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词义猜测题

词义猜测题
词义猜测题

(一)词义猜测题

1.题型特点

这类题型目的在于检测学生利用上下文对词,词组以及句子的理解能力。利用上下文猜测词义是阅读理解的基本技巧之一,也是我们学习词汇的主要方法。在阅读过程中,有些同学一遇到生僻词语就去差词典,这是不可取的。一遇到生僻词语就查阅词典不但会使我们养成依赖词典的习惯,而且还会影响阅读速度。我们阅读汉语文章时遇到不认识的词语是否都求助于词典呢?答案是否定的。可是我们是怎么做的呢?利用上下文提示猜测词义就是诀窍。

词义猜测题的类型主要有三种:熟词新义要求学生在某一特定的语言环境中推断某一多义词的正确意思;生词释义要求学生根据范围较小的上下文推断出词义;难句释义要求学生根据范围稍大的上下文推断句意。

2.解题技巧

(1)通过因果关系猜测词义

通过因果关系猜测词义,首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系,然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词(because, as, since, for, so, thus, as a result, therefore等等)表示因果关系。

例;You shouldn’t have blamed him for that, for it wasn’t his fault.

解析:通过for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的错),可猜出blame的词义是“责备”。

(2)通过同义词和同义关系猜测词义

在文章中,有时作者为避免重复,或为了表达同一事物的不同种类,使用同义词或近义词。在这种情况下,我们就可以利用同义词,近义词的关系从熟悉的词语推测不熟悉词语的含义。

通过同义词猜词,一是要看由and 或or连接的同义词词组,如happy and gay,即使我们不认识gay这个词,也可以知道它是“愉快”的意思;二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词。

例:Man has known something about the planets Venus, Mars, and Jupiter with the help of spaceships.

解析:此句中的Venus(金星), Mars(火星), and Jupiter(木星)均为生词,但只要知planets就可猜出这几个词都属于“行星”这一领域。

(3)通过反义词和反义关系猜测词义。

有时作者为了说明相反的两件事或人,使用了一些反义词或表示反义关系的词语来进行对比,我们可以利用已知单词推测未知单词的词义。“”…

通过反义词猜词,一是看表示转折关系的连词或副词,如but, while, however等; 二是看与not搭配的或表

否定意义的短语。

例:He is so homely, not at all as handsome as his brother.

解析:根据“not at all as handsome as…”我们不难推测出homely的意思,即“相貌平平的”。

(4)通过构词法猜测词义

在阅读文章时,我们总会遇上一些生词,有时很难根据上下文来推断其词义,而他们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用,此时,如掌握了一些常用的词根,前缀,后缀等语法知识,这一问题便不难解决了。

(5)通过定义或释义关系猜测词义

定义或解释形式多样,常由is, that is(to say), in the other words, call, mean, be considered to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent, signify等词汇或破折号来表示。作者为了更好地表达思想,在文章中对一些重要的概念,难懂的术语或词汇等作些解释。这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性,利用它们猜词义比较容易。如果生词是句子或段落所解释的词,理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。

例:But sometimes, no rain falls for a long ,long time. Then there is a dry period, or drought.

解析:从drought.所在句子的上文我们得知,很久不下雨,于是便有一段干旱的时期,即drought.,由此可见drought.意思为“久旱,旱灾”。而a dry period和drought 是同义关系。

(6)通过举例来猜测词义

恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词词义的重要线索。

例:Bananas, oranges, pineapples, coconuts and some other kinds of fruit grow in warm areas.

解析:pineapples,和coconuts是生词,我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples, coconuts和bananas, oranges是同类关系,同属fruit类,因此它们是两样水果,准确的说,是菠萝好椰子。

(7)通过描述猜测词义

描述即作者为帮助读者更深刻,更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写例:The penguin is a kind of seabird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly, it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.

解析:从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类吧,即企鹅。后面更详尽地描述了该类鸟的生活习性。

(8)根据上下文猜测词义

①有些单词并不能直接猜测出其词义,但可以根据上下文的提示猜测出其词义。

例:One of the things I always believe is that no matter how bad something is, you can take something positive out of it.

It wasn’t until a few weeks after September 11 that I began to see that perhaps some good did come from this tragedy.

The word“positive”in the passage probably means . “”…

A. terrible

B. bad

C. good

D. real

解析:根据上下文“直到9·11事件过去几周后,我才开始从这场悲剧中看到一些好的方面”。由此可猜测出“positive”的词义为“好的,积极的”。因此答案是C.

②在句子或段落中,若事物,现象之间构成某种逻辑关系,我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。

例:If he thinks he can invite me out, he is all wet. I don’t like to be with him.

The underlined phrase“all wet”means .

A. drunk

B. sweating

C. happy

D. mistaken

解析:根据“我不喜欢跟他在一起”可知,他如果认为能约我出去,那就大错特错了。因此D是正确答案。all wet完全错的,大错特错。

(9)根据生活常识猜测词义

有时,我们利用自己生活常识,便可知道词的含义。

例:A deaf-and-dumb guy went into a hardware store to ask for some nails.

解析:词句中意思可知道他想买钉子,那么买钉子的商店无疑是五金店。

(10)利用单词的发音进行推测

英语中有些单词来自汉语,与汉语的发音有些相似,另外也有一些单词译成汉语时采用音译,如sofa(沙发),coffee(咖啡),typhoon(台风),aspirin(阿司匹林),nylon(尼龙)等。因此,利用单词的发音也是一种猜测的手段。

例:The Olympic Games began in the 5th century BC.

One day it was revealed that Mrs Morel had cancer and was beyond any help except that of morphine.

解析:上面这两个句子中划线的两个词,只要我们能准确发音,就能知道它们的意思分别是“奥林匹克”和“吗啡”。

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