讲义五
Text A The New Music
I.课文简介
六十年代后期在美国和英国几乎同时出现的新音乐，它来源于已经存在的三种音乐形式：布鲁斯blues，摇滚乐rock‘n roll和民间音乐folk
music.这三种旧的音乐各自有其特点。
新音乐从这三种以及其他的音乐形式中自由地吸取元素，并发展成一种全新的、更具表现力的音乐，它采取全新的电子乐器和扬声器技术，
加上灯光背景效果，使听众融入整个音乐氛围当中。
本文从三个方面分别介绍了新音乐与旧音乐的不同点
Para.1 The three existing music forms had their characteristics respectively.
Paras.2-4 The new music originated from the existing music forms but differs from them in three main respects.
II.New Words
1.blues n. 布鲁斯（源于美国南部黑人之中抑郁伤感的曲调）
2.rock‘n’roll n. 摇滚乐
3.folk n./a.人们，家属；民间的
4.musician n. 音乐家，作曲家
5.transformation n. 变化，转化；改造
6.rhythmic a. 有韵律的，有节奏的
7.musically ad. 在音乐方面；好听地
8.distinct a. 与其他不同的，独特的
9.consciousness n. 意识，知觉；
10.youthful a. 年轻的，朝气蓬勃的
11.anti-war a. 反战的
12.sentiment n. 感情，情绪
13.spontaneous a.自发的，本能的，自动的
14.originate vi./vt. 发源；发生
15.imitator n. 模仿者
16.Negro n./a. 黑人，黑人的
17.eclecticism n. 折中主义
18.synthesis n. 结合，合成
19.jazz n. 爵士乐
20.readily ad.乐意地，很快地，容易地
21.limitless a. 无限制的，无限的
22.instrument n. 仪器，乐器
23.electronic a.电子的
24.amplifier n.放大器
25.guitar n.六弦琴，吉他
26.electronics n.电子学
27.studio n.工作室；播音室
28.penetrating a.穿透的，贯穿的，深刻的
29.thereby ad.由此，从而
30.passive a.被动的；消极的
31.participant n./a.参加者，参与的
32.multimedia a./n. 多种手段的，多媒体的
33.ballroom n. 舞厅
34.lighting n.照明，照明设备
Phrases and Expressions
1.to take place 发生
2.to take over 接管，接任
3.to take on 具有，担任，雇佣
Proper Name
Beatlle 披头士摇滚乐队
San Francisco 旧金山
Bob Dylan 鲍伯。狄伦
Jefferson Airplane 杰佛逊飞机
词汇精讲
rock‘n’roll＝rock and roll or rocking and reeling 摇滚乐
folk n. 家属，亲属
How are all your folks？
Jazz 爵士乐
Rap music 说唱乐
Pop music 流行乐
Classical music 古典音乐
Music musician 音乐家
Musical 音乐的 musically adv.
rhythmic adj. 节奏的
rhythm n.节奏，韵律
rhyme n. 压韵
distinct ： a.独特的，明显的
派生词：distinction n. 区分，辨别，分清
用法：distinct … from ：区分于…
Gold is distinct form iron. 金不同于铁。
I saw three distinct objects in the distance，but I cannot identify them .
我清楚地看到远处的3个物体，但不能分辨是什么东西。
consciousness ： n. 意识，知觉，觉悟
派生词：conscious a. 有意识的，有知觉的；consciously ad. 有意识地，自觉地
subconscious a. 潜意识的
He lost consciousness after his accident and never recovered it.
发生事故后，他失去了知觉，再也没有恢复。
Working in an unemployment office had helped to raise his political consciousness.
在失业办公室工作使他的政治觉悟得到提高。
Were you conscious of his hostility？你有没有意识到他的敌意？
anti-slavery anti-表反对，抗，排斥
anti-SARS 抗非典的 anti-Virus 反病毒的
sentiment的同义词：feeling，但前者指比较细腻的感情；而feeling一般指感觉
spontaneous：a.自发的，本能的，自动的
Her speech seemed spontaneous，but was in fact carefully prepared beforehand.
她的演讲看起来是即兴的，但实际上事先经过了精心准备。
A crowd of people gathered spontaneously at the scene of the accident.
一群人自发地聚集在事故现场。
a group of 一群
originate vt.
original a. 独到的
originality n. 独创，原始
Negro＝black people 黑人；white people 白人
readily ：乐意地，很快地，容易地
The younger mechanic readily fixed the car. 年轻的机修工很快地把车修好了。
She readily accepted his proposal of marriage.她乐意地接受了他的求婚。
词根：-less ，-ic， -cs
thereby：adv. 由此，从而
She wished to travel abroad and thereby she could learn about different customs.
她希望能去国外旅游，从而了解不同的风俗习惯。
He became a citizen，thereby gaining the right to vote. 他成了一名公民，由此获得了选举权。
passive ：被动的，消极的
反义词：active a. 积极的，活跃的
You are passive when you allow things to happen，but do nothing . 当你让这些事发生，而不做任何事来阻止它，你是消极的。
participant ：参加者，参与者
派生词：participate v. 参加，参与；participation n. 参加
All participants finishing the race will receive a medal. 所有完成比赛的参与者都将得到一枚奖牌。相关用法：participate in 参与
We should actively participate in the mass sports activities. 我们应该积极参加群众性体育活动。
1.to take place：发生
take place = happen
Great changes have taken place over the past 20 years. 在过去的20年里，中国发生了巨大的变化。
The strike didn‘t take place after all. 罢工没有发生。
区别：take place 与take the place of
take place“发生”；而take the place of“代替”；
例如：Do you think the robots can take the place of man‘s tasks ？
你认为机器人能代替人的工作吗？
to take over：接管，接任
He is going to take over my job while I am on holiday. 我去度假时他将接替我的工作。
This large company has taken over many small ones. 这个大公司已经接管许多小公司。
to take on 具有；担任（工作等）；雇佣
Don‘t take on more than you can do .不要接受你担负不了的任务。
The city took on a festive air. 这个城市呈现出了一派节日气氛。
The firm took on a new clerk .公司雇了个新职员。
III.课文精讲
第一部分：para.1
The new music was built out of materials already in existence： bules， rock‘n’roll，folk music. But although the forms remained， something completely new and original was made out of these older elements - more original， perhaps，than even the new musicians themselves yet realize. The transformation took place in 1966- 1967. Up to that time，the blues had been an essentially black medium. Rock‘n’roll，a blues derivative， was rhythmic dance music. Folk music， old and modern，was popular among college students. The three forms remained musically and culturally distinct，and even as late as 1965，none of them were expressing any radically new states of consciousness. Blues expressed black soul；rock was the beat of youthful energy；and folk music expressed anti-war sentiments as well as love and hope.
1.in existence 表示现有的，已有的。was build out of 是词组表示“从…当中产生”。
2.“although … remained” 是让步状语从句。
“completely new and original” 是一个后置定语，修饰“something”。
本句意思：是虽然新音乐保留了原有的形式，但某些全新的、独创性的东西从旧的
成分中脱颖而出的——它们也许比新音乐家意识到的还要更富有独创性。
3.Up to that time ，the blues had been an essentially black medium. Rock‘n’roll，
a blues derivative，was rhythmic dance music.
Up to that time，意为“到那个时候（即新音乐产生时）为止”，表示“过去的过去”，所以谓语用过去完成时。a blues derivative 为 rock‘n’roll
的同位语。
4.The three forms remained musically and culturally distinct，and even as late as 1965，none of them were expressing any radically new state of
consciousness.
musically and culturally distinct 意思是“在音乐上和文化上都是不同的”
new state of consciousness 指新的意识状态
本句意思是：新音乐是从已有的音乐：布鲁斯，摇滚乐，民间音乐中产生的。
第二部分 paras.2-4
Para.2
In 1966-1967 there was spontaneous transformation. In the United States，it originated with youthful rock groups playing in San Francisco. In England，it was led by the Beatles，who were already established as an extremely fine and highly individual rock group. What happened，as well as it can be put into words，was this. . First the separate musical traditions were brought together. Bob Dylan and the Jefferson Airplane played folk rock，folk ideas with a rock beat.White rock groups began experimenting with the blues. Of course，white musicians had always played the blues， but essentially as imitators of the Negro style；now it began to be the white bands‘ own music. And all of the groups moved towards a broader eclecticism and synthesis. They freely took over elements from jazz，from America country music，and as time went on from even more diverse sources .What developed was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression.
5.In England，it was led by the Beatles，who were already established as an extremely fine and highly individual rock group.
be established as 意为“被确认为”
全句大意为“在英国，这个潮流是由披头士摇滚乐队领导的，该乐队已经得到广泛认可，是一支非常优秀且极富个性的乐队。”
6.what happened ，as well as it can be put into words， was this.
as well as 像 … 一样好，比较结构，to put into words“用文字表达”
大意为“发生的情况，如果能用文字表达，就是这样。”
7.First the separate musical traditions were brought together.
新音乐的第一个特点：将各种分离的音乐传统结合到一起。
8.They freely took over elements from jazz，from America country music，and as time went on from even more diverse sources.
and 后面的并列句中可以看作是省略了“they freely took over elements.”
“as time went on”表示“随着时间推移”，as 是连词，而“readily taking on various forms” 和“capable of an almost limitless range of expression”
分别为现在分词短语和形容词短语作定语，修饰music.
本句意思是，他们自由地吸收爵士音乐、美国乡土音乐的成分，而随着时间的推移，他们甚至对各种各样的音乐兼收并蓄。
9.What happened was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression .
What happened 是主语从句。readily taking on various forms 是现在分词短语和形容词短语capable of an almost limitless range of expression .
都是作定语，修饰 music.
全句大意是“最后发展成一种能轻松采取多种形式的，几乎有无穷的表现力的新音乐”
Para.3
新音乐的第二个特点：广泛使用电子乐器及电子放大器技术
The second thing that happened was that all the musical groups began using the full range of electric instruments and the technology of electronic amplifiers. The electric guitar was an old instrument，but the new electronic effects were altogether different - so different that a new listener in 1967 might well feel that there had never been any sounds like that in the world before. Electronics did， in fact，make possible sounds that no instrument up to that time could produce.And in studio recordings，new techniques made possible effects that not even an electronic band could produce live Electronic amplifiers also made possible a fantastic increase in volume，the music becoming as loud and penetrating as the human ear could stand， and thereby achieving a “total” effect，so that instead of an audience of passive listeners，there were now audiences of total participants， feeling the music
in all of their senses and all of their bones.
amplifiers.
句中“that happened”是一个定语从句，修饰“the second thing.” .
后一个“that”引导表语从句。
本句意思是：发生的第二件事是所有乐队都开始使用全套的电子乐器和电子扬声器技术。
11.so different that a new listener in 1967 might well feel that there had never been any sounds like that in the world before.
本句中有三个that，第一个引导结果状语从句，第二个引导表语从句，第三个是指示代词，指的是电吉他发出的声音。注意表语从句中
用的时态是过去完成时，说明电吉他的效果与1967 年前大不相同。
12.Electronics did， in fact，make possible sounds that no instrument up to that time could produce.
did make 为强调形式。 possible 在句中作宾语补语，提前到宾语sounds前，因为它有一个较长的定语从句修饰。
13.And in studio recordings，new techniques made possible effects that not even an electronic band could produce live.
本句的顺序应为“In studio recordings，new techniques made effects that not even an electronic band could produce live possible”。“effects …live” 是made 的宾语，其中that 引导定语从句，修饰effect ，而possible 则是effects 的宾语补足语。因为effects 带有一个定语从句，从句比较长，为避免句子不平衡，因此把possible 提前。本句意思是在录音室录制时，新技术有可能制作出甚至电子乐队现场表演时也演奏不出的效果。
14.Electronic amplifiers also made possible a fantastic increase in volume，the music becoming as loud and penetrating as the human ear could stand，and thereby achieving a “total” effect，so that instead of an audience of passive listeners，there were now audiences of total participants，
feeling the music in all of their senses and all of their bones.
分词独立结构：the music becoming as loud and penetrating as the human ear could stand 在句中作伴随状语。 music 是 becoming 的逻辑主
语，so that 相当于结果状语从句。 feeling 现在分词短语作伴随状语。
Para.4
新音乐的第三个特点：音乐成为整个环境的一部分
Third，the music becomes a multi-media experience； a part of a total environment. The walls of the ballrooms were covered with changing patterns of light，the beginning of the new art of the light show. And the audience did not sit，it danced. With records at home， listeners imitated these lighting effects as best they could，and heightened the whole experience by using drugs. Often music was played out of doors，where nature provided
the environment.
15.句中“with records at home”是with + 名词+介词短语结构，作方式状语。
“heightened the whole experience” 指“使整个体验更刺激”。
本句意思是在家里欣赏唱片时候听众尽力模仿照明效果，甚至服用毒品来增强整个音乐享受的快感。
附：重点句
1.The new music was built out of materials already in existence： bules， rock‘n’roll， folk music.
2.But although the forms remained，something completely new and original was made out of these older elements - more original， perhaps， than
even the new musicians themselves yet realize.
3.Up to that time，the blues had been an essentially black medium.
4.The three forms remained musically and culturally distinct，and even as late as 1965，none of them were expressing any radically new states of
consciousness.
5.In England，it was led by the Beatles，who were already established as an extremely fine and highly individual rock group.
6.What happened，as well as it can be put into words，was this. They freely took over elements from jazz，from America country music， and as time went on from even more diverse sources .What developed was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of
expression.
amplifiers. The electric guitar was an old instrument，but the new electronic effects were altogether different - so different that a new listener in 1967 might well feel that there had never been any sounds like that in the world before. Electronics did， in fact，make possible sounds that no instrument up to that time could produce.And in studio recordings，new techniques made possible effects that not even an electronic band could produce
live.Electronic amplifiers also made possible a fantastic increase in volume，the music becoming as loud and penetrating as the human ear could stand，and thereby achieving a “total” effect，so that instead of an audience of passive listeners，there were now audiences of total participants， feeling the
music in all of their senses and all of their bones.
8.With records at home，listeners imitated these lighting effects as best they could，and heightened the whole experience by using drugs.
Text B Different Types Of Composers
I.New Words
Title分析：composers ：作曲家。
musician 音乐家
https://www.doczj.com/doc/fe16745397.html,poser n. 作曲家
2.inspire vt. 1.鼓舞；2.使产生灵感
3.fruitful a. 有成果的，有收获的
4.output n. 1.产量；2.输出
5.theme n. 1.题目，主题；2.主旋律
6.invariably ad. 不变地
7.improvise vt. 1.即兴创作；2.临时准备，临时凑成
8.symphony n. 1.交响曲，交响乐；2.交响乐队，交响音乐会
9.handle n. 柄，把手
vt.1.拿，弄；2.运用，操纵；3.经营，管理
10.constructive a……建设的，建设性的
11.creative a.创造性的
12.notebook n.笔记本
13.preliminary a.预备的；初步的
n.初试；预赛
14.painstaking a. 苦干的；费力的
15.traditionalist n. 传统主义者；因循守旧者
16.thematic a.1.题目的，主题的；2.主旋律的
17.conception n. 概念，观念
18.well-established a.1.固定下来的；2.得到确认的
19.temper vt. 1.[冶]使回火，锻炼；2.调合
20.well（-）tempered 1.脾气好的；2.（键盘乐器）调到平均律的
21.clavichord n.[音]击弦古钢琴
22.mold（=mould） n.模子；模型
vt. 用模子做，浇铸
23.sake n.缘故
https://www.doczj.com/doc/fe16745397.html,pleteness n.1.完整，圆满；2.完成，结束
25.summarize vt./vi.概述，总结
26.diversified a.多样化的
27.conventional a.1.惯例的，常规的；2.（艺术等）因袭的
28.experimental a.实验的；经验的
29.harmony n. 1.协调，和谐；2.融洽，一致
30.sonority n.响亮，洪亮
31.evident a.明显的，明白的
Phrases and Expressions
1.in other words 换句话说
2.in a sense 在某种意义上
3.at a stretch 连续不断地
4.to serve as 适合
5.to belong in 应归入（类别、范畴等）
6.in advance 1.在前面；2.预先
7.It goes without saying that 不言而喻，理所当然
8.for the sake of 为了…之好处；为了…的目的
重点词汇精讲
1.inspire：鼓舞，使产生灵感
His qualities of leadership inspired his followers. 他的领袖风范激励着他的追随者。
The design of the car has inspired many imitations. 这辆轿车的设计引起了众多模仿。
2.fruitful：有成果的，有收获的
派生词：fruit n.水果
3.theme ：题目，主题
thematic 主体的
Does the conference have a central theme this year？今年大会有中心议题吗？
4.handle：柄，把手；运用，操纵；经营，管理
If you can‘t handle the job I’ll get someone else to do it. 如果你应付不了这个工作，我就让别人来做。
Who handles the marketing in your company？
谁在你们公司里负责市场营销？
词组：
1.in a sense ：在某种意义上
She‘s right，in a sense，because we did agree to wait，but only until June. 她在某种意义上是对的，因为我们确实同意等待，但只等到六
月。
2.at stretch ：连续不断地，一口气地
at a stretch stretch v. 伸展 n. 一段连续时间
There‘s no way I could work for ten hours at a stretch. 我不可能连续不断地工作10个小时。
3.to serve as ：适合，用作
In the absence of anything better，the sofa would serve as a bed for a couple of nights.
在没有更好的东西情况下，这个沙发可以当作床睡几个晚上。
4.for the sake of ：为了… 的目的； 为了 … 起见，由于 … 缘故
The company had decided to close down this department for the sake of economy.
为了节约，这个公司已经决定关闭这个部门。
We did it for convenience‘s sake. 我们是为了方便才这样做的。
II.课文分析
1.I can see three different types of composers in musical history，each of whom creates music in a somewhat different fashion.
本句分析：我认为音乐史上可以区分三种不同类型的作曲家，每种作曲家音乐创作手法也各有一定的不同。
in a … fashion ：用…… 方式
The type that has fired public imagination most is that of the spontaneously inspired composer- the Franz Schubert type ，in other words. All composers are inspired， of course，but this type is more spontaneously inspired. Music simply wells out of him. He can‘t get it down on paper fast enough. You are almost tell this type of composer by his fruitful output. In certain months，Schubert wrote a song a day. Hugo Wolf did the same.
2.Music simply wells out of him.
well v. 喷涌，涌出
In a sense，men of this kind begin not so much with a musical theme as with a completed composition. They invariably work best in the shorter forms. It is much easier to improvise a song than it is to improvise a symphony. It isn‘t easy to be inspired in that spontaneous way for long periods at a stretch. Even Schubert was more successful in handling the shorter forms of music. The spontaneously inspired man is only one type of composer， with
his own limitations.
3.In a sense，men of this kind begin not so much with a musical theme as with a completed composition.
从一定意义上说，这些作曲家与其说是从某一音乐主题开始创作，不如说他们一开始就有一个完整作品成竹在胸。
not so much … as ：与其… 不如…
He is not so much a scientist as a poet.
与其说他是个科学家，不如说他是个诗人。
4.It isn‘t easy to be inspired in that spontaneous way for long period at a stretch.
连续很长时间使自己的灵感都处于不自主状态绝非易事。
at a stretch 一口气地，不休息地
Beethoven belongs to the second type-the constructive type，one might call it. This type serves as an example of my theory of the creative process in music better than any other，because in this case the composer really does begin with a musical theme. In Beethoven‘s case there is no doubt about it，for we have the notebooks in which he put the themes down. We can see from his notebooks how he worked over his themes -how he would not let them be until they were as perfect as he could make them. Beethoven was not a spontaneously inspired composer in the Schubert sense at all. He was the type that begins with a theme；makes it a preliminary idea；and upon that composes a musical work，day after day，in painstaking fashion. Most
composers since Beethoven’s day belong to this second type.
5.belong to 属于，列入，是 … 的一员
Beethoven belongs to the second type-the constructive type. 贝多芬属于第二类作曲家
Most composers since Beethoven‘s day belong to this second type.
自Beethoven时代以来，大多数作曲家属于这第二种类型。（创造型）
That dictionary belongs to me .那本词典是我的。
The third type of composer I can only call，for lack of a better name，the traditionalist type. Men like Palestrina and Bach belong in this category. They both are characteristic of the kind of composer who is born in a particular period of musical history，when a certain musical style is abut to reach its fullest development. It is a question at such a time of creating music in a well-known and accepted style and doing it in a way that is better than
anyone has done it before you.
6.belong in 属于 … （一类），归入…（范畴、环境、类别等）
Men like Palestrina and Bach belong in this category.
像 Palestrina 和 Bach 这样的人属于此类范畴（传统型）
Big dogs should belong in the country ， not the city. 大型犬（养）在农村而不是城市。
The traditionalist type of composer begins with a pattern rather than with a theme. The creative act with Palestrina is not the thematic conception so much as the personal treatment of a well-established pattern. And even Bach，who composed forty-eight of the most various and inspired themes in his Well Tempered Clavichord，knew in advance the general formal mold that they were to fill. It goes without saying that we are not living in a
traditionalist period nowadays.
7.The traditionalist type of composer begins with a pattern rather than with a theme.
传统主义类型的作曲家的创作开始于模式而不是主题
8.It goes without saying that we are not living in a traditionalist period nowadays.
不用说，我们现在已不是生活在传统主义的时期……
One might add，for the sake of completeness， a fourth type of composer -the pioneer type：men like Gesualdo in the seventeenth century，Moussorgsky and Berlioz in the nineteenth，Debussy and Edgar Varese in the twentieth. It is difficult to summarize the composing methods of so diversified a group. One can safely say that their approach to composition is the opposite of the traditionalist type. They clearly oppose conventional solutions of musical problems. In many ways，their attitude is experimental - they seek to add new harmonies， new sonorities，new formal principles. The pioneer type was the characteristic one at the turn of the seventeenth century and also at the beginning of the twentieth century，but it is much less
evident today.
9.One might add，for the sake of completeness， a fourth type of composer -the pioneer type：
为了全面起见，还可以加上第四种类型——先锋型
for the sake of 为了 … 起见，由于 … 缘故
10.One can safely say that their approach to composition is the opposite of the traditionalist type.
可以有把握的说，他们创作的方法与传统主义者类型相反。
approach to 通往 … 的方法， approach v. n. 处理，探讨，方法，态度
语法 语序
一、语序
主语用S表示，谓语用V表示；如果谓语动词为不及物动词，则用vi表示；
如果谓语为系动词（link），则后面跟表语，用C表示；如果谓语动词为及物动词，
则用vt表示，后面要跟宾语，用O表示。
（一）主语和谓语的位置 P.126
1.自然语序主语+ 谓语 + 宾语或表语或状语
2.倒装语序（部分倒装、全部倒装）
There are some books on the table.
Do you have a book？
Have you ever seen the film？
（1）语法结构引起的倒装
a.由there， now， thus， then引起的某些句子。
b.由so， neither， nor 引出，表示前面所说的情况同样也适用于另一人或物的肯定句或否定句。
c.省略了if 的虚拟条件句。
d.在某些让步状语从句中。
e.在某些表示祝愿的句子中。
f.以never， little， not only，not until， hardly， scarcely， only 等表示否定或基本否定的词引出的句子中。
（2）为了表达效果修辞引起的倒装
（二）宾语的位置 P.130
a.宾语在多数情况下紧跟在谓语动词后面。如果有两个宾语，间接宾语通常放在直接宾语的前面。
b.当谓语动词加副词构成的短语动词（如： give up， carry on 等）担任时，如果宾语较短，特别是当宾语是代词时，一般插在短语动词
之间。
c.在下列情况下宾语通常放在主语前面。
在特殊疑问句中，当宾语是由疑问词表示或修饰时。
在感叹句中，当宾语是由what 等词修饰时。
在从句中，当宾语由一个连接代词或关系代词表示或修饰时。
（三）定语的位置 P.132
定语有时放在它所修饰的词的前面，有时放在后面。
a.当定语由一个形容词或分词担任时，通常放在它所修饰的词的前面。
b.当定语由短语或从句担任时，一般放在它所修饰的词的后面。
c.当一个词由多个定语修饰时，要注意他们后面的前后顺序。
（四）状语的位置 P.134
a.修饰动词的状语多数放在这个动词的后面；如果这个动词带有宾语，状语就放在这个宾语的后面，若宾语较长，而状语较短，一般就把
状语放在宾语的前面。
b.当一个动词同时由时间状语荷地点状语修饰时，时间状语一般放在地点状语之后
c.如果一个动词带有两个时间状语或地点状语，代表较小单位的状语通常放在前面
d.较长的状语一般放在较短的状语之后。
e.有时状语可插在主语和谓语之间。
二、分词独立结构（多用于书面语，分词在句中作时间、条件、伴随、原因状语）
1.分词隐含的逻辑主语与句子主语一致
When waiting for the bus ，we had a long talk .
Hearing the news ，they all jumped with joy .
If translated word by word ，the sentence will be meaningless.
2.分词隐含的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致（独立结构）
The holidays being over，they began to do their work again .
Her body，with hands and feet bound，was discovered by a hiker on March 17.
with+名词＋过去分词
三、练习
（一）单词、词组英译汉
musician rhythmic distinct consciousness originate readily instrument electronic thereby passive participant
to take place to take over to take on in a sense
at a stretch to serve as in advance for the sake of
（二）英译汉
1.The new music was built out of materials already in existence.
2.Folk music， old and modern，was popular among college students.
3.They freely took over elements form jazz，from American country music.
4.With records at home，listeners imitated these lighting effects as best they could.
5.In a sense，men of this kind begin not so much with a musical theme as with a completed composition.
6.Most composers since Beethoven‘s day belong to this second type.
7.Men like Palestrina and Bach belong in this category.
（三）汉译英
这一章是关于热能转化成动力的。
The chapter is about the transformation of heat into power.
一群人自发地聚集在事故现场。
A group of people got together spontaneously at the scene of the accident.
这次争吵是由误会引起的。
The quarrel originated from a misunderstanding.
1949年后，军队接管了这个城市。
The army took over this city after 1949.
为了你的健康，你不应该承担太繁重的工作。
For your health，you should avoid taking on too much work.
（四）历年考题
1.In the process of composition ，it isn‘t easy to be inspired in a spontaneous way for long periods _____ a stretch……
A. at
B. for
C. over
D. in
答案是A.
考点：词组 at a stretch 一口气，连续不断的
2.汉译英 新音乐是由业已存在的材料构建出来的。
The new music was built out of materials already in existence.
3.汉译英：那时在大学生中流行的正是民间音乐。
It was folk music that was popular among college students at that time.
4.汉译英：不用说我们现在已不是生活在传统社会。
It goes without saying that we are not living in a traditional society.
Unit 7 Inner Voice I. New words and expressions New words 1. inner adj. 内心的；隐藏的 2. precisely adv. 准确地；恰好地 precise precision 联想：accurate, accuracy 比较：simply, possibly, subtly, truly / definitely, rarely, fortunately, likely / luckily, heavily 3. bombard v. 大肆抨击；连珠炮似地质问；提供过多信息， 4. dreaded adj. 令人害怕的；可怕的 5. small talk n. 寒喧；闲谈；聊天 6. hesitation n. 犹豫 hesitate hesitant hesitancy / hesitation 7. wonder v. 想知道；想弄明白；琢磨n. 奇迹 wonder wh-… do / work wonders / miracles
精选文库 8. prompt v. 促使；导致；激起 9. complete adj. （用以强调）完全的，彻底的 10. upset adj. 难过的；不高兴的；沮丧的 11. roll v. （使）翻滚，滚动 12. despite prep. 即使；尽管 despite / in spite of that fact that … 13. feeble adj. 无效的；无力的 14. attempt n./ v. 企图；试图；尝试 attempted 15. wipe v.（用布、手等）擦干净，抹掉 16. profusely adv. 大量地；连连地 17. address v. 写（收信人）姓名地址；致函 18. receptionist n. 接待员 19. attach v. 把…固定，把…附（在…上） attach …to… attached 依恋的；附加的；附属的 attachment 依恋；附件 20. emotion n. 强烈的感情；情感；情绪 emotional emotionless 21. contain v. 控制，克制，抑制（感情） 22. apparently adv. 据…所知；看来；显然
Unit 3 Friendship and Loyalty I. New words and expressions New words 1. reflection n. （关于某主题的）思考，回忆 2. loyalty n. 忠诚；忠实；忠心耿耿 3. recognize v. 承认；意识到 4. betray v. 辜负；对…不忠 5. indeed adv. 其实；实际上 6. virtue n. 高尚的道德；正直的品性；德行 7. trend n. 趋势；趋向；倾向；动态；动向 8. befriend v. 做（尤指需要帮助者的）朋友；友善相待 9. request v. （礼貌或正式地）请求，要求 10. trendy adj. 时髦的；赶时髦的 11. multitude n. 众多；大量 12. mutual adj. 共有的；共同的 mutual respect / understanding 辨析：mutual / manual / manure / mature / menu / mental 13. term n. 词语；术语：措辞 14. site n. 网站；站点 15. acronym n. 首字母缩略词
16. perish v. 丧失；湮灭；毁灭 17. thought n. 想法；看法；主意；记忆 18. gossip n. 流言蜚语 19. challenge v. 考查…的能力；考验…的技巧 20. akin adj. 相似的；类似的 21. deposit n. 存款 22. account n. 账户 accountant current account deposit account 23. interest n. 利息 24. well-being n. 健康；安乐；康乐 25. welfare n. （个体或群体的）幸福，安全与健康 26. essence n. 本质；实质；精髓 27. seek v. 寻找 28. notoriety n. 恶名；坏名声 notorious 相当于infamous 29. premise n. 前提；假定； 30. exploit v. 利用（…为自己谋利） 31. reconnect v. 再联系；再联络 32. virtual adj. （通过计算机软件，如在因特网上）模拟的，虚拟的 33. assure v. 使确信；向…保证
Unit 1 Text A How Difficult Is English? 英语有多难 Like the national push for Asian literacy （n.有文化，有教养，有读写能力）in Australia，就如澳大利亚在全国推行学亚洲语言一样，there has been foreign languages fervor[f??v?] in China，中国也掀起一股外语热，with English on top of the list. 在这股热潮中，英语高居榜首。English is not only taught at schools，colleges and universities，but also at evening classes，on radio and TV．不仅各级学校教英语，夜校、电台、电视台也都设有英语课程。Parents hire private tutors for their school children；父母为学龄的孩子聘请英语家教，adult English learners would sacrifice the weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with peop1e of the same interest and determination. 成年英语学习者会牺牲周末休息日，到公园参加英语角，与志趣相投的英语学习者练习口语。Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of time and energy before it is mastered ? 英语真的有这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗? The answer，if I am asked to offer，is undoubtedly，yes．如果我被问及这个问题，那么毫无疑问，我的答案是：是的。From my personal experience, 从我个人的经验来看，I think learning English means far more than learning its pronunciation，its grammatical rules，its words，etc．英语学习不仅仅是学习英语发音、语法规则、词汇等，It involves learning everything about the countries where it is used and the people who use it．它包括学习与使用该语言的国家和民族有关的所有内容。Without such a complete understanding of the language, 对英语没有这样全面的理解，the English a foreigner speaks will inevitably sound strange or even unintelligible though there is not anything wrong with his pronunciation，sentence structure and the words he uses．即使发音、句子结构、措辞毫无错误，一个外国人所讲的英语也难免听起来稀奇古怪甚至难以理解。The social customs and habits of the English-speaking people contribute a lot to the difficulty a foreigner has in learning it．讲英语民族者的社会风俗习惯增加了外国人学习英语的难度。Take the Chinese English learners for example．以学英语的中国人为例，" Hello "and "Good morning" may sound a little bit simple to Chinese people．"你好"和"早上好"是非常简单的。It is totally beyond the understanding of a Chinese English learner that native English speakers would be annoyed when they're addressed "Where are you going?"，which is a commonly used addressing among the Chinese．"你去哪儿?"是中国人常用的问候语，若英语母语者被问及"你去哪儿?"，他们会因此感到不悦，这一点让中国的英语学习者大为不解。Is there anything wrong with the English sentence structure ? 这个英语句子结构不对吗? Of course not．当然不是。It takes quite some time for a Chinese English learner to understand the western concept of privacy being violated in this address. 学英语的中国人得费点儿时间才能理解这一问候语侵犯了西方人的隐私。By the same token，同样，"Have you eaten?"(which is another addressing term the Chinese people usually use)will sound to native English speakers that the Chinese are so hospitable that they invite people to meals off-handedly. 英语母语者听到"你吃了吗?"(中国人常用的另外一个问候语)，会觉得中国人非常好客，会在事先毫无准备的情况下请人吃饭。Meanwhile，the Chinese would be shocked to hear，"Oh，it's very nice of you．When?"，if the addressee happens to have a craving for Chinese cooking and has not had his dinner yet.如果听话者此刻正希望品尝一下中国美食，又碰巧没有吃饭，他会回答"太好了，什么时候?"，中国人为此也会大吃一惊。 "We can say we are going to have chicken for dinner．Why can't we say pig，bull or sheep for dinner instead of pork，beef or mutton?" Chinese English learners may raise such questions．中国的英语学习者可能会这样问："我们可以说吃鸡，为什么不能说吃猪、吃牛、吃羊，而要说吃猪肉、牛肉、羊肉呢?"Figuring out the reasons for the peculiar English vocabulary is no easy task for Chinese English learners．对学习英语的中国人来说，为这些特殊的英语词汇找出理由并非易事。But the problem is that memorizing English words mechanically would be devastating and inefficient if they did not know what had happened in British history．问题在于如果不懂英国历史，死记硬背英语单词毫无效率。Thus learning English(and other languages as well)involves learning the history of the countries where it is spoken．所以说，学英语(其他语言亦如此)还包括学习使用该语言国家的历史知识。A task of this kind is more difficult for Chinese English learners than for people who speak
Unit 2 Text A salesgirl n.女售货员 couple n.几个，一对 glance vi.看一下瞥一眼He glanced nervously at his watch when he was waiting for the bus. uncomfortable a.不舒服的，不自在的 behave vi 举止 desire vt.想望, 期望, 希望, 请求(官方丈礼)n.愿望, 心愿, 要求v.要求 They showed a desire to improve relations. She desires that he (should) do it at once. distant a.在远处的，疏远的 outsider n.外人，局外人，门外汉 feature n.特征，特色 mark n.标志, 分数, 痕迹, 记号 You’d better make some marks while reading. vt.做标记于, 打分数, 标志vi.作记号 Please mark all of the large cities on this map. adapt vt.使适应, 改编 Can you adapt your way of thinking to the new life-style? adopt vt.采用, 收养 They were trying to persuade the UN to adopt an aggressivenly anti-American resolution. accent n.重音, 口音, 重音符
Unit 9 Facing Life’s Challenges I. New words and expressions New words 1. hurdle n. hurdles [pl.]跨栏赛；栏架，跨栏；难关，障碍 2. negative n. 否定词；否定；拒绝 adj. 坏的；有害的 3. despair v. 绝望；失去希望；丧失信心 4. petty adj. 小的：琐碎的；次要的 5. individual adj. 一个人的；供一个人用的 6. lane n. （比赛的）跑道，泳道 7. spot n. 地点；场所；处所 8. symbolize v. 象征；是…的象征；代表 symbol -ize常用的动词后缀：modernize, globalize, economize 9. incredibly adv. 极端地；极其 credible 可靠的，可信的 credibly 变副词时需省略-e的形容词有simple, true, credible, believable simply, truly, (in)credibly, (un)believably 10. positive adj. 良好的；正面的 11. tough adj. 艰苦的；艰难的；棘手的 12. arise v. 发生；产生；出现 arise from sth. 区分：arouse / arise arouse one's anger / respect / sympathy 13. lost adj. 不知所措的；一筹莫展的 14. leap v. 跳跃 15. yard n. 码 16. inch n. 英寸 17. cinch n. 很容易的事；小莱 Phrases and Expressions 1. line up 排成一行；站队；排队（等侯） 2. end up最终成为；最后处于 end up (in) doing sth. end up begging / being arrested end up as a beggar / prisoner / millionaire
Unit11CyberWorld I.Newwordsandexpressions Newwords 1.chatlinen.（消遣性的）热线电话交谈服务 2.variety?n.（同一事物的）不同种类，多种式样 varyvaryfrom…to… 比较：range/shiftfrom…to… various 3.romance?n.恋爱；爱情 romantic https://www.doczj.com/doc/fe16745397.html,arreadj.极其怪诞的；异乎寻常的 5.potentialadj.潜在的；可能的 6.scriptn.剧本；广播（或讲话等）稿 7.intimacy?n.亲密；关系密切 intimate 8.initialadj.最初的；开始的 9.perceivev.将…视为；认为 10.avalanchen.雪崩；山崩 11.literary?adj.文学的；文学上的 literature literal literary literate liberal
12.versen.诗；韵文 13.animatedadj.栩栩如生的；（似）能活动的 14.inclination?n.倾向；意愿 incline inclined 15.sweatyadj.满是汗的；汗津津的 16.palmn.手掌；手心 17.varyv.相异；不同 18.conveyv.表达，传递（思想、感情等） 19.polishv.修改；润饰；润色 20.intellectn.（尤稻高等的）智力，思维逻辑领悟力 21.personalityn.性格；个性；人格 22.sequencen.顺序；次序 23.reversev.颠倒；彻底转变；使完全相反 24.veil?v.掩饰；掩盖 unveil揭露，揭开 25.intellectualadj.智力的；脑力的；理智的 26.familiarity?n.熟悉；通晓 familiar familiarize 27.appearance?n.外貌；外表 28.intensity?n.强烈；紧张；剧烈 intense 29.stirringn.（感情、想法或发展的）开始，出现，萌发
Unit 2 Mistakes to Success I. New words and expressions New words 1. spill v.（使）洒出，泼出，溢出 2. respond v. 作出反应；响应 respond to… response 3. interview v. （媒体）采访，访问 4. creative adj. 创作的 5. occur v. 发生；出现 It occurred to me that… 6. remove v. 拿开；去掉 7. refrigerator n. 冰箱 8. grip n. 紧握；紧抓 9. slippery adj. 滑的；滑得抓不住（或站不稳、难以行走） 10. content n. 所容纳之物；所含之物 11. veritable adj. 十足的；名副其实的；不折不扣的 12. yell v. 叫喊；大喊；吼叫 13. lecture n.（冗长的）教训，训斥，谴责 14. mess n. 肮脏；杂乱；不整洁 15. rarely adv. 罕有；很少；不常 rare animals / stamps Rarely is he late for class. 16. puddle n. 水洼；小水坑 17. eventually 最后；终于 18. restore v. 使复原；使复位；使复职 19. sponge n. 海绵块 20. effectively adv. 有效地 effective ineffective 注意区分：effective / efficient 21. tiny adj. 极小的；微小的 22. discover v. 了解到；认识到；查明 discovery 23. grasp v. 抓紧；抓牢 24. lip n.（容器或凹陷地方的)边，边沿
Unit,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,Text,,,,,A,,,,,,,,,,怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者 “学习一门语言很容易，即使小孩也能做得到。” 大多数正在学习第二语言的成年人会不同意这种说法。对他们来说，学习一门语言是非常困难的事情。他们需要数百小时的学习与练习，即使这样也不能保证每个成年语言学习者都能学好。 语言学习不同于其他学习。许多人很聪明，在自己的领域很成功，但他们发现很难学好一门语言。相反，一些人学习语言很成功，但却发现很难在其他领域有所成就。 语言教师常常向语言学习者提出建议：“要用新的语言尽量多阅读”，“每天练习说这种语言”，“与说这种语言的人住在一起”，“不要翻译——尽量用这种新的语言去思考”，“要像孩子学语言一样去学习新语言”，“放松地去学习语言。” 然而，成功的语言学习者是怎样做的呢,,,,,语言学习研究表明，成功的语言学习者在许多方面都有相似之处。 首先，成功的语言学习者独立学习。他们不依赖书本和老师，而且能找到自己学习语言的方法。他们不是等待老师来解释，而是自己尽力去找到语言的句式和规则。他们寻找线索并由自己得出结论，从而做出正确的猜测。如果猜错，他们就再猜一遍。他们都努力从错误中学习。 成功的语言学习是一种主动的学习。因此，成功的语言学习者不是坐等时机而是主动寻找机会来使用语言。他们找到（说）这种语言的人进行练习，出错时请这些人纠正。他们不失时机地进行交流，不怕重复所听到的话，也不怕说出离奇的话，他们不在乎出错，并乐于反复尝试。当交流困难时，他们可以接受不确切或不完整的。对他们来说，更重要的是学习用这种语言思考，而不是知道每个词的意思。 最后，成功的语言学习者学习目的明确。他们想学习一门语言是因为他们对这门语言以及说这种语言的人感兴趣。他们有必要学习这门语言去和那些人交流并向他们学习。他们发现经常练习使用这种语言很容易，因为他们想利用这种语言来学习。 你是什么样的语言学习者,,,,,如果你是一位成功的语言学习者，那么你大概一直在独立地，主动地，目的明确地学习。另一方面，如果你的语言学习一直不太成功，你不妨试试上面提到的一些技巧。 Unit,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,Text,,,,,B,,,,,,,,,,语,,,,,言 当我们想告诉别人我们想什么时，我们不但可以借助于词语，还可以用其他表达方法。比如，当我们想说“是”时，我们有时会上下点头，而当我们想说“不”,,,,,时，我们会左右摇头。那些既听不见也不会说话的人（也就是聋哑人）借助于手势相互交谈。那些彼些不懂对方语言的人也用这种方式交谈。下面这个故事就说明了人们有时是怎样借助于手势进行交谈的。
第1课Text A 批判性地阅读 批判性阅读适合于那种作者提出一个观点或试图陈述一个说法的纪实类写作。批判性阅读是积极阅读。它不仅仅包括理解作者说了些什么，还包括质疑和评价作者的话，并对此形成自己的观点。成为一名批判性阅读者需要做到以下几点。 考虑写作背景。你所读的可能是与你有不同文化背景的人所写的，或者是与你有不同时代背景的人多年以前所写的。无论哪种情况，你都必须注意并考虑你的价值观和态度与作者所代表的价值观和态度有何不同。 质疑作者的论点。不要轻信作品的表面意思。在接受作者观点前，首先要确定作者作出的每一个论点都有足够的论据支持。找出能支持该论点的事实、实例、和数据。另外，注意作者是否参考了权威著作。 与同主题文章进行比较。查看该作者的文章与其他作者关于同一主题的文章是否有一致性。如果存在不一致性，对不一致的地方背后的论据支持要进行仔细甄别。 分析作者提出的假设。假设是作者认为具有正确性的前提，基于这些前提作者才能提出论点。很多时候作者的假设并没有直接说明，这就意味着你必须通过仔细阅读来发现这些假设。一旦发现某一假设，你必须判断这一假设是否合理。 鉴别文章出处。鉴别时要确保文章出处真实可信。例如，如果文章是关于物理学里程碑式的成就，那么爱因斯坦的论述就是可靠的出处。此外还要确保出处具有相关性。如果文章主题是诗歌，那么爱因斯坦的论述就不是相关出处。最后，如果作者写的是某个主题当前的情形，那就要确保出处来源也是当前最新的。例如，如果作者讨论的是物理学知识的现状，那么爱因斯坦在二十世纪早期进行的研究可能就不适合作出处了。 甄别作者可能带有的偏见。有关美国政治的书面论述可能因作者是共和党人或民主党人迥然而异。作者所写的内容很可能反映其带有偏见的立场。阅读时要考虑到这种偏见存在的可能性。也就是说，要对文章内容“半信半疑”。 成为一名批判性阅读者，你的思路会不断拓宽，观点会更加合理。 第1课Text B 自信的语言 语言能影响我们的大脑。掌握语言就能在很大程度上掌握我们的生活和命运。将语言发挥到极致可以极大地改善我们的生活质量，这一点至关重要。 再短的单词也能对我们的潜意识产生深远的影响。我们的潜意识就像一个孩子，分不清真实发生的事和自己想象的事。它渴望取悦，乐意听从你给它的任何命令，而你是有意还是无意地做这些完全取决于你。’ “尽力” 这是一个简单的词，却能对我们产生不简单的影响。如果有人说“我会尽力做这件事的”，你
Unit 6 The Value of Money I. New words and expressions New words 1. stationery n. 文具 同音词：stationary 2. fare n. 车费；船费；飞机票价 3. lump sum n. 一次总付的钱款 4. recess n. 课间休息， 5. allocate v. 拨（给）；划（给）；分配（给） 6. overspend v. 花钱过多；比（预计的）花得多；超支 注意over- / out-的区别： overeat outeat overdo outdo oversleep outlive overweight outshine 7. opt v. 选择；挑选 option optional 8. constraint n. 限制；限定；约束 9. budget v. 谨慎花钱；把…编入预算
10. overindulge v. 过多地享用（尤指食物或饮料） 11. short-sighted adj. 目光溜浅的；没有远见的 12. mentality n. 心态；思想状况；思想方法 13. sibling n. 兄；弟；姐；妹 14. indulge v. 沉湎，沉迷，沉溺（于…） 15. rationing n. 定量配给政策；配给制 16. principle n. 观念；（行动、思想的）理由，信条同音词：principal 17. unnecessarily adv. 没必要地 18. differentiate v. 区分；区别；辨别 differ different difference 19. inculcate v. 反复灌输；谆谆教诲 20. resist v. 忍住；抵挡 resistant resistance 21. temptation n. 引诱；诱惑 22. scheme n. 计划；方案；体系；体制 23. formation n. 组成；形成 24. kindergarten n. 幼儿园 25. monthly adj. 按月结算的；有效期为一个月的
Unit 8 The Great Minds The Great Minds 名人名言部分补充make A of B A famous quote A pessimist makes difficulties of his opportunities; an optimist makes opportunities of his difficulties. ----Harry S. Truma n 悲观者让机会沦为困难；乐观者把困难铸成机会。----杜鲁门 make A of B make a success of on e's career make a musician of the little boy wan ted The father exposed his son to music when he was still a little child becaused he to make a musicia n of him. expose sb. / on eself to sth. Don't expose yourself to the stro ng sun light, or you will get sun bur nt. 联想：sunburnt / suntanned gain exposure to sth. make a footballer of Tom make a mess of the accou nt I. New words and expressions New words 1. wrap v. 用…缠绕（或围紧） 2. seen ario n. 设想；方案；预测 3. explanation n.解释；说明 explai n expla natory 4. un eve ntful adj. 平淡无奇的；平凡的；缺乏刺激的 5. preg nancy n. 怀孕；妊娠；孕期 6. imperfect adj.有缺陷的；不完全的；不完美的 perfect perfecti on
【最新整理，下载后即可编辑】 Unit 12 A Break from Life I. New words and expressions New words 1. cranky adj. 脾气坏的 2. laundry n. 要（或正在）洗的衣物；刚洗好的衣物 3. resemble v. 看起来像；显得像；像 resemble: take after resemblance 4. throb n. （强烈有规律的）跳动；阵阵的疼痛 5. subside v. 趋于平静；平息；减弱；消退 6. ache v. 疼痛；隐痛 7. joint n. 关节 8. shuffle v. 拖着脚走 9. wiggle v. （使）扭动，摆动，摇动 10. sniffle n. 抽鼻子（声） 11. tissue n. (尤指用作手帕的)纸巾，手巾纸 12. pillow n. 枕头 13. crack v. 找到解决（难题等的）方法 14. contagious adj. 患接触性传染病的 15. germ n. 微生物；细菌；病菌 16. resourceful adj. 机敏的；足智多谋的；随机应变的 17. scrounge v. 觅取；搜寻 18. nurture v. 养育；养护；培养 19. chore n. 令人厌烦的任务、乏味无聊的工作 20. respite n. 暂停；暂缓 21. manufacture v. 编造；捏造 22. symptom n. 症状 23. pamper v. 细心照顾；精心护理；娇惯；纵容
24. hermit n. 隐土；隐修者；遁世者 25. gel n. 凝胶，冻胶（尤指用于头发或护肤的产品） 26. hearty adj. 大的；丰盛的 27. chamomile n. 苹果菊；春黄菊；甘菊 28. vanilla-scented adj. 香草味的 29. gingerly adv. 谨慎地；小心翼翼地；轻手轻脚地 30. grateful adj. 感激的；表示感谢的 be grateful to sb. for sth. ungrateful 比较：graceful disgraceful 31. spa n. 水疗 32. tub n. 浴缸；浴盆 33. drain n. 下水道；排水管 34. refresh v. 使恢复精力；使凉爽 35. emotionally adv. 感情上地；情感上地 emotion emotional 36. empower v. 增加（某人的）自主权；使控制局势 37. permission n. 准许；许可；批准 permit 38. justify v. 对…作出解释；为…辩解（或辩护） 39. awareness n. 知道；认识；意识 Phrases and Expressions 1. pile up 堆积；积压 2. come down with患，得，染上（小病） 3. slip away 消失；消亡；死去 4. respond to 作出反馈；响应 5. care for 照顾，照料（病、老、幼者等） 6. tend to 照料；照管；护理
自考英语二课文译文习题U n i t7
Text A Leisure and Leadership 休闲与引导 Observations and research findings indicate that people in advanced industrial societies are inc reasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure and what they can do in their leisure time. The i mportance people attach to paid holidays and the rapid development of services for mass entertai nment and recreation are signs of this increasing concern. 观察和研究结果显示发达工业社会的人越来越关注的机会以及空闲时能做些什么。对带薪休假的重视和大众娱乐服务的快速进步是这种关注的标志。 The term "quality of life" is difficult to define. It covers a very wide scope such as living env ironment, health, employment, food, family life, friends, education, material possessions, leisure a nd recreation, and so on. Generally speaking, the quality of life, especially as seen by the individua l, is meaningful in terms of the degree to which these various areas of life are available or provid e satisfaction to the individual. "生活质量"这个词不好下定义。它包含很广的范围，例如生活环境、健康、就业、食品、家庭生活、教育、物质财富、休闲和娱乐，等等。一般地说，尤其在个人来看，生活质量由个人在多大程度上能够得到生活的这些方面并感到满意来衡量。 As activity carried out as one thinks fit during one's spare time, leisure has the following fu nctions: relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development. The importance of t hese varies according to the nature of one's job and one's life-style. Thus, people who need to exe rt much energy in their work will find relaxation most desirable in leisure. Those with a better educ ation and in professional occupations may tend more to seek recreation and personal developmen t (e.g., cultivation of skills and hobbies) in leisure. 作为个人认为适合在业余时间进行的活动，休闲具有以下功能：放松、消遣和娱乐，以及个人发展。这些功能的重要性因各人的工作性质和生活方式而不同。因此，需要在工作中消耗大量精力的人会发现最想要在休闲中放松。受过较好教育的人和职业较为专业的人可能倾向于在休闲中寻找消遣和个人发展。 The specific use of leisure varies from individual to individual. Even the same leisure activit y may be used differently be different individuals. Thus, the following are possible uses of televisio n watching, a popular leisure activity: a change of experience to provide "escape" from the stres s and strain of work; to learn more about what is happening in one's environment; to provide an o
? UNIT 1 ? 重点单词和短语 ? objective accomplish predict accompany attain scheme skilled argue define ? interview prospect ? course of action in the way(by the way, in no way, in a way) make a guess at contribute to and the like (and so on) ? seek to do sth. in part point of view vary from…to … ? apply for (to) ? have no idea bring about take the trouble to do ? put oneself in one’s place ? to one’s advantage at a disadvantage ask for in hand turn down (up, on, off, out, over, back) ? 重点、难点句子详解 ? 1.A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. ? 解析：courses of action意思是行动方案、做事步骤；made 是过去分词；from among 为二重介词 ? 例：We’ll inform you as soon as tickets become _____. (06-4) ? A. valuable B. capable C. acceptable D. available (D) ? 2. … some suggest that the management process is decision making. ? 解析：suggest表示认为、提出、暗示意思，后面不用虚拟语气，表示建议意思， 后面用虚拟语气。 ? 例：It is suggested that the meeting (should) be held (hold)at some other time. ? 3. … decision m aking includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them. ? 解析：as well as意思是既…又… ? 4. In fact, I did have several questions, but you have already answered them all. ? 解析：助动词do在肯定句中用在动词之前表示强调，意思是 确实。 ? 5. … but do not let it worry you too much. ? 解析：动词let, make, have, hear, see, observe等词之后的 宾语补足语为省略to 的 不定式结构。 ? 6. There is little likelihood that … ? 对比：There is a/ every/no likelihood that/of ? 例：The two sisters are ___ in many ways, not only in appearance but also in temperament.(06-4) ? A. like B. likely C. alike D. lively (C) ? ? UNIT2 ? 重点单词和短语 ? exert collapse shrink basis launch convince operate revolve glitter unlikely (be likely to) whereas concerned (be concerned about) plateau ? in theory apply to depend on research into swallow up make use of together with in every respect in other words consist of a great many under the circumstances make a difference above all as a rule ? seek to do sth. in part point of view vary from…to … ? 例：I hope my boy friend will be handsome, strong and ___ kind. (06-4) ? A. above all B. in all C. at all D. after all (A) ? 重点、难点句子详解 ? 1. Einstein claimed that matter and energy are interchangeable… ? 例：爱因斯坦声称物质和能量是可以相互转化的，因此没有绝 对的时间和空间。 (05-4-68) ? 2. It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. ? 例1：It is on Friday ___ we will hold the meeting. ? A. that B. when C. in that time D. what (A) ? 例2: As a painter, Ted was very ___ about the colors he used. (03-10) ? A. specific B. special C. peculiar D. particular (D) ? 3. The earth is one of mine planets which move in orbit round the sun. ? 对比：The earth is the only one of the nine planets which has life on it. ? 4. The total water area is about three times as large as the land area. ? 解析：数词+times + as +形容词+as是表示倍数的表达法。 ? 例：It is important to note that a reading of 4 indicates an earthquake ten times as strong as one with a reading of 3. (unit 6 text B) ? 5. The more we learn about other people, the better we understand their ideas, and, as a rule, the better we like those people themselves. ? 解析：the+比较级，the+比较级结构，意思是越…越…，第一 个从句中谓语动词不 用倒装，第二个从句谓语动词可以用倒装，也可以用正装语气。 ? 例：___ we are, ___ we become. ? A. the oldest; the wiser B. older; wiser ? C. the older, the more wise D. the older; the wiser (D) ? UNIT 3 ? 重点单词和短语 ? deteriorate debate (on/upon) request ensure oppose(be opposed to) burden sensitive privilege appoint bias accessible ? recruit ? be affected with carry out in addition to in this case open up care for take into account have …at heart be sensitive to opt out of for short amount to