毛荣贵，翻译美学，上海交通大学出版社，2005年11月
●翻译美学的研究对象是翻译中的审美客体（原文、译文），翻译中的审美主体（译者、
读者），翻译中的审美活动，翻译中的审美判断，审美欣赏，审美标准以及翻译过程中富于创造性的审美再现等等。
●生在杭州，吃在广州，死在柳州。
It is good to live in Hangzhou, to eat in Guangzhou, and to die in Liuzhou.（意合美，译文无审美价值，无基本的“有效性”及“合适性”）
语感中包含了美感的译者，其译文将是：
There are three best choices in China-living in Hangzhou, eating in Guangzhou and buying a wooden coffin in Liuzhou.（p. 23）
●As a youngster I was effervescent, outgoing, and I talked too much. I had a talent for saying
the wrong things at the wrong time. I tortured myself because of the foolish things I had said.
有基本语感的译者会译成：
我年轻的时候，活力四射，乐于助人，非常健谈，却不知道在什么场合说什么话。言既出口，内心又懊恼不已。
试译：我年轻的时候，活力四射，乐于助人，非常健谈，而且还有在错误的场合发表错误言论的才能。言既出口，内心又懊恼不已。（23-24）
●The dress set off to perfection the seventeen-inch waist, the smallest in three counties, and
tightly fitting basque showed breasts well matured for her sixteen years.(Gone with the Wind) 傅东华：她的腰围不过十七英寸，穿着那窄窄的春衫，显得十分合身。里面紧紧绷着一件小马甲，使得她胸部特别隆起。她的年纪虽只十六岁，乳房却已十分成熟了。
改译：她的十七英寸的腰围，在附近三个县里算是最细的了，这身衣服把她的细腰束得尽善尽美，年方十六的她，乳房已经十分丰满，那紧而贴身的小马甲，更使其跃然显现。
（28）
●Change is part of life and the making of character, hon. When things happen that you do not
like, you have two choices: You get bitter or better. 变化是生活的一部分，而且也塑造了人的意志品德，亲爱的。当你不喜欢的事情发生了，你有两种选择：要么痛苦不堪；要么痛快达观。（31）
●Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and
supple knees; it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the emotions; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life. 青春不是年华，而是心境；它不是桃面，朱唇，柔膝；它是坚定的意志，驰骋的想象，炽热的情感；它是生命的源泉，汩汩地涌出。(31-32) Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity of the appetite, of the craving for adventure over the love of ease. This often exists in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20. Nobody grows old merely by a number of years. We grow old by deserting our ideals.
青春意味着性情的优越，勇气驱走怯懦，冒险战胜苟安。二十岁有之，六十岁则更常见。
岁月有加，并非垂老；理想泯灭，暮年即至。（32）
Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust. 岁月悠悠，容颜衰老；抛弃热忱，心灵受损。担忧、恐惧、自暴自弃。必然重创心灵，令心灵屈从、精神蒙尘。（32）Whether 60 or 16, there is in every human being?s heart the lure of wonder, the unfailing childlike appetite of what?s next and the joy of the game of living. In the center of your heart and my heart there is a wireless station: so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, cheer, courage and power from men and from the Infinite, so long are you young. 无论年届花甲，
还是二八芳龄，心中皆有奇迹的诱惑，永恒的童真，生命的快乐，你我心中皆有一台天线，只要接收来自人们和上帝的美丽、希望、快乐、勇敢的信息，就会青春永驻，风华正茂。（32）
When the aerials are down, and your spirit is covered with sorrow of cynicism and the ice of pessimism, then you are grown old, even at 30, but as long as your aerials are up, to catch waves of optimism, there is hope you may die young at 80. 一旦天线倒下，心灵为愤世嫉俗和悲观厌世的冰雪所覆盖，你就有可能年方二八而衰；只要天线不倒，不断接受乐观的电波，你有望年届八十而终，年轻依旧。（32）
●During the war he was sent on dangerous secret missions abroad. Very exciting! He was a
sort of James Bond. 在战争中，他被派往国外担任一项危险的秘密使命。太令人兴奋了！
他是位出色的谍报人员。（34）
●To many parents, the three Gs---gays, guys and gangs---have replaced the three Rs as
benchmarks of school life.对于许多父母来说，同性恋、枪支、团体这三个词已经代替了读、写、算作为学校的标准尺度。（36）
●More recently he introduced himself into the debate on welfare reform by insisting that
unwed motherhood, not joblessness, was the problem. 最近，由于坚持认为是未婚母亲而不是失业才是问题症结所在，他使自己卷入关于福利政策改革的争论中去。（37-38）●The rocks presented a high impenetrable wall, over which the torrent came tumbling in a
sheet of feathery foam, and fell into a broad, deep basin, black from the shadows of the surrounding forest. 山岩壁立，不可逾越。岩顶上一道的瀑布，飞流直下，水花四溅，雾气弥漫，山泉轰然落入一个宽广的深潭，周围树林的影子，使得潭水一片黝黑。（42）●Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the
end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. 其后，河面逐渐展宽，两岸相距愈远，水流趋缓，最后则流入大海，与海水融为一体，海天一色，平心静气地结束其单独存在的那一段历程。（43）
●（物称）The horrible sense of his view of her so deadened her that she staggered.真没想到，
他居然会这样看待她；她吓得魂飞魄散，体瘫肢软。（45）
Analysis of a damaged material usually requires intuitive judgment followed by real-time testing. (When we are doing an analysis of a damaged material, it usually requires intuitive judgment followed by real-time testing.)
The effectiveness of the electronic computer lies in its great speed and accuracy in calculation. (The effectiveness of the electronic computer is achieved because it has great speed and accuracy in calculation.)
Even the dissolution in water cannot enable common salt to change its chemical properties.
(Even though we dissolve it in water, we cannot enable common salt to change its chemical properties.)
●Illness brought her a strange restlessness and made her all the more eager to cling to life and
squeeze from it the last drop of happiness. It made her envy health, but it also made sentimental over a leaf that the wind had blow into her room. 这种病使她特别敏感不安，她越发急切于抓住人生不放，似乎是要把人生的甜蜜幸福挤到最后一滴而后已。这病使她多么羡慕人家的健康，也使她多愁善感，见一叶飘零，随风入室，便愁绪满怀，无已自解。（46）
●It begins when a feeling of stillness creeps into my consciousness. Everything has suddenly
gone quiet. Birds do not chirp. Leaves do not rustle. Insects do not sing.
1．起初，有一种平静的感觉悄然袭上我的心头。刹那间，万物都沉寂无声。鸟儿不再啁啾，树叶不再沙沙作响，昆虫也停止了欢唱。
2．起初，有一种平静的感觉悄然爬上我的心头。世间万物，顿时沉寂。鸟儿不再啁啾，树叶不再婆娑，昆虫不再吟唱。（65）
●For the rest, after the first six months, she grew quickly, and could soon walk and talk. She
was a real beauty, with the Earnshaws? handsome dark eyes, but the Linton?s fair skin, and small features with blonde, curly hair. She was sensitive and affectionate. She did not look a great deal like her mother, as she could be sweet and gentle; her anger was never furious, and her love was deep and tender.
1．其余的时候呢，她在六个月之后，就成长得很快，也很快会走路说话了。她真是个美人，继承了恩萧家漂亮的黑眼睛，却有林顿家的细白皮肤，秀气的脸庞和金色的
卷发。她是个善感、温柔的女孩子。她并不很像她的母亲，因为她是那么温和、恬
静；她即使生气也不会发怒的，而她的爱是那样深沉、柔和。
2．其余的时候呢，她在六个月之后，就成长得很快，也很快会走路说话了。她真是个美人，继承了恩萧家漂亮的黑眼睛，却有林顿家的细白皮肤，秀气的脸庞和金色的
卷发。她是个善解人意、温柔体贴的女子。她并不很像她的母亲，因为她是那么温
和恬静；她的怒，绝非暴风骤雨般的狂怒；她的爱，却似水柔情般的挚爱。
翻译，在某种程度上说，是对译者协作能力的一种考验。原文所无的美，尤其是表
象美，能在译者笔下创造扯拉。比如上一段末句，何等平淡：她即使生气也不会发
怒的，而且她的爱是那样深沉、柔和。译文2就平添了几分表达整饰美和形象美（69）●If any one would make me the greatest king that ever lived, with palaces and gardens and fine
dinners, and wines and coaches, and beautiful clothes, and hundreds of servants, on condition that I should not read books, I would not be a king. I would rather be a poor man in garret with plenty of books than a king who did not love reading.
如果有人让我成为有史以来最伟大的君王，给我宫殿花园，锦食美食、琼浆玉液、香车宝马、成群奴婢，但须以不再读书为代价，我宁可不作君王。我宁愿作一个身处阁楼但有书相伴的穷人，而不作一个不爱读书的君王。（70）
●We can nowhere find a better type of a perfectly free creature than in the common house fly.
Not free only, but brave. There is no courtesy in him; he does not care whether it is king or clown whom he tastes; and in every step of his swift, mechanical march, and in every pause of his resolute observation, there is one and the same expression of perfect egotism, perfect independence and self-confidence, and conviction of the world?s having been made for flies.
Strike at him with your hand; and to him, the aspect of the matter is, what to you it would be, if an acre of red clay, ten feet thick, tore itself up from the ground and came crashing down with an aim. He steps out of the way of your hand, and alights on the back of it. You cannot terrify him, nor govern him, nor persuade him, nor convince him.
He has his won positive opinion on all matters; not an unwise one, usually, for his own ends;
and will ask no advice of yours. He has no work to do---no tyrannical insects to obey. The earthworm has his digging; the bee her gathering and building; the spider her cunning network; the ant her treasury and accounts. All these are comparative slaves, or people of business. But your fly, free in the air, free in the chamber---a black incarnation of caprice---wondering, investigating, flitting, flirting, feasting at his will, with rich variety of choice in feast, from the heaped sweets in the grocer?s window to chose of the butcher?s back yard---what freedom is like this? (John Ruskin: The Freedom of the Fly)
我们无论在什么地方都找不到像普通家蝇那样一种绝对自由的生物了。苍蝇不仅自由放任，而且勇敢无畏。它全然不将什么谦恭礼让，不管是高贵的国王，还是贫贱的村夫，它都毫不在意，照样去吮舔；在它敏捷而机械式地前进的每一步，或在它果断观察的每一间歇，总是露出一副自命不凡、无求于人、十分自信的申请，俨然认为世界是为苍蝇而创造的。
如果你用手去拍打它，其情其景好像一块一英亩大十英尺厚的红色黏土拔地而起，突然劈头盖脑地照直朝你猛砸下来。可是，苍蝇却振翅一飞，逃脱了你的一掌一击，接着又轻落在你的手背上。你吓不倒它，制服不了它；既不能动之以情，也不能晓之以理。
苍蝇对一切事物都有自己的明确的见解，就其所要达到的目的而言，这些见解却也不失为睿智之见。它不会征求您的高见。苍蝇无需干活，在虫豸中没有统治它的暴君能使之俯首听命。蚯蚓要疏松土壤；蜜蜂要采花酿蜜和营造蜂房；蜘蛛要巧结迷网；蚂蚁也要聚财盘宝。相形之下，它们只是一群庸碌之辈。而我们的苍蝇却在户外逍遥自在，活像一位反复无常的黑色精灵鬼。它到处游逛，到处查访，东飞西荡，搔首弄姿，同时还能大饱口福，从食品店橱窗里陈列的糖果点心到肉铺后院存放的大堆肉食，诸般美味，任其挑选，还有何种自由堪与之媲美呢？（77-78）
●当夜幕无声落下，将一切远山近景从你的视线抹去的时候；当热闹的晚会结束，欢声笑
语已经消逝的时候，什么都没有留下，只有思想还在活动。
1．When night falls, blurring from view the distant hills and the nearby landscape, or when
a hilarious party is over and all the noise and laughter gone, nothing is left but your own
thoughts.
2．Nothing, but your own thoughts, is left, when night falls, blurring from view the distant hills and the nearby landscape, or when a hilarious party is over and all the noise and laughter gone.
英语句子以“尾重”（end-weight）为美。（80）
●In a wagon, you can be one place today and another the next day.
1．坐着马车，你今天可以在一个地方，明天又可以在另外一个地方。
2．坐着马车，你可以今日看山，明天玩水。（87）
●I am never at a loss for a word; Pitt is never at a loss for the word.（英国18世纪大演说家
Charles James Fox认为他的对手William Pitt比他更加出色）
1．我总是能凑合找个词儿说说，可是皮特什么时候都能找到恰如其分的词儿。
2．我总能找到一个词，而皮特总能找到那个绝妙好词。
3．我总能找到一个觉得妙的词，而皮特总能找到那个意思其党的词。
4．我和皮特都能出口成章，但我用的词大都不可言妙，而他用的总是妙不可言。
改译：我总是滔滔不绝，而皮特则是字字珠玑。（88-89）
●Mole had suddenly realized that his old house was nearby. It was very close. All Mole had to
do was find it. All of a sudden he deeply wanted to see his old home again. Mole?s house was small, and not as nice as his friend?s houses. But it was his, and he wanted to see it!
1．鼹鼠突然记起，他的老家就在这附近，近得很。此时，他需要干的就是去发现它。
突然，他真的想再看一眼他的老家。他的家很小，没有朋友们的那么气派，但那毕
竟是自己的家呀，他就是想看看！
2．鼹鼠突然记起，他的老家就在这附近，近得很。此时，他需要干的，只要四下寻找一下就行了。突然，他真的想再看一眼他的老家。他的家很小，没有朋友们的那么
气派，但那毕竟是自己的家呀，他就是想看看！（89）
●So long, chicken. Hello! Tofu. Tofu and a host of other products made from the mighty
soybean are pushing aside meat, milk and even ice cream on grocery store shelves these days as scientists rave about the health benefits of soy.
1．再见，鸡肉。你好豆腐！科学家们对大豆有益健康的赞扬，使得如今着杂货店的货架上，豆腐和其他很多用大豆制成的食品正逐步取代肉类、牛奶甚至冰淇淋。
2．再见，鸡肉。你好，豆腐！因科学家们对大豆有益健康的事实摇旗呐喊，而使得如今杂货店的货架上的豆腐和其他豆制品正在把肉类、牛奶甚至冰淇淋挤到一旁。
（91）
●The rich man believes he possesses his big house, his expensive clothes, his horses and
servants and his bank accounts. He does not. He depends on them. He worries about them.
They possess him. He is their slave.
1．有钱人认为他拥有大房子、昂贵的服饰、马匹、奴婢和银行存折。其实，他并没有真正拥有，他依靠着这些财富，他为财富而忧心忡忡，是财富占有了他。他是财富
的奴隶。
2．富人以为是他占有大屋、华服、马群、奴仆和银行存折。不。富人傍财而活，为财所累，被财所占。富人，财之奴也。（105）
●Parents bear children, bore teenagers and board new weds.父母生儿育女，还要招青春期子
女的厌烦，待其新婚时，还得包吃包住。（114）
●Accident: car, caress, careless and carless.车祸：驾车上路、卿卿我我、一不当心，车子没
了。（114）
●林语堂译《声声慢》：多少年来，译界高手趋之若鹜，竞相译之，在众多译作中，林语
堂的译文闪闪发光，胜出一筹！林译不仅一气连用了七个so，更让人叫好的是，林译连用了七个以d字母开头的形容词，一气呵成，自然构成了Alliteration，与李清照的原诗的尾韵遥相呼应，词趣洋溢。（118）
●Spring (Thomas Nash)
The fields breathe sweet, the daisies kiss our feet,
Young love meet, old wives a-sunning sit.
In every street these tunes our ears do greet,
Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!
Spring! The sweet Spring!
遐思译：
田野吐芬芳，雏菊舔衣裳，
情侣去踏青，老妪暖夕阳，
悠悠春之声，入耳实难忘。
布谷声声叫，夜莺呖呖唱！
春！馨香的春！（120）
●Disease: ill, pill, bill and sometimes will.疾病：不舒服，吃药，付帐单，有时还要写遗嘱。
（121）
●Better late than the late.
1．迟到总比丧命好。
2．晚了总比完了好。（127）
●我从小就对自己没有信心，这是问题的根子。这种情绪使我受到一点点表扬多会难为情，
使我怎么也说不出一个“不”字，也使我不敢向父母多要一分钱。此外，这种缺乏信心的情况也影响了我对钢琴的热爱。
1．I lack confidence since childhood, which was the root of the problem. I would feel
embarrassed while receiving the slightest praise. I found it hard to say “no”. I even dared not to ask for one more cent from my parent. Besides, this lack of confidence also influenced my love for the piano.
2．At the root of it is my diffidence by which I have been enslaved since childhood. It embarrasses me at the mildest flattery, crushes me utmost efforts to say “no”, and prevents me from asking my parent for one cent more than necessary. Among other things, diffidence has wormed its way into my love of the piano.（140）
●丹麦语言学家Jespersoen讲过一个著名的语言笑话：
A young lady home from school was explaining. “Take an egg,”she said, “and make a
perforation in the base and a corresponding one in the apex. Then apply the lips to the aperture, and by forcibly inhaling the breath the shell is entirely discharged of its contents.”
And old lady, who was listening exclaimed, “It beats all how folks do things nowadays.
When I was a gal they made a hole in each end a nd sucked.”
一个从学校汇价的年轻女子正在解释。“取一枚鸡蛋，”她说，“在底部打一只孔，在顶部再打一只相应的孔。然后置嘴唇于孔上，竭力吸气，而后蛋壳中所贮之物即会被抽近。”
一位在侧聆听的老妇惊叹：“如今的人做事真希奇。我小时候，我们一头打一个洞，吸就是了。”（144）
●大词（big words）
英国语言学家A. G. Gardiner的On Big Words：
It looks so learned and knowing that it calls attention to the absurdity like a college cap on a donkey?s ear.
We do not make a thing more impressive by clothing it in grand words any more than we crack a nut more neatly by using a sledgehammer. We only distract attention from the thought to the clothes it wears. If we are wise our wisdom will gain from the simplicity of our speech, and if we are foolish our folly will only shout the louder through big words. 妄图以冠冕堂皇的词修饰一件事，使其留下深刻的印象，无异于抡起大锤砸核桃一样荒诞不经。这样做只能把人们的注意力从思想内容分散到装饰外表上。如果我们是聪明人，我们的智慧将从简单的语言中得以提升；如果我们是愚蠢的人，那么，我们的愚昧只能从我们使用的大词中得以彰显。（144-145）（但如运用恰当，“大词”也可以传递委婉、和谐、庄重等表现效果）
●The first fall of snow is not only an event but is a magical event. You go to bed in one kind of
world and make up to find yourself in another quite deferent, and if this is not enchantment, then where is it to be found? The very stealth, the eerie quietness of the thing makes it more magical. If all the snow fell at once in one shattering crash, awakening us in the middle of the night, the event would be robbed of its wonder. But it flutters down, soundless, hour after hour while we are sleep. Outside the closed curtains of the bedroom a vast transformation scene is taking place, just as if a myriad of elves and brownies were at work, and we turn and yawn and stretch and know nothing about it. And then what an extraordinary change it is! It is as if the house you are in had been dropped down in another continent. Even the inside, which has not been touched, seems different, every room appearing smaller and cozier, just as if some power were trying to turn it into a woodcutter?s hut or a snug log cabin.
这场初雪并非一场寻常变化，而是魔幻般的变化。你上床睡觉时是一个世界，醒来时却发现自己已置身于另一个迥然不同的世界。假如这不是魔法，那么魔法又到哪儿去寻觅呢？而这一切都在静谧中神秘地发生，使得这场初雪愈发迷人。如果所有的雪在瞬间轰
然落下，在午夜将我们惊醒，那么这场雪就无奇妙可言。雪花落下，纷纷扬扬，无声无息，不停不息，而此刻的我们正在梦乡。窗帘拉拢的卧室外，苍茫大地正在发生一场巨变，就像无数调皮的小精灵和小仙童在干活；此刻，一无所知的我们却在辗转反侧、打着哈欠、舒展四肢。于是，我们见到了一场巨变！你的寓所，似乎落到了一个新大陆，甚至屋内，虽然没有被人动过手脚，似乎也发生了变化。每一间屋子都显得更加小巧、更加温馨，好似某种神奇的力量把它变成了伐木的工棚或是温暖的小木屋。（148-149）●When a girl leaves her home at eighteen, she does one of two things. Either she falls into
saving hands and becomes better, or she rapidly assumes the cosmopolitan standard of virtue and becomes worse. (Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie) 一个18岁的姑娘离家出走门，她无非有两种遭遇。要么落到好人手里，而过上好日子，要么马上接受了三教九流的道德标准，由好变坏。（149-150）
●The small and elite club of clones, restricted until now to females like Dolly the sheep and
Cumulina the mouse, has gone co-ed with the cloning of a male mouse. (It?s a Boy! Scientists Clone First Mammal)
1．小而精的克隆家族，迄今是由多利羊和卡母里那鼠等雌性动物组成，但是，随着雄性鼠的克隆成功，克隆家族从此有了雄性。
2．由少数精英构成的克隆家族，一直是由多利羊和卡母里那鼠组成的雄性天下，但是，随着雄性鼠的克隆成功，雌雄共存的局面已经开始。（154-155）
●Husbands have been killed, babies born deformed, wives left deserted, children crippled in
accidents, homes burned to the ground---I?ve looked and heard and wet and thought this too much for anyone to bear…and then I?ve been astounded at how happiness of a kind can be regained out of the hell of grief. (Margaret Foster: Why I Am Glad to Be 40) 丈夫被杀、婴儿畸形、妇人被弃、儿童致残、房屋焚毁——我目睹、我耳闻、我哭泣、我尝想：如此灾难，在这个世界上，何人能承受！——然而，接下去，我之所见，让我震惊，人们如何一步步走出被动的地域，获得了这样那样的幸福。（159）
●They vanish from a world where they were of no consequence; where they achieved nothing;
where they were a mistake and failure and foolishness; where they have left no sign that they had existed. 他们从世界上消失了，他们对这个世界来说，无关紧要；他们一无所有，一事无成；他们来到这个世界本来是一个错误，一个失败，一种不智；他们在生活过的世界上没有留下一点一滴的痕迹。（161）
●Happiness isn?t about what happens to us; it?s about how we perceive what happens to us. It?s
the knack of finding a positive for every negative, and viewing a setback as challenge. It?s not wishing for what we don?t have, but enjoying what we do possess. 幸福不是什么事情降临到我们头上，幸福是我们如何感知降临在我们头上的事情。其诀窍在于，在消极中寻找积极，视挫折为挑战。幸福不是我们想得到我们没有得到的，而是享受我们现在正拥有的。（162）
●Stanford University, famous as one of northern California?s several institutions of higher
learning, is sometimes called “the Harvard of the West”. Its reputation is based on its location, its intelligent students, its distinguished faculty, its growth opportunities offered to students, its overseas programs, its substantial endowment, and its recent extensive growth. 斯坦福大学，是北加州几个高等学校之一，有时被称为“西部哈佛”。它的声誉基于它所处的位置，基于才智出众的学生，基于卓越而优秀的师资，基于学生获得的成长机遇，基于海外的科研项目，基于可观的捐赠以及最近的全面发展。（163）
●被动语态的翻译：
The feeling of the nation must be quickened; the conscience of the nation must be roused; the propriety of the nation must be startled; the hypocrisy of the nation must be exposed; and its crimes against God and men must be proclaimed and denounced. 我们必须触动这个国家的感情，唤醒她的良知，撼动她的礼仪规范，揭露她的伪善，公开和谴责她违反上帝和人类的罪行。（164）
●Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any
burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty. 让每一个关心我们或对我们怀有敌意的国家知道，我们愿付出任何代价，承受任何负担，迎接任何困难，支持任何朋友，反抗任何敌人，以争取和维护自由。
（165）
●非人称主语：
发怒之后，我不难过，也不后悔。
After I got angry, I felt neither sorrow nor regret.
Neither sorrow nor regret followed my passionate outburst.
进入青年期，他工作了，他恋爱了。
After he became a youth, he got a job and then fell in love with a girl.
Youth sees (finds) him on a job and in love.
Only the thought of his mother gave him the strength to go on doing it. 他想起了母亲，才鼓足勇气继续干下去。
The want of his family had kept him from school, and he seemed to feel the loss.他因家境贫寒失学，似乎感到了失学的痛苦。
Careful comparison of them will show you the differences.你只消比较一下，就会发现不同。
The application of electronic computers makes for a tremendous rise in labor productivity.人们使用了电脑，劳动生产率突飞猛进。
Courage deserted him.他失去了勇气。
The morning sun greeted us as we came out on deck.登上甲板，我们便见到一轮旭日。
He gave up all the hope when the appearance of a distant sail kindled his hope of rescue.他绝望了，正在此时，他见到远方的帆影，点燃了绝处逢生的希望。
四十岁的女人呢？揽镜自照，昔日光滑的额头已见依稀纹路，浓密的黑发也全没了光泽。
哦，时光流逝太快，还没有很好地一览风光，怎么就已入了秋境呢？便觉得有三分惆怅，三分无奈。然而，思之又觉得释然。What has become of a woman at forty? The answer comes from the mirror, which shows up vaguely discernible wrinkle on the formerly smooth forehead and the thick black hair with its gloss gone. A touch of frustration and helplessness comes over me as I realize how time flies. Before I have sufficiently admired the scenery and enjoyed the beauties of life, it?s already autumn. However, a second thought brings me relieved calm.（170）
有的人如游客，不急不慌，走走停停，看花开花落，看云卷云舒，有时也在风中走，雨里行，心却像张开的网，放过了焦躁苦恼。Others travel leisurely like tourists. They would take time off now and then for a look at blooming flowers or fallen petals. They would stop to admire clouds gathering and dispersing. Even when they go against the wind or are caught in the rain, they never get annoy6ed, for worries ship off their minds as from an open net.
（170-171）
她们或许是我们的奶奶，满头银丝，满脸皱纹，世人多用“慈祥”去形容她们，但很少
有人能品味皱纹背后那岁月与历史拂过的幽香。她们无须再用铅华刻意雕饰，我却分明看见她和她的老伴共同演出那首动人的歌——《牵手》。She is very charming when singing “Hand in Hand” in a duet with her lifelong companion. White-haired and wrinkled, she may be one of our grannies, a perfect image of kindness as she is often described. The furrows ploughed by time deny replenishment with cosmetics, for they are fertile soil radiating the fragrance of history.（171）
每天不厌地擦拭，清洁着我的小屋，不使它被尘埃埋没，回家来时，便总有一份欢欣的感觉。不管夜有多深，总有一盏小灯亮着，留给迟归的人，远远望见，温暖便从窗口一直注入心底。Day in and day out my room is cleaned with meticulous care to keep it always dust-free, so that it greets me with a pleasant look whenever I return. No matter how far into the night, there is always a light at that window shining through darkness like a beacon to the one bound for home late. The sight of it, even in the distance, brings warmth from the window all the way to the heart.（172）
于是，暮色中匆匆的人群里总有我赶路的身影，雨里，雾里，雪里，只盼着早些回家，洗去一身的疲劳，泡上一杯清茶，点上一炷檀香，打开半卷的书卷，一任轻柔的旋律把我带进一个美丽的境界……所有的喧嚣和乱都被抛在朔风冷雨里，因为我已经到家了。Thus the gathering dark often finds me hastening home in a hurrying crowd. Whether it rains or snows, windy or foggy, it is the longing to be home that quickens my steps. To be home means to end a day?s fatigue and enjoy myself in a world of my own. With a nice cup of tea and a burning sandalwood incense by my side, I can either resume my suspended reading, or listen leisurely to a soft melody and let myself be carried away to a fairyland… All the urban noises and disturbances are shut out, thrown to the winds and rain, for I am saf4e at home.（172）
又过了几个月，我看见他们手上戴了结婚戒指。可是他们不像以前那样健谈了，她又在看书，他在看报。Months later, rings appeared glistening on their fingers but chatting was gradually replaced by reading, one with a book the other a newspaper.（173）
我或许是在发泄心中无法诉说的一种情绪，或是在构思一首暂时还羞于见人的小诗，或是再次拿起久违的彩笔勾勒童年的彩虹，请你让我信笔驰骋。It may be that I?m venting some pen-up feelings long denied expression, or trying to compose a little poem not yet presentable for the time being, or attempting to sketch out something visualized from my childhood memories which glows in my mind like a rainbow. When I am in such a mood, please leave me alone and let me write as the pen dictates me.（173）
珍惜感情
那是一个秋日微凉的黄昏。
刚跟丈夫怄过气，一头湿漉漉的乱发披散，站在院子的当口，让锋使劲吹着。
“过来！坏脾气小姐！”说话的当儿，丈夫已拿着电吹风从房里走出来。没好意思再别扭，便拉过一把椅子顺从地坐下来。就这样，面对着满院子灿烂的花，不说一句话，心中的怨恨却早已全消了
一头雾气渐渐散近了，耳畔不时地有一种湿热的感觉。
“也许，多年后的一个黄昏，像现在，你一个人独坐的时候，你会想起眼前的这一刻的。”沉默了很长时间的丈夫，突然说出这样的话来，而且在声音中还带着一丝藏不住得伤感。“那你呢？”
丈夫关掉了手中的吹风机，看了我一眼，笑笑，甩手拜正我的头，手中的电吹风又响了起来，好一会才说：
“先你而去了。”
“声音是那么肯定而平静。而我好像突然明白了一直不做声的丈夫心中的那一份痛惜的感觉，就像是一个顽童突然看到了他顽劣的后果。
倘上帝真的要惩罚我，让我在多年后独自面对这满院子的鲜花。那么，我怎么敢去细想，去揣摩丈夫此刻的伤感和痛惜。
佛说，修五百年只能同舟，修一千年才能同枕。而千年之后又能相守几时？
为什么敢轻易伤害的总是我最亲爱的人，只是因为只有这个人会一次又一次地原谅我。
可是，就是因为这颗心永远不会背弃我，我就一直地不重视它。
真有那么一天，叫我怎样面对满院鲜红依旧的花……？
Cherish the Other?s Affection
It was towards sunset on a cool autumn day.
Having just bickered with my husband, I stood irritated in a draught by the gate of the yard, letting wet unkempt hair flutter fiercely over my shoulders. “Come over, you peevish girl!”
said my husband walking out into the yard with a blow dryer.
I could not very well resist but pull a chair and sit down compliantly. The blooming flowers
of the yard presenting a riot of color before my eyes quietly dispelled all my grudges.
I felt warmth coming off and on around my ears while the mist of vapor was dispersing.
“Perhaps, this scene will come back to you years later when you sit alone at sunset like this.”
A tinge of melancholy was tangible in my husband?s voice, which broke the long silence.
“What about you then?” I asked.
My husband turned off the blow dryer and looked at me with a smile. After adjusting the pose of my head he let the blow dryer work again. It was quite some time before he gave a reply: “Gone long before you.”
His voice was so sure yet so calm. It suddenly dawned on me that taciturn as he had been all the time, there was regret deep in his heart. I was awe-struck like a mischievous boy brought face to face with the damage he had done.
If after many years I was, as God would have it, left alone watching the glory of the flowers, would I have the heart to contemplate and figure out what there is now in my husband?s mind?
The Buddha says: It take five hundred years?religious devotion for people to acquire a chance of sharing a boat and one thousand years of sharing a marriage bed. But how long is it to keep each other?s company in wedlock?
How come that I tend to hurt the one l love most? It may be that he is the one who forgives me each time. However, it is precisely because there is no danger of being deserted that I have all along taken him for granted.
If it should eventually happen, how could I bear to look at the same splendid scene of flowers all alone?（173-175）
●Vast flats of green grass, dull-hued spaces of mesquite and cactus, little groups of frame
houses, woods of light and tender trees, all were sweeping into the east. 一片片茫茫的绿色草原，一簇簇色泽灰暗的牧豆树和仙人掌，一群群小巧的木屋，一丛丛轻枝嫩叶的树林——一切都向东奔驰。（191-192）
●Predictably, the winter will be snowy, sleety, and slushy.
1．可以预言，今年冬天天将多雪，多冻雨，多泥泞。
2．可以预言，今年冬天将雪花飘飘，雪雨交加，雪路泥泞。（192）
●双声、叠韵词
seesaw, spick-and-span, black and blue, game and glee, weal or woe, neither fish nor flesh// zigzag, flip-flop, wish-wash, bric-a-brac, feast or fast, tit for tat//part and parcel, bag and baggage, kith and kin, time and tide, sum and substance, fit as a fiddle//to and fro, hubbub, alpha and omega, rough and tough, high and dry, linsey-woolsey// holus-bolus, fuddy-duddy, hugger-mugger, jingle-jangle, higgledy-piggledy/ /bla-bla, pooh-pooh, crack-crack, fifty-fifty, all in all, shoulder to shoulder（194-195）
●Away the ran, pell-mell, helter-skelter, yelling-creaming, knocking down the passenger as
they turn the corner. (Dickens) 我们乱七八糟、大喊大叫着逃走了，转弯时撞倒了行人。
（196）
●For a month the governor had dilly-dallied over the choice of a successor. 州长对于选择继
任者磨磨蹭蹭了一个月。（196）
●She was so round and roly-poly I used to wonder how she ever moved fast enough to catch
hold of a bird. 她生得矮矮胖胖，我总奇怪她怎能快速行动捉住小鸟。（196）
●赤兔马泣曰：“吾尝慕不食周粟之伯夷、叔齐之高义。玉可碎而不可损其白，竹可破而
不可毁其节。士为知己而死，人因诚心而存，吾安肯食吴粟而苟活于世间？“言罢，伏地而亡。Chi-tu then said woefully, “I have long admired the noble Bo Yi and Shu Qi who refused the food from their enemy and learnt that a jade, even if shattered, can never lose its purity and likewise a bamboo, even if cleaved, will remain straight. Since only for a bosom friend does a noble man choose to die and only for the virtue of honesty does a common man choose to live, how can I lick from my enemy?s finger and live an undeserved life?” With these words, it fell dead.（207）
●16~17世纪的英国文豪Francis Bacon若是地下有知，当会对此段之汉译（王佐良译）而
大发感慨！打个比方，文字飘逸古劲的《赤兔之死》译成英语，宛如一杯清醇的浓茶中兑了一桶水。那么，“Of Studies”的汉语今译，则是锦上添花！本已端庄的原文更加秀逸多姿，本已耐读的表达更加典雅精彩！语言的成功转换，令文章的内涵趋深、趋泛、趋秀、趋雅。
一叶知秋，仅此一段，便足以令我们领略文言的典雅和飘逸。当试图以同样典雅飘逸的英文文字来翻译上段文字，而发现不可能的时候，我们才能更真切地发出感叹：典雅，非汉语莫属也！（208）
●四字格：
Although lonely in a new land, Matzeliger was described by his fellow workers and students as cheerful, of a friendly nature, honest, and modest.
1．虽然马泽利格独自来到一个陌生之地，但是他的同事仍然把他形容为乐呵呵的、待人客气，诚实和谦逊。
2．虽然马泽利格单身一人，又生活在异乡客地，但正如他的同事和学生所描述的那样，他性情开朗，待人友善，笃守诚信，谦逊朴实。（214）
●现代中文的四字格的英译，也同样让英语“寒碜”！
平日，工作太忙，或交际过繁，你难得与古今智者、中外名家相伴交谈。而今，你可凝视屏息，侧耳倾听，静心阅读，令学识渐长；你还可以依随自己的袄好，去干任何一件感兴趣之事。静听音乐，挥毫作画，“收拾”残局，甚至，翻阅影集，遥念亲人。如此等等，无一不是人生一乐！At other times you may be so occupied with your work or social intercourse as to have no time for books. Then you can peacefully listen to wise men of all time, enriching yourself with their ideas, and enlarging your stock of knowledge. Or you can
draw a picture, or arrange Chinese chess for a near-end game. If you are in the mood, you may as well open an album and let the photos bring back memories of those now far away.
Isn?t any of these a real pleasure in life?（216）
●……心较比干多一窍，病如西子胜三分。（《红楼梦》）
呜呼！应该承认，杨戴合译，乃珠联璧合。我们又不得不承认，如此上乘英译，绝非陋译。但是，让英语的native speakers来读此译文，他们决计不会得到一个美女的影像。
笔者的美国友人Bill Hofmann教授对此段的评价是：
I can hardly see, through this passage, a beauty before my eyes, the overwhelming
impression being that the young woman is frail and pale. When we say somebody?s breath is soft and faint, we do believe that she or he is fatally sick and should be hospitalized as soon as possible.
此外，写林黛玉的“袅袅婷婷”、“态生两靥之愁”，杨戴两人皆避而不译。这不仅有道理，而且值得肯定。余尝想，若是硬译“袅袅婷婷”和“态生两靥之愁”，说不准，林黛玉会不幸成为西方读者心目中的女妖！（219）
●行路难，但人生之路谁都要走。有的人在赶路，心急切切，步急匆匆。眼中只有目标却
忽略了风景。可路迢迢不知哪儿是终点。有的人如游客，不急不慌，走走停停，看花开花落，看云卷云舒，有时也在风中走，雨中行，心却像张开网，放过焦躁苦恼。To go on
a journey is often full of hardships, but so long as one lives he proceeds on his life?s journey.
Different people go along differently. Some take hasty steps in anxiety. Obsessed with reaching the next goal in time, they spare no time for sightseeing along the way, nor do they have a clear view of where their long roads end. Others travel leisurely like tourists. They would take time off now and then for a look at blooming flowers or fallen petals. They would stop to admire clouds gathering and dispersing. Even when they go against the wind or are caught in the rain, they never get annoyed, for worries slip off their minds as from an open net.
打个比方，上段汉语文字之意境，有情有景，若龙井新茶泡上了清澈甘美的虎跑水，乃一杯令人回味的香茗，同样的情，却以散淡而无韵味的文字写之，犹如一小撮龙井新茶被泡上了一桶自来水，何味之有？（221-222）
●峡内重峦叠嶂，连绵不尽，奇峰异岭，高插入云，云雾弥漫，迷幻莫测。On both sides of
the gorges there ranges upon ranges of rolling mountains. Everywhere you can se cliffs of unique shapes and peaks of fantastic aspects towering into the clouds. The mist and the low-lying clouds add an aura of mystery to the raw natural beauty.
原句与英译相比，第一印象是：英语表达好“累”！这个“累”，不难理解。英语崇尚逻辑，表达条分缕析，交代不可不周，描述务求精确。如此，遣词必增，造句必繁。以“云雾弥漫”四字为例，在朦胧中给读者一种影像：山脚、山腰和山顶，或云遮，或雾绕，或飘逸，或静息，等等。汉语之魅力，由此可见。（224-225）
●模糊：
There is the cheery push of elbow with which the waiter shoves open the kitchen door when he bears in your tray of supper. There is the suspicious and tentative withdrawal of a door before the unhappy book agent or peddler. There is the genteel and carefully modulated recession with which footmen swing wide the oaken barriers of the great. There is the sympathetic and awful silence of the dentist?s maid who opens the door into the operating room and, without speaking, implies that the doctor is ready for you. There is the brisk cataclysmic opening of a door when the nurse comes in, very early in the morning---“It?s a
boy!” (克里斯多芬·莫勒：On Doors)“快乐的服务员会用肘部顶开厨房门，手里的托盘上正放着你的晚餐。面露愁容、心神不定的书商和小贩小心翼翼地推开门。后退的男仆走着优雅的小碎步，为贵宾缓缓打开栎木大门。充满同情和一声不响的牙医助手打开通向手术室的门，无言地向你表示医生正在等你。一大早，兴奋的护士“哗”地一下打开门，走进来说：“生了个男孩！”
遗憾的是，汉译上段文字，由于无法保留其非常规搭配，模糊遁迹，一个解读幽默、享受幽默的心理过程也就不复存在。（243-244）
One cannot see too many summer sunrises on the Mississippi. They are enchanting. First, there is eloquence of silence; for a sleep hush broods everywhere. Next, there is the haunting sense of loneliness, isolation, remoteness from the worry and bustle of the World. the dawn creeps in stealthily; the solid walls of the black forest soften to gray, and the vast stretches of the river open up and reveal themselves;
the water is glass-smooth, gives off spectral little wreaths of white-mist, there is not the faintest breath of wind, nor stir of leaf; the tranquility is profound and infinitely satisfying. 密西西比河夏天的日出真是百看不厌，让人神往。起先，万籁俱寂，静谧笼罩一切；
接着，寂寞、孤独、还有远离尘嚣的之感萦绕于怀，挥之不去。
晨曦微露，郁郁葱葱，色泽深暗的树林渐渐呈现灰色，宽广的密西西比河撩起了面纱，容貌渐露。江面上，水波不兴，白雾袅袅，萦纡迷离，风静而枝闲，恬静深沉，令人心旷神怡。
（模糊乃语言之共性）文笔极富文采，遣词空灵，运笔朦胧。对于这些空灵的遣词，朦胧的运笔，汉译也未示弱：或文言今用，于古朴典雅中绘写意境；或文采斐然，于写意泼墨中白描情愫。（248-249）
两岸的豆麦和河底的水草所发散出来的清香，夹杂在水气中扑面而吹来；月色便朦胧在这水气里。淡黑的起伏的连山，仿佛是踊跃的铁的兽脊似的，都远远的向船尾跑去了，但我却还以为船慢。
他们换了四回手，渐望见依稀的赵庄，而且似乎听到歌吹了，还有几点火，料想便是戏台，但或者也许是渔火。
那声音大概是横笛，宛转，悠扬，使我的心也沉静，然而又自失起来，觉得要和他弥散在含着豆麦蕴藻之香的夜气里。（鲁迅《社戏》）The scent of beans, wheat and water-weeds wafted towards us through the mist, and the moonlight shone faintly through it. Distant grey hills, undulating like the backs of some leaping iron beasts, seemed to be racing past the stern of our boat; but I still felt our progress was slow. When the oarsmen had changed shifts four times, we began to make out the faint outline of Chaochuang and to catch the sound of singing the music. There were several lights too, which we guessed must be on the stage unless they were fishermen?s light. The music was probably fluting. Eddying round and round and up and down, it soothed me and set me dreaming at the same time, till I felt as though I was about to drift far away with it through the night air heavy with the scent of beans, wheat and river-weeds.（249）
那晚月儿已瘦削了两三分。她晚妆才罢，盈盈的上了柳梢头。天是蓝得可爱，仿佛一汪水似的；月儿便更出落得精神了。（朱自清《桨声灯影里的秦淮河》）
The moon on that had waned a bit and climbed gracefully above the willows like a girl painted for the evening. The sky was a lovely blue like an expanse of limpid water, which made the moon brighter and prettier.
“盈盈”二字岂能从相应的英译gracefully中获得？（253）
●空白与省略：
阿Q没有家，住在本社的土谷祠里；没有固定的职业，只给人家作短工，割麦便割麦，舂米便舂米，撑船便撑船。Ah Q had no family but lived in the Tutelary God?s temple at Weizhuang. He had no regular work either, being simply an odd-job man for others: When there was wheat to be cut he would cut it; when there was rice to be hulled he would hull it; when there was boat to be punted he would punt it.（256）
宁要风度，不要温度。In chilly weather, some ladies wear just so little in
order to be graceful, firmly believing that being showy is above trembling and catching cold.
此言留白甚多，语义模糊，初读抑或让人不解。但是幽默美感也就从中逸出。若译成英语，那就必须填满留白。比较后的鉴别告诉我们：如此缺乏留白的英语表达其实扼杀文采。调侃口吻让位于严肃，正经述实取代了幽默美感。（256）
●歧义：
I am still a beast at bay.
我现在仍然是海滩上的困兽。
at bay：with escape cut off；cornered，据此，上句可译为：我现在仍是一头困兽。（266）（其实，如为前者，应是at the bay）
雅各布森和罗森包姆在《英语转换语法》中提供了一句六解的例如，可谓创歧义之纪录。
原句内涵虽不含谐谑成分，但歧义之多倒给人一种文字游戏的雅趣。
The seniors were told to stop demonstrating on campus.
1．The senior were demonstrating and were asked, on campus, to desist.
高年级学生在示威，上级在校园里要求他们停止示威。
2．The seniors were demonstrating and were asked to desist on campus (although they could demonstrate everywhere).
高年级学生在示威，高年级上级要求他们停止在校园里示威（但可在他处示威）。
3．The seniors were demonstrating on campus and were asked to desist.
高年级学生在校园中示威，上级叫他们停止示威。
4．People were demonstrating on campus, and seniors were asked to stop them.
人们在校园中示威，高年级学生被要求去制止他们。
5．People were demonstrating and seniors were asked, on campus, to stop them.
人们正在示威，高年级学生在校园中被要求去制止他们。
6．People were demonstrating and seniors were asked to stop them from doing so on campus (although they could do it elsewhere).
人们正在正在示威，高年级学生被要求去制止他们到校园中来示威（但可在他处示
威）。
●受制于封建的传统道德观，女性在涉及到爱情之类话题时，往往三缄其口，迫不得已时
通常都采用模糊言语形式表达。如《红楼梦》第三十四回在叙述薛宝钗去探望挨打后的贾宝玉时有这么一段描写：
宝钗见他睁开眼说话，不象先时，心中也宽慰了好些，便点头叹
道：“早听人一句话，也不至今日。别说老太太、太太心疼，就是我们看着，心里也疼。”刚说了半句又忙咽住，自悔说的话急了，不觉的就红了脸，低下头来。
Seeing he was now able to open his eyes and talk, Baochai nodded in relief. "If you'd listened to our advice, this wouldn't have happened,"
she sighed. "Now you've not only upset the old lady and your mother;
when the rest of us see you like this, our hearts ache too.... " She broke off abruptly, regretting her indiscretion, and hung her head with
a blush. (Yang)
(Bao-chai was relieved to see him with his eyes open and talking again. She shook her head sadly. …If you had li stened to what one said, this would never have happened. Everyone is so upset now. It isn?t only Grand-mother and Lady Wang, you know. Even---? She checked herself abruptly, regretting that she had allowed her feelings to run away with her, and lowered her head, blushing.---Hawkes)
相反，西方人对爱情的表白是直率而大胆的。据说中国驻某国使节曾邀该国有关人士看中国电影《梁山伯与祝英台》（Butterfly Lovers），尽管放映前发了介绍故事梗概的文字说明，又请了人做专门解说，电影结束后问他们看懂了没有，没想到外国人仍一脸困惑：太累了，十八里相送，祝英台为什么用那么多的暗示来表达爱情，为什么不直接说一句
I love you呢？显然，造成此困惑的原因在于文化背景的差异。（269）
委婉语：
The question of the unmarried people is everywhere. How to handle the linguistic problem of what to call the person with whom one?s daughter lives? “Lover”is too archaically lubricious by a shade or two. “Roommate”sounds like a freshman dorm. “Bedmate”is
sexually specific, but “friend”is too sweetly platonic. “Boy friend”
and “girl friend” are a bit adolescent. “Partner” sounds as if they run a hardware store together.
（美国早期未婚同居现象）“情人”多少让人听起来有点淫荡；“室友”听起来有学生宿舍之味；“同床者”色情味太浓；“朋友”听起来过于富于少男少女的气息；“搭档”听起来像在一起做生意，像合伙开了一家五金商店。（270）●精确与朦胧：
It was a typical summer evening in June, the atmosphere being in such delicate equilibrium and so transmissive that inanimate objects seemed endowed with two or three senses, if not five. There was no distinction between the near the far, and an auditor felt close to everything within the horizon. The soundlessness impressed her as positive entity rather than as the mere negation of noise. It was broken by the strumming of strings. (Tess)
那是一个典型的六月黄昏。大气的平衡如此精微，传导力如此敏锐，就连冥顽的无生物也有了知觉——如果不是五种知觉的话，也有两三种。远和近已失去了差异，地平线以内的声音都仿佛近在咫尺。这一片寂静在她耳朵里并非是消极的默无声息，而仿佛是一种积极的实际存在。而这寂静却被拨弄琴弦的声音打破了。（过分“精确”，佶屈聱牙，晦涩难懂）
这是六月里特有的夏日黄昏。暮色格外柔和静美且极富感染力，连那些冥顽之物都仿佛平添了几分灵性，有了各种知觉。远近一切，难分彼此；天际间任何一丝声息，听来都恍如近在耳畔。她觉得这静寂并非单纯的悄无声息，而是一种实实在在的感受。不想这静寂却被瑟瑟的琴声打破了。（马红军译）前译中是“模糊退场”，而此译中是“模糊登场”。（275-276）r
若夫日出而林霏开，云归而岩穴暝，晦明变化者，山间之朝暮也。（欧阳修《醉翁亭记》）（The Old Drunkard?s Arbour）Now at down and dusk in this mountain come changes between light and darkness: when the sun emerges, the misty woods become clear; when the clouds hang low, the grottoes are wrapped in gloom.（277）
●曲曲折折的荷塘上面，弥望的是田田的叶子。叶子出水很高，像亭亭的舞女
的裙。层层的叶子中间，零星地点缀着些白花，有袅娜地开着的，有羞涩地打着朵儿的；正如一粒粒的明珠，又如碧天里的星星，又如刚出浴的美人。
微风过处，送来缕缕清香，仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的。All over this winding stretch of water, what meets the eyes is a silken field of leaves, reaching rather high above the surface, like the skirts of dancing girls in all their grace. Here and there, layers of leaves are dotted with white lotus blossoms, some in demure bloom, others in shy bud, like scattering pearls, or twinkling stars, or beauties just out
the bath. A breeze stirs, sending over breaths of fragrance, like faint singing drifting from a distant building.（杨宪益、戴乃迭译）
Some fishing boats were becalmed just in front of us. Their shadow slept, or almost slept, upon that water, a gentle quivering alone showing that it was not complete sleep, or if sleep, that it was sleep with dreams.
亦步亦趋的译文：一些渔船停泊在我们的眼前。渔船的影子在水面上睡着了，或者说是几乎睡着了。单单的一个轻微的颤动就显示，它没有完全地睡着，或者说，假如睡着了，那么，那也是一边睡着了，一边还在做梦。
注重意境的译文：渔舟三五，横泊眼前，樯影倒映水面，仿佛睡去，偶尔微颤，似又未尝深眠，恍若惊梦。
译文用词典雅，结构工整，意境深邃，其表意效果甚至超过原文。（280-281）
汉语在写景抒情方面的特点是虚、空，用词凝练含蓄、富于音韵和美。首先表现在景物刻画时不求明细，而求空灵静虚、隐秀含蓄，追求“象外之象”、言外之意，显得模糊、朦胧和含蓄。英语的景物描写大多是实景实写，客观理性地描绘，力求准确真实地再现自然，在遣词造句上显得客观朴实、干净利落。英语需要以语言形态来表意，在词语后面留下的想象空间就难以达到汉语的高度。
杭州境内西湖如明镜，千峰凝萃，洞壑幽深，风光绮绮。杭州的春天，淡妆艳抹，无不相宜；夏天荷香阵阵，沁人心脾；秋天，桂枝飘香，菊花斗艳；冬日，琼装玉琢，俏丽媚人。西湖以变换多姿的斗艳，令人心旷神怡。
The West Lake in Hangzhou is like a mirror, embellished all round with green hills and deep caves of enchanting beauty. Sunny or rainy, Hangzhou looks its best in spring. In summer the fragrance of lotus flowers gladdens the heart and refresh the mind. Autumn brings with it the sweet scent of laurel flowers, and chrysanthemums are in full bloom. In winter the snow scenery looks just like jade-carvings, charming and beautiful. The ever-changing aspects of the beauty of West Lake makes one carefree and joyous.
让Bill Hofmann教授润色，说：This is already a very poetic passage of the scenery in Hangzhou in different seasons. I can hardly improve it in terms of gracefulness.（281-283）
●风吹弯了路旁的树木，撕碎了店户的布幌，揭净了墙上的报单，遮昏了太阳，唱着，叫
着，吼着，回荡着！忽然直驰，像惊狂了的大精灵，扯天扯地的疾走；忽然慌乱，四面八方的乱卷，像不知怎好而决定乱撞的恶魔；忽然横扫，乘其不备的袭击着地上的一切，扭折了树枝，吹掀了屋瓦，撞断了电线；可是，祥子在那里看着；他刚从风里出来，风并没有能把他怎样了！胜利是祥子的！（老舍《骆驼祥子》）The gale bent the trees lining the road, tore the cloth shop-signs to shreds, ripped the hand-bills clean off the walls. It shrouded the sun; it sang, shouted, howled, reverberated. Sometimes it careered ahead like a huge terrified spirit, tearing heaven and earth apart in its frenzied flight; then suddenly, as if to take everything by surprise, breaking branches, carrying off roof-tiles and snapping electric wires. Yet Xiangzi stood there watching, for he had just come in out of the wind which had been powerless against him. Victory was his!（施晓箐译）
●汉语：以神驭神；英语：以形摄神
冬天，一个e冰冷的晚上。在寂寞的马路旁边，疏枝交横的树下，候着最后一辆搭客汽车的，只有我一个人。虽然不远的墙边，也蹲着一团黑影，但他却是伸手讨钱的。马路两旁，远远近近都立着灯窗明灿的别墅，向暗蓝的天空静静地微笑着。在马路上是冷冰冰的，还刮着一阵阵猛厉的风。留在枝头的一两片枯叶，也不时发出破碎的哭声。（艾芜《冬夜》）It was a cold winter night. The street was deserted. I stood alone under a tree with an entanglement of bare branches overhead, waiting for the last bus to arrive. A few paces off in the darkness there was a shadowy figure squatting against the wall, but he turned out to be
a tramp. The street was lined with fine houses, their illuminated windows beaming quietly
towards the dark blue sky. It was icy cold with a gust of strong wind howling around. A couple of withered leaves still clinging to the branches, rustled mournfully from time to time.
（300-301）
●以精确译精确：
I tried to teach the lessons I had prepared, but was met with a sea of guarded faces. As the
class was leaving, I detained the boy who had instigated the fight. I?ll call him Mark. “Lady, don?t waste your time,” he told me. “We?re the retards.” Then Mark strolled out of the room.
初译：我准备教我备好的课，可是，那一张张脸似乎都和我保持着距离。当同学们离开教室的时候，我留下了那个挑起争斗的男孩，准备称他马克。“老师，别浪费你的时间，”
他告诉我，“我们都是呆子。”说完，马克走出了教室。
改译：我正要上我备好的课，而此时刻面对我的却是一张张戒备的脸。散课时，我留住了那个挑起争斗的男孩，我称他为马克。“小姐，别浪费时间了，”他告诉我，“我们都是呆子。”说完，马克便遛腿儿似地走出了教室。（304）
I like looking at children on the verge of some new event and knowing how they feel. Like
looking at pregnant women and being able to share their mixed feeling. I like being familiar with things that once made me apprehensive. I like not being afraid to display my ignorance and ask for help. I like the confidence middle age brings.
初译：我喜欢看着孩子们遇到新闻奇事时的反应，了解他们的心境。我分享孕妇们错综复杂的情感。我沾沾自喜于熟悉了往昔使我忧心忡忡的事情。我乐于暴露自己的无知，不怕向人求教。我喜欢随着中年而来的自信心。
改译：我喜欢观察孩子们面对新事物而能揣摩其感觉；我喜欢注目孕妇而能体味其复杂心情；我喜欢了解曾令我疑惧的事物；我喜欢坦陈无知并求教他人；我喜欢人到中年的从容自信。
灵感思维的译文，其可读性往往在原文只上。如钱钟书先生所言：“（我）发现自己宁可
读林纾的译文，不乐意读哈葛德的原文。”例如：
You must know such people. They are not rich people perfectly healthy, or people without sorrows. On the contrary, they have had a full measure of misfortune. But they have never faltered in their outlook on life, in their supreme faith in all things working together for good, in their belief that they are in this world to help where help is needed. What a consolation such people are! We go to them in entire confidence. We leave them the better and the brighter, with a firmer step, and the determination to win through our difficulties.
我们肯定认识这样的人。他们并不富有，并非身强体健，也非事事顺心。相反，他们曾经遭遇过形形色色的不幸。但是，他们从未动摇过自己的人生观，他们崇尚一切都会变得更好，相信他们在这个世界上就是为了帮助那些需要帮助的人。这样的人能给我们多大的安慰啊！我们信心十足地投奔他们，离开时，我们豁然开朗、步伐坚定，并带着战胜一切困难的决心。
将go to them译成了“投奔他们”，在口吻上，在语义的传递上，岂不更值得玩味？（306）●以精确译模糊
满树金花，方向四溢的金桂；花白如雪，香气扑鼻的银桂；红里透黄，花多味浓的紫砂桂；花色似银，季季有花的四季桂；竞相开放，争妍媲美。进入桂林公园，阵阵桂香扑鼻而来。The Park of Sweet Osmanthus is noted for its profusion of osmanthus trees. Flowers from these trees in different colours are in full bloom which pervade the whole park with fragrance of their blossoms.（307）
二十岁的时候，老妈打电话，不等说完三句就恨不能挂了电话。三十岁之后，一听到妈的声音就禁不住哭出声来：“妈呀，您老的所有担心现在都应验了……”
1．At the age of twenty, when mother phones me, I am anxious to hang up immediately.
After the age of thirty, on hearing mother?s voice on the phone, I cannot help crying out,
“Mom, all that you worried about have come true.”
2．At age of twenty, while talking with my mother over the phone, I would hang up before my mother had hardly any utterance. After thirty the voice of Mom invariably triggers
my weep and wail, “Mom, your worries about my marriage have all come true.”
（307-308）
●以模糊译精确
She loved him well not to detect from the deepened line between his eyes and a score of other minute signs that he had received an unexpected blow. (A. Cronin: The Citadel)
原译：她太爱他了，不可能从两眼间那道加深了的纹路和二十来种其他琐细的形迹上瞧出来，他受到了一个以外的打击。
改译：他深爱着他，能轻易地从他的眉宇间那变深的纹路和许多别的琐细形迹上瞧出来，
从翻译美学角度 对比分析《声声慢》英文译本 姓名：邢娜 学号：2120111442
从翻译美学角度对比分析《声声慢》英文译本 姓名：邢娜 学号：2120111442 摘要：诗歌是人类文学殿堂的瑰宝，是最为纯粹的文学形式。古诗英译不能仅仅 满足于忠实对等，更要在目的语中再现美感。本文从讨论翻译美学和翻译学“三美”，即意美，音美和形美出发阐述了诗歌翻译美学，并在解读李清照的《声声慢》的基础上，对美国肯尼思.雷克斯罗斯、我国许渊冲和徐忠杰的三种英文译 本做了详细的对比分析，进一步诠释了翻译诗歌美学，并对比总结出“三美原则” 在译作中的艺术体现。 关键词：《声声慢》，翻译美学，“三美”，译本，艺术 第一章李清照与《声声慢》 李清照（1084—约1151），号易安居士，山东历城（今济南市）人，著名学 者李格非之女，自幼博通诗书。她写的词风格清新，语言明白如话，在艺术上独 有成就，曾被称为“易安体”，被目为婉约派正宗，对词的看法相当保守。其词 前期多写悠闲生活，后期多悲叹身世，苍凉沉郁，有的也流露出对中原的怀念。《声声慢》，中国文学史上的“叠音绝唱”，是李清照后期因国破家亡流落异乡 所作的词，是其代表作之一。这首词一共用了九次叠音，尤其是开篇七叠连用，音凄情苦，自古以来令人哀伤叹绝。 李清照在宋代众多词人中，可以说是独树一帜，此首《声声慢》是她晚年的 名作，历来为人们所称道。此时正值外敌入侵，她在故乡山东的房子也被敌兵付 之一炬。丈夫已病死，而夫妻二人费尽半生心血所收藏的金石文物也在慌忙避难 过程中丢失殆尽。作者当时已经年近五十，这一连串的打击使她尝尽了国破家亡、颠沛流离的苦痛。于是在深秋的某一天，作者写下了《声声慢》这首词，通过描
中国人民大学学报2007年第5期J OU RNAL OF RENMIN UNIV ERSIT Y OF CHINA No15 2007 中国当代翻译美学发展的回顾与思考 李 洁 [摘要] 中国当代翻译美学立足于中国传统译论,并对之进行现代转换,吸收西方译论的研究和论证方法,借鉴现代美学的基本理论和结构框架来阐释翻译的机制和功能。经过十几年的发展,它已经成为一个具有中国特色的、具有跨学科特点的、有别于西方翻译理论模式的翻译研究学派,使中国的翻译理论带上了鲜明的民族特色。翻译美学还有待进一步发展和完善,它体现着中国译学的发展和创新,有利于中国翻译理论在世界译论界占有一席之地。 [关键词] 翻译美学;翻译理论;传统译论 [作者简介] 李洁:苏州大学外国语学院博士研究生,辽宁大学外国语学院讲师(辽宁沈阳110036) 当前,在大量引进西方翻译理论加强我国翻译学科建设的同时,一些学者提出了翻译研究的本土视角观念,即建设有中国特色的翻译理论,并使中国译论走向世界。许渊冲、刘宓庆等学者在这方面做出了很大贡献。“中国翻译学要不要有中国特色实际上是一个文化价值观取向的问题。”[1](Pvii)“中国的翻译理论体系,完全不必步西方后尘,东西方可以各有千秋,相互借鉴。”[2](Pxiv)翻译美学在当前就被认为是这样一个具有中国特色的、具有跨学科特点的、有别于西方翻译理论模式的翻译理论学派,它使中国的翻译理论带上了鲜明的民族特色。 本文对中国当代翻译美学发展做回顾和梳理,旨在理清脉络,总结得失,发现问题,对翻译美学理论的发展和完善进行思考和探讨。 一、翻译美学理论是有中国特色的翻译理论 在方梦之主编的《译学辞典》中,翻译美学被界定为:“揭示译学的美学渊源,探讨美学对译学的特殊意义,用美学的观点来认识翻译的科学性和艺术性,并运用美学的基本原理,提出翻译不同文本的审美标准,分析、阐释和解决语际转换中的美学问题。在充分认识翻译审美客体(原文)和审美主体(译者)基本属性的基础上,剖析客体的审美构成和主体的翻译能动作用,明确审美主体与审美客体之间的关系,提供翻译中审美再现的类型和手段,以指导翻译实践。”[3] 为什么说翻译美学理论是有中国特色的翻译理论呢? 第一,中国的传统译论几乎都具有哲学—美学渊源。从支谦的“不加文饰”,道安的“案本而传”,玄奘的“文质统一,圆满调和”,到严复的“信达雅”,马建忠的“神似”,傅雷的“重神似不重形似”,以及钱钟书的“化境”理论,等等,可以说,中国传统译论的理论基础就是美学(指体现在中国传统诗论、文论、书论和画论中的古典文艺美学思想)。无论是翻译理论的术语,还是翻译研究的方法都受美学的影响,体现着美学的特点。可见,翻译理论与美学联姻是我们的传统和特色,而当代的翻译美学理论研究是对我国传统的继承和发扬。 — 9 3 1 —
四种翻译方法 1.直译和意译 所谓直译，就是在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中既保持原文的内容，又保持原文的形式——特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。 每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、句法结构和表达方法。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时，就应采用意译法。意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容，但可以不拘泥与原文的形式。（张培基） 应当指出，在再能确切的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下，直译有其可取之处，一方面有助于保存原著的格调，另一方面可以进新鲜的表达方法。 Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal translation must be used. Free translation is also called liberal translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the original.（郭著章） 直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下，在英译文中完全保留汉语词语的指称意义，求得内容和形式相符的方法。
第一单元词语的翻译（1） 增词法 汉英两种语言在词法和句法结构方面存在着极大的差别。例如，英语中有词形变化，汉语中没有；英语中大量用连词、介词、关系代词等，而汉语中各成分往往通过内在的关系贯串在一起，不一定或很少使用连词和介词，也没有关系代词。所以，翻译时常常有必要在译文的词量上作适当的增加，使译文既能忠实地传达原文的内容和风格，又能符合译入语的表达习惯，但是增词必须是根据具体情况增加非增加不可的词语。 汉译英中的增词 一、根据句法结构需要增词 1．增补主语 汉语里无主语的句子相当多，汉译英时常常要根据上下文的意思选择适当的代词或名词补做主语。增加什么样的主语则取决于上下文。 例1：不坚持就会失败。 One will fail unless —one perseveres． 例2：怕要下雨了。 I am afraid it is going to rain. 例3：又要马儿跑得快，又要马儿不吃草，简直可笑! You want the horse to run fast and yet you don’t 1et it graze．Isn’t it ridiculous! 2．增补非人称的或强调句中的it 英语中it除了指天气、时间等外，还常用来表示强调、代替不定式等。汉语中有许多表达方法，英译时需增补it。 例4：一天天冷起来了。 It is getting colder day by day． 例5：是我们采取有效措施的时候了。 It’s time we took effective measures. 例6：尝试而失败还是比不尝试好。 It’s better to try and fail than never try at a1l． 从以上例句可以看出汉英语言表达思想顺序的不同。如果一个句子里既有叙事部分，又有表态部分，在汉语里往往是叙事在前，表态在后。叙事部分比较长，表语部分一般都很短(如句中的“不容易”、“容易”、“好”)。在英语中则往往相反，表态在前，叙事在后。所以译文中要增补it作先行主语，以便把较短的表态部分放在前面。 下面两个例句中it起强调作用。 例7：我们费了很大力气才解决了那些问题。 It was with great effort that we solved those problems． 例8：我们这样做都是为了你好。 It was for your benefit that we did all that． 3. 增补作宾语的代词或先行宾语it 在汉语中，只要从上下文能正确理解，宾语常常可以省略，但在英语中凡及物动词都得有宾语，因此在英译时经常要增补宾语。 例9：我们认为理论与实践相结合是十分重要的。 We think it most important that theory should be combined with practice．
西方美学 西方美学，浩如烟海，一人乃至一代人抑或几代人穷全部精力，对其进行精细深微的研究。下面我将从整化、原则、思维方式及其效果四个方面谈谈对西方美学过去、现在及其未来的认识。 一、过去时期 过去时期的美学即西方古典美学，主要是西方哲学的一个组成部分，黑格尔写过近百万字的美学讲稿，那也是黑格尔哲学体系的一个组成部分。 我们可以看到西方古典美学的第一个特点――追求哲学整化，即美学不是独立的，而是依附于哲学的，是为哲学构架的整体化服务的。这方面与中国古典美学大不一样。中国古典美学主要是通过艺术理论表现的。象意境这个概念，《诗式》、《姜斋诗话》、《人间词话》论述它的很多，哲学著作论述的就很少。可是，西方古典美学的大量命题，大多是由哲学家提出，并通过整体的哲学构思来讨论的。就说美学这个名字吧，鲍姆嘉通在1750年提出来的时候就不是为了专门创立美学这门学科的，而是因为他看到人类心理活动既然分成知情意三部分，相应哲学体系就有一个漏洞，因为研究知的有逻辑学，研究意的有伦理学，而研究情的却一直没有一门相应的科学。鉴于这种情况，他专门设立了美学这门学科，以此来完成哲学构架的整体化。 我认为，重要的不是指出西方古典美学的哲学整化倾向，而是分析产生这种倾向的原因。亚理士多德有一句话说得好：“古往今来人们开始哲理探索，都应起源于对自然万物的惊异。”这说明：西方古典哲学是从对自然和现实的认识开始的，目的是把认识现实化，借助手段达到实现这种现实化的目的。自然和现实中有美的现象，也有其他一些现象，哲学家就是要对这些现象进行本体化、认识论、方法论的反思，通过这些反思构筑自己的哲学体系，帮助人们认识世界和改造世界，这样，哲学家们很自然地把包括美的现象在内的一切现象进行哲学反思，从而提出，阐释这些现象存在的一系列问题，当然包括美学问题。中国古代哲学家为什么不能如此呢?原因在于中国古代哲学家多是帮皇帝作治国安邦的哲学解释，所以，他们讲究“德”、“礼”、“仁义”、“孝”，而不去深究那些“好象不作边际不合实用的希腊智者所醉心的宇宙根源问题以及认识自然与一般知识技能的问题”加上中国是个人伦的社会，哲学家对人伦关系关心较多，对自然和现实中的审美关系就不如西方人那么关心了。其次，中西文化背景也不同，西方文化注重人与自然的各种关系，包括审美关系，所以，西方哲学家们在建造自己的理论体系时必然会考虑到审美关系;中国文化是一种化，中国哲学家即使考虑了艺术中的一些美学问题，也用“载道”、“教化”之类予以论证，使中国古代美学不能象西方古代美学那样纳入哲学文化的框架之中，而纳入人伦文化的整体意识之中。 第二，西方古典美学强调理性原则。这里所说的理性原则包括两个方面:一是在研究方式上从哲学入手讨论美学，二是在研究内容上强调美与真的关系。前者在前个段落中已作了说明。就后者来说，我们可以把它与中国美学相比较来论证。中国哲学讨论的最多最高的问题是善，孔子强调仁学，《论语?学而》说：“泛爱众而亲仁”，他还说:“人而不仁，如乐何”，都是讲伦理道德问题。道家虽然不同意儒家的道德论，但也有自已的道德论，追求自然无为，不受拘束的道德境界，《庄子》说的“无为而无不为”、“澹然无极而众美众之”“依乎天理”，正之所谓也，所以，中国所讲的理性是道德理性，美学上重视的是美与善的结合。西方美学也有研究美与善的关系的，但是更突出地是强调美与真的联系。维柯曾说：“人类首先进行的是没有感知的感觉，其次才以不安和激动的灵魂来感知，最终才以纯粹的头脑来自省。这才是评价诗的真正原则。诗形成于情欲和感觉，有别于形成于理性自省的哲学，所以哲学越提高到普遍，就越接近于真；而诗越掌握特殊，就越实”。（4）从维柯对诗、诗评与哲学区别中不难看出:西方哲学追求的是真的境界，而不是道德伦理境界。由这种哲学派生出来的美学也是以求真为最高境界，比如说，西方较早关心审美的毕达哥拉斯提出美与和谐、数的比例的关系，实际上给美注入理性的基因。吉尔伯特和库恩说：“数是现实的本质这种一般假设，在音乐里最明显地表现出来。因此，毕达哥拉斯主义者的哲学结论，促使他们对音乐的本质及其相互关系进行研究，并试图以数的比例来说明这种关系。”（5）到西方古典美学的一个集大成者黑格尔手里，美完全成为理念活动的一种表现形态，他直言不讳地说：“对于我们，艺术作为一种特殊科学对象，须先有所假定。”（6）这个假定就是哲学或理念，他还说：“美，就它是真来说，也存在着。当真在它的这种外在存在中是直接呈现于意识，而且它的概念是直接和它的外在现象处于统一体时，理念就不仅是真的而且是美的了。美固此可以下这样的定义:美就是理念的感性显现。”（7）可见，黑格尔从他研究美学的西方古典美学的这种理性原则与哲学整化是一致的。 哲学尤其是认识论的哲学的主要任务是求真，哲学把美学纳入自己的构架之中，也要求美学服从哲学的这种主、体营造任务，服从哲学的逻辑演绎的规则，不能游离于哲学的求真之外专门研究美学。因此，西方哲学家实际上有的也是美学家，有的美学家也是哲学家。比如康德，主要是为了哲学整化来讨美论学，从而把美与真、善连结起来的，所以，谢林说：“哲学的普遍官能――整个哲学的拱心石――乃是艺术的哲学。”（8）因为哲学要求美学从属于自己，所以，黑格尔也根据追求哲学普遍性的总体构想来定义美，认为“美和真具有同一本质，只是形式不同”（9）。我们看到：中国古典哲学的任务与西方古典哲学的任务不同，对美学的要求也就有差异。中国古典美学讲究“发乎情，止于礼义”，而不大看重美与真的内在联系，中国古典美学中很少有作品把美看作真的象征，而西方古典美学中把美作为真的象征的人就相当多，这种观点的影响也相当大。 第三，由于西方古典美学追求哲学整化，讲究理性原则，所以，它在思维方式上必然采取形而上或自上而下的方式。比较起来，中国古代美学直观的把握要突出一些，中国古代美学家多数是文艺评论家和作家，那些研究了美学问题的哲学家如朱熹、王夫之的文艺造诣很深，喜爱从品味艺术的角度把握艺术，所以中国古典美学是直观的、经验的、形象的、缺乏系统的。西方古典美学则是理性的、抽象的、演绎的、
第二讲英汉句式结构对比与翻译 如果说词是最小的可以独立运用的意义单位，那么句子是语言的基本运用单位。一般情况下，进行语篇翻译时，无论是英译汉还是汉译英，基本上都是以句子为翻译单位的。尤其是英译汉时，即使是一个很长的句子，一般也要将整个句子通盘考虑，搞清整个句子的逻辑关系才能将句子翻译成既能忠实传达原文信息、风格、逻辑关系又能保持通顺的中文。 如果是汉译英，有时句子较长，可以根据意群进行切分，然后将切分开的句子逐句译为英文。将英汉两种语言的句式结构进行对比，了解两种语言在句式结构上的异同之处，对翻译来说是非常重要的一环。 英文句式结构 英文句式结构基本上都可以归纳为主谓结构，即S+V（主语+谓语动词）的结构，即使是祈使句，也不过是省略了主语的句子。英文的句子结构在S+V的结构上可以扩展，但总不外乎五种基本变化。 （1）S+V：He langhed. （2）S+V+Ｏ：Mary is reading Harry Potter. 3）S+V+Ｏ＋Ｏ.c. We heard them quarrelling. （4）S+V+I.O+D.C He gave me some first-hand marerial. （5）S+link.V+P He is in dangerous situation. 以上这些句型充分显示出英文的基本句式结构是主谓结构，而且这是一种高度语法化的句式结构，其中主语一般是动作的发出者（doer\agent)或动作的承受者（doee)，即整个句子分别为主动语态和被动语态。 用上述主谓结构来套中文的句子模式，有一部分汉语句子与上述英语句子基本是对应的。例（1）至（5）的意思，中文也有与英文相似的结构，分别为： （１）Ｃ：他笑了。 （２）Ｃ：玛丽在读《哈里.波特》。 （3）C：我们听见他们争吵。 （4）C：他给我一些一手资料。 （5）C：他处于危险的境地。/他处境危险。 二、中文句式结构 （一）主谓结构（S + V ） 例1：他没来。（S + V ） He didin’t come. 例2：全家人都在看电视。(S + V + O) The family are watching TV. 例3：我们看到很多人站在广场上。( S + V + O + O.C ) We saw many people standing on the square. 例4：你能递给我那本书吗？( S + V + I.O + D.C) Would you please pass me the book? 例5：他看上去很失望。（S + link. V + P） He looks disappointed.
英语翻译练习
1. 我写此信的目的是向你解释我上次缺课的原因。 I’m writing to explain to you the reason why I was absent from your lecture last time. 2. 首先，我们要对网络持有有正确的态度。 First of all /Firstly/ To begin with/First/In the first place/Initially, we should take a proper attitude to/towards the Internet. 3. 如图所示，每周上网15个小时的中学生占了 60%。 As is shown in the graph/ As the graph shows, those who surf the net over 15 hours account for /make up/ 60 percent of all students. 4.另外，我口语流利，可以和外国朋友自由交流。 Besides/ In addition, I can speak fluent English and communicate with foreigners easily. 5. 大家普遍认为网络在信息社会越来越重要。 It’s generally accepted that the Internet is playing an increasingly important part/role in our information society. 6. 网络能提供国内外各种各样的信息，这有助于我们更好地了解世界。 The internet can provide all kinds of latest information both at home and abroad, which helps us understand the world better. 7. 学校应该开放图书馆、实验室，方便学生使用这些资源。 The school library, labs and computer rooms should be opened, so that the students can have easy access to the resources. 8. 一旦人迷上了一种爱好，其兴趣会持续一生。可见培养良好的兴趣是多么重要！ Once one really becomes absorbed in a hobby, his or her interest may last a life time. So developing good hobbies is of vital importance. 9. 众所周知，如今适应社会是一项基本技能。 It’s known to us all that adapting to society is a basic social skill nowadays. As is known to us all, adapting --- 10. 根据最新的调查，中学生每周上网的时间达到了15个小时。 According to a recent survey, middle-school students spend up to 15 hours a week on the net. 11.希望感兴趣的同学能积极参与这项活动。 Those who are interested in the activity are expected to take an active part in it. 12. 我不仅能当导游，还能当翻译。我一定能成为一个出色的志愿者。 I can not only act as a guide, but also as an interpreter. I’m sure I can be an excellent volunteer. 13. 除了这些传统的活动外，还有旅游、访友等其他活动。 In addition to/Besides/Apart from these traditional activities, we have wider choices, such as travelling and visiting our relatives. 14. 我认为每个学生都申请清华、北大是不明智的。因为这两所名校每年录取的学生有限。 I don’t think it (is) wise for every student to apply for Tsinghua University and Beijing University because the number of students (who are) admitted to the two famous universities is limited every year. 15.然而，大多数学生反对网上交友。 However, the majority of the students are against the idea of making friends online.
西方美学研究学号： 西 方 现 代 美 学 学院： 学号：
年级： 姓名： 与西方美学有关的十本书： 朱光潜《西方美学史》，江苏人民出版社，2015年6月1日 朱光潜《文艺心理学》，复旦大学出版社，2009年4月 朱光潜《悲剧心理学》，江苏文艺出版社，2009年5月 邓晓芒《康德哲学讲演录》，广西师范大学出版社，2005年 易中天《破门而入》，复旦大学出版社，2007年4月1日 歌德《论文学艺术》，上海人民出版社，2005年1月1日 斯坦尼斯拉夫斯基《我的艺术生活》，上海译文出版社，2005年4月丹纳《艺术哲学》，当代世界出版社，2009年10月 邓肯《邓肯自传》，国际文化出版公司，2010年5月1日 克罗齐《美学原理》，上海人民出版社，2007年4月1日 参考资料： 李斯托威尔《近代美学史评述》、佩特《文艺复兴》、王尔德《狱中记》、赫伯特·里德《艺术的真谛》、克莱尔·贝尔《艺术》、梅纽因《人类的音乐》、罗丹《罗丹艺术论》、康·帕乌斯托夫斯基《金玫瑰》、歌德《歌德谈话录》、朱光潜《西方美学史》
西方现代美学的历史使命，首先就是破除艺术从属论，确立艺术的独立地位。现代美学以克罗齐和洛特曼对黑格尔的艺术从属论的批驳为主要标志。 西方现代美学的流派众多，观点纷呈，但都以艺术独立理论为发展主线。 艺术是否具有独立的地位，它与哲学、宗教等的关系如何，这是美学研究的一个核心问题，任何美学理论最终都必须对此作出明确的回答。 西方现代美学演变历史 西方古典美学中的柏拉图、康德、黑格尔都是艺术从属论的代表。柏拉图从哲学角度评判诗与艺术没有真理性，亚里士多德则认为诗与艺术反映了事物的一般规律，具有普遍性，更具有哲学性。这两种争论一直贯穿于西方美学思想发展史。而黑格尔提出哲学最终将取代艺术，而把艺术从属论发展到了巅峰。克罗齐“度的理论”的出现，黑格尔的以艺术从属论为内核的艺术消亡论，确立起艺术的独立地位，最终使得西方古典美学演变至现代美学。 现代美学又突出两个路线：一是艺术与自然的关系，一是艺术的
填空题复习资料： 1.翻译人才在中国古代被称作象寄之才/象胥/舌人。 2.东晋时期的道安提出 “按本而传”的翻译思想,被人们称为直译的鼻祖。 3.六朝时期鸠摩罗什曾提出“改梵为秦，失其藻蔚，虽得大意，殊隔文体，有似嚼饭与人，非徒失味，乃令呕哕也。”主张“依实出华。” 被人们称为意译的鼻祖。 4.《春秋谷梁传》中记载了孔子的“名从主人，物从中国”的翻译思想，而该译论比古罗马哲人西塞罗提出的“不要逐字翻译”早四五百年。 5.三国时期的支谦所作《法句经序》被看作是我国第一篇有关翻译的论文。钱钟书在其《管锥编》中指出：“严复译《天演论》牟例所 标：‘译事三难：信、达、雅’，三字皆已见此序。” 6.中国译学理论中不同时期的翻译标准可大致描述为：案本—求信—神似—化境—忠实，通顺—翻译标准多元互补论。 7. 按翻译题材，翻译可分为文学翻译、政论翻译、应用文翻译和科技翻译。 8．20世纪50年代初，傅雷在《〈高老头〉重译本序》中提出了“所求的不在形似而在神似”的重要观点；60年代初，钱钟书在《林纾的翻译》中提出了“化境”的翻译标准。 9. Translations are like women—when they are faithful they are not beautiful, when they are beautiful they are not faithful. 此比喻与我国老子的一个说法不谋而合。老子说：“信言不美、美言不信”。 10．20世纪90年代，美籍意大利学者韦努蒂（Lawrence Venuti ）提出了抵抗式翻译/反翻译resistance translation翻译理论，该理论对于提高译者的地位很有帮助，但还不足以构成新的范式。 11.斯内尔-霍恩比（Mary Snell-Hornby）在其2006年的新著 《翻译研究的多重转向》中介绍：20世纪80年代，西方翻译研究出现文化转向；90年代出现实证论转向和全球化转向；而进入新世纪，翻译研究又回到了语言学时代，出现了“U字形转向”（U-turn）。 12. 1964年, 奈达博士在《翻译科学初探》(Toward a Science of Translating)一书中将译文读者引入翻译标准，提出了功能翻译（Functional Equivalence）(请用中英文填写)的翻译原则。 13．辜正坤在全国首届翻译理论研讨会上提出了“翻译标准多元互补论”，在该理论体系中,提出了翻译的最高标准是最佳近似度，这是一个形同虚设的抽象标准，真正有意义的是一大群具体标准。
翻译美学论 湖北荆州长江大学东校区外语系 蔡银慧 [摘 要]翻译与美的结合产生了另外一门年轻充满活力的学科:翻译美学。翻译美学以美为特征。本文先简述美的渊源及表现,接着强调了译者求美的要求,最后论述了如何求美。 [关键词]翻译 美学 美 真 一、引言:在众多的人文学科中,翻译与美学的结合,乃珠联壁合;翻译与美学的结合,乃人作之合。 二、翻译美学的渊源及表现 中国传统翻译理论历史悠久,若从最初的佛经译论算起,至今已有1800多年的历史。回顾其漫长的发展史,我们不难发现几乎所有的译论命题都有其美学渊源。历史的定势和文化整体形态的趋现促使译学与美学“相融”,且“浑然一体”。支谦的“不加”文饰,道安的“案本而传”,严复的“译事三难”(信,达,雅),付雷的“神似说”,钱钟书的“化境说”以及许渊冲的“三美论”(音美,形美,意美)等等,皆表明译学与美学结下了不解之缘。这些译论蕴涵着丰富的美学思想,具有显著的文论色彩和贵信,贵和,贵含蓄的美学特征。从美学的特定视角来考察我国译论的思维模式:它更倾向于感情地而非理性地,体验地而非分析地,主观地而非客观地看待翻译及欣赏译文。同时,中国传统译论的理论基础就是美学。显而易见,中国的翻译具有鲜明的美学特征。 爱美之心,人皆有之。语言求美,达意求美,中外皆然也!为求“联想之美”汉语形容女孩子的脸为“鹅蛋脸”(o val face),而不说“鸭蛋脸”;为求“形象之美”,英语用“zebra cr ossing”(斑马线)来表示人行横道线;为求“幽默之美”,英语称第二职业者为“mo onlig ht”(to w or k at anot her job,o ften at nig ht,in additio n to o ne's full-tim e job);为求“静态之美”,英语翻译不管成功与否,我要试一试.“为”I'll have a tr y,sink or sw im.“中外虽然文化习俗各异,也同时求含蓄之美。如,He w as bot h out of po ckets and o ut of spir its by t hat catastr ophe,faild in his health and pro phesied t he speedy r uin of the empir e.(J.M.T hacker ay V anity Fair)其译文为:灾难过后,他的精神蔫了,口袋扁了,身体也不好了,还预言大英帝国很快就会垮台。原文用委婉语o ut of po ckets来替代po or,bankr upt等刺耳而又难以启齿的词,且与o ut of spirits两相照应,对比成趣。译者为了再现其含蓄美,通过联想,用口袋扁了来译之,又一次地把“幽默之美”,“智慧之美”展现的淋漓尽致。美的形式,美的表现有多种,这就使得翻译美学的美千姿百态,引人入胜。 三、译者求美的要求 翻译的过程本身就是一个美化的过程,译者犹如美的使者,把一种美诠释为另一种美。美感就是译者的直觉,是译者艺术气息的挥洒。美感之与他们,犹如灵魂之与肉体,依附于它,却又漂浮不定,译者的翻译若能达此境界,实在是难能可贵。因此,译者在展现美,创造美的过程中,需要注意以下三点: (1)求真尽管爱因斯坦说过,真与美比较,美更重要。求“真不得”,怎言“美”?美富于创造性,美富于想象性。然而美只有在真的基础上,创造性地发挥译语的优势,才能上升为真正的“美”。请看译例: 浔阳江头夜送客,枫叶荻花秋瑟瑟。 主人下马客在船,举酒欲饮无管弦。 其中“主人下马客在船”分别被译为: 1.T he ho st alig hts fr om his hor se,the g uest is aboar d.(唐诗选) 2.I,the host,dismo unted and saw the guest in the bo at. (许渊冲译) 3.Hav ing dismounted our ho rses and boar ded his boat.(张廷琛,魏博思译) 译文1可以把它回译为“主人下了马,客人上了船”,就想是主人下马了之后,目送客人乘船而去。这就和原文的意思大相径庭了;译文2也犯了同样的错误,此句可以回译为“我下了马,看见客人上了船”,好象主人站在岸上目送客人离去。只有译文抓住了原句互文的修辞手法,使译文的意境和原文的意境达到了统一,且没有更改原文的意思。这才真正体现了翻译的真。译文3可以回译为“我们下了马,一齐上了船。” 亦步亦趋,从遣词到选句只是一味得临摹原文,那只是一种机械的翻译方法。没有再现原文的意境,没有转换原文的修辞,没有保持原文的韵味,那就算不上真,更谈不上美。因此,译者不能顾此失彼,应始终以真为根基,然后再去求美。 (2)求全这里的全不是指较全面地反映原文的内涵,而是指应该较全面地存储另一种语言文化,语言背景。这样才能折射出译者的文化内涵修养及智慧之美。如Q ueen's English就不是指女王的具体言辞,而是代表正统的标准的英语。Baby kisser 是“吻婴儿的人”,但暗指那些为拉选票,讨好选民的政客。A m-bulance Chaser不是“追赶救护车的人”,而是指见了官司就趋之若骛的“惟利是图的低级律师”。再来看看另外一个谚语的精彩翻译一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。其译文为:O ne bo y is a bo y,two bo ys half t he boy,t hr ee boys no bo y。如能透彻理解此谚语寓意,在翻译中就无障碍。每一种语言都有自己独特的表达方式,也是另外一种语言无法对等解释的。这就需要译者不断积累,不断补充,再进行创造性地运用,这样美的影子才会突现出来。 (3)求合这里的合指原文的意境与译文的意境相吻合。虽然各种语言都有自己独特的表达方式,另一种语言无法对等解释。但这就又给译者一个巨大的挑战。译者需要有较强的语言转换功能,从而达到两种不同语言的“意合美”。Ev ery life has its ro ses and t ho r ns.译文为每个人的生活有苦有甜。这里把ro ses 和tho rns这两个具体的形象引申为这两个形象所代表的属性甜和苦。这里的译文既完美地展现了原文的意境,有表明了译者扎实的语言转换功底,美感就随之跃然纸上。再来看看这句俗话生在杭州,吃在广州,死在柳州。从表现看,如缺少语感美,其译文将是It's g oo d to live in Hangzhou,t o eat in G uang zho u,and to die in L iuzho u.这当然不算错,可是总是感觉它缺少了一种美的东西,没有将原文的那种意合之美展现出来。然而译者就不能简单机械翻译,需要尽可能地对等再现原文的韵味。富有语感美的译者,其译文将是:T her e ar e thr ee best cho ices in chi-na——living in Hang zho u,eat ing in Guangzhou and buy ing a wo oden co ffin in L iuzho u. 四、如何求美 (1)音韵美节奏韵律是诗歌的灵魂。好的诗歌在欣赏时若能把握其格律,那就是在欣赏一首动听的歌。好的译者在解译时若能用心去感知去品味,那他也是在谱写另一首动听的歌。看看下面的原文与译文: O,Capta in!M y Capt ain! O Captain!M y Captain!Our fearful tr ip is do ne, T he ship has w eather'd ev ery r ack,the pr ize w e soug ht is wo n, T he por t is near,the bells I hear,the peo ple all ex ulting, While follow eyes the steady keel,the vessel g rim and dar-ing, But O heart!heart!hear t! O the bleeding dr ops of r ed! Wher e on the deck my Ca ptain lies, Fallen cold and dead. (W alt Whitm an) — 115 —
高一英语翻译技巧和方法完整版及练习题及解析 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Translation: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．究竟是什么激发小王学习电子工程的积极性？(motivate) 2．网上支付方便了客户，但是牺牲了他们的隐私。(at the cost of) 3．让我的父母非常满意的是，从这个公寓的餐厅可以俯视街对面的世纪公园，从起居室也可以。(so) 4．博物馆疏于管理，展品积灰，门厅冷落，急需改善。(whose) 【答案】 1．What on earth has motivated Xiao Wang’s enthusiasm/ initiative to major in electronic engineering? 2．Online payment brings convenience to consumers at the cost of their privacy. 3．To my parents’ satisfaction, the dining room of this apartment overlooks the Century Park opposite the street and so it is with the sitting room. 或者What makes my parents really satisfy is that they can see the Century Park from the dining room of this apartment, so can they from the living room. 4．This museum is not well managed, whose exhibits are covered with dust, and there are few visitors, so everything is badly in need of improvement. 或The museum whose management is reckless, whose exhibits are piled with dust and whose lobby is deserted, requires immediate improvement. 【解析】 1．motivate sb to do sth 激发某人做某事，on earth究竟，major in 以…为专业，enthusiasm/ initiative热情/积极性，故翻译为What on earth has motivated Xiao Wang’s enthusiasm/ initiative to major in electronic engineering? 2．online payment网上支付，brings convenience to给…带来方便，at the cost of以…为代价，privacy隐私，故翻译为Online payment brings convenience to consumers at the cost of their privacy. 3．To my parents’ satisfaction令我父母满意的是，后者也那样so it is with。也可以用主语从句What makes my parents really satisfy 表语从句thatthey can see the Century Park from the dining room of this apartment。overlooks俯视，opposite the street街对面，living room 起居室。故翻译为To my parents’ satisfaction, the dining room of this apartment overlooks the Century Park opposite the street and so it is with the sitting room.或者What makes my parents really satisfy is that they can see the Century Park from the dining room of this apartment, so can they from the living room. 4．not well managed/ management is reckless疏于管理，be covered with dust/ be piled with dust被灰尘覆盖，few visitors游客稀少，be badly in need of improvement/ requires immediate improvement亟需改善。故翻译为his museum is not well managed, whose exhibits
第八节正反译法 一英语为肯定式，汉语译作否定式 1. The first bombs missed the target. 2. Predictably, it was Mike who released the secret to Mary. 3. The explanation is pretty thin. 4. It was beyon d his ability to undertake this task. 5. Time is what we want most, but what, alas, many use worst. 6. The general would rather fight to death before he surrendered. 7. Both sides thought that the peace proposal was one they could accept with dignity. 8. Don’t lose time in cleaning this machine. 9. I dropped medicine and took up physics． 10. He failed to set a good example for his kids. 二英语为否定式，汉语译作肯定式 1. He manifested a strong dislike for his father’s business. 2. He was an indecisive sort of person. 3. The examination left no doubt that the patient had died of cancer. 4. Don’t lose the opportunities to practice English. 5. Some people can eat what they like and get no fatter． 6. The washroom is at the next corner，you can't miss it． 三同一词语，既可译作肯定式，又可译作否定式 1. The machine is far from being complicated. 2. She is anything but a bright student. 3. The square is no distance at all. 翻译实践: 1. She was at a loss to know what to do.