Ｐｅｄｏｓｐｈｅｒｅ１５（６）：７６８—７７７，２００５
ＩＳＳＮ１００２??０１６０／ＣＮ３２－－１３１５／Ｐ
⑥２００５ＳＣＩＥＮＣＥＰＲＥＳＳ，ＢＥＩＪＩＮＧ
ＣｏｎｔｒｏｌｌｉｎｇＮｏｎ－ＰｏｉｎｔＳｏｕｒｃｅＰｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｉｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎ
ＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＳｙｓｔｅｍｓ半１
Ｃ．ＧＯＵＲＬＥＹｌａｎｄＡ．ＲＩＤＬＥｙ２
１Ｐ＾ｍａ聊ＩｎｄｕｓｔｒｉｅｓＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＶｉｃｔｏｒｉａ，２４６０ＨａｚｅｌｄｅａｎＲｄ，ＥＵｉｎｂａｎｋ，Ｖｉｃｔｏｒｉａ３８２１似ｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ）．Ｅ—ｍａｉｌ：ｃａｍｅｒｏｎｇｏｕｒｌｅｙ＠ｄｐｉ．ｖｉｃ．ｇｏｖ．ａｕ
２Ｃｏ—ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｖｅＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＣｅｎｔｒｅｆｏｒＰｌａｎｔＢａｓｅｄＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｏｆＤｒｙＩａｎｄＳａｌｉｎｉｔｙａｎｄＰｎｍ血ｒⅣＩｎｄｕｓｔｒｉｅｓＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＶｉｃｔｏｒｉａ．Ｒｕｔｈｅｒｇｌｅｎ｝Ｖｉｃｔｏｒｉａ３６８５（Ａｕｓｔｒａｌｉｎ）
（ＲｅｃｅｉｖｅｄＭａｙ３１，２００５；ｒｅｖｉｓｅｄＳｅｐｔｅｍｂｅｒ２１，２００５）
ＡＢＳＴＲＡＣＴ
’ＩｈｅＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎｆａｒｍｉｎｇｓｅｃｔｏｒｉｓｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｉｎｇｔｏｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｆｙ，ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒｌｙｗｉｔｈｉｎ３００ｋｍｏｆｔｈｅｅａｓｔａｎｄｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｃｏａｓｔｌｉｎｅｓ．Ｉｎｔｈｅｆｕｔｕｒｅｔｈｅｒｅｗｉｌｌｂｅｆｅｗｅｒａｎｄｌａｒｇｅｒｆａｒｍｓ，ｗｈｉｃｈｗｉｌｌｕｓｅｍｏｒｅｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒ，ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｍｏｒｅｓｔｏｃｋ，ｇｒｏｗｍｏｒｅｍｏｎｏｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｃｒｏｐｓ，ａｎｄｕｔｉｌｉｓｅ
ｍｏｒｅｍａｒｇｉｎａｌｓｏｉｌｓ．Ｔｈｉｓｉｓｌｉｋｅｌｙｔｏｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｔｈｅｍａｊｏｒｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｉｍｐａｃｔｓｏｆｓｏｉｌｄｅｇｒａｄａｔｉｏｎ，ｓａｌｔ，ｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔａｎｄｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔｃｏｎｔａｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆｗａｔｅｒｗａｙｓ，ａｎｄｇｒｅｅｎｈｏｕｓｅｇａｓｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｓ．Ａｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｗａｔｅｒｐｏｌｉｃｙｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｓｔｏｆｏｃｕｓｏｎｌａｎｄ，ｓｔｒｅａｍａｎｄｇｒｏｕｎｄｗａｔｅｒｓａｌｉｎｉｔｙｉｓｓｕｅｓ，ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈｔｈｅｒｅｉｓｎｏｗａｇｒｅａｔｅｒｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｃｅｏｆｎｉｔｒｏｇｅｎａｎｄｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｕｓｌｏｓｓｅｓｆｒｏｍａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ．Ｔｈｅｇｅｎｅｒａｌｐｈｉｌｏｓｏｐｈｙｏｆｐｏｌｉｃｙｆｏｒｄｅａｌｉｎｇｗｉｔｈｎｏｎ—ｐｏｉｎｔｓｏｕｒｃｅｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｈａｓｂｅｅｎｔｏｗａｒｄｓａｖｏｌｕｎｔａｒｙｒａｔｈｅｒｔｈａｎｒｅｇｕｌａｔｏｒｙａｐｐｒｏａｃｈ，ｗｉｔｈｓｔａｔｅａｎｄｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｓｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｉｎｇａｒａｎｇｅｏｆ
ｐｒｏｇｒａｍｓｔｏｅｎｃｏｕｒａｇｅｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｓ．Ａｃａｔｃｈｍｅｎｔ（ｗａｔｅｒｓｈｅｄ）ｂａｓｅｄａｐｐｒｏａｃｈ，ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｔｈｅｕｓｅｏｆｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｅｄｃａｔｃｈｍｅｎｔｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｐｌａｎｓ，ｉｓｔｈｅｐｒｉｍａｒｙｗａｙｔｈａｔｎｏｎ—ｐｏｉｎｔｓｏｕｒｃｅｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｉｓａｄｄｒｅｓｓｅｄａｔｔｈｅｆａｒｍａｎｄｌｏｃａｌｌｅｖｅｌ．Ａｔａｎｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙｌｅｖｅｌ，ｃｏｔｔｏｎ，ｇｒａｉｎｓ，ｍｅａｔ，ｓｕｇａｒｃａｎｅａｎｄｄａｉｒｙａｍｏｎｇｓｔｏｔｈｅｒｓ，ａｓｗｅｌｌａｓｔｈｅＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ，ｈａｖｅｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｄｔｏｎｏｎ－ｐｏｉｎｔｓｏｕｒｃｅｉｓｓｕｅｓｂｙｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｎｇｉｎｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈａｎｄｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ，ａｎｄｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｉｎｇｃｏｄｅｓｏｆｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅ
ａｉｍｅｄａｔａｂａｔｉｎｇｔｈｅｓｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｉｍｐａｃｔｓ．Ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇｔｈｅｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ，ｓｏｃｉａｌ，ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌａｎｄｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｃｏｎｔｅｘｔｓｏｆｆａｒｍｉｎｇａｓｗｅｌｌａｓｔｈｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｉｍｐａｃｔｓｏｆａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅａｒｅｖｅｒｙｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｉｎｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｉｎｇｔｈｅａｐｐｒｏｐｒｉａｔｅｎｅｓｓｏｆｐｏｌｉｃｙｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅｓｆｏｒＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎｆａｒｍｉｎｇｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ．
ＫｅｙＷｏｒｄｓ：Ａｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎ，ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ，ｆａｒｍｉｎｇｓｙｓｔｅｍ，ｎｏｎ—ｐｏｉｎｔｓｏｕｒｃｅ
ｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎ
ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴｌ０Ｎ
Ａｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｓｔｏｂｅｇｌｏｂａｌｌｙｃｏｍｐｅｔｉｔｉｖｅａｓａｒｅｓｕｌｔｏｆｌｏｗｃｏｓｔａｎｄｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｆａｒｍｉｎｇｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｓ．ＴｏｔａｌａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｉｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｈａｓｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄｂｙａｒｏｕｎｄ２％ｐｅｒａｎｎｕｍｆｏｒｔｈｅｐａｓｔ４０ｙｅａｒｓ，ｌａｒｇｅｌｙｄｕｅｔｏｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｓｉｎｃｒｏｐｐｉｎｇａｒｅａ，ｌｉｖｅｓｔｏｃｋ
ｎｕｍｂｅｒｓａｎｄｇｅｎｅｔｉｃｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌ，ａｓｗｅｌｌａｓｉｎｐｕｔｓｓｕｃｈａｓｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒａｎｄｗａｔｅｒ．Ｄｅｓｐｉｔｅｔｈｉｓｓｕｂｓｔａｎｔｉａｌｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｉｎｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ．ａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ’ｓｃｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｔｏｔｈｅＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎｇｒｏｓｓｄｏｍｅｓｔｉｃｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｈａｓｆａｌｌｅｎｆｒｏｍ２０％ｉｎ１９６０ｔｏ２．２％ｉｎ２００５（ＡＢＡＲＥ，２００５）．Ｔｈｉｓｄｅｃｌｉｎｅｉｓｄｕｅｔｏｔｈｅｅｖｅｎｍｏｒｅｒａｐｉｄｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｇｒｏｗｔｈｉｎｏｔｈｅｒｓｅｃｔｏｒｓ．Ａｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｉｓｌａｒｇｅｌｙｅｘｐｏｒｔｆｏｃｕｓｅｄａｎｄｔｈｅｔｏｔａｌｖａｌｕｅｏｆａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｅｘｐｏｒｔｓｈａｓｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｄｔｏｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ．Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ．ｔｈｅｐｒｏｐｏｒｔｉｏｎａｌｃｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｏｆａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｅｘｐｏｒｔｓｈａｓｂｅｅｎｏｎａｓｔｅａｄｙｄｏｗｎｗａｒｄｔｒｅｎｄ．Ｉｎ１９６０ａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｅｘｐｏｒｔｓｃｏｍｐｒｉｓｅｄ６５％ｏｆｔｏｔａｌｅｘｐｏｒｔｅａｒｎｉｎｇｓ．ｗｈｉｌｅｉｎ２００４／２００５ｔｈｉｓｈａｄｆａｌｌｅｎｔｏ２２％ｆＡＢＡＲＥ，２００５）．ＴｈｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｆａｒｍｓｉｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｈａｓａｌｓｏｆａｌｌｅｎｓｔｅａｄｉｌｙｏｖｅｒｔｈｅｓａｍｅｐｅｒｉｏｄａｎｄｎｏｗｎｕｍｂｅｒｓａｒｏｕｎｄ１２００００ｗｉｔｈｆａｒｍｅｒｓｍａｋｉｎｇｕｐｏｎｌｙ３．４％ｏｆｔｈｅＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎｗｏｒｋｆｏｒｃｅｆＡＢＡＲＥ，２００５１．Ｔｈｅｖａｓｔｍａｊｏｒｉｔｙｏｆｆａｒｍｓａｒｅｆａｍｉｌｙｏｗｎｅｄａｎｄｍａｎａｇｅｄ，ｔｈｏｕｇｈｔｈｅｒｅｉｓａｎｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｔｒｅｎｄｔｏｌａｒｇｅｒｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｅｆａｒｍｓｗｉｔｈａｈｉｇｈｅｒｐｒｏｐｏｒｔｉｏｎｏｆｅｍｐｌｏｙｅｄｌａｂｏｕｒ．ＡｖｅｒａｇｅｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｄｅｎｓｉｔｙｉｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｉｓｌｏｗ，ａｂｏｕｔ３ｐｅｏｐｌｅｋｍ＿２（ＡＢＳ，２００２），ｂｕｔｗｉｔｈａｓｕｂｓｔａｎｔｉａｌｌｙｈｉｇｈｅｒｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｄｅｎｓｉｔｙａｒｏｕｎｄｔｈｅｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｃｏａｓｔａｌｒｅｇｉｏｎｓ．
ＴｈｅｈｉｓｔｏｒｉｃａｌａｎｄｃｈａｎｇｉｎｇｒｏｌｅｏｆａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｉｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ．ａｓｗｅｌｌ
ａｓｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄｕｒｂａｎｉｓａｔｉｏｎ．ｉｓａｎｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｆａｃｔｏｒｉｎｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｐｏｌｉｃｙｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｉｎｎｏｎ—ｐｏｉｎｔｓｏｕｒｃｅｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎ．Ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｓａｒｅｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｅｄｗｉｔｈｐｕｂｌｉｃｇｏｏｄ，ａｎｄｔｈｕｓｓｅｅｋｔｏｉｎｔｅｒｖｅｎｅｗｈｅｒｅａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｉｓｃａｕｓｉｎｇ“ＰｒｏｊｅｃｔｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｅｄｂｙｔｈｅＣｈｉｎａＣｏｕｎｃｉｌｆｏｒＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＣｏｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎｏｎＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｎｄＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ（ＣＣＩＣＥＤ）
ＣｏＮＴＲＯＬＬＩＮＧＮＯＮ—ＰＯＩＮＴＳｏＵＲＣＥＰＯＬＬＵＴＩｏＮ７６９
ｅｘｔｅｒｎａｌｉｔｉｅｓｆｉ．ｅ．，ｔｈｅｉｒｉｍｐａｃｔｓａｒｅｆｅｉｔｂｙｓｏｍｅｏｎｅｅｌｓｅｒｅｍｏｔｅｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｆａｒｍｉｎｅｉｔｈｅｒｔｉｍｅｏｒｓｐａｃｅ）．Ｉｎｃｏｎｔｒａｓｔ，ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ，ｓｕｃｈａｓｆａｒｍｅｒｓａｎｄｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ，ａｒｅｍｏｒｅｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｅｄｗｉｔｈｐｒｉｖａｔｅ－ｇｏｏｄｉｓｓｕｅｓ．ｓｕｃｈａｓｍａｋｉｎｇｓｕｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｉｎｃｏｍｅ．Ｔｈｉｓｏｆｔｅｎｏｃｃｕｒｓａｔｔｈｅｅｘｐｅｎｓｅｏｆｔｈｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｆｔ’ｏｍｔｈｅｃｏｍｂｉｎｅｄｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｏｆｏｖｅｒ—ｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｉｎｇａｎｄｏｖｅｒ—ｉｒｒｉｇａｔｉｎｇ．ＡｓａｒｅｓｕｌｔｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅｇｒｏｗｉｎｇｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｓｂｙｓｏｃｉｅｔｙａｎｄｗａｔｅｒｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｍａｎａｇｅｒｓａｂｏｕｔｔｈｅｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ’ｓａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ．ＩｔｉｓｎｏｗｗｅｌｌｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｚｅｄｔｈａｔＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ’ｓｉｎｌａｎｄｗａｔｅｒｓａｒｅｕｎｄｅｒｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅ．Ｓｉｎｃｅ１９９６，ｔｈｅｒｅｈａｓｂｅｅｎｓｕｂｓｔａｎｔｉａｌｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｓｉｎｗａｔｅｒｅｘｔｒａｃｔｉｏｎ，ｅｕｔｒｏｐｈｉｃａｔｉｏｎ，ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｄｃｌｅａｒｉｎｇｏｆｃａｔｃｈｍｅｎｔａｎｄｒｉｐａｒｉａｎｖｅｇｅｔａｔｉｏｎ，ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｓｉｎｔｈｅａｒｅａｏｆｌａｎｄａｆｆｅｃｔｅｄｂｙｄｒｙｌａｎｄｓａｌｉｎｉｔｙａｎｄｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｓｉｎｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒａｎｄｐｅｓｔｉｃｉｄｅｕｓｅ（ＡＳＥＣ，２００１）．
ＡＧＲＩＣＵＬＴＵＲＡＬＳＹＳＴＥＭＳＡＮＤＦＥＲＴＩＬＩＺＥＲＵＳＥＩＮＡＵＳＴＲＡＬＩＡ
Ａｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｌａｎｄｕｓｅｂｒｏａｄｌｙｒｅｆｌｅｃｔｓｆａｖｏｕｒａｂｌｅｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ，ｍｏｉｓｔｕｒｅａｎｄｓｅａｓｏｎａｌｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓｆｏｒｐｌａｎｔｇｒｏｗｔｈｆＨｕｔｃｈｉｎｓｏｎｅｔａ１．，２００４）．ＭａｊｏｒａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｌａｎｄＵＳｅＳｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｖｅ
Ｍｅｄｉｔｅｒｒａｎｅａｎａｎｄｒａｎｇｅｌａｎｄｇｒａｚｉｎｇｉｎｔｈｅｄｒｉｅｒｉｎｌａｎｄｚｏｎｅｓ．ｗｈｅａｔａｎｄｓｈｅｅｐｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｉｎｔｈｅ
ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｅｓｕｂ—ｈｕｍｉｄｚｏｎｅｓｆｉｎｂｏｔｈｓｏｕｔｈｅａｓｔｅｒｎａｎｄｓｏｕｔｈ—ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ），ｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｖｅｇｒａｚｉｎｇａｎｄｈｏｒｔｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｉｎｔｈｅｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｈｉｇｈｒａｉｎｆａｌｌｚｏｎｅｓｆｕｓｕａｌｌｙｗｉｔｈｉｎ１００ｋｍｏｆｔｈｅｃｏａｓｔｏｒｏｎｔｈｅｆｏｏｔｈｉｌｌｓｏｆｔｈｅＧｒｅａｔＤｉｖｉｄｉｎｇＲａｎｇｅｌ，ａｎｄｓｕｇａｒｃａｎｅａｎｄｈｏｒｔｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｉｎｔｈｅｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎｓｕｂ—ｔｒｏｐｉｃａｌｚｏｎｅｓ．Ａｎｏｔｈｅｒｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔａｒｅａｏｆｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｖｅｃｒｏｐｐｉｎｇ（ｃｏｔｔｏｎａｎｄｒｉｃｅ），ｇｒａｚｉｎｇａｎｄｈｏｒｔｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｏｃｃｕｒｓｉｎｔｈｅＭｕｒｒａｙ—ＤａｒｌｉｎｇＢａｓｉｎｒｅｇｉｏｎｉｎｅａｓｔｅｒｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｄｕｅｔｏｔｈｅａｖａｉｌａｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｖｅｉｒｒｉｇａｔｉｏｎ．ＭｏｓｔＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎｓｏｉｌｓａｒｅｈｉｇｈｌｙｗｅａｔｈｅｒｅｄａｎｄｈａｖｅｉｎｈｅｒｅｎｔｌｙｌｏｗｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｌｅｖｅｌｓ，ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒｌｙｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｕｓ（Ｐ）ａｎｄｎｉｔｒｏｇｅｎ（Ｎ）．Ｎｏｔｓｕｒｐｒｉｓｉｎｇｌｙ，ｉｎｏｒｇａｎｉｃｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｓｈａｖｅｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｌｙｂｅｅｎａｓｉｇ—ｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｉｎｐｕｔｆｏｒｍｏｓｔＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｅｎｔｅｒｐｒｉｓｅｓｗｈｅｒｅｒａｉｎｆａＵｉｓ＞５００ｍｍｙｅａｒ一１．ＴｈｅａｍｏｕｎｔｏｆｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒＰａｎｄＮａｐｐｌｉｅｄｏｎａｎａｎｎｕａｌｂａｓｉｓｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙｄｅｐｅｎｄｓｏｎｔｈｅｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙａｎｄｐｒｏｆｉｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆｔｈｅａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｓｙｓｔｅｍ（ＴａｂｌｅＩ）．Ｆｏｒｅｘａｍｐｌｅ，ｍｕｃｈｏｆｔｈｅｒａｎｇｅｌａｎｄｉｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｓｎｏｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒＰｏｒＮｆＴａｂｌｅＩ）．Ｔｈｅｓｅｓｙｓｔｅｍｓａｒｅｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｖｅａｎｄｒｅｌｙｏｎｇｒａｚｉｎｇｏｆｎａｔｉｖｅｐｌａｎｔｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ．Ｓｉｍｉｌａｒｌｙ，ｌａｒｇｅａｒｅａｓｉｎｔｈｅｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｖｅｐａｓｔｕｒｅｚｏｎｅｓｒｅｍａｉｎｕｎｄｅｒ—ｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｄ，ｗｉｔｈＮｓｅｌｄｏｍａｐｐｌｉｅｄ（１ｅｇｕｍｅｐａｓｔｕｒｅｓａｒｅｕｓｅｄ）ａｎｄｏｎｌｙｍｏｄｅｒａｔｅ（＜１０ｋｇＰｈａ＿１ｙｅａｒ＿１）ｌｅｖｅｌｓｏｆＰｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｕｓｅｄ．Ｔｈｅｓｅｌｏｗｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｒａｔｅｓ，ｃｏｕｐｌｅｄｗｉｔｈｏｖｅｒｇｒａｚｉｎｇ，ｃａｎｌｃａｄｔｏＰｏｏｒｐｌａｎｔｃｏｖｅｒ，ｅｒｏｓｉｏｎａｎｄ
ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｖｉａｂｉｌｉｔｙ．
ｐｏｏｒ
ＴＡＢＬＥＩ
Ａｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎｆａｒｍｉｎｇｒｅｇｉｏｎｓ，ＰａｎｄＮｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｉｎｐｕｔｓａｎｄｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ
ＣｌｉｍａｔｉｃｒｅｇｉｏｎｓＡｎｎｕａｌａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎＰｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ
ＮＰ
．ｋｇｈａ一１ｙｅａｒ一１
Ｄｅｓｅｒｔｒａｎｇｅｌａｎｄ００Ｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｖｅｇｒａｚｉｎｇｏｎｎａｔｉｖｅｐａｓｔｕｒｅｓ
Ｍｅｄｉｔｅｒｒａｎｅａｎｗｈｅａｔ—ｓｈｅｅｐｚｏｎｅ０＜１０Ｍｉｘｅｄｃｒｏｐｐｉｎｇ，ｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｖｅｇｒａｚｉｎｇｏｎａｎｎｕａｌｐａｓｔｕｒｅｓＣｏｏｌ，ｗｅｔｔｏｓｕｂ—ｈｕｍｉｄｄｒｙｌａｎｄ０＜１０Ｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｖｅｂｅｅｆ／ｓｈｅｅｐｇｒａｚｉｎｇＯｉｌｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｄｐａｓｔｕｒｅｓ
ｇｒａｚｉｎｇｚｏｎｅｓ（ｂｅｅｆ／ｓｈｅｅｐ）
Ｃｏｏｌｗｅｔｃｌｉｍａｔｅｓｚｏｎｅｓ０＜１０Ｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｖｅｂｅｅｆ／ｓｈｅｅｐｏｎｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｄｐａｓｔｕｒｅｓ
ｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｄｐａｓｔｕｒｅｓ
Ｉｒｒｉｇａｔｅｄｇｒａｚｉｎｇｚｏｎｅｓ５０－２５０２５—７５Ｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｖｅｄａｉｒｙｇｒａｚｉｎｇｏｎ
Ｂｒｏａｄａｃｒｅｃｒｏｐｐｉｎｇｕｎｄｅｒｉｒｒｉｇａｔｉｏｎ１５０—２５０１５—３０Ｉｒｒｉｇａｔｅｄｃｏｔｔｏｎ，ｒｉｃｅ，ｔｏｍａｔｏｅｓ
Ｈｕｍｉｄ。ｓｕｂ．ｈｕｍｉｄｔｒｏｐｉｃｓ１５０—２５０１５—３０Ｓｕｇａｒｃａｎｅ，ｖｅｇｅｔａｂｌｅｃｒｏｐｓ，ｆｒｕｉｔ
Ｃｏｏｌｗｅｔｃｌｉｍａｔｅｈｏｒｔｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｚｏｎｅｓ１５０－３００５０—１００Ｖｅｇｅｔａｂｌｅｃｒｏｐｓ，ｆｒｕｉｔ
Ｉｎｏｔｈｅｒａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｚｏｎｅｓ，ｔｈｅｃｏｓｔ—ｐｒｉｃｅｓｑｕｅｅｚｅ，ｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｍａｒｋｅｔｓｉｇｎａｌｓｆｏｒｈｉｇｈｅｒｑｕａ－
ｔｈｅｐａｓｔｄｅｃａｄｅ．Ｆｏｒｅｘ－ｌｉｔｙａｎｄｕｎｉｆｏｒｍｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓｈａｖｅｓｔｉｍｕｌａｔｅｄａｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｒｉｓｅｉｎｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｕｓｅｏｖｅｒ
ａｍｐｌｅ，ｗｉｔｈｉｎｔｈｅＭｅｄｉｔｅｒｒａｎｅａｎａｎｄｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｅｓｕｂ—ｈｕｍｉｄａｇｒｏ—ｃｌｉｍａｔｉｃｚｏｎｅｓ，ｗｈｉｃｈｈａｖｅｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｌｙｒｅｌｉｅｄｏｎｌｅｇｕｍｅｓｔｏｓｕｐｐｌｙＮｉｎｐｕｔｓ（Ｒｉｄｌｅｙｅｔａ１．，２００４），ｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒＮｉｓｎｏｗａｐｐｌｉｅｄａｓｃｒｏｐｐｉｎｇｒｏｔａ。ｔｉｏｎｓｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｆｙａｎｄｓｔｏｃｋｉｎｇｒａｔｅｓｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ．Ｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｕｓｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｓｔｏｂｅｗｉｄｅｌｙｕｓｅｄｆｏｒｂｏｔｈ
７７０Ｃ．ＧＯＵＲＬＥＹＡＮＤＡ．ＲＩＤＬＥＹｐａｓｔｕｒｅａｎｄｃｒｏｐｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ，ｗｈｉｌｅｔｈｅａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆＮｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｉｓｒａｐｉｄｌｙｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇ（Ｒｅｉｄ，１９９０；
Ｅｃｋａｒｄｅｔａ１．，２００３）．Ｉｎ１９９０／１９９１Ａｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｃｏｎｓｕｍｅｄｔｈｅｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔｏｆ５８０ｋｔｏｆＰ２０５ａｎｄ４３９ｋｔｏｆＮａｓｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｓ，ｗｈｉｌｅｉｎ２００１／２００２，ｔｈｉｓｈａｄｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄｔｏ１１０８ｋｔａｎｄ１０４９ｋｔ，ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ（ＡＢＡＲＥ，２００５）．
Ｏｎ—ｆａｒｍｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｏｆｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｉｓｏｆｍａｊｏｒｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅ，ｂａｓｅｄｏｎｅｘｐｅｎｄｉｔｕｒｅｏｎｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒａｎｄｔｈｅｈｉｇｈｅｒｆａｒｍｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｔｈａｔｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｕｓｅｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｓ．Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒｔｈｅａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｓｔｏｂｅａｎｉｎｅｘａｃｔａｎｄｉｎｅｆｆｌｃｉｅｎｔｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ（Ｇｏｕｒｌｅｙｅｔａ１．，２００５；Ｐｅｖｅｒｉｌｌｅｔａ１．，１９９９；ＧｏｕｒｌｅｙａｎｄＪａｍｅｓ，１９９７）．Ｆｏｒｉｎｓｔａｎｃｅ＜１０％ｏｆＰａｐｐｌｉｅｄｉｎｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｍａｙｂｅｕｔｉｌｉｓｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｐａｓｔｕｒｅｏｒｃｒｏｐ，ｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｒｅｍａｉｎｄｅｒｌａｒｇｅｌｙａｃｃｕｍｕｌａｔｉｎｇｉｎｐｏｏｒｌｙａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅｆｏｒｍｓ（Ｂｕｒｋｉｔｔｅｔａ１．，２００４）．Ｓｉｍｉｌａｒｌｙ，ｔｈｅｕｓｅｏｆＮｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｓｃａｎｂｅｈｉｇｈｌｙｉｎｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔ．Ｆｏｒｅｘａｍｐｌｅ，ａｎｎｕａｌＮｌｅａｃｈｉｎｇｌｏｓｓｅｓｆｒｏｍｄａｉｒｙｓｙｓｔｅｍｓａｒｅｅｓｔｉｍａｔｅｄｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ２０％一４０％ｏｆｔｈａｔａｐｐｌｉｅｄｉｎｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒ（Ｅｃｋａｒｄｅｔａ１．，２００１）．Ｉｎａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎ，ｆｏｒｍｏｒｅｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｖｅｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉｅｓｓｕｃｈａｓｄａｉｒｙｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ，ｖｅｇｅｔａｂｌｅｃｒｏｐｓ，ｉｒｒｉｇａｔｅｄｈｏｒｔｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅａｎｄｓｕｇａｒｃａｎｅ，ｔｈｅｉｎｐｕｔｓｏｆＮａｎｄＰ（ｉｎｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｓａｎｄｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅｄｆｅｅｄ）ｃａｎｆａｒｅｘｃｅｅｄｔｈｅｏｕｔｐｕｔｏｆｔｈｅｓｅｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｓｖｉａａｎｉｍａｌｏｒｐｌａｎｔｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓ（Ｒｅｕｔｅｒ，２００１）．Ｔｈｅｓｅａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉｅｓａｒｅｐｒｅｄｏｍｉｎａｎｔｌｙｉｎｔｈｅｃｏｏｌ，ｗｅｔｃｌｉｍａｔｅｓａｎｄｉｒｒｉｇａｔｅｄｒｅｇｉｏｎｓｏｆｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａａｎｄｔｈｅｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｆｏｒｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｃｏｎｆｌｉｃｔｉｓｈｉ曲，ｇｉｖｅｎｔｈａｔｔｈｅｓｅｒｅｇｉｏｎｓａｌｓｏｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｔｈｅｇｒｅａｔｅｓｔｕｒｂａｎｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｓｏｍｅｏｆＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ’ｓｍａｊｏｒｗａｔｅｒｗａｙｓ．
ＮＯＮ—ＰＯＩＮＴＳＯＵＲＣＥＰＯＬＬＵＴＩＯＮＯＦＩＮＬＡＮＤＷＡＴＥＲ：ＷＡＹＳＩＮＡＵＳＴＲＡＬＩＡＥｕｔｒｏＤｈｉｃａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｃｏｎｓｅｑｕｅｎｔｂｌｕｅ．ｇｒｅｅｎａｌｇａｌｂｌｏｏｍｓｈａｖｅｂｅｃｏｍｅａｒｅｇｕｌａｒｆｅａｔｕｒｅｏｆｗａｔｅｒｓｔｏｒａｇｅａｎｄｒｉｖｅｒｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｉｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ（ＡＳＥＣ，２００１）．ＩｎｔｈｅｓｔａｔｅｏｆＶｉｃｔｏｒｉａ，３０ｔｏ５０ｂｌｕｅ—ｇｒｅｅｎａｌｇａｌｂｌｏｏｍｓｈａｖｅｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｄｅａｃｈｙｅａｒｓｉｎｃｅ１９９６．ＩｎＮｅｗＳｏｕｔｈ％ｌｅｓ．ｐｅｒｓｉｓｔｅｎｔｂｌｕｅ—ｇｒｅｅｎａｌｇａｌｂｌｏｏｍｓ
Ｗｉｎｄａｍｅｒｅ，Ｔｏｏｎｕｍｂａｒ，ｏｃｃｕｒｉｎｍａｊｏｒｒｉｖｅｒｓａｎｄｓｔｏｒａｇｅｓｆｉ．ｅ．、ｔｈｅＨａｗｋｅｓｂｕｒｙ－ＮｅｐｅａｎＲｉｖｅｒａｎｄｉｎ
Ｃａｒｃｏａｒ，ＬｏｓｔｏｃｋａｎｄＢｕｒｒｉｎｊｕｃｋｄａｍｓ）．ＩｎＱｕｅｅｎｓｌａｎｄ，ｂｌｕｅ—ｇｒｅｅｎａｌｇａｌｂｌｏｏｍｓｗｅｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｌｅａｓｔ２５％ｏｆｔｈｅｔｉｍｅｉｎ１４ｗａｔｅｒｓｔｏｒａｇｅｓｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ１９９７ａｎｄ１９９９．ＴｈｅＢｌａｃｋｗｏｏｄ，Ｖａｓｓｅ，Ｓｅｒｐｅｎｔｉｎｅａｎｄ
ＷｅｓｔｅｒｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｈａｖｅａｌｓｏｂｅｅｎａｆｆｅｃｔｅｄｂｙｒｅｇｕｌａｒｂｌｕｅ－?ｇｒｅｅｎａｌｇａｌｂｌｏｏｍｓＳｗａｎ．．Ｃａｎｎｉｎｇｒｉｖｅｒｓｉｎ
（ＡＳＥＣ，２００１）．
Ｔｈｅｎｌａｊｏｒｆａｃｔｏｒｓｔｈａｔｃａｕｓｅｂｌｕｅ—ｇｒｅｅｎａｌｇａｌｂｌｏｏｍｓａｒｅｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｅｎｒｉｃｈｍｅｎｔａｎｄｒｅｄｕｃｅｄｗａｔｅｒｆｌｏｗ
ｗｉｔｈ６５％－９５％ｏｆｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｓｄｅｌｉｖｅｒｅｄａｓｄｉｆｆｕｓｅ（ｎｏｎ－ｐｏｉｎｔｓｏｕｒｃｅ）ｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎ．ＰｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｕｓｌｅｖｅｌｓｒｅｇｕｌａｒｌｙｅｘｃｅｅｄｓｔａｔｅａｎｄｔｅｒｒｉｔｏｒｙｗａｔｅｒｑｕａｌｉｔｙｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅｓｉｎａｌｌｒｉｖｅｒｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｏｆｔｈｅＭｕｒｒａｙ—ＤａｒｌｉｎｇＢａｓｉｎ（ｅｘｃｅｐｔｔｈｅＣｏｎｄａｍｉｎｅＲｉｖｅｒ）ａｎｄｓｏｍｅｃｏａｓｔａｌｒｉｖｅｒｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｉｎｗｅｓｔｅｒｎＶｉｃｔｏｒｉａ，Ｓｙｄｎｅｙ，ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎＮｅｗＳｏｕｔｈ、ｖａｌｅｓ，ｓｏｕｔｈ－ｅａｓｔＱｕｅｅｎｓｌａｎｄ，ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎＱｕｅｅｎｓｌａｎｄａｎｄＷｅｓｔｅｒｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｈａｓｂｅｅｎ
ｅｖｉｄｅｎｃｅｏｆａｎｙｂｒｏａｄｓｃａｌｅｒｅｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｉｎｄｉｆｌｕｓｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｓｉｎｃｅ１９９６（ＡＳＥＣ，２００１）．
ｎｏ
Ｔｈｅｍａｊｏｒｄｉｆｌｕｓｅｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｓｏｕｒｃｅａｐｐｅａｒｓｔｏｂｅｄｅｒｉｖｅｄｆｒｏｍｓｏｉｌｅｒｏｓｉｏｎ，ｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｌｏｓｓｅｓ，ａｎｄｇｒｏｕｎｄｗａｔｅｒｉｎｆｌｏｗ（ＣｈｕｄｌｅｉｇｈａｎｄＳｉｍｐｓｏｎ，２０００）．ＩｍｐｒｏｖｅｄｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｉｓｓｅｅｎａｓａｎｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙｔｏｒｅｄｕｃｅｄｉｆｆｕｓｅｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｌｏｓｓｅｓｉｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ．ＴｈｉｓｉｓｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙｓｏｆｏｒＰｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｓｆＮａｓｈａｎｄＨａｌｌｉｗｅｌｌ，１９９９；Ｍｅｌｌａｎｄｅｔａ１．，２００１；ＢｕｓｈａｎｄＡｕｓｔｉｎ，２００１）．ＴｈｅｕｓｅｏｆＮｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｈａｓａｌｓｏｂｅｅｎｌｉｎｋｅｄｔｏｔｈｅｒｉｓｋｏｆｎｉｔｒａｔｅｃｏｎｔａｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆｗａｔｅｒｓｕｐｐｌｉｅｓａｎｄｇｒｏｕｎｄｗａｔｅｒ（ＳｉｎｇｌｅｔｏｎａｎｄＭｃＬａｙ，２００１；Ｒｉｄｌｅｙｅｔａ１．，２００４）ａｎｄｉｓｎｏｗａｌｓｏｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｓｅｄａｓａｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｆａｃｔｏｒｃｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｎｇｔｏｇｒｅｅｎｈｏｕｓｅｇａｓｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｓｆｒｏｍａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ（ＤａｌａｉａｎｄＷａｎｇ，２００３）．
Ａｌａｒｇｅ—ｓｃａｌｅｗａｔｅｒｑｕａｌｉｔｙｍｏｎｉｔｏｒｉｎｇｓｔｕｄｙｉｎ１９９８ｉｎＶｉｃｔｏｒｉａ．ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｓａｎｅｘａｍｐｌｅｏｆｈｏｗｉｎ—ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔｌｙｗａｔｅｒｑｕａｌｉｔｙａｃｈｉｅｖｅｄＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔＰｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎＡｕｔｈｏｒｉｔｙｇｕｉｄｅｌｉｎｅｓ（ＥＰＡＶｉｃｔｏｒｉａ，２０００）（ＴａｂｌｅＩＩ）．Ａｃｒｏｓｓｅｉｇｈｔｒｅｇｉｏｎｓ，ｓｕｒｆａｃｅｗａｔｅｒｑｕａｌｉｔｙｗａｓｔｈｅｌｏｗｅｓｔｉｎＣｏｒａｎｇａｍｉｔｅ（ｓｏｕｔｈ—ｗｅｓｔＶｉｃ—ｔｏｒｉａ），Ｎｏｒｔｈ－ＣｅｎｔｒａｌａｎｄｔｈｅＧｏｕｌｂｕｒｎ—Ｂｒｏｋｅｎ（ｎｏｒｔｈ—ｅａｓｔＶｉｃｔｏｒｉａ）ｃａｔｃｈｍｅｎｔｓ，ｗｈｅｒｅｏｖｅｒ５０％ｏｆｓａｍｐｌｅｓｄｉｄｎｏｔｒｅａｃｈｗａｔｅｒｑｕａｌｉｔｙｂｅｎｃｈｍａｒｋｓ．ＩｎＣｏｒａｎｇａｍｉｔｅ６３％ｏｆｔｈｅ２７ｍｏｎｉｔｏｒｉｎｇｓｔａｔｉｏｎｓｎｅｖｅｒｍｅｔＮｑｕａｌｉｔｙｇｕｉｄｅｌｉｎｅｓ（Ａｎｏｎ，２００２）．ＷｈｉｌｓｔｉｔｉｓｎｏｔｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅｔｏｂｅｃｅｒｔａｉｎａｂｏｕｔｔｈｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓｏｆＮｃｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｎｇｔｏｅｌｅｖａｔｅｄｓｔｒｅａｍＮｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎｓ，ｌｅｇｕｍｅ—ｂａｓｅｄｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｗｅｒｅｔｈｅｍａｊｏｒｅｎｔｅｒｐｒｉｓｅｓ（ｂｅｅｆ，ｓｈｅｅｐ，ｓｏｍｅｃｒｏｐｐｉｎｇ）ｉｍｐｌｉｃａｔｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｓｕｂ—ｃａｔｃｈｍｅｎｔｓａｔｆｏｕｒｏｆｔｈｅ２７ｍｏｎｉｔｏｒｉｎｇｓｔａｔｉｏｎｓ．Ｔｏｗｎｓｔｏｒｍｗａｔｅｒ／ｓｅｗｅｒａｇｅ，ｐｏｔａｔｏｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎａｎｄｄａｉｒｙｉｎｇ（ｅｆｆｌｕｅｎｔ，Ｎｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒａｎｄｐａｓｔｕｒｅｌｅｇｕｍｅｓ）
ＣＯＮＴＲＯＬＬＩＮＧＮｏＮ—ＰｏＩＮＴＳｏＵＲＣＥＰｏＬＬＵＴＩｏＮ
ｗｅｒｅｐｒｏｂａｂｌｅｃａｕｓｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｒｅｍａｉｎｄｅｒ（Ｒｉｄｌｅｙｅｔａ１．，２００４）．
ＴＡＢＬＥＩＩ
７７１
ＣｏｍｐｌｉａｎｃｅｗｉｔｈＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔＰｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎＡｕｔｈｏｒｉｔｙ（ＥＰＡ）ｓｕｒｆａｃｅｗａｔｅｒｇｕｉｄｅｌｉｎｅｓｆｏｒＮｉｎ１９９８ｆｏｒ８ｃａｔｃｈｍｅｎｔｒｅｇｉｏｎｓｉｎＶｉｃｔｏｒｉａ（Ｒｉｄｌｅｙｅｔａ１．，２００４）
ＣａｔｃｈｍｅｎｔｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｒｅｇｉｏｎＳａｍｐｌｅｓｎｅｖｅｒｒｅａｃｈｉｎｇＥＰＡｇｕｉｄｅｌｉｎｅｓ
Ｃｏｒａｎｇａｍｉｔｅ（ｎ＝２７）
Ｇｌｅｎｅｌｇ∽＝２２）
ｗｅｓｔＧｉｐｐｓｌａｎｄ（ｎ＝２２）
ＥａｓｔＧｉｐｐｓｌａｎｄ∽＝２６）Ｎｏｒｔｈ．Ｅａｓｔｆｎ＝２４１
Ｇｏｕｌｂｕｒｎ—Ｂｒｏｋｅｎ（ｎ＝３１）ＮｏｒｔｈＣｅｎｔｒａｌｆｎ＝３４１
Ｗｉｍｍｅｒａ（ｎ＝１２）
Ｔｏｔａｌｆｎ＝１９８１％
６３ａ）１４
３２
２３
８
５２
５６
１７
３６
８）Ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔａｇｅｏｆｔｈｅｔｏｔａｌｓｔｒｅａｍｓｔａｔｉｏｎｓｍｏｎｉｔｏｒｅｄ
ＰＯＬＩＣＹＡＰＰＲＯＡＣＨＥＳＦＯＲＲＥＤＵＣＩＮＧＮＯＮ—ＰｏＩＮＴＳＯＵＲＣＥＰＯＬＬＵＴＩＯＮＦＲＯＭＡＧＲＩＣＵＬ．ＴＵＲＡＬＳＹＳＴＥＭＳＩＮＡＵＳＴＲＡＬＩＡ
Ｎｏｎ—ｐｏｉｎｔｓｏｕｒｃｅｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｉｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｌｅａｄｔｏｅｘｔｅｒｎａｌｉｔｉｅｓａｎｄａｒｅｏｆｔｅｎｏｕｔｓｉｄｅｔｈｅｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｆａｒｍｅｒ’Ｓｓｈｏｒｔ—ｔｅｒｍｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌｃａｐａｃｉｔｙｔｏａｄｄｒｅｓｓ．Ａｍａｊｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆ
ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｉｓｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅｔｏａｄｄｒｅｓｓｓｕｃｈｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｉｓｓｕｅｓａｓｐａｒｔｏｆｉｔｓｃｏｍｍｉｔｍｅｎｔｔｏｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔａｎｄｔｈｅｗｅｌｌｂｅｉｎｇｏｆａｌｌｃｉｔｉｚｅｎｓ．Ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｓｓｅｅｋｔｏａｄｄｒｅｓｓｐｕｂｌｉｃ—ｇｏｏｄ（ｏｆｆ－ｓｉｔｅ）ｉｓｓｕｅｓｕｓｉｎｇｏｎｅｏｒ
ｍｏｒｅｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍｓｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇｉｎｃｅｎｔｉｖｅｓ，ｐｅｎａｌｔｉｅｓ，ｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｏｎ，ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈａｎｄｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ，ｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｎｔｅｒｖｅｎｔｉｏｎｏｒｎｏａｃｔｉｏｎ．Ｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅｖａｒｉｏｕｓｏｐｔｉｏｎｓｗｉｔｈｉｎｅａｃｈｃａｔｅｇｏｒｙ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｍａｊｏｒｏｐｔｉｏｎｓａｒｅｓｕｍｍａｒｉｚｅｄｉｎＴａｂｌｅＩＩＩ．Ｔｈｅｃｈｏｉｃｅｏｆｐｏｌｉｃｙｏｐｔｉｏｎｏｒｔｈｅｍｉｘｏｆｐｏｌｉｃｙｔｏｏｌｓｗｉｌｌｄｅｐｅｎｄｕｐｏｎｍａｎｙｆａｃｔｏｒｓ，ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇｔｈｅｐｒｉｏｒｉｔｙｔｈｅｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｐｌａｃｅｓｏｎｔｈｅｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒｐｒｏｂｌｅｍａｎｄｔｈｅｃａｐａｃｉｔｙｏｆｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒｐｏｌｉｃｙｉｎｓｔｒｕｍｅｎｔｓｔｏｈａｖｅｔｈｅｄｅｓｉｒｅｄｉｍｐａｃｔ．Ｐａｎｎｅｌｌｅｔａ１．（２００４）ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄｔｈｅｓｅｉｓｓｕｅｓｆ１】ｒｔｈｅｒ．
ＴＡＢＬＥＩＩＩ
Ｍａｊｏｒｐｏｌｉｃｙｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅｏｐｔｉｏｎｓｆｏｒｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｏｆｎｏｎ－ｐｏｉｎｔｓｏｕｒｃｅｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｉｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ（ＲｉｄｌｅｙａｎｄＰａｎｎｅｌｌ，２００５）
ＰｏｌｉｃｙｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅＥｘｐｌａｎａｔｉｏｎ
ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈａｎｄＩｎｖｅｓｔｉｎｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｒｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｏｆｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｏｐｔｉｏｎｓｆｏｒｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｏｆｌａｎｄｄｅｇｒａｄａｔｉｏｎｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ，ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒｌｙｔｈｏｓｅｔｈａｔｍａｋｅｍｏｒｅｐｒｏｆｉｔｆｏｒｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｌａｎｄｈｏｌｄｅｒｓ．Ｔｈｅｃａｔｅｇｏｒｙｍａｙａｌｓｏｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｉｎｖｅｓｔｍｅｎｔ．ｉｎｉｎｆｒａｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ，ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎｓ，ｅｔｃ．
Ｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｏｎ
Ｉｎｃｅｎｔｉｖｅｓ
Ｐｅｎａｌｔｉｅｓ
Ｄｉｒｅｃｔ
ｉｎｔｅｒｖｅｎｔｉｏｎＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒ，ｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎ，ｃａｐａｃｉｔｙｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇ．Ｔｈｉｓｉｓｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔｆｏｒｐｒｏｍｏｔｉｏｎｏｆｅｘｉｓｔｉｎｇｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏ－ｇｉｅｓｗｈｅｒｅｔｈｅｙａｒｅａｔｔｒａｃｔｉｖｅｔｏｌａｎｄｍａｎａｇｅｒｓ．
Ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌｉｎｃｅｎｔｉｖｅｓｔｏｅｎｃｏｕｒａｇｅａｃｈａｎｇｅｏｆｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ．Ｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｓｕｂｓｉｄｉｅｓ，ｍａｒ—ｋｅｔｂａｓｅｄｉｎｓｔｒｕｍｅｎｔｓ，ｃｏｓｔ—ｓｈａｒｉｎｇ．Ｔｈｉｓｉｓｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔｔｏｐｒｏｍｏｔｉｏｎｏｆｅｘｉｓｔｉｎｇｌａｎｄｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｐｒａｃ－ｔｉｃｅｓｆｏｒａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｉｎｓｏｍｅｃｉｒｃｕｍｓｔａｎｃｅｓ．Ｉｔｃａｎａｌｓｏｂｅｕｓｅｄｔｏｅｎｃｏｕｒａｇｅｌａｎｄｒｅｔｉｒｅｍｅｎｔｗｈｅｒｅｔｈｅｒｅｉｓｎｏｐｒｏｆｉｔａｂｌｅａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｌａｎｄｕｓｅａｎｄｗｈｅｒｅｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅｎａｔｕｒａｌｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｓ．
Ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅｉｎｃｅｎｔｉｖｅｓｔｏｄｉｓｃｏｕｒａｇｅａｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｏｒｌａｎｄｕｓｅ．Ｆｏｒｅｘａｍｐｌｅ，ｒｅｑｕｉｒｉｎｇｔｈｅｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅｏｆｗａｔｅｒｒｉｇｈｔｓ，ｉｍｐｏｓｉｎｇｒｅｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｎｌａｎｄｕｓｅｏｒｒｅｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｎｄｒａｉｎａｇｅｉｎｓｔａｌｌａｔｉｏｎ．Ｔｈｉｓｉｓｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔｔｏｔｈｅｄｉｓｃｏｕｒａｇｅｍｅｎｔｏｆｅｘｉｓｔｉｎｇｌａｎｄｕｓｅｓｏｒｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｓ．
Ｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｎｔｅｒｖｅｎｔｉｏｎｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇｏｐｔｉｏｎｓｉｓｕｓｅｄｉｎｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎｓｗｈｅｒｅａｌｔｅｒｎａｔｉｖｅｏｐｔｉｏｎｓａｒｅｉｎ—ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｏｒｎｏｔｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔａｎｄｗｈｅｒｅｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅｌａｒｇｅｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｓｔｏｓｏｃｉｅｔｙｉｎｉｎｔｅｒｖｅｎｔｉｏｎ．
ＮｏａｃｔｉｏｎＮｏｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅｉｓｊｕｓｔｉｆｉｅｄｂｅｃａｕｓｅｔｈｅｃｏｓｔｓｏｆｉｎｔｅｒｖｅｎｔｉｏｎｏｕｔｗｅｉｇｈｔｈｅｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｓ．
７ｒ７２Ｃ．ＧＯＵＲＬＥＹＡＮＤＡ．ＲＩＤＬＥＹ
Ｉｎｔｈｅｃａｓｅｏｆｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｌｉｎｇｎｏｎ．ｐｏｉｎｔｓｏｕｒｃｅｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎ．ｋｅｙｉｓｓｕｅｓｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｔｈｅｌａｒｇｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｆａｍｉｌｙｂａｓｅｄｆａｒｍｓｉｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａａｎｄｔｈｅｖａｌｕｅｏｆｔｈｅａｓｓｅｔｓｂｅｉｎｇｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｅｄｆｒｏＩｎｐｏｌｉｃｙｉｎｔｅｒｖｅｎｔｉｏｎ．Ｅｓｓｅｎｔｉａｌｌｙ，ｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅｔｗｏｍａｉｎｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓｗｈｉｃｈｍａｎｙｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｓｏｆｔｅｎｔｈｉｎｋａｂｏｕｔｉｎｃｈｏｏｓｉｎｇｔｈｅｐｏｌｉｃｙｍｉｘ：１）Ａｒｅｔｈｅｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔｍａｒｋｅｔｓｉｎｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔ？２１Ｄｏｔｈｅｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｓｅｘｃｅｅｄｔｈｅｃｏｓｔｓ？
ＩｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅｖｅｒｙｆｅｗｍａｒｋｅｔｄｒｉｖｅｒｓｆｏｒｆａｒｍｅｒｓｔｏｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｎｏｎ—ｐｏｉｎｔｓｏｕｒｃｅｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎ．ａｎｄｔｈｕｓｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｓｂｅｌｉｅｖｅｔｈａｔｂｅｔｔｅｒｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｏｕｔｃｏｍｅｓａｒｅｍｏｒｅ１ｉｋｅｌｙｔｏａｒｉｓｅｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｕｓｅｏｆｐｏｌｉｃｙｔｏｏｌｓ．ＴｈｅｐｏｌｉｃｙｃｏｎｔｅｘｔｉｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａａｌｓｏｎｅｅｄｓｔｏｂｅｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｅｄｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｏｎｔｈａｔＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｈａｓａｎｅｘｔｒｅｍｅｌｙｌｏｗｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｄｅｎｓｉｔｙｏｖｅｒａｌｌ，ｂｕｔｗｉｔｈａｓｕｂｓｔａｎｔｉａｌｌｙｈｉｇｈｅｒｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｄｅｎｓｉｔｙａｒｏｕｎｄｔｈｅｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｃｏａｓｔａｌｒｅｇｉｏｎｓ（ＡＢＳ，２００２）．Ｉｎａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎ，ｏｖｅｒ８０％ｏｆＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ’ｓａｇｒｉ—ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｌａｎｄｉｓｐｒｉｖａｔｅｌｙｍａｎａｇｅｄ（ＡＮＡＯ，１９９７）．Ｇｉｖｅｎｔｈｉｓｌｏｗｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｄｅｎｓｉｔｙａｎｄｌａｒｇｅｄｅｇｒｅｅｏｆｐｒｉｖａｔｅｏｗｎｅｒｓｈｉｐｏｆｌａｎｄ，ｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅｓｉｍｐｌｙｎｏｔｅｎｏｕｇｈｐｅｏｐｌｅｏｒｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓｔｏａｓｓｅｓｓ，ｍｏｎｉｔｏｒａｎｄｍａｎａｇｅｔｈｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ（ＡＳＥＣ，２００１）．Ａｌｏｗｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｄｅｎｓｉｔｙａｌｓｏｍａｋｅｓａｎｙｒｅｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎ—ｂａｓｅｄｎａｔｕｒａｌｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ（ＮＲＭ）ｐｏｌｉｃｙｄｉ伍ｃｕｌｔｔｏｅｎｆｏｒｃｅ．Ｉｔｉｓｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅｎｏｔｓｕｒｐｒｉｓｉｎｇｔｈａｔｓｅｌｆ－ｒｅｇｕｌａｔｉｎｇａｎｄｖｏｌｕｎｔａｒｙａｐｐｒｏａｃｈｅｓａｒｅｐｒｅｆｅｒｒｅｄｂｙＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｓ，ａｓｔｈｅｙａｒｅｐｅｒｃｅｉｖｅｄａｓｂｅｉｎｇｐｒａｃｔｉｃａｌａｓｗｅｌｌａｓｍｏｒｅａｐｐｅａｌｉｎｇｔｏｆａｒｍｅｒｓｔｈａｎｒｅｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎ．
Ｉｎｂｒｏａｄｔｅｒｍｓ，ｐｏｌｉｃｙｉｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｉｓｄｉｃｔａｔｅｄｂｙｂｏｔｈｃｏｍｍｏｎｗｅａｌｔｈａｎｄｓｔａｔｅｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｓ．ａｎｄｉｓｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｄｂｙｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌａｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔｓ．Ｌｏｃａｌｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔａｎｄｃａｔｃｈｍｅｎｔｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｂｏｄｉｅｓａｒｅｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｂｌｅｆｏｒｐｌａｎｎｉｎｇａｎｄｉｍｐｌｅｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎａｔｔｈｅｌｏｃａｌｌｅｖｅｌ．
Ｃｏｍｍｏｎｗｅａｌｔｈｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｐｏｌｉｃｙ
Ｔｈｅｅｖｏｌｖｉｎｇｐｏｌｉｃｙａｐｐｒｏａｃｈｔｏｒｅｄｕｃｉｎｇ
ｆｒｏｍａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｉｎ
ｎｏｎ－ｐｏｉｎｔｓｏｕｒｃｅｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎ
ＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｈａｓｂｅｅｎｓｕｍｍａｒｉｓｅｄｂｙＰａｎｎｅｌｌｅｔａ１．（２００４）．Ａｔｔｈｅｃｏｍｍｏｎｗｅａｌｔｈ１ｅｖｅｌｔｈｅＮａｔｉｏｎａｌＬａｎｄｃａｒｅＰｒｏｇｒａｍ（ＮＬＰ）ｅｍｅｒｇｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｌａｔｅ１９８０ｓｉｎｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅｔｏａｒａｎｇｅｏｆｌａｎｄｄｅｇｒａｄａｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ．
Ｔｈｅｐｈｉｌｏｓｏｐｈｙｗａｓ，ａｎｄｓｔｉｌｌｉｓ，ｆｏｒｌｏｃａｌｐａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｔｉｏｎａｎｄ
ｐｒｉｏｒｉｔｙｓｅｔｔｉｎｇ，ｌａｎｄｈｏｌｄｅｒｃｏ—ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｊｏｉｎｔａｃｔｉｏｎ．Ｂｙ１９９７ｔｈｅｒｅｗｅｒｅ３２５０ｌｏｃａｌｌｙｂａｓｅｄＬａｎｄｃａｒｅｇｒｏｕｐｓ（Ｒａｅ，１９９８）．ｗｈｉｌｓｔＮＬＰｈａｓｂｅｅｎｅｘｔｒｅｍｅｌｙｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌｉｎｒａｉｓｉｎｇａｗａｒｅｎｅｓｓｏｆｌａｎｄｄｅｇｒａｄａｔｉｏｎｉｓｓｕｅｓ．ｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅｎｏｗｉｓｓｕｅｓｗｉｔｈｖｏｌｕｎｔｅｅｒｉｓｍｒｅａｃｈｉｎｇｉｔｓｌｉｍｉｔｓ（ＣｕｒｔｉｓａｎｄＶａｎＮｏｕｈｕｙｓ，１９９９），ａｎｄａｌｓｏｉｔｉｓｎｏｗｂｅｃｏｍｉｎｇｃｌｅａｒｔｈａｔｔｈｅｓｍａｌｌｓｃａｌｅｅｆｆｏｒｔｓｉｎＬａｎｄｃａｒｅｈａｖｅｎｏｔｂｅｅｎｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｉｎｐｒｅｖｅｎｔｉｎｇｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｉｎｇ１ａｎｄｄｅｇｒａｄａｔｉｏｎ．Ｉｎ１９９７ｔｈｅＮａｔｕｒａｌＨｅｒｉｔａｇｅＴｒｕｓｔ（ＮＨＴ）ｗａｓｆｏｒｍｅｄ，ｐａｒｔｌｙｉｎｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅｔｏｔｈｅｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｓｓｕｒｒｏｕｎｄ—ｉｎｇｔｈｅＮＬＰｒｅｇａｒｄｉｎｇｉｎｓｕｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｃｈａｎｇｅｏｎｔｈｅｇｒｏｕｎｄ．ＵｎｄｅｒｔｈｅＮＨＴｔｈｅｒｅｉｓａｇｒｅａｔｅｒｅｍｐｈａｓｉｓｔｏｗａｒｄｓｐａｒｔｉａｌｓｕｂｓｉｄｉｅｓｆｏｒｏｎ—ｇｒｏｕｎｄｗｏｒｋｓ，ｉｎｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｔｏｔｈｅｐｕｂｌｉｃａｎｄｐｒｉｖａｔｅｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｓｔｏｔｈｅｌａｎｄｈｏｌｄｅｒ（ｔｈｅｌａｎｄｈｏｌｄｅｒｐａｙｓｆｏｒｔｈｅｐｒｉｖａｔｅｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｓ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｐａｒｔｉａｌｓｕｂｓｉｄｙｉｓｐａｉｄｆｏｒｔｈｅｐｕｂｌｉｃｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｓ）．ＣｏｍｍｏｎｗｅａｌｔｈｐｏｌｉｃｙｆｕｒｔｈｅｒｅｖｏｌｖｅｄｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｌａｕｎｃｈｏｆｔｈｅＮａｔｉｏｎａｌＡｃｔｉｏｎＰｌａｎｆｏｒＳａｌｉｎｉｔｙａｎｄＷａｔｅｒＱｕａｌｉｔｙ（ＮＡＰ）ｉｎ２００１，ｉｎｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｏｎｏｆＮＨＴｆｕｎｄｓｎｏｔｂｅｉｎｇｓｕｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｌｙｗｅｌｌｔａｒｇｅｔｅｄ，ａｎｄａｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｏｎｔｈａｔｓｏｍｅｒｅｇｉｏｎｓｈａｖｅｍｏｒｅｕｒｇｅｎｔ（ａｎｄｓｏｍｅｔｉｍｅｓｍｏｒｅｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌｌｙｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ）ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｔｈａｎｏｔｈｅｒｓ．ＷｈｉｌｓｔｔｈｅＮＡＰｉｓｆｏｃｕｓｓｅｄｏｎｂｏｔｈｓａｌｉｎｉｔｙａｎｄｗａｔｅｒｑｕａｌｉｔｙ，ｔｏｄａｔｅｉｔｉｓａｌｍｏｓｔｅｎｔｉｒｅｌｙ
ｄｉｒｅｃｔｅｄｔｏｗａｒｄｓｓａｌｉｎｉｔｙ．ＴｈｒｏｕｇｈｔｈｅＮＡＰｔｈｅｒｅｈａｓｂｅｅｎａ
ｇｒｅａｔｅｒｄｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｏｆｐｏｗｅｒｓｔｏｒｅｇｉｏｎｓｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｃａｔｃｈｍｅｎｔｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｂｏｄｉｅｓ．
Ｓｔａｔｅｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｐｏｌｉｃｙ
Ｔｈｅｒｅｉｓ
ａｓｔｒｏｎｇｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐ（ａｎｄｓｏｍｅｔｉｍｅｓｔｅｎｓｉｏｎ）ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｓｔａｔｅａｎｄｃｏｍｍｏｎｗｅａｌｔｈｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｓｉｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ．ＩｎａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎｔｏｔｈｅｃｏｍｍｏｎｗｅａｌｔｈｉｎｉｔｉａｔｅｄＮＬＰ，ＮＨＴａｎｄＮＡＰ．Ｓｔａｔｅｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｓｈａｖｅａｌｓｏｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄｔｈｅｉｒｏｗｎｐｏｌｉｃｙｐｒｏｇｒａｍｓｗｉｔｈｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｔｏｎｏｎ－ｐｏｉｎｔｓｏｕｒｃｅｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎ．Ｓｔａｔｅｐｒｏｇｒａｍｓａｒｅｃｏｍｐｌｅｍｅｎｔａｒｙｗｉｔｈｃｏｍｍｏｎｗｅａｌｔｈｐｒｏｇｒａｍｓ，ａｎｄａｌｓｏｒｅｌｙｏｎｖｏｌｕｎｔｅｅｒａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｂｙｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｌａｎｄｈｏｌｄｅｒｓ．Ｔｈｅｓｔａｔｅｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｓａｌｓｏｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｔｈｅｍａｊｏｒｉｔｙｏｆｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈａｎｄｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｏｎｓｓｔａｆｆｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｄｉｎｎａｔｕｒａｌｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｉｓｓｕｅｓ．
Ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｉｏｎ（ｒｅｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎ）ａｐｐｒｏａｃｈｅｓａｒｅｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｌｅｄａｔｔｈｅｓｔａｔｅｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｌｅｖｅｌａｎｄｔｈｕｓｉｔｉｓｔｈｅｓｔａｔｅｓｔｈａｔｃａｎｉｍｐｏｓｅｒｅｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎ，ｓｈｏｕｌｄｔｈｅｙｃｈｏｏｓｅｔｏｄｏｓｏ．Ｍｏｓｔｓｔａｔｅｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｓａｒｅｈｏｗｅｖｅｒｒｅｌｕｃｔａｎｔｔｏｉｍｐｏｓｅｒｅｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎ，ａｓｉｔｉｓｅｘｔｒｅｍｅｌｙｃｏｓｔｌｙａｓｗｅｌｌａｓｒｅｓｕｌｔｉｎｇｉｎａｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌｉｍａｇｅ．
ＣｏＮＴＲＯＬＬＩＮＧＮＯＮ—ＰＯＩＮＴＳｏＵＲＣＥＰｏＬＬＵＴｌ０Ｎ７７３
ＳｔａｔｅｓａｒｅａｌｓｏｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｂｌｅｆｏｒｄｅｃｉｄｉｎｇｔｈｅｌｅｖｅｌｏｆｄｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｏｆｐｏｗｅｒｔｏＣａｔｃｈｍｅｎｔＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｂｏｄｉｅｓａｎｄｔｈｉｓｈａｓｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｌｙｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｉｍｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓｆｏｒｔｈｅｒｏｌｅｏｆｔｈｅｌｏｃａｌｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙｉｎｄｅｃｉｄｉｎｇｈｏｗｔｏｄｅａｌｗｉｔｈｎｏｎ—ｐｏｉｎｔｓｏｕｒｃｅｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎ．
ＣａｔｃｈｍｅｎｔＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ
Ｔｏｄａｔｅ，ｎａｔｕｒａｌｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｉｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｈａｓｂｅｅｎｄｅｌｉｖｅｒｅｄｕｓｉｎｇａｒａｎｇｅｏｆａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓｂａｓｅｄａｒｏｕｎｄｃａｔｃｈｍｅｎｔｓ（ｗａｔｅｒｓｈｅｄｓ），ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙｔｅｒｍｅｄＩｎｔｅｇｒａｔｅｄＣａｔｃｈｍｅｎｔＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ（ＩＣＭ）．ＩＣＭｉｓａｃｏｏｒｄｉｎａｔｅｄｗａｙｔｏｍａｎａｇｅｌａｎｄａｎｄｗａｔｅｒｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓｂａｓｅｄｏｎｒｅｇｉｏｎｓ．Ｉｔｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｓｃｏ—ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ
ｏｒｐａｒｔｎｅｒｓｈｉｐｓｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｌａｎｄｈｏｌｄｅｒｓ，ｏｔｈｅｒｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙｇｒｏｕｐｓａｎｄｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔａｇｅｎｃｉｅｓ（ＢｅｌｌａｍｙａｎｄＪｏｈｎｓｏｎ，２０００；Ｅｗｉｎｇ，２００３）．
ＡｌｔｈｏｕｇｈＩＣＭｉｓａｃｃｅｐｔｅｄａｓａｎｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｏｕｔＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ，ｔｈｅａｒｒａｎｇｅｍｅｎｔｖａｒｉｅｓｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｓｔａｔｅｓ，ａｓｔｈｅｙａｌｌｈａｖｅｓｌｉｇｈｔｌｙｄｉｆｉｅｒｅｎｔｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｓｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅｓｔａｔｅｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔａｎｄｃａｔｃｈ—ｍｅｎｔｂｏｄｉｅｓ．ＴｈｅＩＣＭｆｒａｍｅｗｏｒｋｉｎＶｉｃｔｏｒｉａｉｓｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄｏｆａｌｌｔｈｅｓｔａｔｅｓ．ＯｎｌｙｉｎＶｉｃｔｏｒｉａｄｏｔｈｅＣａｔｃｈｍｅｎｔＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔＡｕｔｈｏｒｉｔｉｅｓ（ＣＭＡｓ）ｈａｖｅｆｏｒｍａｌｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｓ，ｐｏｗｅｒａｎｄｆｕｎｄｉｎｇ（Ｅｗｉｎｇ，２００３），ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒｏｔｈｅｒｓｔａｔｅｓａｒｅｎｏｗｍｏｖｉｎｇｔｏａｓｉｍｉｌａｒｍｏｄｅｌ（ＳｅｙｍｏｕｒａｎｄＲｉｄｌｅｙ，２００５）．Ｗｉｔｈｉｎｃａｔｃｈｍｅｎｔｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｒｅｇｉｏｎｓ，ｐｒｉｏｒｉｔｙａｒｅａｓｆｏｒａｃｔｉｏｎａｒｅｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｅｄｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｔｈｅＲｅｇｉｏｎａｌＣａｔｃｈｍｅｎｔＳｔｒａｔｅｇｙ．Ｌａｎｄｃａｒｅｇｒｏｕｐｓｃａｒｒｙｏｕｔｍｕｃｈｏｆｔｈｅｏｎ—ｇｒｏｕｎｄｗｏｒｋｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｅｄｉｎＲｅｇｉｏｎａｌＣａｔｃｈｍｅｎｔＳｔｒａｔｅｇｉｅｓ．Ｔｈｅｇｒｏｕｐｓｏｂｔａｉｎｆｕｎｄｉｎｇｆｏｒｏｎ—ｇｒｏｕｎｄｗｏｒｋｓｖｉａａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓｔｏａＲｅｇｉｏｎａｌＡｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔＰａｎｅｌｆｗｈｉｃｈｉｓａｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅＣＭＡ）．ＩｎｏｔｈｅｒｓｔａｔｅｓｏｆＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａａｂｒｏａｄｌｙｓｉｍｉｌａｒｆｒａｍｅｗｏｒｋｆｏｒＩＣＭｉｓｕｓｅｄｂｕｔｕｓｕａｌｌｙｗｉｔｈｌｅｓｓｓｔａｔｕｔｏｒｙｐｏｗｅｒｓ．
ＩＮＤＵＳＴＲＹＡＮＤＲＥＳＥＡＲＣＨＡＰＰＲＯＡＣＨＥＳＴ０ＡＤＤＲＥＳＳＮＯＮ—ＰＯＩＮＴＳＯＵＲＣＥＰＯＬＬＵＴｌ０ＮＮｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｔｏｏｌｓａｎｄｍｏｄｅｌｓ
Ａｒｉｓｉｎｇｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｉｎｅ伍ｃｉｅｎｃｉｅｓｏｆｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｕｓｅａｎｄｔｈｅｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｏｎｏｆａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄａｄｖｅｒｓｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌ
ｃｏｎｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅｓｔｈｅｒｅｉｓａｐｒｅｓｓｉｎｇｎｅｅｄｔｏｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｓ．Ａｔａｆａｒｍ１ｅｖｅｌ，ｔｈｅｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｄａｄｏｐｔｉｏｎａｎｄａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｅｖｅｎｓｉｍｐｌｅｔｏｏｌｓｌｉｋｅｓｏｉｌｔｅｓｔｉｎｇｃａｎｓｕｂｓｔａｎｔｉａｌｌｙｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｕｓｅｅｍｃｉｅｎｃｙｗｈｉｌｅｒｅｄｕｃｉｎｇａｄｖｅｒｓｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｉｍｐａｃｔｓ．Ａｄｖａｎｃｅｓｉｎａｎａｌｙｔｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄｓａｎｄｐｒｏｃｅｄｕｒｅｓａｒｅｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｉｎｇｔｏｒｅｆｉｎｅｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｒｅｃｏｍｍｅｎｄａｔｉｏｎｓａｎｄｒｅｄｕｃｅｔｅｓｔｉｎｇｃｏｓｔｓ，ｗｈｉｌｅｓｐａｔｉａｌｍａｐｐｉｎｇｏｆｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｃａｎｐｒｏｖｉｄｅａｇｒｅａｔｅｒｃａｐａｃｉｔｙｆｏｒ‘ｗｈｏｌｅ—ｆａｒｍ’ｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｐｌａｎｎｉｎｇ．Ｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｂｕｄｇｅｔｓｆｆａｒｍｂａｓｅｄｒｅｃｏｒｄｓａｌｌｏｗｉｎｇｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｉｎｐｕｔｓａｎｄｏｕｔｐｕｔｓｔｏｂｅｃａｌｃｕｌａｔｅｄａｔａｐａｄｄｏｃｋｆａｒｍｓｃａｌｅｌａｒｅａｌｓｏｇａｉｎｉｎｇａｃｃｅｐｔａｎｃｅａｓａｎｉｎｄｉｃａｔｏｒｏｆｍｏｒｅｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｓ．
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Ｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅａｌｓｏａｒａｎｇｅｏｆｔｏｏｌｓｔｈａｔｃａｎｂｅｕｓｅｄｔｏｅｘｔｅｎｄｔｈｅｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅｓｏｆｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｃｙｃｌｉｎｇａｎｄｌｏｓｓ
ｍｅａｓｕｒａｂｌｅｐａｒａｍｅｔｅｒｓ．Ｓｏｍｅｏｆｔｈｅｔｏｏｌｓｔｈａｔｈａｖｅｐａｔｈｗａｙｓｔｏａｗｉｄｅｒｇｅｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃａｌａｒｅａｕｓｉｎｇｅａｓｉｌｙ
ｂｅｅｎｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄｔｏｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｙｐａｄｄｏｃｋｓ，ｒｅｇｉｏｎｓａｎｄｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｓｔｈａｔｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｇｒｅａｔｅｒｒｉｓｋｓｆｏｒｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔａｎｄｓｏｉｌｌｏｓｓｉｎｃｌｕｄｅ：１１ｇｕｉｄｅｌｉｎｅｓｆｏｒｂｅｓｔｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｖｅａｎｄｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｖｅｇｒａｚｉｎｇｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉｅｓ（Ｅｃｋａｒｄ，１９９９；ＨａｒｒｉｓａｎｄＲｉｄｌｅｙ，２０００）；２）ｃｏｎｃｅｐｔｕａｌｍｏｄｅｌｓｔｈａｔｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｙ
ｆｒｏｍｐａｓｔｕｒｅｓ（ＨａｙｇａｒｔｈａｎｄＨｅａｔｈｗａｉｔｅ，２０００；ｈｙｄｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｐａｔｈｗａｙｓａｎｄｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓｏｆＮａｎｄＰｌｏｓｓｅｓ
ＨｅａｔｈｗａｉｔｅａｎｄＤｉｌｓ，２０００）；３）ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｍｏｄｅｌｓｔｈａｔｅｓｔｉｍａｔｅｒｕｎｏｆｆ，ｄｒａｉｎａｇｅａｎｄｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｌｏｓｓｅｓｂａｓｅｄｏｎｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｔｉｃｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔａｎｄｗａｔｅｒｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｓ（Ｈｏｏｋ，１９９７；Ｓｔｏｒｍｅｔａ１．；１９８８）；４）ｅｍｐｉｒｉｃａｌｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｓｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｌｏａｄｓａｎｄｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎｓｉｎｒｕｎｏｆｆｆｒｏｍｈｉｌＭｏｐｅｃａｔｃｈｍｅｎｔｓｔｏｍｅａｓｕｒｅｄｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ，ｓｏｉｌａｎｄｃｌｉｍａｔｉｃｖａｒｉａｂｌｅｓ（Ｆｌｅｍｉｎｇｅｔａ１．，２００１；Ｎａｓｈｅｔａ１．，２０００）；ａｎｄ５）ｉｎｄｉｃｅｓａｎｄｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔａｔｉｏｎ
ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｓｕｃｈａｓｔｈｅＰｌｏｓｓｉｎｄｅｘ（Ｂｒａｍｌｅｙｅｔａ１．，２００３；Ｓｈａｒｐｌｅｙｅｔａｐｐｒｏａｃｈｅｓｔｈａｔｕｓｅｇｅｏｓｐａｔｉａｌ
ａ１．，２００３），ａｎｄｌｏｗｒｅｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｐａｒａｍｅｔｅｒｓｓｕｃｈａｓｓｔｒｅａｍｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎｓ（ＪｏｒｄａｎｅｔａＩ．，２００１；ＭｅＦａｒｌａｎｄａｎｄＨａｕｃｋ，１９９９１．
Ｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｌｏｓｓｏｒｒｉｓｋａｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔｉｎｄｉｃｅｓ，ａｒｅｏｎｅｓｕｃｈｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔａｉｄｔｈａｔｉｓｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｌｙｗｉｄｅｌｙａｄｏｐｔｅｄｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｌｙ．ＳｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｒｅｖｉｅｗｓｏｆＰ—ｉｎｄｉｃｅｓｈａｖｅｒｅｃｅｎｔｌｙｂｅｅｎｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄｆｒｏｍａＥｕｒｏｐｅａｎｐｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅ（Ｈｅａｔｈｗａｉｔｅｅｔａ１．，２００３）ａｎｄａＵｎｉｔｅｄＳｔａｔｅｓｐｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅ（Ｓｈａｒｐｌｅｙｅｔａ１．，２００３）．ＩｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｔｈｅｒｅｈａｓｂｅｅｎｓｏｍｅｗｈａｔｌｅｓｓｅｘｐｌｏｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｒｏｌｅｔｈａｔｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｒｉｓｋａｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔｉｎｄｉｃｅｓｉ１１ａｙ
７７４Ｃ．ＧｏＵＲＬＥＹＡＮＤＡ．ＲＩＤＬＥＹ
ｐｌａｙｉｎｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｄｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ，ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｄｆｒａｍｅｗｏｒｋｓｏｒｉｎｄｉｃｅｓａｒｅｂｅｉｎｇｅｘａｍｉｎｅｄ（Ｂｒａｍｌｅｙｅｔａ１．，２００３；Ｍｅｌｌａｎｄｅｔａ１．，２００４）．Ｓｕｃｈｉｎｄｉｃｅｓｎｅｅｄｔｏｂｅｄｅｆｉｎｅｄａｃｒｏｓｓｓｏｉｌｔｙｐｅｓ，ｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓａｎｄｃｌｉｍａｔｉｃｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓａｎｄｍａｐｐｅｄａｔａｒｅｇｉｏｎａｌ，ｃａｔｃｈｍｅｎｔａｎｄｆａｒｍｓｃａｌｅ．Ｔｈｉｓｗｉｌｌａｌｌｏｗｆａｒｍｅｒｓａｎｄａｄｖｉｓｅｒｓｔｏｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｙｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃｓｅｎｓｉｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓｗｉｔｈｉｎｔｈｅｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｔｈｅｙｍａｎａｇｅ，ａｎｄｓｅｌｅｃｔａｐｐｒｏｐｒｉａｔｅｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｓ．
Ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ
ＩｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ．ａｓｉｎｏｔｈｅｒｐａｒｔｓｏｆｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ．ｔｈｅｍｏｒｅｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｖｅａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉｅｓｉｎｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒａｒｅｂｅｃｏｍｉｎｇｖｅｒｙｃｏｎｓｃｉｏｕｓｏｆｔｈｅｉｒｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｉｍｐａｃｔｓａｎｄｒｅｓＤｏｎｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｉｅｓ．Ｉｎｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅｔｏｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｔｈａｔｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｍａｙｉｍｐｏｓｅｒｅｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎｕｐｏｎｔｈｅｍ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｎｅｅｄｔｏｂｅｓｅｅｎｔｏｂｅｐｒｏ—ａｃｔｉｖｅｉｎｒｅｄｕｃｉｎｇｅｘｔｅｒｎａｌｉｔｉｅｓ，ａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉｅｓａｒｅｍｏｖｉｎｇｔｏｗａｒｄｓｓｅｌｆ－ｒｅｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎ．ＩｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ，ｔｈｅｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉｅｓｗｈｉｃｈｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｒａｐｉｄｔｏｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｐｒｏ—ａｃｔｉｖｅａｐｐｒｏａｃｈｅｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｔｈｏｓｅｗｉｔｈｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｌｙｓｔｒｏｎｇｄｒｉｖｅｒｓｅｉｔｈｅｒｉｎｔｅｒｍｓｏｆｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅｐｕｂｌｉｃｐｅｒｃｅｐｔｉｏｎｓａｂｏｕｔｔｈｅｉｒｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅｏｒｂｅｃａｕｓｅｔｈｅｙｐｅｒｃｅｉｖｅｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅｔｏｊｕｓｔｉｆｙｔｈｅｉｒｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅ．ＥａｃｈｏｆｔｈｅｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉｅｓｉｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎｏｗｈａｓａｎｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ—ｌｅｄｎａｔｉｏｎａｌａｐｐｒｏａｃｈｔｏｒａｉｓｉｎｇｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌａｗａｒｅｎｅｓｓａｎｄｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｉｎｇｓｔａｎｄａｒｄｓｏｆｂｅｓｔｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｗｈｉｃｈｍａｙｕｌｔｉｍａｔｅｌｙｌｅａｄｔｏｗａｒｄｓａｆｏｒｍａｌｉｓｅｄＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔＳｙｓｔｅｍｆＥＭＳ）．ＴｈｅＥＭｓａｐｐｒｏａｃｈｉｓｍｏｒｅｅｎｃｏｍｐａｓｓｉｎｇｔｈａｎｔｈｅｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｓｕｐｐｏｒｔａｐｐｒｏａｃｈａｓｏｕｔｌｉｎｅｄａｂｏｖｅ——ｂｕｔｂｏｔｈａｒｅｃｏｍｐｌｅｍｅｎｔａｒｙ．ＤｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｔｏｏｌｓｃａｎｂｅｕｓｅｄｔｏｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｏｎｅｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔｏｆａｍｏｒｅｈｏｌｉｓｔｉｃＥＭＳ．Ｗｈｉｌｓｔｉｔｒｅｍａｉｎｓｔｏｂｅｓｅｅｎｗｈｅｔｈｅｒｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ—ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄＥＭＳｓｃｈｅｍｅｓｗｉｌｌｂｅｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌｉｎｒｅｄｕｃｉｎｇｎｏｎ—ｐｏｉｎｔｓｏｕｒｃｅｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎ．ａｎｄｗｈｅｔｈｅｒｔｈｅｓｅａｐｐｒｏａｃｈｅｓａｒｅ‘ｔｏｏｌｉｔｔｌｅ，ｔｏｏｌａｔｅ’，ｂｏｔｈｔｈｅｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｆｅｄｅｒａｌａｎｄｓｔａｔｅｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｓａｒｅｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｉｎｇｔｈｅｓｅｓｅｌｆ－ｒｅｇｕｌａｔｉｎｇａｎｄｖｏｌｕｎｔａｒｙａｐｐｒｏａｃｈｅｓ，ｗｉｔｈｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｆｕｎｄｉｎｇｆｏｒｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈａｎｄｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｏｎ．Ｓｏｍｅｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓｏｆｗｈｏｌｅ—ｏｆ－ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙａｐｐｒｏａｃｈｅｓｌｅａｄｉｎｇｔｏｗａｒｄｓｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆＥＭＳｉｎｃｌｕｄｅ：
Ｃｏｔｔｏｎ．ＴｈｅＣｏｔｔｏｎ‘ＢｅｓｔＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔＰｒａｃｔｉｃｅｓ’ＭａｎｕａｌａｎｄｓｕｂｓｅｑｕｅｎｔｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｓｉｎＥＭＳｗｅｒｅｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｄｄｕｅｔｏｉｓｓｕｅｓｏｆｐｅｓｔｉｃｉｄｅｃｏｎｔａｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅｐｕｂｌｉｃｐｅｒｃｅｐｔｉｏｎｓ．Ｐｏｒｋ．Ｔｈｅｐｏｒｋｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙｈａｓｒｅｃｅｎｔｌｙｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄａｗｈｏｌｅｏｆｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙａｐｐｒｏａｃｈｔｏｍａｎａｇｉｎｇｗａｓｔｅ．Ｓｕｇａｒｃａｎｅ．ＴｈｅｓｕｇａｒｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙｈａｓｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｄｔｏｌａｒｇｅｐｕｂｌｉｃｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅｓａｂｏｕｔｈｅａｌｔｈｏｆｔｈｅＧｒｅａｔＢａｒｒｉｅｒＲｅｅｆａｎｄｏｔｈｅｒｃｏａｓｔａｌｚｏｎｅｓｗｉｔｈａｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｐｒｏｇｒａｍｔｏｒａｉｓｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌａｗａｒｅｎｅｓｓａｍｏｎｇｓｔｃａｎｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｒｓａｎｄｈａｓｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｄａ‘ｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｉｌｉｔｙｉｎｓｕｇａｒ’ｃｈｅｃｋｌｉｓｔ．
Ｈｏｒｔｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ．Ｔｈｅｈｏｒｔｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙｈａｓｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｌｙｓｔｒｏｎｇｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｄｒｉｖｅｒｓｔｏｗａｒｄｓｐｒｏｄ—ｕｃｔｑｕａｌｉｔｙａｎｄｆｏｏｄｓａｆｅｔｙａｎｄｈａｄｅｍｂａｒｋｅｄｏｎａｄｄｉｎｇａｎｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔｔｏｉｔｓＱｕａｌｉｔｙＡｓｓｕｒａｎｃｅａｐｐｒｏａｃｈｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ‘Ｆｒｅｓｈｃａｒｅ’．
Ｄａｉｒｙ．ＴｈｅＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎｄａｉｒｙｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙｈａｓｒｅｃｅｎｔｌｙｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄａｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｓｔａｎｄａｒｄｆｏｒｏｎ－ｆａｒｍｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｕｓｉｎｇａｓｅｌｆ－ａｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔａｐｐｒｏａｃｈ．
Ｉｎａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎ，ｔｈｅｂｅｅｆ，ｌａｍｂａｎｄｇｒａｉｎｓｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉｅｓａｒｅａｌｓｏｉｎｔｈｅｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｉｎｇｎａｔｉｏｎａｌａｐｐｒｏａｃｈｅｓｔｏｂｏｔｈＯｕａｌｉｔｙＡｓｓｕｒａｎｃｅａｎｄＥＭＳ．
ＣＯＮＣＬＵＳＩＯＮＳＡＮＤＦＵＴＵＲＥＯＰＰＯＲＴＵＮＩＴＩＥＳ
ＴｈｅｒｅａｒｅｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｌｏｓｓｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓａｃｒｏｓｓｌａｒｇｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｓｏｆｆａｒｍｓｉｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ．Ｉｎｐｏｌｉｃｙｔｅｒｍｓｔｈｉｓｃｒｅａｔｅｓｓｕｂｓｔａｎｔｉａｌｃｈａｌｌｅｎｇｅｓ．Ｓｍａｌｌｔｏｍｅｄｉｕｍｓｉｚｅｄｅｎｔｅｒｐｒｉｓｅｓｉｎａｎｙｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ（ｎｏｔｏｎｌｙａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ）ａｒｅｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｅｄｂｙａｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｉｓｓｕｅｓａｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｓｕｍｍａｒｉｓｅｄｂｙＧｕｎｎｉｎｇｈａｍａｎｄＳｉｎｃｌａｉｒｆ２００２）．Ｔｈｅｓｅｉｎｃｌｕｄｅ：１）ｌａｃｋｏｆｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ；２）ｌａｃｋｏｆｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌａｗａｒｅｎｅｓｓａｎｄｅｘｐｅｒｔｉｓｅ；３）ｌａｃｋｏｆｅｘｐｏｓｕｒｅｔｏｐｕｂｌｉｃｐｅｒｃｅｐｔｉｏｎｓａｂｏｕｔｔｈｅｉｒｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅ；４）ｌａｃｋｏｆｒｅｃｅｐｔｉｖｉｔｙｔｏｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｉｓｓｕｅｓ；ａｎｄ５）ｓｈｅｅｒｌａｒｇｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｓｏｆｅｎｔｅｒｐｒｉｓｅｓ．
Ｉｎｄｒａｗｉｎｇｆｒｏｍｖａｒｉｏｕｓｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅ．ｉｎｂｏｔｈａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌａｎｄｎｏｎ—ａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｓｍａｌｌ
ｔｏｍｅｄｉｕｍｓｉｚｅｄｅｎｔｅｒｐｒｉｓｅｓ，ＧｕｎｎｉｎｇｈａｍａｎｄＳｉｎｃｌａｉｒ（２００２）ｓｕｇｇｅｓｔｔｈａｔａｍｉｘｔｕｒｅｏｆｔｈｅｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇａｐｐｒｏａｃｈｅｓａｒｅｌｉｋｅｌｙｔｏｂｅｎｅｅｄｅｄ．ｇｉｖｅｎｔｈｅｄｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆｓｍａｌｌｔｏｍｅｄｉｕｍｓｉｚｅｄｅｎｔｅｒｐｒｉｓｅｓａｎｄｔｈｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｃｈａｌｌｅｎｇｅｓｔｈａｔｔｈｉｓｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓ．Ｔｈｅｐｏｌｉｃｙｓｕｉｔｅｉｓｌｉｋｅｌｙｔｏｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔｓｏｆ：
ＣｏＮＴＲｏＬＬＩＮＧＮｏＮ—ＰｏＩＮＴＳｏＵＲＣＥＰＯＬＬＵＴＩＯＮ
Ｒｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆａｎｙｐｅｒｖｅｒｓｅｍａｒｋｅｔｓｉｇｎａｌｓ．
ｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｓｕｂｓｉｄｉｅｓ），ｔｈｅｓｅｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｒｅｍｏｖｅｄ７７５
Ｉｆｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｌｙｉｎａｐｐｒｏｐｒｉａｔｅｍａｒｋｅｔｓｉｇｎａｌｓ（ｅ．ｇ
Ｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｔｒａｉｎｉｎｇ．Ｔｈｉｓｉｓｅｓｓｅｎｔｉａｌｉｆｆａｒｍｅｒｓａｒｅｔｏｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄａｎｄｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｔｈｅｉｒｅｎｖｉｒｏｎ—ｍｅｎｔａｌｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅ．
Ｕｎｄｅｒｐｉｎｎｉｎｇｒｅｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎ．Ｉｔｉｓｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｔｏｈａｖｅｒｅｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎｔｈａｔｃａｎｂｅｕｓｅｄｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙｆｏｒｐｅｏｐｌｅｗｈｏｄｏｎｏｔｐａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｔｅｉｎｍｏｒｅｖｏｌｕｎｔａｒｙｍｅａｓｕｒｅｓ．Ｒｅｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｒｅｓｅｒｖｅｄｆｏｒａｍｉｎｏｒｉｔｙｏｆ
ｃａｓｅｓ，ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒｌｙｆｏｒｔｈｏｓｅｗｈｏａｒｅｃａｕｓｉｎｇｍａｊｏｒｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ．Ｒｅｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎｉｓｕｓｅｄｔｏｈｅｌｐｃｏｍｐｌｉａｎｃｅｗｉｔｈｍｉｎｉｍｕｍｓｔａｎｄａｒｄｓｂｕｔｄｏｅｓｎｏｔｒｅｗａｒｄｐｅｏｐｌｅｆｏｒｂｅｈａｖｉｎｇｂｅｔｔｅｒｔｈａｎａｍｉｎｉｍｕｍｓｔａｎｄａｒｄ．
Ｒｅｗａｒｄｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅ．Ｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓｃｏｕｌｄｂｅｔｏｒｅｗａｒｄａｎｄｅｎｃｏｕｒａｇｅｐｒｏ—ａｃｔｉｖｅａｐｐｒｏａｃｈｅｓｂｙｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉｅｓ，ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒｌｙｔｈｏｓｅｔｈａｔｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｓｅｌｆ－ｒｅｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓｕｃｈａｓｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙｉｎｓｐｅｃｔｉｏｎａｎｄａｕｄｉｔｉｎｇ．Ａｒａｎｇｅｏｆｉｎｃｅｎｔｉｖｅｓｃａｎｂｅｕｓｅｄｔｏｃｈａｎｇｅｂｅｈａｖｉｏｕｒ．
Ａｓｙｓｔｅｍａｔｉｃａｐｐｒｏａｃｈｔｏｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅ．Ｔｈｉｓｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｂａｓｅｄｏｎｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｏｕｓｉｍ—ｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎｔ（ｐｅｒｈａｐｓｓｉｍｐｌｅｆｏｒｍｓｏｆＥＭＳｓｕｃｈａｓｔｈｏｓｅｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｌｙｂｅｉｎｇｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄａｎｄｐｒｏｍｏｔｅｄｉｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｌ．Ｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｓｎｅｅｄｔｏｂｅｉｎｅｘｐｅｎｓｉｖｅａｎｄｓｅｎｓｉｔｉｖｅｔｏｔｈｅ１ｉｍｉｔａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｓｍａｌｌｅｎｔｅｒｐｒｉｓｅｓ，ｃｏ—ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｖｅ，ｌｏｃａｌｌｙｂａｓｅｄ，ｕｓｅｒ—ｆｒｉｅｎｄｌｙａｎｄｆｌｅｘｉｂｌｅ．
Ｗｅａｌｓｏｎｅｅｄｔｏａｄｏｐｔｔｈｅｓｅｓｔｒａｔｅｇｉｅｓｗｉｔｈａｒｅａｌｉｓｔｉｃｅｘｐｅｃｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｏｕｔｃｏｍｅｓ．Ｍａｎｙｍｉｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎｍｅａｓｕｒｅｓｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｗｉｄｅｓｐｒｅａｄｃｈａｎｇｅｓｉｎｌａｎｄｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ（ｅ．ｇ．，ｒｅｖｅｇｅｔａｔｉｏｎ），ａｎｄｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅｓｉｇｎｉｆｉ—ｃａｎｔｒｅｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｓｉｎｎｏｎ—ｐｏｉｎｔｓｏｕｒｃｅｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｃｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｓｓｈｏｕｌｄｎｏｔｂｅｅｘｐｅｃｔｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｓｈｏｒｔ—ｔｅｒｍ．ＡｄｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｌｙｔｈｅｒｅｗｉｌｌｂｅａｌａｇｅｆｆｅｃｔａｓａｃｃｕｍｕｌａｔｅｄＮａｎｄＰｍａｙｐｒｏｖｉｄｅａｓｏｕｒｃｅｏｆｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｓｆｏｒｄｅｃａｄｅｓｉｎｔｏｔｈｅｆｕｔｕｒｅａｎｄｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅｄｅｇｒａｄｅｄｗａｔｅｒｑｕａｌｉｔｙｗｉｌｌｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｔｏｏｃｃｕｒｄｅｓｐｉｔｅ１ａｎｄｂａｓｅｄｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｓ．Ｎｅｖｅｒｔｈｅｌｅｓｓ，ｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅａｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅｏｐｐｏｒｔｕｎｉｔｉｅｓｔｈａｔｃａｎｂｅａｄｏｐｔｅｄｔｏａｄｄｒｅｓｓｎｏｎ－ｐｏｉｎｔｓｏｕｒｃｅｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｆｒｏｍｆａｒｍｉｎｇｓｙｓｔｅｍｓａｎｄｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇｔｈａｔｃａｎｂｅｓｈａｒｅｄｎｏｔｏｎｌｙｆｒｏｍＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ，ｂｕｔｆｒｏｍａｒｏｕｎｄｔｈｅｇｌｏｂｅ．Ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｄｏｒｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｄｐｒｏｆｉｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙ，ｅｎｈａｎｃｅｄｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅ，ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎａｌｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ，ｎｅｗａｎｄｉｎｎｏｖａｔｉｖｅｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｅｓ，ａｎｄａｃｃｅｓｓｔｏｅｘｐｅｒｔｉｓｅａｌｌａｐｐｅａｒｔｏｂｅｅｓｓｅｎｔｉａｌｉｎｇｒｅｄｉｅｎｔｓ．
Ｂｃ＇ｌｅｎｃｅｗｍｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｔｏｐｌａｙａｋｅｙｒｏｌｅｉｎｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｉｎｇｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｓａｎｄｏｐｔｉｏｎｓｆｏｒｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｌｉｎｇｎｏｎ—ｐｏｉｎｔ
ｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎ，ａｓｗｉｌｌｍｕｃｈｂｒｏａｄｅｒｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｐｒｉｏｒｉｔｉｅｓａｎｄｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｓ．ＴｈｅｌａｒｇｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｆａｒｍｓｉｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ，ｔｈｅｖａｌｕｅｏｆｎａｔｕｒａｌｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅａｓｓｅｔｓｔｈｒｅａｔｅｎｅｄ（１ａｎｄ，ｗａｔｅｒａｎｄｖｅｇｅｔａｔｉｏｎａｓｓｅｔｓ）ａｎｄｔｈｅｅｘｐｅｃｔａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｔｈｅｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ（ｂｏｔｈｌｏｃａｌｌｙａｎｄｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｌｙ）ａｒｅｋｅｙｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓｔｈａｔｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｓｎｅｅｄｔｏｔｈｉｎｋａｂｏｕｔｉｎｄｅｃｉｄｉｎｇｔｈｅａｐｐｒｏｐｒｉａｔｅａｎｄａｆｆｏｒｄａｂｌｅｐｏｌｉｃｙ
ｍｉｘｉｎｄｅａｌｉｎｇｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｃｏｍｐｌｅｘｉｓｓｕｅｓａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄｗｉｔｈｎｏｎ—ｐｏｉｎｔｓｏｕｒｃｅｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｆｒｏｍａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ．
ＲＥＦＥＲＥＮＣＥＳ
Ａｎｏｎ．２００２．ＶｉｃｔｏｒｉａｎＷａｔｅｒＱｕａｌｉｔｙＭｏｎｉｔｏｒｉｎｇＡｎｎｕａｌＲｅｐｏｒｔ２００２．ＡＷＴＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ，ＳｃｉｅｎｃｅａｎｄＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ．Ｖｉｃ—ｔｏｒｉａｎＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＳｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｉｌｉｔｙａｎｄＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ，Ｍｅｌｂｏｕｒｎｅ．２１１ｐｐ．ｈｔｔｐ：／ｗｗｗ．ｖｉｃｗａｔｅｒｄａｔａ．ｎｅｔ／ｖｉｃｗａｔｅｒｄａｔａ／．ＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎＢｕｒｅａｕｏｆＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌａｎｄＲｅｓｏｕｒｃｅＥｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｓｆＡＢＡＲＥ）．２００５．Ａｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎｃｏｍｍｏｄｉｔｙｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃｓ．ＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎＣｏｍｍｏｄｉｔｉｅｓ．１２（３）：５６１—５９５．
ＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎＢｕｒｅａｕｏｆＳｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃｓ（ＡＢＳ）．２００２．ＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎＰｒｏｊｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ２００２ｔｏ２１０１．ＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎＢｕｒｅａｕｏｆＳｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃｓ
Ｗｅｂｓｉｔｅ．ｈｔｔｐ：／／ｗｗｗ．ａｂｓ．ｇｏｖ．ａｕ．
ＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎＮａｔｉｏｎａｌＡｕｄｉｔＯｆｆｉｃｅｆＡＮＡｏ）．１９９７．Ｃｏｍｍｏｎｗｅａｌｔｈｎａｔｕｒａｌｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔａｎｄｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｐｒｏｇｒａｍｓ—Ａｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ’ｓｌａｎｄ，ｗａｔｅｒａｎｄｖｅｇｅｔａｔｉｏｎｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ．ＴｈｅＡｕｄｉｔｏｒＧｅｎｅｒａｌ，ＡＧＰＳ，Ｃａｎｂｅｒｒａ．ｈｔｔｐ：／／ａｕｄｉｔ．ｅａ．ｇｏｖ．ａｕ／ＡＮＲＡ／．
ＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎＳｔａｔｅｏｆｔｈｅ
ＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔＣｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅ（ＡＳＥＣ）．２００１．ＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａＳｔａｔｅｏｆｔｈｅＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ２００１：ＩｎｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔＲｅｐｏｒｔｔｏｔｈｅＣｏｍｍｏｎｗｅａｌｔｈ
ＭｉｎｉｓｔｅｒｆｏｒｔｈｅＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｎｄＨｅｒｉｔａｇｅ．ＣＳＩＲＯＰｕｂｌｉｓｈｉｎｇ，Ｃａｎｂｅｒｒａ．１３６ｐｐ．
Ｂｅｌｌａｍｙ，Ｊ．Ａ．ａｎｄＪｏｈｎｓｏｎ，Ａ．Ｋ．Ｌ．２０００．Ｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｅｄｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ：ＭｏｖｉｎｇｆｒｏｍｒｈｅｔｏｒｉｃｔｏｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｉｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ．ＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｆＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ．２５（３）：２６５－２８０．
Ｂｒａｍｌｅｙ，Ｒ．Ｇ．Ｖ．，Ｒｏｔｈ，Ｃ．Ｈ．ａｎｄＷｏｏｄ，Ａ．Ｗ．２００３．Ｒｉｓｋａｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔｏｆｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｕｓｌｏｓｓｆｒｏｍｓｕｇａｒｃａｎｅ
ｓｏｉｌｓ—ＡｔｏｏｌｔｏｐｒｏｍｏｔｅｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｄｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｏｆＰｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒ．ＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎＪｏｕｒｎａｆｏｆＳｏｉｆＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈ．４１：６２７—６４４．
Ｂｕｒｋｉｔｔ，Ｌ．Ｌ．，Ｇｏｕｒｌｅｙ，Ｃ．Ｊ．Ｐ．ａｎｄＳａｌｅ，Ｐ．Ｗ．Ｇ．２００４．Ｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｕｓａｕｄｉｔｉｎｇｃａｎｎｏｔａｃｃｏｕｎｔｆｏｒａｌｌｏｆｔｈｅｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｕｓａｐｐｌｉｅｄｔｏｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｐａｓｔｕｒｅｓｏｉｌｓ．ＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎＪｏｕｒｎａｆ
ｏｆＳｏｉｆＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈ．４２：８９－９８．
７７６Ｃ．ＧＯＵＲＬＥＹＡＮＤＡ．ＲＩＤＬＥＹ
Ｂｕｓｈ，Ｂ．Ｊ．ａｎｄＡｕｓｔｉｎ，Ｎ．Ｒ．２００１．Ｔｉｍｉｎｇｏｆｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｕｓｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈｉｎａｎｉｒｒｉｇａｔｉｏｎｃｙｃｌｅｆｏｒｐｅｒｅｎｎｉａｌｐａｓｔｕｒｅ．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＱｕａｌｉｔｙ．３０（３）：９３９—９４６．
Ｃｈｕｄｌｅｉｇｈ，Ｐ．ａｎｄＳｉｍｐｓｏｎ，Ｓ．２０００．ＴｈｅＮａｔｉｏｎａｌＥｕｔｒｏｐｈｉｃａｔｉｏｎＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔＰｒｏｊｅｃｔ—ＡＲｅｖｉｅｗ．ＯｃｃａｓｉｏｎａｌＰａｐｅｒ５／ｏｏ．Ｌａｎｄａｎｄ、ｖａｔｅｒＲｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓａｎｄＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔＣｏｒｐｏｒａｔｉｏｎ．Ｃａｎｂｅｒｒａ．５６ｐｐ．
Ｃｕｒｔｉｓ，Ａ．ａｎｄＶａｎＮｏｕｈｕｙｓ，Ｍ．１９９９．ＬａｎｄｃａｒｅｉｎＶｉｃｔｏｒｉａ，ＢｅｙｏｎｄＯｎ—ＧｒｏｕｎｄⅥｂｒｋ．ＴｈｅＪｏｈｎｓｔｏｎＣｅｎｔｒｅｆｏｒＣｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＲｅｓｔｏｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆＬａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｓ．ＲｅｐｏｒｔＮｏ．１２５．ＣｈａｒｌｅｓＳｔｕｒｔＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，ＡｌｂｕｒｙＮＳＷ．６５ｐｐ．
Ｄａｌａｉ，Ｒ．Ｃ．ａｎｄＷａｎｇ，Ｗ．Ｊ．２００３．ＮｉｔｒｏｕｓｏｘｉｄｅｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｆｒｏｍＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｌａｎｄｓａｎｄｍｉｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎｏｐｔｉｏｎｓ：Ａｒｅｖｉｅｗ．ＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＳｏｉｌＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈ．４１（２）：１６５—１９５．
Ｅｃｋａｒｄ，Ｒ．Ｊ．１９９９．ＢｅｓｔＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔＰｒａｃｔｉｃｅｓｆｏｒＮｉｔｒｏｇｅｎｉｎＤａｉｒｙｆＯｎｌｉｎｅ）．ｈｔｔｐ：／／ｗｗｗ．ｎｉｔｒｏｇｅｎ．ｕｎｉｍｅｌｂ．ｅｄｕ．ａｕ／．Ｅｃｋａｒｄ，Ｒ．Ｊ．，Ｃｈａｐｍａｎ，Ｄ．Ｆ．，Ｗｈｉｔｅ，Ｒ．Ｅ．，Ｓｍｉｔｈ，Ａ．，Ｃｈｅｎ，Ｄ．ａｎｄＤｕｒｌｉｎｇ，Ｐ．Ａ．２００１．Ｎｉｔｒｏｇｅｎｂａｌａｎｃｅｓｉｎｈｉｇｈｒａｉｎｆａｌｌ，ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｅｄａｉｒｙｐａｓｔｕｒｅｓｏｆｓｏｕｔｈｅａｓｔｅｒｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ．／ｎＰｒｏｃｅｅｄｉｎｇｓｏｆｔｈｅＸＩＸＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＧｒａｓｓｌａｎｄｓＣｏｎｇｒｅｓｓ，Ｓ毛ｏＰｅｄｒｏ，Ｂｒａｚｉｌ，Ｆｅｂｒｕａｒｙ２００１．Ｐ．１６９．
Ｅｃｋａｒｄ，Ｒ．Ｊ．，Ｃｈｅｎ，Ｄ．，Ｗｈｉｔｅ，Ｒ．Ｅ．ａｎｄＣｈａｐｍａｎ，Ｄ．Ｆ．２００３．Ｇａｓｅｏｕｓｎｉｔｒｏｇｅｎｌｏｓｓｆｒｏｍｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｅｐｅｒｅｎｎｉａｌｇｒａｓｓａｎｄｃｌｏｖｅｒｄａｉｒｙｐａｓｔｕｒｅｓｉｎｓｏｕｔｈ—ｅａｓｔｅｒｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ．ＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎＪｏｕｒｎａｆｏｆＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈ．５４：５６１－５７０．
ＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＰｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎＡｇｅｎｃｙＶｉｃｔｏｒｉａ（ＥＰＡＶｉｃｔｏｒｉａ）．２０００．Ｇｕｉｄｅｔ０ＳａｍｐｌｉｎｇａｎｄＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆＷａｔｅｒｓ，Ｗａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒｓ，ＳｏｉｌｓａｎｄＷａｓｔｅｓ．ＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＰｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎＡｇｅｎｃｙ，Ｖｉｃｔｏｒｉａ．５２ｐｐ．
Ｅｗｉｎｇ，Ｓ．２００３．Ｃａｔｃｈｍｅｎｔｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔａｒｒａｎｇｅｍｅｎｔｓ．／ｎＤｏｖｅｒｓ，Ｓ．ａｎｄｗｉｌｄＲｉｖｅｒ，Ｓ．（ｅｄｓ．）ＭａｎａｇｉｎｇＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ’ｓＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ．ＴｈｅＦｅｄｅｒａｔｉｏｎＰｒｅｓｓ，ＡｎｎａｎｄａｌｅＮＳＷ．ＰＰ．３９３—４１２．
Ｆｌｅｍｉｎｇ，Ｎ．Ｋ．，Ｃｏｘ，Ｊ．Ｗ．，Ｃｈｉｔｔｌｅｂｏｒｏｕｇｈ，Ｄ．Ｊ．ａｎｄＤｙｓｏｎ，Ｃ．Ｂ．２００１．ＡｎａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｌｏａｄｓａｎｄｆｏｒｍｓｉｎｏｖｅｒｌａｎｄｆｌｏｗｆｒｏｍｄａｉｒｙｐａｓｔｕｒｅｉｎＳｏｕｔｈＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ．ＨｙｄｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＰｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓ．１５：３９３－４０５．
Ｇｏｕｒｌｅｙ，Ｃ．Ｊ．Ｐ．ａｎｄＪａｍｅｓ，Ｇ．Ｓ．１９９７．ＰｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｎｇｔｈｅｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅｏｆｉｒｒｉｇａｔｅｄｐｅｒｅｎｎｉａｌｐａｓｔｕｒｅｔｏｓｕｐｅｒｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅｉｎＶｉｃｔｏｒｉａ．ＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＳｏｉｌＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈ．３５：３０１—３１２．
Ｇｏｕｒｌｅｙ，Ｃ．Ｊ．Ｐ．，Ｐｅｖｅｒｉｌｌ，Ｋ．Ｉ．，Ｍｅｌｌａｎｄ，Ａ．Ｒ．，Ｓｍｉｔｈ，Ａ．Ｐ．，Ｓｔｒｉｃｋｌａｎｄ，Ｐ．，Ａｗｔｙ，Ｉ．ａｎｄＳｃｏｔｔ，Ｊ．Ｍ．２００５．Ｂｅｔｔｅｒｉｎｆｏｒｍｉｎｇｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎａｎｄｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｓｒｅｌａｔｉｎｇｔｏｐａｓｔｕｒｅｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ．ＩｎＣｕｒｒｉｅ，Ｌ．Ｄ．ａｎｄＨａｎｌｅｙ，Ｊ．Ａ．（ｅｄｓ．）ＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｓｉｎＦｅｒｔｉｌｉｓｅｒＡｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｅｓａｎｄＮｕｔｒｉｅｎｔＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ．ＯｃｃａｓｓｉｏｎａｌＲｅｐｏｒｔＮｏ．１８．ＦｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒａｎｄＬｉｍｅＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＣｅｎｔｒｅ，ＭａｓｓｅｙＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，ＰａｌｍｅｒｓｔｏｎＮｏｒｔｈ，ＮｅｗＺｅａｌａｎｄ．ＰＰ．２８５—２８７．
Ｇｕｎｎｉｎｇｈａｍ，Ｎ．ａｎｄＳｉｎｃｌａｉｒ，Ｄ．２００２．ＬｅａｄｅｒｓａｎｄＬａｇｇａｒｄｓ：ＮｅｓｔＧｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＲｅｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎ．ＧｒｅｅｎｌｅａｆＰｕｂｌｉｓｈｉｎｇＬｔｄ．，Ｓｈｅｆｆｉｅｌｄ．ＵＫ．２２４ｐｐ．
Ｈａｒｒｉｓ，Ｒ．ａｎｄＲｉｄｌｅｙ，Ａ．２０００．ＨｏｗｔｏＭｉｎｉｍｉｓｅＮｉｔｒｏｇｅｎａｎｄＰｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｕｓＬｏｓｓｅｓｆｒｏｍＴｅｍｐｅｒａｔｅＤｒｙｌａｎｄＧｒａｚｉｎｇａｎｄＣｒｏｐｐｉｎｇ
Ｆａｒｍｓ：ＮｕｔｒｉｅｎｔＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔＧｕｉｄｅｌｉｎｅｓ．ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＮａｔｕｒａｌＲｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓａｎｄＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ，Ｒｕｔｈｅｒｇｌｅｎ，Ａｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ．５３ｐｐ．
Ｈａｙｇａｒｔｈ，Ｐ．Ｍ．ａｎｄＨｅａｔｈｗａｉｔｅ，Ａ．Ｌ．２０００．Ｈｙｄｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｆａｃｔｏｒｓｆｏｒｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｕｓｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒｆｒｏｍａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｓｏｉｌｓ．ＡｄｖａｎｃｅｓｉｎＡｇｒｏｎｏｍｙ．６９：１５４—１７８．
Ｈｅａｔｈｗａｉｔｅ，Ａ．Ｌ．ａｎｄＤｉｌｓ，Ｒ．Ｍ．２０００．Ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｉｎｇｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｕｓｌｏｓｓｉｎｓｕｒｆａｃｅａｎｄｓｕｂｓｕｒｆａｃｅｈｙｄｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｐａｔｈｗａｙｓ．Ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅｏｆｔｈｅ
Ｔｏｔａｌ眈ｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ．２５１：５２３－５３８．
Ｈｅａｔｈｗａｉｔｅ，Ｌ．，Ｓｈａｒｐｌｅｙ，Ａ．ａｎｄＢｅｃｈｍａｎｎ，Ｍ．２００３．ＴｈｅｃｏｎｃｅｐｔｕａｌｂａｓｉｓｆｏｒａｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｆｒａｍｅｗｏｒｋｔｏａｓｓｅｓｓｔｈｅｒｉｓｋｏｆｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｕｓｌｏｓｓａｔｔｈｅｆｉｅｌｄｓｃａｌｅａｃｒｏｓｓＥｕｒｏｐｅ．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＰｌａｎｔＮｕｔｒｉｔｉｏｎａｎｄＳｏｉｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ（ｉｎＧｅｒｍａｎ）．１６６：４４７－４５８．
Ｈｏｏｋ，Ｒ．Ａ．１９９７．ＰｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｎｇＦａｒｍＰｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎａｎｄＣａｔｃｈｍｅｎｔＰｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓ：ＡＤｉｒｅｃｔｏｒｙｏｆＡｕｓｔｒａＩｉａｎＭｏｄｅｌｌｉｎｇＧｒｏｕｐｓａｎｄＭｏｄｅｌｓ．ＣＳＩＲＯＰｕｂｌｉｓｈｉｎｇ，Ｃｏｌｌｉｎｇｗｏｏｄ，Ｖｉｃｔｏｒｉａ．３１２ｐｐ．
Ｈｕｔｃｈｉｎｓｏｎ，Ｍ．Ｆ．，ＭｃＩｎｔｙｒｅ，Ｓ．，Ｈｏｂｂｓ，Ｒ．Ｊ．，Ｓｔｉｅｎ，Ｊ．Ｌ．，Ｇａｒｎｅｔｔ，Ｓ．ａｎｄＫｉｎｌｏｃｈ，Ｊ．２００５．Ａｎａｇｒｏ．ｃｌｉｍａｔｉｃｃｌａｓｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｉｎｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｉｎｇｂｉｏ－ｒｅｇｉｏｎａｌｂｏｕｎｄａｒｉｅｓｉｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ．ＧｌｏｂａｌＥｃｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄＢｉｏｇｅｏｇｒａｐｈｙ．１４：１９７—２１２．
Ｊｏｒｄａｎ，Ｐ．，Ｒｉｐｐｅｙ，Ｂ．ａｎｄＡｎｄｅｒｓｏｎ，Ｎ．２００１．Ｍｏｄｅｌｉｎｇｄｉｆｌｕｓｅｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｕｓｌｏａｄｓｆｒｏｍｌａｎｄｔｏｆｒｅｓｈｗａｔｅｒｕｓｉｎｇｔｈｅｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔａｒｙｒｅｃｏｒｄ．ＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅａｎｄＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ．３５：８１５－８１９．
ＭｃＦａｒｌａｎｄ，Ａ．ａｎｄＨａｕｃｋ，Ｌ．１９９９．ＲｅｌａｔｉｎｇａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＩａｎｄｕｓｅｓｔｏｉｎ—ｓｔｒｅａｍｓｔｏｒｍｗａｔｅｒｑｕａｌｉｔｙ．ＪｏｕｒｎａｆｏｆＥｎｖｉｒｏｎ．ｍｅｎｔａｌＱｕａｌｉｔｙ．２８：８３６—８４４．
Ｍｅｌｌａｎｄ，Ａ．Ｒ．，Ｇｏｕｒｌｅｙ，Ｃ．Ｊ．Ｐ．，Ｓｍｉｔｈ，Ａ．Ｐ．，Ｔａｒｂｏｔｔｏｎ，Ｉ．ａｎｄＰｅｖｅｒｉｌｌ，Ｋ．Ｉ．２００４．ＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｉｎｇａｆａｒｍｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｌｏｓｓｉｎｄｅｘｆｏｒｇｒａｚｅｄｐａｓｔｕｒｅｓｉｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ．／ｎＳｉｎｇｈ，Ｂ．（ｅｄ．）Ｓｕｐｅｒｓｏｉｌ２００４．Ｔｈｅ３ｒｄＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎＮｅｗＺｅａｌａｎｄＳｏｉｌｓ
Ｃｏｎｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ，５－９Ｄｅｃｅｍｂｅｒ２００４．ＴｈｅＲｅｇｉｏｎａｌＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅＬｔｄ．，ＴｈｅＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆ
Ｓｙｄｎｅｙ，Ａｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ．ＰＰ．１—９．
Ｍｅｌｌａｎｄ，Ａ．，ＭｃＣａｓｋｉｌｌ，Ｍ．，Ｃｈａｐｍａｎ，Ｄ．ａｎｄＷｈｉｔｅ，Ｒ．２００１．Ｒｕｎｏｆｆｆｒｏｍｓｈｅｅｐｐａｓｔｕｒｅｓｉｎｓｏｕｔｈ—ｗｅｓｔＶｉｃｔｏｒｉａ：Ｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｕｓｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎｓａｎｄ
ｆｏｒｍｓ．／ｎＨａｙｇａｒｔｈ，Ｐ．Ｍ．，Ｃｏｎｄｒｏｎ，Ｌ．Ｍ．，Ｂｕｔｌｅｒ，Ｐ．Ｊ．ａｎｄＣｈｉｓｈｏｌｍ，Ｊ．Ｓ．（ｅｄｓ０ＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＰｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｕｓＴｒａｎｓｆｅｒＷｏｒｋｓｈｏｐ２００１．ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｒａｓｓｌａｎｄａｎｄＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈ，ＰｌｙｍｏｕｔｈＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｅｎｇｌａｎｄ．Ｐ．７１．
Ｎａｓｈ，Ｄ．ａｎｄＨａｌｌｉｗｅｌｌ，Ｄ．１９９９．Ｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｓａｎｄｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｕｓｌｏｓｓｆｒｏｍｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅｇｒａｚｉｎｇｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ．ＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＳｏｉｌＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈ．３７（３）：４０３—４２９．
Ｎａｓｈ，Ｄ．，Ｈａｎｎａｈ，Ｍ．，Ｈａｌｌｉｗｅｌｌ，Ｄ．ａｎｄＭｕｒｄｏｃｈ，Ｃ．２０００．Ｆａｃｔｏｒｓａｆｆｅｃｔｉｎｇｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｕｓｅｘｐｏｒｔｆｒｏｍａｐａｓｔｕｒｅ—ｂａｓｅｄｇｒａｚｉｎｇｓｙｓｔｅｍ．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＱｕａｌｉｔｙ．２９：１１６０—１１６６．
Ｐａｎｎｅｌｌ，Ｄ．Ｊ．，Ｅｗｉｎｇ，Ｍ．Ａ．ａｎｄＲｉｄｌｅｙ，Ａ．Ｍ．２００４．ＤｒｙｌａｎｄｓａｌｉｎｉｔｙｉｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ：Ｏｖｅｒｖｉｅｗａｎｄｐｒｏｓｐｅｃｔｓ．／ｎＧｒａｈａｎｉ．Ｔ．ｗ．，Ｐａｎｎｅｌｌ，Ｄ．Ｊ．ａｎｄｗｈｉｔｅ，Ｂ．（ｅｄｓ．）ＤｒｙｌａｎｄＳａｌｉｎｉｔｙ：ＥｃｏｎｏｍｉｃＩｓｓｕｅｓａｔＦａｒｍ，ＣａｔｃｈｍｅｎｔａｎｄＰｏｌｉｃｖＬｅｖｅｌｓ．
Ｃｏ－ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｖｅＣｅｎｔｒｅｆｏｒＰｌａｎｔ—ＢａｓｅｄＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｏｆＤｒｙｌａｎｄＳａｌｉｎｉｔｙ，ＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＷｅｓｔｅｒｎ
Ａｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ．ｐｐ．３一１８．
ＣｏＮＴＲｏＬＬＩＮＧＮＯＮ．ＰｏＩＮＴＳｏＵＲＣＥＰｏＬＬＵＴＩｏＮ７７７
Ｐｅｖｅｒｉｌｌ，Ｋ．Ｉ．，Ｓｐａｒｒｏｗ，Ｉ．Ａ．ａｎｄＲｅｕｔｅｒ，Ｄ．Ｊ．１９９９．ＳｏｌｌＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓ：ＡｎＩｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔａｔｉｏｎＭａｎｕａｌ．ＣＳＩＲＯＰｕｂｌｉｓｈｉｎｇ，Ｍｅｌｂｏｕｒｎｅ．３６９ｐｐ．
Ｒａｅ．Ｊ．１９９８．ＡＦｕｌｌＲｅｐａｉｒｉｎｇＬｅａｓｅ—ＩｎｑｕｉｒｙｉｎｔｏＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｌｙＳｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅＬａｎｄＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ．ＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎＩｎｄｕｓｔｒｙＣｏｍｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ．ＲｅｐｏｒｔＮＯ．６０．ＣｏｍｍｏｎｗｅａｌｔｈｏｆＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ，Ｃａｎｂｅｒｒａ．３５５ｐｐ．
Ｒｅｉｄ，Ｒ．Ｌ．１９９０．ＴｈｅＭａｎｕａｌｏｆＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ．Ｂｕｔｔｅｒｗｏｒｔｈｓ。Ｓｙｄｎｅｙ．８９４ｐｐ．
Ｒｅｕｔｅｒ．Ｄ．Ｊ．２００１．ＭｅｔａｄａｔａｆｏｒｆａｒｍｇａｔｅｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｂａｌａｎｃｅｓｅｓｔｉｍａｔｅｓｆｏｒｔｈｅＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｚｏｎｅ．Ａｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎ
ＮａｔｉｏｎａｌＬａｎｄａｎｄＷａｔｅｒＡｕｄｉｔ．ｈｔｔｐ：／／ａｕｄｉｔ．ｅａ．ｇｏｖ．ａｕ／ＡＮＲＡ／ｌａｎｄ／ｆａｒｍｇａｔｅ／．
Ｒｉｄｌｅｙ，Ａ．Ｍ．ａｎｄＰａｎｎｅｌｌ，Ｄ．Ｊ．２００５．Ｔｈｅｒｏｌｅｏｆｃｏｍｍｅｒｃｉａｌｐｌａｎｔｓａｎｄｐｌａｎｔ－ｂａｓｅｄＲ＆ＤｉｎｍａｎａｇｉｎｇｄｒｙｌａｎｄｓａｌｉｎｉｔｙｉｎｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ．ＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ．（ｉｎｐｒｅｓｓ）
Ｒｉｄｌｅｙ，Ａ．Ｍ．，Ｍｅｌｅ，Ｐ．Ｍ．ａｎｄＢｅｖｅｒｌｙ，Ｃ．Ｒ．２００４．Ｌｅｇｕｍｅ－ｂａｓｅｄｆａｒｍｉｎｇｉｎＳｏｕｔｈｅｒｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ：Ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｉｎｇｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｔｏｍｅｅｔｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｃｈａｌｌｅｎｇｅｓ．ＳｏｉｌＢｉｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄＢｉｏｃｈｅｍｉｓｔｒｙ．３６（８）：１２３１—１２２１．
Ｓｅｙｍｏｕｒ．Ｅ．Ｊ．ａｎｄＲｉｄｌｅｙ，Ａ．Ｍ．２００５．Ｔｏｗａｒｄｓｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ（ＥＭＳ、ｉｎＡｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｔｏａｃｈｉｅｖｅｂｅｔｔｅｒｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｏｕｔｃｏｍｅｓａｔｔｈｅｃａｔｃｈｍｅｎｔｓｃａｌｅ—Ａｒｅｖｉｅｗ．Ｉ‰ｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｆＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ．（ｉｎｐｒｅｓｓ）
Ｓｈａｒｐｌｅｙ，Ａ．Ｎ．，Ｗｊｌｄ，Ｊ．Ｌ．，Ｂｅｅｇｌｅ，Ｄ．Ｂ．，Ｋｌｅｉｎｍａｎ，Ｐ．Ｊ．Ａ．，Ｇｂｕｒｅｋ，Ｗ．Ｊ．，Ｍｏｏｒｅ，Ｐ．Ａ．Ｊ．ａｎｄＭｕｌｌｉｎｓ，Ｇ．２００３．
Ｓｔａｔｅｓ．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＳｏｉｌＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｕｓｉｎｄｉｃｅｓｆｏｒｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｐｌａｎｎｉｎｇｓｔｒａｔｅｇｉｅｓｉｎｔｈｅＵｎｉｔｅｄ
ａｎｄＷ么ｔｅｒＣｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎ．５８：１３７－１５２．
Ｓｉｎｇｌｅｔｏｎ，Ｐ．Ｌ．ａｎｄＭｃＬａｙ，Ｃ．Ｄ．Ａ．２００１．Ｎｉｔｒｏｇｅｎｌｅａｃｈｉｎｇｆｒｏｍｓｏｉｌｌｙｓｉｍｅｔｅｒｓｉｒｒｉｇａｔｅｄｗｉｔｈｄａｉｒｙｓｈｅｄｅｆｆｌｕｅｎｔａｎｄ
ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＳｏｉｌＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈ．３９（２）：３８５－３９６．
ｈａｖｉｎｇｍａｎａｇｅｄｄｒａｉｎａｇｅ．Ａｕｓｔｒａｌｉａｎ
Ｓｔｏｒｍ，Ｄ．Ｅ．，ＤｉｌｌａｈａＩＩＩ，Ｔ．Ａ．，Ｍｏｓｔａｇｈｉｍｉ，Ｓ．ａｎｄＳｈａｎｈｏｌｔｚ，Ｖ．０．１９８８．Ｍｏｄｅｌｌｉｎｇｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｕｓｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｉｎｓｕｒｆａｃｅｒｕｎｏｆｔ．‰ｎＳ，ＡＳＡＥ．３１：１１７－１２７．
Controlling Non-Point Source Pollution in Australian
Agricultural Systems
作者： C. GOURLEY， A. RIDLEY
作者单位： C. GOURLEY(Primary Industries Research Victoria, 2460 Hazeldean Rd, Ellinbank, Victoria 3821 (Australia))， A. RIDLEY(Co-operative Research Centre for Plant
Based Management of DryIand Salinity and Primary Industries Research Victoria,
Rutherglen, Victoria 3685 (Australia))
刊名：
土壤圈（意译名）
英文刊名：PEDOSPHERE AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
年，卷(期)：2005，15(6)
被引用次数：2次
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Australian emergency medical system (EMS)
Infection control is an essential component of health care. The literature generally suggests that most health professionals' knowledge of infection control principles and standards is poor or, at the very least, inadequate. There is a paucity of research examining paramedic knowledge of infection control principles and standards, particularly in the Australian pre-hospital context. The purpose of this study was to determine paramedic knowledge of standard infection control definitions and principles in an Australian emergency medical system (EMS).A confidential and anonymous mail survey was distributed to all paramedics working in a State-wide Australian ambulance service (n=2274) A total of 1258 surveys were returned - a response rate of 55.3%. Only 46.2% (n=581) of the participants identified the correct components of the'chain of infection'.. Correct identification of the definition
of'nosocomial'was made by 27.9% (n=347) of participants. Less than one-fifth (17.2%, n=217) of participants identified'standards and additional precautions'as the current system of infection control. Less than half (41,6%, n=523) of the sample correctly identified hand washing as the primary infection control strategy to prevent cross-infection,,This study suggests knowledge of fundamental principles and standards of infection control among paramedics is poor in this jurisdiction and recommends the introduction of comprehensive in-service education programmes in infection control,, Further research is required to investigate if, and how, these results may be realised in practice.
6.外文期刊Associate Professor Cathryn Murphy RN A new imperative for the Australian infection
control community: improving detection of device-related outbreaks
In late 2004, the authors became aware of international reports of increased bloodstream infections (BSI) associated with the use of mechanical valve access devices (MVAD).. MVADs were already used in Australian and New Zealand hospitals; however, none of the state-wide standardised systems of BSI surveillance monitoring, nor the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) had identified the potential for similar increases in Australian BSI rates temporally associated with MVADs.After describing this serious problem at relevant 2005 infection prevention meetings in Australia and New Zealand, several concerned infection control professionals (ICPs) who had identified potentially similar BSI increases approached the authors for advice and assistance to further investigate the issue. The authors convened a face-to-face meeting of self-identified ICPs whose BSI rates had changed subsequent to introducing MVADs. At the November 2005 meeting, participants considered the implications of the local increases. Meeting participants were brought together as an Advisory Panel and described their local circumstances in detail for peer review. The Panel concluded that one New Zealand and at least three other large Australian hospitals were experiencing MVAD-BSI increases identical to those reported in the US the year previously. Panelists were aggrieved by the failure of existing Australian and New Zealand surveillance and regulatory mechanisms to detect and raise general awareness of these MVAD-related BSI increases and proposed the development of a formal, rapid response alert system to advise ICPs of subsequent device-related outbreaks,This paper describes the process, findings and outcomes of the first meeting, including an overview of several local increases in BSI temporally associated with use of MVADs.
It also recommends the introduction of a system to ensure the provision of timely and important advice to ICPs in the event of unexpected negative consequences associated with im
7.外文期刊Hiromi Honda.Hiroshi Nagura A note the Tertiary history of Indo-Australian plate-
mivements and the West Indonesian Tertiary stratigraphy
The Tertiary movements of the Indo-Australian plate are re-evaluated, based on the magnetic anomaly zones on the south off the Australian continents. The re-evaluated history of the plate's movements shows a good consistency with the Tertiary tectono-stratigraphic records of tectonic and sedimentary events in petrliferous West Indonesia. The magnetic anomaly zones studies are distributed in the area between the George V Fracture Zone and the Australia-Antarctica Magnetic Discordance Zone. The magnetic anomalies are symmetrically developed with respect to the Southeast Indian Oceanic Redge in the area. They preserve laterally and chronologicaaly high continuity, The re-evaluation indicates more detailed historical changes in the northward movement of the Indo-Australian plate during the Tertiary than the previous works. This study shows two geohistorical phases in the Indo-Australian plate movements:(I)a slow northward movement of the Australian plate till the latest Eocene, and a sudden acceleration of the movement around the earliest Oligocene,(II)the Late Oligocene acceleration and a plateau of high movement rate till the late Early Miocene, and the early Middle Miocene remarkable acceleration. These events in the plate movements were well recorded in the mega-sequence of the Indonesian Tertiary and Quaternary systems as well as tstratigraphic controls of the eustatic sea level fluctuations. The
tectono-stratigraphic history in the West Indoneia established an excellent petroleum systems that have been evaluated to yield ca. 46.5 billion barrels of oil equivalent of recoverable hydrocarbons in total.
8.外文期刊C. GOURLEY.A. RIDLEY Controlling Non-Point Source Pollution in Australian Agricultural
Systems
The Australian farming sector is continuing to intensify, particularly within 300 km of the east and southern coastlines. In the future there will be fewer and larger farms, which will use more fertilizer, support more stock, grow more monoculture crops, and utilise more marginal soils. This is likely to increase the major environmental impacts of soil degradation, salt, nutrient and sediment contamination of waterways, and greenhouse gas emissions. Australian national water policy continues to focus on land, stream and groundwater salinity issues, although there is now a greater recognition of the importance of nitrogen and phosphorus losses from agriculture. The general philosophy of policy for dealing with non-point source pollution has been towards a voluntary
rather than regulatory approach, with state and national governments supporting a range of programs to encourage sustainable agricultural practices. A catchment (watershed) based approach, through the use of integrated catchment management plans, is the primary way that non-point source pollution is addressed at the farm and local level. At an industry level, cotton, grains, meat, sugarcane and dairy amongst others, as well as the Australian fertilizer industry, have responded to non-point source issues by investing in research and development, and developing codes of practice aimed at abating these environmental impacts. Understanding the economic, social, political and cultural contexts of farming as well as the environmental impacts of agriculture are very important in determining the appropriateness of policy responses for Australian farming systems.
9.外文期刊Hetherington. S D Pests and diseases of Australian stone fruit and their management.
The Australian stone fruit industry recently commissioned a survey of orchardists to determine their orchard's major pest and disease problems and their preferred management strategies. Group discussions were conducted in 13 Australian stone fruit production regions and the information gathered will be used to direct whole-of-industry pest and disease management directions. When
information from all regions was pooled, brown rot (caused by Monilinia fructicola and M. laxa) and bacterial spot (caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni) were the most frequently mentioned disease problems. A range of arthropod pests were mentioned as serious problems, notably Carpophilus beetles (Carpophilus spp.), Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis), two spotted mites (Tetranychus urticae), San Jose scale (Diaspidiotus perniciosus) and white peach scale (Pseudaulacaspis pentagona). Pest and disease management was largely reliant on pesticides, but control was enhanced through the use of other management techniques. Regulatory authorities have recently moved to limit the numbers of pesticides available to industry and it is likely that Integrated Pest and Disease Management (IPDM) will become a major component of pest and disease control. Recent developments facilitating this transition are discussed..
10.外文期刊Monjardino. M.Pannell. D J.Powles. S B The economic value of haying and green manuring
in the integrated management of annual ryegrass and wild radish in a Western Australian farming
system.
Most cropping farms in Western Australia must deal with the management of herbicide-resistant populations of weeds such as annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum). Farmers are approaching the problem of herbicide resistance by adopting integrated weed management systems, which allow weed control with a range of different techniques. These systems include
non-herbicide methods ranging from delayed seeding and high crop seeding rates to the use of non-cropping phases in the rotation. In this paper, the Multi-species RIM (resistance and integrated management) model was used to investigate the value of including non-cropping phases in the crop rotation. Non-crop options investigated here were haying and green manuring. Despite them providing excellent weed control, it was found that inclusion of these non-cropping phases did not increase returns, except in cases of extreme weed numbers and high levels of herbicide resistance.
引证文献(2条)
1.DANG Ting-Hui.CAI Gui-Xin.GUO Sheng-Li.HAO Ming-De.L.K.HENG Effect of Nitrogen Management on Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Rainfed Wheat and Maize in Northwest China[期刊论文]-土壤圈（意译名）2006(4)
2.ZHOU Qi-Xing.ZHANG Qian-Ru.SUN Tie-Heng Technical Innovation of Land Treatment Systems for Municipal Wastewater in Northeast China[期刊论文]-土壤圈（意译名） 2006(3)
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