disgraced. Therefore one carefully guards the honor of his family, his lineage(宗系), and his tribe.
The word “disgrace” means _________ in this text.
A. honor
B. endanger
C. proud
D. shame
Passage 2
The ruler had been so cruel and dishonest that after the revolution he was banished. A few members of the Senate(参议院) opposed this decision, but the majority voted that the ruler should leave the country for ever.
The underlined word “banished” mean_______.
A. killed by stoning
B. sent away
C. imprisoned
D. punished by whipping
Passage 3
Although he often had the chance, Mr. Brown was never able to steal money from a customer. This would endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future.
The word “jeopardize” means _____ in this text.
A. protect
B. endanger
C. continue
D. stop
It was once common to regard Britain as a society with class distinction. Each class had unique characteristics.
In recent years, many writers have begun to speak the 'decline of class' and 'classless society' in Britain. And in modern day consumer society everyone is considered to be middle class.
But pronouncing the death of class is too early. A recent wide-ranging society of public opinion found 90 percent of people still placing themselves in particular class; 73 percent agreed that class was still a vital part of British society; and 52 percent thought there were still sharp class differences. Thus, class may not be culturally and politically obvious, yet it remains an important part of British society. Britain seems to have a love of stratification.
42. The word stratification in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ________.
A. variety
B. division
C. authority
D. qualification
The link between what the men had done as boys and how they turned out as adults was surprisingly sharp. Those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people, five times as likely to be well paid and 16 times less likely to have been unemployed. The researchers also found that IQ and family social and economic class made no real difference in how the boys turned out. Working----at any age----is important. Childhood activities help a child develop responsibility, independence, confidence and competence---the underpinnings (基础) of emotional health. They also help him understand that people must cooperate and work toward common goals. The most competent adults are those who know how to do this. Yet work isn’t everything. As Tolstoy once said, “One can live magnificently in this world if one knows how to work and how to love, to work for the person one loves and to love one’s work.”
49. What does the underlined word “sharp” probably mean in Paragraph 4?
A. Quick to react
B. Having a thin edge
C. Clear and definite
D. sudden and rapid
In fact, when it comes to the art of war, ants have no equal. They are completely fearless and will readily take on a creature much larger than themselves, attacking in large groups and overcoming their target. Such is their devotion to the common good of the colony that not only soldier ants but also worker ants will sacrifice their lives to help defeat an enemy.
Behaving in this selfless and devoted manner, these little creatures have survived on Earth, for more than 140 million years, far longer than dinosaurs. Because they think as one, they have a collective (集体的) intelligence
greater than you would expect from its individual parts.
70. What does the underlined expression "take on" in Paragraph 3 mean?
A. Accept.
B. Employ.
C. Play with.
D. Fight against.
Once when I was facing a decision that involved high risk, I went to a friend. He looked at me for a moment, and then wrote a sentence containing the bes t advice I’ve ever had: Be bold and brave— and mighty (强大的) forces will come to your aid.
Those words made me see clearly that when I had fallen short in the past, it was seldom because I had tried and failed. It was usually because I had let fear of failure stop me from trying at all. On the other hand, whenever I had plunged into deep water, forced by courage or circumstance, I had always been able to swim until I got my feet on the ground again.
Boldness means a decision to bite off more than you are sure you can eat. And there is nothing mysterious about the mighty forces. They are potential powers we possess: energy, skill, sound judgment, creative ideas —even physical strength greater than most of us realize.
52. What is the implied meaning of the underlined part?
A. Swallow more than you can digest.
B. Act slightly above your abilities.
III词义猜测 【命题特点】考查根据上下文推测生词和短语的能力,突出考查对语境的分析和把握的能力。【常见考法】 1. The underlined word “…”probably means____. 2. The word “…”used in paragraph “…”refers to/suggests____. 3. The phrase “…”in the sentence can be replaced by ____. 4. Which of the following is the cl osest in meaning to the word “…”? 5. What is the meaning of the underlined word in paragraph “…”? 6. By saying “…”, we mean_____. 7. What do you think of the expression “…”stands for? 8. The meaning of word “…”in the passage is related to_____. 一．通过定义或解释推测语义 有些概念性生词出现后，作者会给出它的定义、同位语、修饰性从句或是定语。这些修饰成分可以帮助我们推断出生词的语义 （1）定义句的谓语动词在文中多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define（下定义）, represent, signify（表示，表明）, constitute（指。。）等。 （2）解释则常用as you know, to be called, to mean, to refer to, that is（to say）, in other words, namely 等词语以及同位语和定语从句来提示下文将前面的信息加以重复或解释。 （3）有时作者会用复述的形式来解释语义，而复述部分可以是词、短语或从句。 （4）还有下一些标点符号，如冒号、破折号、括号等都表示后文要继续解释说明前文。eg. 1. The powerful poison was imperceptible when mixed in liquid, that is, it could not be tasted, seen, or smelled. (无法察觉的，感觉不到的) 2. The Greek marriage was monogamous-----men and women were allowed only one spouse （配偶） at a time. （一夫一妻制） Exercises: 1. Pantomime refers to a short play in which no words are spoken. ____默剧，哑剧_______ 2. Anthropology is the scientific study of man. _____人类学______ 3. We will meet you in the foyer, the entrance hall of the theatre. ____门厅_______ 4. He began to shave his whiskers, which had grown thick on both cheeks（脸颊）. ___胡须______ 5. Some computer scientists are developing artificial-intelligence machines that they say will think like people. ____人工智能_______ Test1 There is no cure（治愈）for Alzheimer’s. But a drug called ARICEPT has been used by millions of people to help their symptoms（症状）. 61. What is ARICEPT？（C） A. A medicine to cure Alzheimer’s B. A medicine to delay signs of aging. C. A medicine to reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer’s. D. A medicine to cure brain damage. Test 2 Here is The Pines, whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou, wild boar and reindeer with surprising sauces. （1）According to the passage, The Pines is a ______. （D） A. place in which you can see many mobile homes
阅读下列短文,从每题所给的四个选项中,选出最佳选项。 A To American visitors, Iceland is a very interesting country, partly because it is different in so many ways from what he or she is used to seeing at home. There are quite a few things that are not done, or that do not exist on the island —quite a few "No's". There is no pollution, for instance. No dogs are permitted in Reykjavik, the capital. There is no television on Thursdays or during the entire month of July, and only three hours of black-and-white TV the rest of the time. There is no hard liquor on Wednesdays and no beer at any time. There are no handguns; only one jail of thirty-five cells in the entire land —an admirable figure, even for a small country of 313,376 people. There is no army, air force or navy. There is no tipping for anything. There are no large stores open on Saturdays or Sundays. Since Iceland is situated just under the Arctic Circle, there is no darkness in summer and no daylight in winter. But thanks to Gulf Stream, the climate is rather mild, with temperatures ranging from 34 degrees Fahrenheit to 52 degrees in July. The rules on television, liquor, and guns are the result of governmental decision. But the absence of pollution is due in great part to the fact that Iceland gets its power from the enormous geyser(间歇泉and the thousands of hot springs that come out of the ground. They provide all the energy needed by the country. In fact, Iceland uses only 3 percent of all its available power. Iceland has been described as a democratic independent country where more fish are caught and more books published per person than anywhere else in the world. The Icelanders have always felt a particular love for literature. They composed their first works in the ninth and tenth centuries AD. These works were poems and tales about the kings, heroes, and heroines of Iceland and Norway. At first the stories were memorized
2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国卷Ⅲ） 英语答案解析 第一部分:阅读理解 第一节 1.【答案】A 【解析】题干问的是三月份可参加的旅行，而第一个项目San Francisco Winery Tour的时间是从2月1日到4月30日。故选A。 【考点】冠词，细节理解。 2.【答案】C 【解析】第二个项目Back to the Fifties Tour中提到在San Francisco你能免费品尝冰淇淋。而其他选项在这个旅行中没有被提到。故选C。 【考点】介词辨析，细节理解。 3.【答案】D 【解析】第四个项目Holiday Lights Tour的最后一句话提到”Advance reservations required”，由此可知，该旅行需要提前预定。故选D。 【考点】代词，细节理解。 4.【答案】B 【解析】根据第一段的最后一句”As one group of workers carried out the rubbish，another group began removing seats and other theater equipment in preparation for the buildings end”可推断出工人们清理垃圾和清除座位及其他剧院设备是在为剧院的关闭做准备。故选B。 【考点】副词辨析，推理判断。 5.【答案】D 【解析】根据第二段中的”Theater owner Ed Bradford said he chose the movie because it seemed appropriate”可知，剧院的老板亲自选定了The Last picture Show这部电影，因为他认为这部电影很合适。原文中的“appropriate”和D选项的“suitable都表示“合适的”。故选D。 【考点】细节理解。 6.【答案】C 【解析】第四段最后一句说剧院被卖给了当地的开发公司，该公司计划在剧院所在地建综合购物大楼，因此可推断出剧院将被推倒拆除。故选C。 【考点】动词的时态，推理判断。
（英语）高三英语阅读理解解析版汇编 一、高中英语阅读理解 1．阅读理解 In America, parents tend to encourage their children to develop their potential (潜能) to the fullest extent. Fathers and mothers frequently teach their children both ambition and the confidence necessary to work toward their goals. American parents are always active in concentrating on what their kids can do, not what they can't. As a result, millions of American boys and girls grow up hoping to become actors and athletes, diplomats and doctors. Many of them even want to become president. American parents often encourage their children to become involved in extra activities of all types at school, such as student government, sports and music. They believe that only through taking part in these activities can their children become mature young adults. As we all know, school work is important. But parents should realize that the social skills their children learn from natural conversations with each other are as important as schoolwork and the skills they will need in the future work. What's more important in their work is that their children should have a sound knowledge of physics or the ability to communicate effectively. As a rule, Chinese parents don't educate their children about the same kind of ambition and confidence as Americans do, nor do they encourage the same level of participation in extra activities. Children are typically advised to study hard and pass exams. They have to spend a lot of time in doing much schoolwork every day. It is a great waste of time to do so. Now more and more Chinese parents have recognized that they should pay attention to developing the potential of their children. I hope that leaders in Chinese educational circles should take some measures to develop the potential of their children. I am very confident about it. （1）From the passage, we know the American parents pay much more attention to . A. the social skills than Chinese parents B. their children's studying hard and well C. what their children want but they can't D. extra activities than schoolwork （2）According to the passage, Chinese parents . A. know more than American parents to educate their children B. owning ambition and confidence is necessary and important C. pay much more attention to their children's fine future D. don't encourage their children to participate in extra activities （3）From the passage, we can infer . A. American children are brave and adventurous B. American children are more active in their studies C. Chinese children have the ability to communicate effectively D. something should be done to develop the potential of the children in China （4）What's the writer's attitude towards Chinese education reform? A. Neutral. B. Indifferent. C. Positive. D. Negative. 【答案】（1）A
阅读理解专项突破 III词义猜测 【命题特点】考查根据上下文推测生词和短语的能力,突出考查对语境的分析和把握的能力。【常见考法】 1. The underlined word “…”probably means____. 2. The word “…”used in paragraph “…”refers to/suggests____. 3. The phrase “…”in the sentence can be replaced by ____. 4. Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word “…”? 5. What is the meaning of the underlined word in paragraph “…”? 6. By saying “…”, we mean_____. 7. What do you think of the expression “…”stands for? 8. The meaning of word “…”in the passage is related to_____. 一．通过定义或解释推测语义 有些概念性生词出现后，作者会给出它的定义、同位语、修饰性从句或是定语。这些修饰成分可以帮助我们推断出生词的语义 （1）定义句的谓语动词在文中多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define（下定义）, represent, signify（表示，表明）, constitute（指。。）等。（2）解释则常用as you know, to be called, to mean, to refer to, that is（to say）, in other words, namely 等词语以及同位语和定语从句来提示下文将前面的信息加以重复或解释。 （3）有时作者会用复述的形式来解释语义，而复述部分可以是词、短语或从句。 （4）还有下一些标点符号，如冒号、破折号、括号等都表示后文要继续解释说明前文。eg. 1. The powerful poison was imperceptible when mixed in liquid, that is, it could not be tasted, seen, or smelled. (无法察觉的，感觉不到的) 2. The Greek marriage was monogamous-----men and women were allowed only one spouse（配偶）at a time. （一夫一妻制） Exercises: 1. Pantomime refers to a short play in which no words are spoken. ____默剧，哑剧_______ 2. Anthropology is the scientific study of man. _____人类学______ 3. We will meet you in the foyer, the entrance hall of the theatre. ____门厅_______ 4. He began to shave his whiskers, which had grown thick on both cheeks（脸颊）. ___胡须______ 5. Some computer scientists are developing artificial-intelligence machines that they say will think like people. ____人工智能_______ Test 1 There is no cure（治愈）for Alzheimer’s. But a drug called ARICEPT has been used by millions of people to help their symptoms（症状）. 61. What is ARICEPT？（C） A. A medicine to cure Alzheimer’s B. A medicine to delay signs of aging. C. A medicine to reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer’s. D. A medicine to cure brain damage. Test 2 Here is The Pines, whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou, wild boar and reindeer with surprising sauces. （1）According to the passage, The Pines is a ______. （D） A. place in which you can see many mobile homes B. mountain where you can get a good view of the valley C. town which happens to be near the Banff National Park D. restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food
2017年高考英语阅读题 第二部分：阅读理解（共两节,满分40分） 第一节（共15小题；每小题2分,满分30分） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 A Attending college can be expensive, and applying to college can be costly as well. With today’s college application fees averaging around $ 80, you can expect to spend hundreds of dollars on college before you are even accepted into a school. One of the easiest ways to save money on college application fees before you begin applying is to narrow down your list of schools. To save money, try to limit the schools to which you apply to about 2- reach schools and 2- safety schools. At some schools, being a relative of a graduate can secure you a free application. If you are applying to a school where one of your parents or grandparents is a former graduate, check to see if you’re qualified for it. Research the preferred method of applying for each school on your list. Some schools offer free online applications, yet charge a fee for paper submissions. This is because online applications save schools the cost of employing a staff member to physically enter the application information. Several states, such as Michigan and North Carolina, take part in College Application Week, where many schools in the participating states cancel their application fee for the week. Be sure to contact the schools to I j which you are applying to see if they participate in College Application Week and when the program takes place in that state. Apply for early admission. If you have already decided on which college is your top choice, consider applying under an Early Action or Early Decision admission program. If you are accepted, you won’t have to submit application fees to other schools. For more information regarding college applications and the fees associated with them, contact your high I school advisor or the admissions department at your school(s) of interest. 21.The passage is mainly written to______. A.introduce famous universities in the United Stales B.show some practical ways to apply an ideal college C.advertise for successful applications and advisors D.offer tips to save money on college application fees
徐老师 2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试 英语 (考试时间：120分钟试卷满分：150分) 注意事项： 1.答卷前,考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。 2.回答选择题时,选出每小题答案后,用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号 涂黑。如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号。回答非选择题时,将答案写在答题卡上,写在本试卷上无效。 3.考试结束后,将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。 第一部分听力(共两节,满分30分) 做题时,先将答案标在试卷上。录音内容结束后,你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。 第一节(共5小题；每小题1.5分,满分7.5分) 听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。 例：How much is the shirt? A. ￡ 19.15. B. ￡ 9.18. C. ￡ 9.15. 答案是C。 1. What does the woman think of the movie? A. It’s amusing. B. It’s exciting. C.It’s disappointing. 2. How will Susan spend most of her time in France? A. Traveling around. B. Studying at a school. C. Looking after her aunt. 第1页
3. What are the speakers talking about? A. Going out. B. Ordering drinks. C. Preparing for a party. 4. Where are the speakers? A. In a classroom. B. In a library. C. In a bookstore. 5. What is the man going to do? A. Go on the Internet. B. Make a phone call. C. Take a train trip. 第二节(共15小题；每小题1.5分,满分22.5分) 听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前,你将有时间阅读各个小题,每小题5秒钟；听完后,各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。 听第6段材料,回答第6、7题。 6. What is the woman looking for? A. An information office. B. A police station C. A shoe repair shop. 7. What is the Town Guide according to the man? A. A brochure. B. A newspaper. C. A map. 听第7段材料,回答第8、9题。 8. What does the man say about the restaurant? A. It’s the biggest one around. B. It offers many tasty dishes. C. It’s famous for its seafood. 9. What will the woman probably order? A. Fried fish. B. Roast chicken. C. Beef steak. 听第8段材料,回答第10至12题。 10. Where will Mr. White be at 11 o’clock? A. At the office. B. At the airport. C. At the restaurant. 11. What will Mr. White probably do at one in the afternoon? A. Receive a guest. B. Have a meeting. C. Read a report. 第2页
I watched from a distance as the homeless man quarreled with those who did not leave money for him – the majority. I walked up to him and right on queue he asked me for a quarter. ―I’ll give you a quarter if you tell me your story.‖ He laughed, ―You’ll give me a quarter for my story?‖ I lay the quarter in front of him and corrected myself –―Nah, here’s the quarter but it would be nice to hear your story.‖ I followed his eyes to the quarter and for a brief moment I saw a glimmer of reflection. I sat down next to him and waited. ―I was in the army,‖ he said. ―I was a sniper(狙击手)and was supposed to shoot down the enemy from the distance.‖ I listened carefully to his grizzly voice as he went deeper into the story. He wore dirty old torn clothes and smelled like a dead rat left in a mouse trap. He told me how he used to hunt with his family and was really good at it. He had his own way of respecting animals by not wasting what he killed for food and not killing more than he needed. When the army came knocking on his door, he felt pride and joined up. All those years of polishing his hunting skills could now serve a larger purpose—to defend us from the bad guys. He set out to fight in Iraq. It wasn’t long before he realized his ideals and expectations were just a shadow of the truth. He became disillusioned with the killings, which he felt were of innocent people. ―I was a sniper but I never really killed anyone,‖ he said. ―One day I had to do it. They asked me to shoot this lady from the distance. I saw kids near that lady and my hands were on the trigger (扳机). Man, I was tearing up ... I couldn’t do it. She wasn’t doing anything to anyone and she was with the kids—I couldn’t see through my tears. It just didn’t make any sense to me.‖ The story goes on as he describes eventually being put into prison for 180 days for refusing to follow orders. He told me how he was black listed so that he couldn’t get a job. All the rights we take for granted were taken away from him. Why? Here was a man who was being punished—and for what? For refusing to kill the lady? For being a hero? ―I have no regrets,‖ the homeless man said. ―I may be homeless now, but I never killed that lady. I never killed anyone in the army. It didn’t feel right. I didn’t go there to do that. I went there to save people.‖ He continued, ―I can live with being homeless—that’s okay. But I wouldn’t be able to live with killing innocent people.‖ On that lonely Friday night, I met a hero. It just never occurred to me that a hero could be a smelly old man left on streets. 1. It can be learned from the passage that the homeless man_______. （） A. never killed animals B. had a strong respect for life C. deserved the punishment he received D. felt guilty about disobeying the order
五大方法巧解高考英语词义猜测题 根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义是高考阅读理解题6大出题方向之一，也是考查考生英语语言能力和文化品格的一种重要方式。 词义猜测题可以针对单词、短语的意思进行命题考查，还可以针对某一句子的准确理解 或代词的精确指代进行设题。除了直接考查单词或短语词义猜测外，在阅读理解文章中，总会有一些单词或短语超出了《考试大纲》词汇表的范围，但又没有附加注释，也需要考生猜测，这也是对词义猜测的一种间接考查。 近三年词义猜测题考查频次一览表 2017年2016年2015年 全国卷Ⅰ2（代词that；短语the water catcher） 1(单词courier) 1（单词contributions） 全国卷Ⅱ2（代词that；句子the tables are turned） 2(单词downside;代词 it) 1（短语signed off） 全国卷Ⅲ1（单词displaced） 2（代词them；短语 a pipe dream） / 近几年高考词义猜测题在数量上保持稳定，每套试卷中直接考查词义猜测的试题不超过 2道。但试卷中阅读理解部分生词量略有扩大，试题难度稍有增加。例如在2017年全国卷Ⅰ阅读理解中，有部分超纲单词（如unifying, emotion和insight)给出了汉语注释，另外一部分超纲词汇(如recontextualization)却没有附加注释。这些单词既不在《考试大纲》规定的词 汇表内，又未加注释，这就意味着考生不仅仅需要完成试题中直接的词义猜测题，还需要凭借自己的知识积累和学习能力猜测出未加注生词的词义，这样才能透彻地理解文章，完成阅读理解任务。 词义猜测题考查的范围主要在以下几个方面：生词、短语、熟词生义、句子和代词的指代。 常见的设问形式主要有以下几种： What does the underlined word "..." in Paragraph...refer to? What does the underlined phrase "..." in Paragraph...refer to? What does the underlined word "..." in Paragraph...mean? What does the author mean by "..." in Paragraph...? Which of the following can replace the underlined word "..." in Paragraph...? 无论是直接的词义猜测题，还是阅读中需要理解不认识的生词，我们都可以利用构词法、逻辑关系、语法关系、生活常识、文化背景和上下文语境等方法来猜出单词或短语的意思。预 计2018年此题型题量将会保持稳定，命题重点仍然是考查生词/短语的意思、熟词生义或代词的指代含义。
2017届全国高考英语阅读理解汇编（1）英语试卷SYS201708100601 一、阅读理解 详细信息 1. 难度：中等 阅读理解。 Many of us still tend to think that emotions can affect reasonable thought，and sometimes land us in trouble. But in recent years psychologists have taken quite a different view. Keith Oatley，Professor of Psychology at Glasgow University，is involved in the research which shows the fundamental importance of emotions. He believes we are very ambivalent about them：we think of our emotions as being unreasonable，but we also consider them as essential to being human.For example，Mr Spock，a character in the television series Star Trek，is superintelligent and he has no emotions at all.However，he is never made captain of the spaceship.Maybe，this is because Mr Spock is not the kind of person you can share your feelings with—a person who shows his emotions. As Professor Oatley points out，our emotions have very important functions，for example，fear.If we cross the road and a car approaches，we usually stop moving or step back.We stop what we are doing，check what we have done and pay very careful attention to the environment.The emotion of fear makes us take this small series of actions which，on average，help preserve our safety. On the other hand，if things are going well and small problems come up，we find we can solve them with the resources we have to hand.As a consequence，we tend to feel happy and usually continue doing the job. Anger is an emotion that tends to occur when someone is preventing us from doing something.Then this small “kit” of reactions enables us to prepare ourselves to be quite aggressive to that person，or to try harder，and so on. Professor Oatley believes emotions generally occur at these important moments in actions.With fear and anger our emotions make us decide to start doing something else，while with happiness they “suggest” we continue what we are already doing. 1.What’s Keith Oatley’s opinion about emotions? A．They affect reasonable thought. B．They get us into trouble. C．They are helpful to us. D．They are reasonable. 2.What does the underlined part “we are very ambivalent about them”in Paragraph 2 mean? A．We have contradictory feelings towards emotions. B．We have similar ideas of emotions.