英汉语言与文化对比
语言是人类社会重要的交流工具，是反映人类社会生活的镜子。语言是文化的重要载体，而文化则是主宰语言的灵魂，二者互相依赖、互相影响。语言与文化是部分与整体的关系，即语言是文化的一部分，它具备文化的所有属性，因此，语言本身也是一种文化，并且是最重要的一部分文化。语言通过自身的表达、交流和记载的功效将不同时期、不同地域的文化反映出来，承担着保留、扩展和传播文化的使命，所以语言是文化的载体，是发展文化的基础，与文化密不可分。不懂得语言背后的文化准则，就不可能真正学好这门语言。在英语教学中，英语教师若想真正帮助学生学好英语，就必须在教学过程中进行有效的文化导入，努力帮助学生掌握英语的文化背景知识，帮助学生充分理解和掌握语言信息背后的文化意义，最大限度地降低在听说读写译过程中出现文化障碍的可能性。
一、英汉语言文化差异
文化包含一个民族创造出的所有精神产品和物质产品，能够体现出该民族在精神生活和物质生活方面的全部特性，包括该民族的语言特点、风俗习惯、民族性格等等。中西方在思维方式、历史进程、宗教信仰等方面的差异造就了中西方两种截然不同的文化，其差异性体现在诸多方面，本文主要从以下五个方面探讨英汉语言文化的不同之处。
1．问候
熟人或朋友相遇的时候彼此问候是最寻常不过的事情了，而中英两种文化在问候的方式上却存在很大差异。中国人素来秉持着“民以食为天”的古训，长久以来在饭时前后人们常用的问候方式便是询问对方“你吃了吗?”这种问候方式并不意味着真正关心对方是否已经用餐，只是和英语中的“Hi”，“Hello”一样，一种再普通不过的问候方式。而英语国家的人在表达问候时的常用话题是天气状况，如“It’s sunny，isn't it?”，有时也会谈论服饰、赛事、运动等等。所以在进行跨文化交流时，要注意问候方式的差异，如若按照汉语问候方式将“你吃了吗?”译成英语向西方人表达问候，会令对方感很诧异，误把这句话当作用餐的邀请词。
2．道别
中西方道别方式也有所不同。中国人在告别时通常会把客人送到门外，并会礼貌地对客人说“慢走”、“有空来坐”、“再来啊”、“好走”、“一路顺风”等送客用语，这些是中国人为人处事的基本准则，而一些道别方式通常会使西方人误以为是对他们的再次邀请。西方人道别的方式非常简单，在道别时，主人会站起身，边走边对客人说“Goodbye!”、“Good luck to you!”、“It’s nice talking to you．”、“It’s been a good day．”这些简单的句子。因此，在送别时如果对西方人说“Go slowly!”或“Walk well”，会令他们非常困惑，为什么要慢慢走?还要好好走?这种语言文化上的差异会使本来要表达礼貌含义的问候语在实际交际中完全失去意义。
3．称谓
戴昭铭在他的《语言文化学导论》一书中对“称谓”做了如下解释：称谓是人类社会中特定的人在特定的人际关系中的特定身份角色的称呼。该解释很好地说明了“称谓”，作为一种社会礼仪，体现了人与人之间的社会关系。中西方在称谓方面存在着明显的差异。素以“礼仪之邦”闻名于世的中国社会在称谓方面一向重视长幼、尊卑、贵贱的分别。下级对上级、学生对老师、子女对父母、晚辈
对长辈必须使用尊称或敬语，如若直呼其名则会被视为缺乏教养或极不礼貌的行为。而一向强调“众生平等”的英语国家在称谓方面的禁忌则不太多见。无论是上下级间、师生间还是长幼之间都喜欢直呼对方的名字，以此来表示平等和亲切。此外，中国人在称呼德高望重的长辈时，会以诸如“李老”、“王老”的称呼方式表示对对方的敬仰和尊重，对于年长的人通常会以“老宋”、“老赵”的方式称呼表示友好和亲切。但若在跨文化交际中将“李老”、“老宋”等称呼方式直译为英语称呼对方，则会引起英语国家人士的不满和反感。因为在英语国家的文化传统中，“老”字意味着“无用”、“衰弱”，任何与“老”字挂钩的称谓方式都在暗示一个人已经风烛残年、行将就木。因此，英语国家的人对“老”字非常敏感，不愿被人以“老”相称，而选择了“elderly”、“aged”、“senior”等称谓词语替代“old”。
4．隐私
所谓隐私是指当事人不愿或不便被他人知道的个人信息、不愿或不便被他人干涉的个人私事以及不愿或不便被他人侵入的个人领地。在英汉文化中，人们对待个人隐私的观念和重视程度截然不同，对语言中反映的有关个人隐私的谈论话题持不同的态度。西方人惯以自我为中心，对个人隐私极为尊重，认为个人利益绝不容许被入侵犯，如若不是当事人自愿讲述，所有的个人的信信和个人私事都不愿意被人询问，否则将会因为对方刺探或侵犯其私生活而引起当事人感到厌恶甚至激愤。此外，向来喜欢独居的西方人守卫自己的家如同士兵守卫自己的城堡—样警觉，只要是未经自已允许就擅自闯入的人，哪怕是熟人，都有权向其开枪，以示自卫。而在汉文化中，中国人自古就喜欢群居生活，彼此互帮互助，集体观念极强，因此，中国人的隐私观念几乎并不存在，哪怕是从未谋面的陌生人之间都可以谈论诸如彼此的年龄、婚姻状况、工作单位、收入睛况、家庭住址、宗教信仰等话题，在中国人眼中，这只是人与人之间彼此显示友好态度的—种方式。
5．客套用语
谦虚是美德，这是自古至今一直为中国人尊奉的古训。面对他人的赞扬，中国人往往会自谦，有时甚至会自贬，总觉得对他人的称赞受之有愧，常说“哪里 !哪里 !您过奖了!”或“鄙人／在下何德何能，怎能配您如此评价 !”等等，这些自谦的话都是用来表示自己对目前的成果并无骄傲之意的客套话，是督促自己继续努力的意思。而西方人面对这种谦虚会感到莫名其妙，他们发自内心地欣赏一个人才会对他表示称赞，而中国人的自谦会被他们认为是对他们鉴赏能力的否定。他们面对他人的夸奖通常都会欣然接受，他们的回答通常只是“Thank you!”或“Thanks for saying so．”
因为不同的文化造就了不同的语言，更造就了不同的思维方式，汉语作为一个高语境的语言，具有灵活性，而英语中存在着很多的规则，具有严谨性。因此想要学好一门语言，离不开它的大环境-----文化。
Differences between Chinese and Western culture As we know the differences between the our estern cultures and western cultures are quite obvious.I would like to state some of my opinions in this paper. I.difference in the thinking style People on the earth are homologous,but different people in different place have different performance on the way of thinking. Differences between Chinese and Western way of thinking reflected in many aspects.Such as the difference between abstract and concrete, reflected in their attitudes towards life can be understood as Westernersare more practical, and the Chinese are much more biased towards some spiritual experience. Westerners pay attention to logical thinking, but Chinese pay more attention to dialectical thinking and so on. As Chinese and western way of thinking are different, there are differences in expression of the order. For example,we can see that the names of western style are not like ours,they put their given names at the first place,while we put them after our family names,that is to say,we regard our family more important than ourselves,and it's the traditional way of estern thinking.Westerners have another way of thinking,they think that each person is important in our world and society,and a person should play a important role among our human beings. II.differences in daily communication Westerners are frank,but chinese are humility.The reflection between westerners and chinese on the treatment of praise is different.In the West, people can accept it generously. As the Chinese have long term impact of Confucian education, we treat others’ praise and recognition not often take the attitude of ourselves, or there is suspected of arrogant. When meeting acquaintances, chinese and westerners greet each other are also different. Chinese people often say "Have you eat ?" "Where are you going?"except the general asked”hello”. In western culture, this is not a greeting, but substantive issues. When British and American people meet,they usually use a polite phrase like "How are you?" or "Nice to meet you!" In addtion,when westerners accept gift from others,they are willing to open it and praise it directly,but chinese do not do like that. III.differences in customs Chinese people regard ourselves as descendants of the Dragon.Chinese have a supreme respect for the dragon, we think dragon is a symbol of our nation. In the dynasty time,Chinese emperors generally self-styled "dragon".However,in the West, the dragon was regarded as the devil, and it was killed by the legendary god of protection, so they set a day as a festival to celebrate the lifting of a disaster, and thank the protection of God.For this reason, when the students describe a person's lively, they say "He / She is full of vim and vigor." not"He / She is as lively as a dragon and tiger". Everyone has their favorite color, so does a country and a nation. Chinese like the red colour ,because chinese think red is a symbol of luck and enthusiam. But westerners perfer to the blue colour,they think blue can make themselves calm. Thus,the preferences of different colors can reflect the whole of a country’s aesthetic taste. IV. differences in eating cultrue Chinese and Western diets are very different, so the differences also have an impact on the national character. In China, a banquet, no matter what purpose, there will be only one form, that is, everyone sit around one table. People toast each other,and eat the same food in one plate,,It reflects the mutual respect between people even the traditional courteous virtue. Although from the health point of view, this dietary approach has obvious shortcomings, it is consistent with our
中西节日文化差异英文公司内部编号：（GOOD-TMMT-MMUT-UUPTY-UUYY-DTTI-
The comparison between Chinese and Western festivals 中西方节日文化的差异比较 Abstract: the process of comparing the Chinese and Western festivals and studying Western histories and cultures can help people promote the communication and understanding of different cultures. With the further development of society and inter-cultures, globalization will affect many aspects of life in all countries. And western festivals are becoming more and more popular in China. We should respect them and select the essence. China boasts a brilliant history and splendid traditions. In modern times, Chinese tradition should be preserved and promoted. But it seems that young people no longer treasure the tradition. On the contrary, they turn to pursue enthusiastically a seemingly more modern culture. If this trend is allowed to continue, the priceless heritage of our ancestors will be replaced by western traditions. Nobody expects such a consequence. So let’s join hand in hand to protect and carry forward Chinese tradition. Key words: Traditional festivals; Chinese and Western cultures; difference; globalization Introduction: “A holiday of a nation represents a glorious culture and concentrated customs of a nation.” To understand a nation's
T h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n c h i n e s e a n d w e s t e r n c u l t u r e With the rapidly challging word, people throughout the world have found it increasingly necessary to minimize the rate of misunderstanding due to miscommunication in their contacts with another. In the oast most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geoographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. It might be said that technological advances have been most effective in creating the borderless word, the global community. As our world shrinks and its inhabitants become interdependent, people from remot cultures increasingly come into contact on a daily basis. It is no longer hard to find situations in which membes of ince isolared groups of people. Now these people may live thousands of miles away or right next door to each other. So all the people are faced with the challenge of understand this world. So when the east meet west, there are many problems. Some problems are listed as follows. First of all, the way of eating. All huaman beings have certain basic needs. Our fundamental needs for things that keep us alive. This is the physioligical need. All individuals must eat in order to survive. But what people eat, when they eat, and the manners in which they eat are all patterned by culture. No society views everything in its environment that is edible and might provide nurishment as food. Americans eat oysters but not snail. The French eat snails but not locusts. The Jews eat fish but not pork. The Hindus eat pork but not beef. The Russiand eat beef but not snake. We all have ideas about what kinds of food are good to eat. We also have ideas about what kinds of food are bad to eat. As a result, people from one culture often think the food that people from another culture eat are disgusting or nauseating. Dislike is not the only reason why some culture will not eat a certain food. In some clture, certain foods are taboo. Sometimes the food taboos may be so strong thrat just the thought of eating forbidden foods can cause an indivdual to feel ill. We can also find culture difference in way of bring up children treating the early, greeting each other, saying and spending money before other people do in everyday, but in some English-speaking countries, people do not agree with us. We chinese may enjoy something that is not usually consider as edible by the English-speaking people. Generally we perfer to have thing hot and much emphasis on the taste. We eat from one plate when we are eating with others, and we like to seat one by one, and in the shape of a round. On the
如何对待中外文化差异英语作文 我们如何去看待，中外文化差异所带来的英语学习的思维转换?下面是给大家整理的怎样对待中外文化差异英语作文，供大家参阅! 如何对待中外文化差异英语作文篇1 The culture differences between the East and West. As we know ,there are so many differences between culture of the East and West that I can not list all of their different aspects.I will focus on the differences of diet custom and teaching system.For your better understanding ,I will set examples of China and America. It is no doubt that it is a tradition to use chopsticks for Chinese.But people in America prefer to forks and knives.This different result is based on different food they are like .Americans choose to eat beefsteak,bread,and salad,while Chinese people choose noodles ,pancakes and rice.What is more,the custom of drinking tea in China and drinking coffee in America are stand out particularly.However,there is a trend that the food in both countries has been mixture.For example,the coffee and bread have introduced to China.The famous KFC is very popular at children. The gap of teaching system between China and America is big.Chinese students always complain about their homework.Too much homework has limited the time to exercise and relax.They have to recite many things as to get a high mark.Homework comes the first to them. In my opinion,the study in America is more interesting .Teachers pay attentions to training students skills in thinking in realastic life not to emphasis on the importances of memories.In a addition,the rate of going to school ,the salary of teaching ,and the job of gruduates are quite different,too.I should say that Chima government should make great efforts to improve its teaching syetem.I am also expect to be one day ,the West give more cheers to our country.
【篇一】如何对待中西文化差异英语作文 In many parts of the world , personal influence is essential in achieving success. This is not true in the United States, where success usually results from hard work , education, skill, and personal initiative , America is truly a "do-it-yourself" society ; success is not dependent on family origins or the help of an influential person . Personal progress is the result of individual effort. Because effort and initiative are so important in America , there are many customs that may be different from those practiced in other countries. For example , it is not considered dishonorable to quit a job, even if you have had it for only a short time . Moving from job-to -job , or "job-hopping ", as it is called , is quite acceptable in the United States. Frequently , the opportunity to change jobs offers workers a chance to move up to a better position. Americans like to move from place to place trying new jobs, meeting new people and living in different parts of the country. "Job-hopping" also gives employers a chance to benefit from the new ideas and skills that different people bring to their jobs even if such people are employed for only a short time. 【篇二】如何对待中西文化差异英语作文 The whole question of the changing role of Blacks in American society as been the subject of news***** articles around the world so frequently that visitors to the United States do not know what to expect when they arrive. They may be surprised when they see that Blacks and Whites work side by side in offices , factories , and schools across the country . The majority of Blacks in the United States, however, live in and around only a small number of American cities. Many dark-skinned visitors arrive in the United States fearing personal attack or expecting various degrees of racial prejudice. Some forms of discrimination [1] still exist ,unfortunately, especially in the areas of the housing , schools , and jobs . The school equality is still more a dream than a reality. There are still too many areas of the country where Black Americans do not enjoy the same full opportunities as White Americans . However, the vast majority of American s are working , studying , and sharing public places together. This was not true even a few years ago in some parts of the country , but progress is steadily being made . You will be able to observe the improvement in race relations as soon as your plane lands . You will see it in the airport, in public buses and trains , in theaters , restaurants , rest room, in sops and libraries , in offices and factories . Close personal friendships between Blacks and
中西文化差异英文 Differences Betwween Chinese And Western Clture As we know,there are many obvious differences between chinese and western clture.Here I will epress some opinions about this. Chinese culture is the collectivist culture.Chinese put the benefit of groung the first place.The value of people can not be allowed to set up over the the benefit of the grounp.On the contrary,western culture is the individualist culture.They spare no efforts to show off themselves. 1、Differences in addressing Chinese put the given name after the family name.While in the western country,their given names were put at the place.We can see that Chinese regard the family name more important than the given name.It reflects that Westerners have a thought that each person is significant in our world and a person should play a important role among our beings. 2、Differences in rendering thanks Generaly,in China the family members hardly say “thanks”.If say it,we will feel strange and have distance beween each other.But Westerners can it on any occasion and beween any people.When someone give they a cup of drink,they will say“Thanks”.What,s more,when someone ask you“Would you like something to eat/dirnk,”Chinese would say a few words of courtesy although they would like.But in th e west,peole will say“Yes,please”if they would like and will say“No,thanks”if they would not.
The comparison between Chinese and Western festivals 中西方节日文化的差异比较 Abstract: the process of comparing the Chinese and Western festivals and studying Western histories and cultures can help people promote the communication and understanding of different cultures. With the further development of society and inter-cultures, globalization will affect many aspects of life in all countries. And western festivals are becoming more and more popular in China. We should respect them and select the essence. China boasts a brilliant history and splendid traditions. In modern times, Chinese tradition should be preserved and promoted. But it seems that young people no longer treasure the tradition. On the contrary, they turn to pursue enthusiastically a seemingly more modern culture. If this trend is allowed to continue, the priceless heritage of our ancestors will be replaced by western traditions. Nobody expects such a consequence. So let’s join hand in hand to protect and carry forward Chinese tradition. Key words: Traditional festivals; Chinese and Western cultures; difference; globalization Introduction: “A holiday of a nation represents a glorious culture and concentrated customs of a nation.” To understand a nation's cultural implications a nd its cultural characteristics, we must start with its traditional festivals. There exists great difference between Chinese and Western festivals due to their different languages, education, life styles and customs. Recently, western festivals are becoming more and more popular among Chinese. On one hand, it can indeed bring some benefits to our country to some extent. On the other hand, we should pay attention to this phenomenon. The differences in their origin and shaping, celebration, food, banquet manners, color of festive dressing and the attitudes of accepting presents contribute to the great differences of Chinese and Western festive cultures. On the background of globalization, we should pay respect to western festivals, and carry forward our excellent traditional festivals at the same time. “A holiday of a nation represents a glorious culture and concentrated customs of a nation.” To understand a nation's cultural implications and its cultural characteristics,
【个人简历范文】 一方水养一方人，中西方的文化也是有差异的，用英语描写一下你所知道德1中西方的文化差异吧。下面是为你整理的有关中西文化差异的高中英语作文，希望你喜欢! 描写中西文化差异的英语作文范文篇1 Through I am a Chinese,I have some west country friends.They lived in China for many years, from their tone ,I know that there are many cultural difference between West and China.Such as difference of dinner manners……In west countries ,when people are having dinner ,if one of them want to go to a WC.He or she shoud say”Excuse me ,I want to go to the toilets…”Only in such a way can others think you are of good manners.And in the bathroom,you can relieve the bowels, wash you faces, refine the make-up ,pick your teeth and so on.When you finished yourself,you can return to you set.A wonderful dinner can be continue.But in China,there are some different of it.When you want to have a bath,you shoud only say”I want to go to washroom”.That just means:I want to go out for a while.If you finished you dinner ,you can also say:”I'm full”That means:I am full ,help youselves.And then ,you can go out to have a rest or walk.That just some of the difference of dinner manners in west and in China.When we face it in the future ,don`t forget that! 描写中西文化差异的英语作文范文篇2 Long history in China in 5000, western social process of world 56 a hundred years.China is brilliant abundant, great and deep food culture;The western nation then has delicately and particularly , from become the food civilization of system.Medium the west food cultural collision, exchanges and melted into whole mankind's civilization to fill up with wear colourful function.Medium the Spanish turn of the difference of educated medium west food culture of difference, but this kind of difference come from medium the west different mode of thinking with conducting philosophy. This text introduced a medium Spanish to turn in the difference of food.West food from the food idea, food object, food method, food ownership and property etc. carry on the comparison of the culture. 描写中西文化差异的英语作文范文篇3 There are many difference between China and America such as in the field of geography ,culture, language ,politics ,economy and education with the development of science and technology .The word get even more smaller ,the communication between them is more frequent . Our country, China absorbs the essence and doesn’t eliminate the bad thing . Because a proverb ever since said when the fresh air come in ,the flies will also accompany it . At times we may not determine our countries’ geography
The Food Culture Difference Between China and West Studying food cultural differences, we can find out a joint enhancing the communication between China and the west through a comprehensive study of the subject. It may be a great help to the communication of the Chinese and western cultures. Diet is actually the contents of our daily lives. It has special status in the Chinese culture, and it also has a great distinction between China and the west. As one of the world ancient nations, China’s diet has a history almost as long as that of Chinese civilization. But in western countries, ancient thinkers devoted less attention to the food problem than the Chinese philosophers did.The differences in concepts, targets, patterns, attribution and nature had reflected the different dietary culture in the different state characteristic. Differences in Concepts Chinese diet is a sense of beauty diet and pays attention to the "color, flavor, taste " regardless of the nutrition . Chinese people hanker on a diet is just the “mood”that is difficult for one to say anything. Even using the "color, flavor, shape and implement "which people often said to make the" realm "reification, is still difficult to crown all. Chinese