一、
二、
十一、英译中
1．Vertical integration –垂直统一管理2．Markup –涨价
3．Lead time –订货和交货之间的时间4．Status Quo—现状现存情况或事态5．Market positioning–-市场定位6．Market segment—市场细分7．Executive –主管、高级执行人员8．Supervisor –监督9．Elasticity –弹性10．Differentiation –差异化11．Wholesale–批发商12．Retailer –零售商
13．Discount –折扣
14．Margin –最低利润
15．Media advertising –媒体广告16．Point of Purchase Advertising –售卖场所广告
17．Sales representative –销售代表18．Compensation –薪酬
19．Gross profit –毛利
20．Bidder –投标人
二、中译英
1. 如今的消费者要面对大量的产品、品牌、价格和生产厂商。
Today’s customers face a vast array of product and brand choices, prices, and suppliers.
2. 零售商们需要考虑目标市场和产品定位。
Retailer must consider target markets and product positioning.
3. 人员招聘是人力资源管理中的一个重要部分。
Recruitment is a significant part of Human Resource Management (HRM).
4. 顾客的满意度和产品质量有关。
Customer satisfaction is relative to product’s quality.
5. 每个企业都应该找到自身的竞争优势。
Every company should be aware of its competitive advantages.
6. 公司需要制订正确的战略。
A company should set the right strategy.
7. 促销的主要目的是为了扩大销售。
Sales promotion aims mostly to push more consumers toward purchases.
8. 一份损益表的基本构成是：销售，成本，盈利或亏损。
An operating statement consists of three basic components in the statement: sales, costs, and profit (or loss)
三、简答
1. What are the five competitive forces that collectively determine an industry’s long term attractiveness?
Present competitors (competition among existing industry)/potential competitors/the
2. What is “Strategic group”?
A strategic group consists of firms pursuing similar strategies—that is, employing a similar mix of strategy elements.
3. What does a company’s benefit include?
Paid vacations/sick leave/holidays/medical insurance
4. What does “Total Customer Value” include?
Product/services/personnel/image values
5. What does “Total Customer Cost” include?
Monetary/time energy/psychic costs
6. Will a customer always buy a product that has highest customer delivered value? If not, what can be the possible motivation behind?
Maybe, will not.
For example: Product a from company A—“value” =product b form company B
(1)The construction firm’s buyers enjoy a long-term friendship with B
(2)The firm’s buyers might be under strict company orders to buy at the lowest company
(3)The construction form rewards its buyers for short-term performance, causing them to
choose the less expensive b, even though a will perform better and be less expensive to operate in long run.
7. What is Just-In-Time System?
An increasing popular method of managing operations, including inventory control and production planning, is the just in time (JIT) system.
Like MRP, just in time system aims to have only the right amounts of materials arrive at precisely the times they are needed.
A manufacturer produces only enough to fill orders when they are due thus eliminating finished-goods inventory.
8. What is net profit? How is it different from net sales?
Net profit-at the bottom of the statement-is what the company earned from its operations during a particular period. It is the amount left after the cost of sales and the expenses are subtracted from net sales. Net sales and net profit are not the same. Many firms have large sales and no profits-they may even have losses.
9. Too many retailers fail to define their target markets and positions clearly. What is the common mistake they normally make?
Too many retailers fail to define their target markets and positions clearly. They try to have “something for everyone” and end up satisfying no market well.
10. What are the 4 ‘P’s in the marketing 4 ‘P’s?
Product/promotion/place/price
附：（其余课堂重点）
1.What are the industry’s driving forces? P51
Changes in the market long-term growth rate/Changes in buyers segments/Diffusion of proprietary knowledge/Changes in cost and efficiency, derived from scale and learning effects/Changes in government regulations
2.backward integration:后向合并
3.inventory：库存
4.Material Requirement Planning（MRP）:原料需求计划p66
Method of getting the correct materials where they needed, on time, and without carrying unnecessary inventory
Managers use computer programs to calculate when certain materials are needed, when they should be ordered, and when they should be delivered so that they will not cost too much to store.
5.Operating Statement:资产损益表
The operating statement is a financial statement that summarizes the amount of revenues/profits earned and expense incurred by a business over a period of time. Many people consider it the most important financial report because its purpose is to measure whether or not the business achieved or failed to achieve its primary objective of earning an acceptable income.
6.资产损益表中需要掌握的词汇
net profit 净利润/gross profit 毛利润/gross sales 销售总额/net sales 扣除销货折扣和退货后净额/cost of sales销售成本/allowances 价格折让/net cost净价/sales salaries 销售人员的工资/advertising expense 广告费用
7.Invoice 发货清单
8.Staff 全体职员
9.Human Resource Management functions(人力资源基本职能) 包括human resource
planning/recruiting/selection p90
https://www.doczj.com/doc/fd7327972.html,pensation(薪酬) 包括：pay/benefits/nonfinancial(nonmonetary rewards) p91
11.Customers are value-maximizers , within the bounds of search costs and limited
knowledge, mobility and income.
12.Customer Value=Total Customer value-Total Customer Cost
13.Value Chain: A major tool for identifying ways to create more customer value 价值链
14.Supplier 供应商
15.Distributor分销商
16.Retailers are rethinking their marketing strategies to attract and hold customers. They
face major marketing decisions about their target markets and positioning, product
18.Positioning decision 定位决策
19.Private brands/national brands: a brand that is created and owned by a retailer of a
product or service 中间商品牌
20.The price objectives fall into 3 categories: p164
Profit oriented/Sale oriented/Status quo
21.Sales promotion（促销手段）包括
Point-of-purchase advertising 售卖场所广告
Coupons 优惠券
Sampling 免费发放小礼品
Sweepstakes 抽奖
Contests 游戏竞赛
Trade shows and Exhibits 展览会
北京地区成人本科学士学位英语统 一考试 2011.11.05 Part I Reading Comprehension （30%） Directions ：There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A ，B ，C and D. You should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. Passage 1 Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage： The reflective towers of New York City ，which is on the Atlantic migrating （迁徙的）route ，can be deadly for birds. “We live in an age of glass，” said https://www.doczj.com/doc/fd7327972.html,urel ，an architect.（76）“ It can be a perfect mirror in certain lights ，and the larger the glass，the more dangerous it is.” About 90，000 birds are killed by flying into building in the city each year. Often ，they strike the lower levels of glass towers after searching for food in nearby parks. Such crashes are the second-leading cause of death for migrating birds, after habitat （栖息地）loss, with an estimated number of death ranging up to a billion a year. （77）As glass office and apartment towers have increased in the last decade, so, too, have calls to make them less deadly to birds. San Francisco adopted bird-safety standard for new building in July. The United States Green Building Council , a nonprofit industry group that encourages the creation of environmentally conscious buildings , will introduce a bird-safety credit this as part of its environmental certification process. There are no easy fixes , however. A few researchers are exploring glass designs that use ultraviolet （紫外线的）signals, but they are still in their infancy. Covers, dot patterns, shades and net are the main options available. Often , only one section of a building needs to be changed. “ You don‘ t necessarily have to treat every window ,” https://www.doczj.com/doc/fd7327972.html,urel said. “ It would be too expensive to do the whole building. ” The Jacob Convention Center, which has been undergoing alterations , is the most recent building to voluntarily correct the problem of bird crashes. The architects used less reflective glass and dot patterns. 1. What is the main idea of the passage？ A. New York is a city of glass towers. B. Glass tower are dangerous for migrating birds. C. New York adopted new safety standards for buildings. D. Glass towers are a new trend in the United States. 2. What is the number one cause of death for migrating birds？ A. Climate change B. Habitat loss C. Lack of food D. Crashing into buildings. 3. What does the word “fixes” in the third paragraph probably mean ？ A. Choices B. Explanations C. Solutions D. Developments 4. ___ are used in the alteration of the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center. A. Dot patterns B. Shades C. Nets D. Covers 5. Which of the fowling statements is TRUE according to the passage？ A. In many cases, the whole building needs to be altered to prevent bird crashes. B. The Jacob K.Javits Convention Center is the first building to deal with the problem of bird crashes. C. About 90 , 000 birds are killed due to habitat loss in New York City each year. D. Unfortunately , glass designs that use ultraviolet signals are still in their early stages. Passage 2 Question 6 to 10 are based on the fowling passage： Today‘s students have grown up hearing more about Bill Gates than F.D.R. , and they live in a world where amazing innovations （革新）are common. The current 18-year-olds, after all, were 8 when Google was founded by two students at Stanford；Mark Zuckerberg founded Facebook in 2004 while he was Harvard and they were entering high school. Having grown up digital （数字的）, they are impatient to get on with life. The easiest way to find kids like these is to check in on entrepreneurship （企业家才能）education , in which colleges and universities try to prepare their students to recognize opportunities and seize them. A report published last year by the Kauffman Foundation , which finances programs to promote innovation on campuses, noted that more than 50, 000 entrepreneurship programs are offered on two-and four-year campuses—up from just 250 courses in 1985. Lesa Mitchell , a Kauffman vice president, says that the foundation is extending the reach of its academic influence , which used to be found only in business schools. Now , the concept of entrepreneurship is blooming in engineering programs and medical school , and even in the liberal arts. “Our interest is the programs ,” she says. “ We need to spread out from the business school.” Either as class projects or on their own , students in a variety of majors are coming up with ideas, writing business plans and seeing them through to prototype and , often, market. In their spare time , students in agricultural economics at Purdue invent new uses for bean ；industrial design majors at Syracuse, in special laboratory , create wearable technologies. （78）The entrepreneurship movement has its critics , especially among those who see college as a time for extensive academic exploration. “I just don ‘t think that entrepreneurship ranks so high in terms of national need ,” says Daniel S.Greenberg, author of Science for sale：The perils, Rewards and Delusions of Campus Capitalism. Leonard A.Schlesinger , Babson College‘s president, says that the question of whether innovation can really be taught is “ an age-old argument” 6. When Google and Facebook were established , the founders were still ____ . A. in high school B. in the army C. in primary school D. at college 7. According to the passage, what is the main purpose of entrepreneurship education ？ A. To prepare students for future academic life
工商管理专业就业前景的优势 工商管理专业就业前景的优势 首先，工商管理这个专业本身是挺不错的，在思维上或视野上，会让你比学单一的技术要开阔与灵活的多，但是由于这个专业学的东西太多，财务、人力资源、企业管理、贸易、甚至法律，都涉及到了，也就难免只学皮毛，我这四年是混过来的，在课堂上讲案例侃侃而谈也不是弱者，专业课分数也不低的。不过真到了企业，没有公司让我运用这些东西做管理，因为现实的企业管理与课本上的差距很大很大，没有企业会让一个小毛头来管理，要经过很长的时间，证明你有管理的素质与能力，公司可以相信你，你才有机会做到管理层，刚毕业，很难的，都是从打杂开始，但是有的人能从打杂中整合知识进步，有的一直打杂，要看你的心态与把握能力了。我现在还在打杂，不过已经开始找别的出路了，呵呵。 工商管理这个专业的硕士是特别的，叫MBA，呵呵，前几年非常红火的，潜力很大的，如果你有钱，有想做企业的决心，可以看一下MBA的招考文件，本科出来是没有竞争力的，就业前景还不如那些单一的技术类。你可以工作几年后直接考MBA，最好出国，国内的师资毕竟不行，因为这个专业是国外传过来的，国外好大学文凭世界通用，但是国内大学的文凭人家不知道含金量啊。
最后，工作与专业的关系不是很大，除非你学单一技术类，专业性很强，商学院的很多专业，像工商管理、人力资源、市场营销、电子商务，很多课程是重复的，不重复的课程可以旁听，本质上，专业无差别，除非是很好很好的大学，师资比较强，不然，这个专业一般很垃圾的。 再针对你的问题补充一下：工商管理在每个学校的分支学科不一样，我们学校分为企业管理和人力资源两个方向，找工作的时候，招聘人力资源的只认人力资源专业的，注意，不是工商管理分支下的，是一个单独的专业叫人力资源，我们学校是专业设置重复了，搞得我们很郁闷其实工商管理找工作一般的，男的做销售的多，女的做办公室的多 就业比较好的方向是进外企，做管理培训生，前途很好，进去很难，待遇很高 其实人力资源现在也不错，针对性强，但是很多课程与工商管理是重复的(如果人力资源是独立学科)。 工商管理专业的专业分类 战略管理 通常又被称为企业战略管理，是决策层次最高的一种管理，包括确定战略性的目标，发展并执行战略性的计划来达成目标。所
人文英语2 1、单选题 Have others review your résumé and offer helpful advice. A. 有一些人可以检查你的简历并提供帮助。 B. 让别人帮你检查一遍简历并提供有益的建议。 C. 有其他人帮你检查简历并给你提供建议。 答案：B 知识点：翻译技巧2 2、单选题 ---How long has your daughter been missing? ----- ______________ A. I miss my daughter a lot. B. We haven’t seen each other for two months. C. About half an hour. I’ve been looking for her everywhere. 答案：C 知识点：询问普通问题 3、单选题 — This is Huangdu Police station. What can I do for you? —_____ A. My daughter is missing. B. Who are you? C. No. 答案：A 知识点：提供帮助 4、单选题 —Why do you want to leave your previous job? — . A. I’m hoping to have a better position. B. I don’t want to work at all.
C. You won’t understand it. 答案：A 知识点：询问普通问题 5、单选题 — Our city is getting safer and safer. — _____________________ A. I hope there will be no crimes any more. B. Crimes are sometimes good. C. I don’t want to discuss this with you. 答案：A 知识点：表达愿望 6、单选题 If I _____ you ， I would buy a house at the seaside. A. were B. was C. am 答案：A 知识点：虚拟语气，条件句 7、单选题 She __________ answer my phone call yesterday. A. doesn’t B. didn’t C. wasn’t 答案：B 知识点：一般过去时，一般现在时 8、单选题 If I ______________ you, I would buy a house at the seaside. A. were B. was
2005春工商学位英语（4） 一、语音单选题 1、period A. request B. perseverance C. recognize D. require 答案 B. 2、pressure A. directly B. oxygen C. absence D. camera 答案A 3、geography A. regret B. envy C. remark D. deck 答案C 4、creature A. effect B. energy C. reduce D. belief 答案D 5、replied A. entered B. asked C. stepped D. added 答案A 6、counter A. country B. south C. tough D. enough 答案B 7、scatter A. laboratory B. separate C. gravity D. various 答案C 8、twinkle
A. windy B. drink C. footprint D. interesting 答案B 9、eyebrow A. town B. follow C. slow D. fellow 答案A 10、schoolyard A. coo B. cook C. poor D. childhood 答案A 11、He just couldn't ___what in the world she had been talking about all the time. A. figure out B. catch on C. set out D. work on 答案A 12、Children who are over-protected by their parents may become_____ A. hurt B. damaged C. spoiled D. harmed 答案C 13、The bridge was named _____ the hero who gave his life for the cause of the people. A. after B. with C. by D. from 答案A 14、I'd like to ______the lessons once more before we take the exam tomorrow. A. go for B. go over C. go round D. go about 答案B 15、Depending on____, Mary led us through an unknown part of the forest. A. intuition B. sense C. vision D. image 答案A 16、My camera can be _____ to take pictures in cloudy or sunny conditions.
历年英语专业四级单项选择题真题整理及答案解析 2006年 51. __dull he may be, he is certainly a very successful top executive. A Although B whatever C As D However 正确答案为D). however引导的让步状语从句,意思是无论(怎么样),从句需要倒装,即However+adj/adv+主+谓. However dull he may be=Dull as he may be. although和as引导让步状语从句,指”尽管”, whatever用来引导名词从句,意思是: 无论什么. 句意: 无论他多么地令人感到乏味.他还是一位非常成功的顶级行政人员. 52. If only I __play the guitar as well as you! A would B could C should D might 正确答案为B). could表示能够,是一种能力. If only引导的虚拟语气,表示”要是….该多好啊!”. 句意: 要是我能像你那样把吉他弹得那么好该多好啊! 53. The party, __I was the guest of honour, was extremely enjoyable. A by which B for which C to which D at which 正确答案为D). at which. 先行词the party作介词at的宾语. 即I was the guest of honor at the party. 关系代词指代the party. 54 It's high time we __ cutting down the rainforests. A stopped B had to stop C shall stop D stop 正确答案为A). stopped. It is (high) time的意思是到了做…的时候了. 从句中一般用过去时构成虚拟语气. 此句型为历年专四考试常考句型. 55 The student said there were a few points in the essay he __ impossible to comprehend. A has found B was finding C had found D would find 正确答案为C). had found. 考察定语从句的时态. 定语从句中的”找到问题”这一动作发生先于主句动词said,所以用had found构成过去完成时. 56 Loudspeakers were fixed in the hall so that everyone__ an opportunity to hear the speech. A ought to have B must have C may have D should have 正确答案为C). may. so that引导目的状语从句,表示为了让每个人都有机会听到讲座. 其他选项均不符合题意. ought to have done=should have done本应该做而实际未做. must have done 表示对过去的肯定猜测. 57 I am surprised__ this city is a dull place to live in. A that you should think B by what you are thinking C that you would think D with what you were thinking 正确答案为A). 本句中should表示惊讶语气, 故不能省略. 句意:你居然会认为在这个城市居住是很无聊的,这点让我很惊讶. 58 Susan is very hardworking, but her pay is not__ for her work.
Unit one formal organization 正式组织 division of labor 劳动分工departmentalization 部门化 delegation 授权 stakeholders 利害相关者 organizational chart 组织结构图 flatter organization 扁平组织 cash flow 现金流量 trade credit 商业信用 short-term loans 短期贷款 commercial paper商业票据 life insurance companies 人寿保险公司pension funds 退休基金 bonds 债券 stocks 股票 unit two macroeconomics 宏观经济学 national income theory 国民收入理论inflation通货膨胀 deflation通货紧缩 the level of interest rates 利率水平international trade balance国际贸易平衡monetary policy 货币政策 fiscal policy财政政策 unemployment rate 失业率 price index 价格指数 the consumer price index 消费价格指数 the producer price index 生产价格指数 the GDP price deflator GDP 价格平减指数nominal GDP 名义GDP real GDP实际GDP disposable income 可支配收入 transfer payment 转移支付 substitution effect 替代效应 income effect 收入效应 equilibrium price均衡价格 equilibrium output均衡产出 oil embargo 石油禁运 multiplier effect 乘数效应 expansionary monetary policy扩张货币政策time lags 时滞 unit four industrial organization theory 产业组织理论
2013电大工商管理学位英语阅读理解 1.What does the first paragraph tell us? -The ape looks like human beings most. 2.which of the following sentences is TRUE? -Apes have weak legs but very strong arms. 3.Apes build nests in the trees but seldom sleep there for more than a night or two because_______. -They like to move from place to place in search of more food. 4.Among the three kinds of apes,_______. -the gorilla is the biggest. 5.The last pargagraph tells us that _______. -the intelligence of chimpanzees is similar to that of human children. 6.The special education mentioned in the text is mainly concerned with ________. -students who are either mentally or physically disabled. 7.A videodisc courseware is beneficial to those who have study difficulties because ________. -it allows the user to go back to where he wants to restudy. 8.According to Professor Healey,we may infer that mentally retarded children perhaps________. -need graphic representations in order to understand higher-order language concepts. 9.The best phrase that summarizes the main idea of the text is ______. -videodisc and special education. 10.The word "impairment"(Line3,Para.1) Probably means______. -disability. 11.In the first paragraph,the author implies that ______ are essential in achieving success. -ability and environment. 12.The word "frugal" (Line3,Para.2) means _______. -thrifty. 13.Some rich people consider themselves unsuccessful because _______. -they are not rich enough by their own standards. 14.The last paragraph implies that ______. -success means trying one's best at what one really likes. 15.This passage mainly talks about _______. -the difinition of success. 16.Which of the following is the best title for the passage? -Take Vacations in space. 17.The phrase "bread-and butter business"(Line2,Pare.1) most probably means ________. -The business to make a living 18.How much is the two-hour space tour for each person according to Space Adventures in Arlington?
工商管理专业职业生涯规划书 前言 在今天这个人才竞争的时代，职业生涯规划开始成为在人争夺战中的另一重要利器。对企业而言，如何体现公司“以人为本”的人才理念，关注员工的人才理念，关注员工的持续成长，职业生涯规划是一种有效的手段；而对每个人而言，职业生命是有限的，如果不进行有效的规划，势必会造成生命和时间的浪费。作为当代大学生，若是带着一脸茫然，踏入这个拥挤的社会怎能满足社会的需要，使自己占有一席之地？因此，我试着为自己拟定一份职业生涯规划，将自己的未来好好的设计一下,正所谓成功属于有准备的人。有了计划有了准备，在未来的路上才不会迷茫，有了目标，才会有动力。明白清晰的知道自己该往哪里走，不会出现碌碌无为而又不知自己在做什么的情况。以有规划、有目标地应对竞争激烈的现实社会。 其实从上大学后就一直处在困惑之中，时常问自己：“底我的人生之路将如何？我的人生之路将如何走下去？怎样才能使自己一生无悔呢？”一位哲人这样说过：“走好每一步，这就是你的人生”。是啊，人生就是一个不断选择的过程，每走一步自己都要做出选择，同时每个人都在设计自己的人生，都在实现自己的梦想.人生之路说长也长，因为它是自己一生意义的诠释；人生之路说短也短，因为自己生活过的每一天都是自己的人生。在这世界我就像一棵很不起眼的小树，可是小树也有它的理想，为了让小树能够更好的实现自己的理想,长成参天大树。于是对自己做出以下一生的规划，以便于时常提醒自己不要忘记目标。 目录 一、自我分析……………………………………………………………………………2/5 1、性格方面…………………………………………………………………………2/5 2、兴趣方面…………………………………………………………………………2/5 3、优势与劣势………………………………………………………………………2/5 4、自我分析小结……………………………………………………………………2/5 二、职业认知…………………………………………………………………………2/5 1、外部环境分析……………………………………………………………………2/5 2、目标职业分析……………………………………………………………………3/5 3、职业认知小结……………………………………………………………………3/5 三、职业生涯目标的确立……………………………………………………………4/5 四、职业生涯规划设计………………………………………………………………4/5
2010年全国高考英语试题单项选择分类汇编 一、冠词 1.（北京卷35）. First impressions are the most lasting. After all, you never get __ second chance to make __ first impression. A. a; the B. the; the C. a; a D. the; a 2．（福建卷21）.It's good feeling for people to admire the Shanghai world expo that gives them Pleasure. A.不填，a B. a,不填 C. the ,a D. a, the 3.（江苏卷 21）. The visitors here are greatly impressed by the fact that_____ people from all walks of life are working hard for_____ new Jiangsu. A.不填; a B. 不填;the C. the; a D. the; the 4.( 辽宁卷22). There are over 58, 000 rocky objects in _______ space, about 900 of which could fall down onto _______ earth. A. the; the B. 不填; the C. the; 不填 D. a; the 5. (山东卷22). If we sit near _______ front of the bus, we'll have _______ better view. A. 不填；the B. 不填；a C.the; a D. the；the 6. (四川卷2)In most countries, a university degree can give you flying start in life. A. the; a B. the; 不填 C.不填; 不填 D.不 填; a 7.(浙江卷2) Many lifestyle. patterns do such __ great harm to health that they actually speed up __weakening of the human body. A. a; / B. /; the C. a; the D. /; / 8.（重庆卷27） Everything comes with price; there is no such thing as free lunch in the world. A. a, a B. the, / C. the, / D.a, / 9.（上海卷26）It took us quite a long time to get to the amusement park.
管理学常用词汇 A 11 access discrimination ['?ks?s] [d?,skr?m?'ne??n]进入歧视 action research ['?k??n] ['ris?t?] 动作研究；行为研究 adjourning [?'d??n??] 解散期；解散阶段；中止阶段 adhocracy [?d'h?kr?si] 无固定结构的管理方式或组织；临时委员会组织；administrative principle [?d'm?n?stret?v] ['pr?ns?pl] 管理原则advanced negotiation[?d'v?nst] [n?,ɡo??'e??n]高级谈判 alignment[?'la?nm?nt] 结盟 artifacts ['a:rtif?kts]人工环境 artificial intelligence [,ɑrt?'f??l] [?n't?l?d??ns] 人工智能、巧匠avoiding learning [?'v??d??] ['l??n??]规避性学习 ambidextrous approach [,?mb?'dekstr?s] [?'pr?t?]双管齐下策略 B 9 balance sheet ['b?l?ns] [?it]资产负债表 bias['ba??s] 偏见 BCG matrix（ BCG:Boston Consulting Group['b?st?n] [k?n's?lt??] [gru ?p]） ['metr?ks] 波士顿矩阵，波士顿咨询集团矩阵 bona fide occupation qualifications [,b?un?'faidi] [,ɑkju'pe??n] [,kw ɑl?f?'ke??n] 善意职业资格审查 bounded rationality ['ba?nd?d] [,r???n'?l?ti]有限理性 bounded rationality perspective ['ba?nd?d] [,r???n'?l?ti] [p?'spekt ?v]有限理性方法
学位英考试试题-1 Part I Reading Comprehension (30%) Directions: There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. Passage 1 Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage: Archaeology, like many academic words, comes from Greek and means, more or less, “the study of old things”. So, it is really a part of the study of history. However, most historians use paper evidence, such as letters, paintings and photographs，but archaeologists (考古学家) learn from the objects left behind by the humans of long ago. Normally, these are the hard materials that don't break down or disappear very quickly—things like human bones and objects made from stone and metal. It is very unusual to find anything more than the hard evidence of history--normally, the bacteria (细菌) in the air eat away at soft materials, like bodies, clothes and things made of wood. Occasionally, things are different. In 1984, two men made an amazing discovery while working in a bog called Lindow Moss, in the north of England. A bog is a very wet area of earth, with a lot of plants growing in it. It can be like a very big and very thick vegetable soup—walk in the wrong place and you can sink and disappear forever. The men were working when one of them saw something sticking out—a human foot! Naturally, the men called the police，who then found the rest of the body. Was it a case of murder? Possibly--but it was a death nearly two thousand years old. The two men had found a body from the time of the Roman invasion of Britain. Despite being so old, this body had skin, muscles, hair and internal organs—the scientists who examined him were able to look inside the man's stomach and find the food that he had eaten for his last meal! Why was this man so well preserved? (76) It was because he was in a very watery environment, safe fi:om the bacteria that need oxygen to live. Also, the water in the bog was very acidic. The acid preserved the man's skin in the way that animal skin is preserved for leather coats and shoes. How did he die? Understandably, archaeologists and other scientists wanted to know more about the person that they called,“Lindow Man”. (77) His hands and fingernails suggested that he hadn't done heavy manual work in his life—he could have been a rich man. They found that he hadn't died by accident. The archaeologists believe that he was sacrificed to three different gods. 1. Which language does the word “archaeology”come from? A. French. B. Greek. C. Roman. D. German. 2. The word “these” in the first paragraph refers to_______. A. letters B. photographs C. paintings D. objects 3. Which of the following helped to preserve“Lindow Man”? A. Ice and Iow temperature. B. Bacteria and oxygen. C. Soil and energy. D. Acid and water. 4. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?