当前位置:文档之家› 英语词汇立体学习法课题工作计划详细版

英语词汇立体学习法课题工作计划详细版

英语词汇立体学习法课题工作计划详细版
英语词汇立体学习法课题工作计划详细版

文件编号:GD/FS-1039

(计划范本系列)

英语词汇立体学习法课题工作计划详细版

When The Goal Is Established, It Analyzes The Internal And External Conditions Of Organization, And Puts Forward The Organizational Goals To Be Achieved And The Ways To Achieve Them.

编辑:_________________

单位:_________________

日期:_________________

英语词汇立体学习法课题工作计划

详细版

提示语:本计划文件适合使用于目标确立时,根据对组织外部环境与内部条件的分析,提出在未来一定时期内要达到的组织目标以及实现目标的方案途径。文档所展示内容即为所得,可在下载完成后直接进行编辑。

第一阶段工作计划

1.成立课题小组、确定实验课题,在对课题的开展背景和课题的发展趋势有详细了解的基础上,制定实施方案,并制订科研制度。

2.进行组内分工。

3.进行资料和文献的收集、整理和学习。通过网络下载黎学智教授的《英语词汇逻辑记忆法》专题讲座材料,对“英语词汇逻辑记忆法”进行专项学习。够买黎学智教授的《初中英语词汇逻辑记忆法》。下载邱大炮的《黑英语》资料,以及一些英语词汇学习方法的文章或论述。

4.对部分材料进行整理和学习。把黎学智教授的《英语词汇逻辑记忆法》专题讲座材料制成幻灯片。

5.对参与成员进行多媒体课件制作基本功的培训。

6.加强硬件与软件建设。计划购买个人电脑,坚持日常的学习和多媒体的培训。购买u盘以备考制资料,互相学习。

第二阶段研究计划

经过第一阶段的准备工作,我们的科研课题顺利地过渡到第二个阶段——实施阶段中。本阶段正值教学的黄金时期,有利于开展全方位的课题研究工作,在课题实施方案的基础上,特制订本阶段第一期(XX年5月-XX年6月)课题科研计划:1.英语组全体教师进一步学习黎学智教授的

“逻辑记忆法”理论,邱大炮的《黑英语》词汇学习模式,以及“图忆英语”词汇学习模式,对它们做深层次的研究,更多的吸取其精华为我所用。同时,利用互联网的优势进行网上学习和交流,关注词汇学习方法和词汇研究的前沿理论。

2.定周四为教研活动日,课题组隔周活动一次,以便各年级实验教师集中交流研讨。平时的活动由年级组长负责。

3.定期给实验班的学生做“xx”英语词汇立体学习方法的专题讲座。让学生对该方法有一个总体的认识,以便更好的在学习中运用。

4.对实验教师进行课件制作的技能培训,提高大家的多媒体教学课件及词汇活动课件制作水平。

5.各年级的实验教师在实验班进行词汇立体教学的实验,把“xx”英语词汇立体学习法渗透到日常

教学工作当中,指导学生用新方法进行词汇学习,初步扭转实验班的学生词汇学习的传统方式和低效局面。

6.每学期组内开展两轮的汇课交流活动。要求实验班的教师每人推出两节课,作为组内交流;课题组向学校推出两节公开课。交流课原则上分年级集体备课,听课、评课英语组全体教师参加,共同探讨提高。

7.在日常教学活动中,实验教师要以“xx”词汇立体学习法为基本理念,做好所任阶段教材内容中每一课单词的词汇具体学习方法的研究、探讨及整理工作,并于本学期末进行阶段汇总,为下一个学期课题活动的深入开展奠定坚实的基础。

8.在班级或学校内开展了各种形式的单词游戏活动。每个实验班在每学期举行阶段性词汇活动2-

3次,每年级于学期后期都组织了一次校级词汇游戏活动竞赛。

9.做好学生词汇学习现状和学习方法的调查工作,根据调查情况作具体工作的调整。

第二阶段研究计划2

“xx”英语词汇立体学习法已经成为我校英语教学的一道靓丽的风景线,它以它的独特魅力被广大的师生所青睐。本学期我们将进一步扩大研究的范围,争取更多的成果。本学期(XX年9月-XX年6月)课题研究工作安排如下:

1.在全校范围内推进“xx”单词词汇立体学习法的实验,让全体学生感受其功效,打碎机械记忆的枷锁,走出传统记忆的禁锢。

2.聘请专业教师为课题组教老师做多媒体课件制作技巧的指导,使课件形式多样,从演示文稿提高

到flash动画。于学期末进行优秀课例和优秀课件的征集。

3.大胆进行课堂词汇教学模式的改革,进一步探讨多媒体支持下的“xx”英语词汇立体课堂教学模式。继续通过年级和组内

形式进行讲课、听课、评课、座谈等进行研讨交流。

4.第一学期继续从事所任阶段教材内容中每一课单词的词汇具体学习方法的研究、探讨及整理工作。第二学期进行单词大汇总。按照课本顺序,从1册到六册以单元为顺序逐册进行。

5.对“xx”英语词汇立体学习法作理论上的阐述,撰写《“xx”英语词汇立体学习法概论》和《“xx”英语词汇立体游戏活动概论》,以便更好地指导教研和进行校际交流。

6.聘请市教研室刘老师来我校进行课题研究的指导工作,以确保研究的科学有效。

7.相关实验教师根据教学实践,写出阶段反思和阶段性论文,提高自身的理论水平和研究水平,丰富头脑,不断进行完善和提高。

第三阶段研究计划

“xx”英语词汇立体学习法的研究,已经完成了前两个阶段的研究工作,过度到了第三个阶段的工作中来。这个阶段的工作主要是经验总结和材料汇总。课题组成员要坚持不懈地工作,把课题研究的成果尽可能多地挖掘出来。本阶段(XX年10月-XX年11月)课题计划如下:

1.初中单词总表的输录。单词的分块汇总打乱了单词的学习顺序,为了方便不同程度的学生来进行单词查阅,特计划于九月份进行初中全部六册课本词

汇的微机输入工作。要求按照书后字母表的顺序和格式,先分册输入,再编排总词汇表。

2.词汇分类板块的二期加工。本学期把暑假输入微机的单词板块进行二期加工,如排序、注释等等。分工原则上于上一个学期相同。

3.完成课题研究的论文、课例、课件的结集工作。

4.完成单词游戏活动集锦的编排工作。

5.完成课题研究的论文、课例课件的结集工作。

6.完成课题其他相关材料的收集和整理工作。

7.写出结题报告,申报结题。

8.总结成果,申报成果。

可在这里输入个人/品牌名/地点

Personal / Brand Name / Location Can Be Entered Here

英语词汇学及答案

英语词汇学 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers .Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket(30%) 1. Degradation can be illustrated by the following example[ ] A. lewd → ignorant B. silly → foolish C. last → pleasure D. knave → boy 2. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of: [ ] A. humour B. sarcasm C. ridicule D. all the above 3. The four major modes of semantic change are _____. [ ] A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradation B. extension, generalization, elevation and degradation C. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradation D. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation 4. The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called _____. [ ] A. synecdoche B. metonymy C. substitution D. metaphor 5. Idioms adjectival in nature function as _____. [ ] A. adjectives B. attributes C. modifiers D. words 6. Grammatical context refers to _____ in which a word is used. [ ] A. vocabulary B. grammar C. semantic pattern D. syntactic structure 7. In the idiom 'in good feather', we change 'good' into 'high, full' without changing meaning. This change of constituent is known as _____ . [ ] A. addition B. replacement C. position-shifting D. variation 8. The word "laconic" is _____. [ ] A. onomatopoeically motivated B. morphologically motivated C. semantically motivated D. etymologically motivated 9. CCELD is distinctive for its _____. [ ] A. clear grammar codes B. language notes

英语词汇学教程(练习答案)(1)解析

《英语词汇学教程》(2004 年版)练习答案 Chapter 1 7. Choose the standard meaning from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the left. a. tart: loose woman b. bloke: fellow c. gat: pistol d. swell: great e. chicken: coward f. blue: fight g. smoky: police h. full: drunk i. dame: woman j. beaver: girl 8. Give the modern equivalents for the following archaic words. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave / the sea bade = bid 12. Categorize the following borrowed words into denizens, aliens, translation loans, and semantic loans. Denizens: kettle, die, wall, skirt, husband Aliens: confrere, pro patria, Wunderkind, mikado, parvenu Translation loans: chopstick, typhoon, black humour, long time no see Semantic loans: dream Chapter 2 1. Why should students of English lexicology study the Indo-European Language Family? The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. Knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2. Make a tree diagram to show the family relations of the modern languages given below.

英语词汇学课后答案张维友编

《英语词汇学教程》(2004年版)练习答案 【Chapter 1】 7.tart: loose woman bloke: fellow gat: pistol swell: great chicken: coward blue: fight smoky: police full: drunk dame: woman beaver: girl 8. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave/ the sea bade = bid 【Chapter 2】 Ex.1 The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2. Indo-European Language Family Balto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Celtic Italian Hellenic Germanic

【西大2017版】[0057]《英语词汇学》网上作业题及答案

[0057]《英语词汇学》 第一次作业 [论述题] Exercise 1 Definitions Define the following terms with illustrative examples. 1. aliens 2. denizens 3. homophones 4. metonymy 5. dialect 6. backformation 7. acronym 8. semantic loan 9. bilingual dictionary 10. polysemy 参考答案: Exercise 1 Definitions 1. aliens Aliens are words borrowed from a foreign language without any change of the foreign sound and spelling. These words are immediately recognizable as foreign in origin. For examples, "coup d'état”, "résumé”, "régime”, etc. are all Aliens of French borrowings. 2. denizens Denizens are easily associated with already existing native words. They are successfully assimilated. They are foreign words which have been conformed to native English in accent, form (spelling) and even in adoption of an English affix. E.g. uncertain (the English prefix un- + certain, French by origin). 3. homophones Homophones are words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. sun, son; piece and peace; etc. 4. metonymy Metonymy is one way of meaning transference whereby the name of one thing is changed for that of another, to which it is related by association of ideas. For example, when I say "I am reading Shakespeare (meaning Shakespeare's works), I am using metonymy. 5. dialect Dialect refers to a variety of a language peculiar to some districts and having no normalized literary form. For example, Shanghai dialect is spoken peculiarly in Shanghai but there's no literary work peculiarly written in Shanghai dialect. 6. back formation

(完整版)英语词汇学英语词汇学习题3及答案

试题三 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.(30%) 1.According to the degree of similarity, homonyms can be classified into ( ) A. perfect homonyms B. homonyms C. homophones D. all the above 2.Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example ( ) A. ad for “advertisement” B. dish for “food" C. fond for “affectionate” D. an editorial for “an editorial article" 3.It is a general belief that the meaning does not exist in the word itself, but it rather spreads over ( ) A. the reader’s interpretation B. the neighbouring words C. the writer's intention D. the etymology of the word 4.Which of the following is a prefix of time and order? A. extra- B. pro- C. re- D. semi- 5.Which of the following dictionaries is not a specialized dictionary? A. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology B. Chamber's Encyclopedic English Dictionary C. Longmont Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs D. Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms 6.Which of the following statements is Not true? A. Reference is the relationship between language and the world. B. The relationship between a word and its referent is arbitrary. C. Concept is universal to all men alike. D. Sense denotes the relationships outside the language. 7.The words which occur before or after a word and may affect its meaning form ( ) A. physical context B. grammatical context C. lexical context D. linguistic context 8."Smith is an architect. He designed World Trade Center. "The clue provided in the context is ( ) A. definition B. explanation C. example D. hyponym 9.The term "vocabulary" is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that ( ) A. it can refer to the common core of a language B. it can refer to the total number of the words in a language C. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical period D. it can stand for words in given dialect or field 10.The idiom "a dark horse" is a ( ) A. simile B. metaphor

英语词汇学作业答案

1、American women were________the right to vote until1920after many years of hard struggle. 1.A.ignored 2.B.neglected 3.C.denied 4.D.refused 2、The antonym of soft is in“a________voice”and in“a________cushion”. 1.A.rough,hard 2.B.rough,rough 3.C.hard,rough 4.D.hard,hard 3、The figure of speech employed in“My father is a sanitary engineer”is _________. 1.A.hyperbole 2.B.euphemism 3.C.litotes 4.D.metonymy 4、Mrs.Smith is afraid that she and her husband don’t see_________on New Year Resolutions. 1.A.face to face 2.B.eye to eye 3.C.back to back

4.D.heart to heart 5、Among the synonymous group,old man,daddy,dad,father and male parent,_______ would most probably used by a lawyer in the court. 1.A.dad 2.B.old man 3.C.father 4.D.male parent 6、Our teacher is now not with us.Aha!When the________is away,the________ will play. 1.A.tiger,monkeys 2.B.cat,mice 3.C.hawk,birds 4.D.old,young 7、I could give an opinion________,but I would rather think about it. 1.A.off the sleeve 2.B.off the cuffs 3.C.off the cuff 4.D.off the sleeves 8、Choked traffic has been a(n)________to urban transportation system. 1.A.archenemy 2.B.primary enemy

2019年西南大学作业答案[0057]《英语词汇学》

西南大学网络与继续教育学院 课程代码: 0057 学年学季:20191 单项选择题 1、The earliest known native language of England is ________. .Celtic .Scottish .Saxon .Anglian 2、In the 19th century, gold was first ________ in California. .incovered .recovered .uncovered .discovered 3、Which of the following word is NOT a compound?() .darkroom .wet day .small talk .hot dog 4、“ex-” in ex-husband reads ________ and means ________. ./Iks/, “former” ./eks/, “former” ./Iks/, “out”

./eks/, “out” 5、My sister lives 1000 miles away from us, so I only got to see her ________. .once in a blue moon .one time in a blue moon .one time in a moon .once in a moon 6、In the Early Modern English Period, ________ exerted the greatest influence(s) on English. .Chinese .Latin and Greek .German .French 7、— Does Tom smoke? — No. He is a _______. .unsmoker .nonsmoker .dissmoker .insmoker 8、Words such as priest, bishop, monk, nun, candle, etc. are of ________ origin. .Russian .Indian .Latin .Greek

英语词汇学论文构词法新精编版

英语词汇学论文构词法 新精编版 MQS system office room 【MQS16H-TTMS2A-MQSS8Q8-MQSH16898】

Abstract 词汇是我们在英语学习过程中最大的障碍。然而,英语构词法能够帮助我们很好的辨别并正确理解英语,同时也可以在短时间内增加我们的词汇量,英语构词法是学习英语的有效途径和强有力的“武器”,在所有的英语构词法中,词缀法能够生成的新单词是最多的也是最广泛,它被认为英语学习的最佳途径之一。除了词缀发以外,复合法、转类法、混成法、截短法、首字母拼音法、逆向构词法也都是英语学习的有效途径 Vocabulary is one of the main obstacles of English study. However English word formation can help us recognize English words, understand them correctly, and enlarge our vocabulary quickly. It is an efficient way and powerful weapon for English study. Among them,affixation is the strongest one to form a great range of vocabulary, and it is claimed to be one of the best ways of learning English. Besides, compounding, conversion, blending, clipping, acronyms, back-formation are also efficient ways of learning English. In the paper the ways and characteristics of word formation is analyzed form these aspects: affixation, compounding, conversion, blending. Key words: English, lexicology, word formation, affixation (关键字:英语、词汇学,构词法,词缀法) Introduction The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word formation. There is a variety of means being at work now. The most productive are affixation, compounding and conversion. Talking about word formation patterns means dealing with rules. But not all words which are produced by applying the rule are acceptable. The acceptability is gained only when the word have gained an institutional currency in the language. Therefore rules only provide a constant set of models from which new word are created from day to day. Rules themselves are not fixed but undergo changes to a certain extent. For instance, affixes and compounding processes may become productive at one time or lose their productivity. By word formation processes, we concentrate on productive or on productive rules. While applying the rules, we should keep in mind that there are always exceptions. In my opinion, the most important principle for all these rules of word formation is economy. Chapter 1 the function of English word formation Word formation is an effective way to enlarge our English vocabulary. Nowadays, more and more people have taken notice of learning English. The number of the people who begin to learn English has increased at a high speed. How can we improve our English effectively is undoubtedly

00832英语词汇学2014年04月真题及答案

全国2014年4月高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题 课程代码:00832 本试卷满分100分,考试时间150分钟. 考生答题注意事项: 1.本卷所有试题必须在答题卡上作答。答在试卷上无效。试卷空白处和背面均可作草稿纸。 2.第一部分为选择题。必须对应试卷上的题号使用28铅笔将“答题卡”的相应代码涂黑。 3.第二部分为非选择题。必须注明大、小题号,使用0.5毫米黑色字迹签字笔作答。 4.合理安排答题空间。超出答题区域无效。 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A,B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(30%) 1.“Woman”becomes “Frau”in German, “femme”in French and “fùnǔ”in Chinese. This example shows that in different languages the same concept can be represented by different ______. A. sounds B.forms C. unities D.meanings 2.The following words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us EXCEPT ______. A. fire B.hot C. photoscanning D.sister 3.Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. Which of the following words comes from Chinese? A. Bazaar. B.Kowtow. C. Rajah. D.Blitzkrieg. 4.The Indo-European language family is made up of the languages of the following EXCEPT ______. A. Europe B.the Far East C. India D.the Near East 5. Which of the following is NOT one of the main sources of new words in the present-day English vocabulary? A. The rapid development of modern science and technology. B.Social, economic and political changes. C. The invasion of foreign countries. D.The influence of other cultures and languages. 6. Modern English vocabulary develops through the following channels EXCEPT ______. A. creation B.borrowing

英语构词法练习

英语构词法练习文件排版存档编号:[UYTR-OUPT28-KBNTL98-UYNN208]

课程名称:英语词汇学课程代码:056261 资源类型:英语词汇学自主学习 词汇记忆与词汇测试 构词法练习 训练指要 构词法是英语学习的一个重点,也是近年来常考的项目。特别是在词语辨析的综合运用中,对词汇掌握的要求越来越高。检测构词法,在阅读理解中,已不把这种词汇看作生词,而是把这类词的理解看作学生通过对构词法知识的学习,应该具备的一种能力。如有的生词,只要其词根是学生们该掌握的或熟悉的,只是加上了前缀或后缀,再者或是合成词等,命题人就认为不必再注出汉语注释。所以我们在学习英语词汇的时候一定要灵活学习和掌握,随时准备应付所出现的情况。 Ⅰ.单项填空 man was________ enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job. A. care B. careful C. careless D. carelessness soldier died for saving the child,so his________ is heavier than Mount Tai. B. dead C. died D. death child looked________ at his brother who was badly wounded.

A. sadly B. sadness C. sadly is an expert at chemistry. We all call him a ________. A. chemistry B. chemical C. chemist D. physician three- ________chair isn’t suitable for a young child. He may fall off. A. egging B. legged C. legs D. leged became the________ railway engineer in the world. A. lead B. leader C. leading D. leadership the teacher praised him for working out the math problem,Jack looked________ about at his classmates. A. proud B. proudly C. pride D. pridely everyone’s ________,the girl finished the job quite well. A. satisfied B. satisfactory C. satisfying D. satisfaction 9.—What are you doing here? —Oh,my teacher asked me to write a passage about ________in English. —You can write________ passage in English? words;a 600-words ;a 600-words words;a 600-word words;a 600-words one should enter the spot without the________ of the police. A. permit B. permission C. permitting D. permittence must come with us to the police head is waiting for you. A. headquarters B. headline C. headmaster D. headache that animal escape was no accident;you did it ________.

英语词汇学教程参考答案(杨信彰)

《英语词汇学教程》参考答案 Chapter 1 1. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Yet, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon. 2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door. (2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o?clock. (3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting. 3. (1) W hen it follows …-t? and …-d?, it is pronounced as [id]; (2) When it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t]; (3) When it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d]. 4. (1) They are words that can be included in a semantic field of “tree”. (2) They represent the forms of the verb “fly” and have a common meaning. (3) They belong to a lexical field of “telephone communication”. (4) They are synonyms, related to human visual perception. Specifically, they denote various kinds of “looking”. 5. (a) 'blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black); 'blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in color (the primary stress in on black); 'greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black); 'White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black). (b) 'black 'board: any board which is black in color (both words receive primary stress); 'black 'bird: any bird which is black in color (both words receive primary stress); 'grey 'hound: any hound that is grey in color (both words receive primary stress); 'white 'house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress). 6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words. 7. (a) The …bull? is literal, referring to a male bovine animal. (b) …Take the bull by the horn? is an idiom, meaning (having the courage to) deal with someone or something directly. (c) …Like a bull in a china shop? is an idiom, meaning doing something with too much enthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone. (d) A …bull market?is one where prices rise fast because there is a lot of buying of shares in anticipation of profits.

张维友〈词汇学教程〉答案(第三版)

《英语词汇学教程》(2015年版)练习答案 【Chapter 1】 7. tart: loose woman bloke: fellow gat: pistol swell: great chicken: coward blue: fight smoky: police full: drunk dame: woman beaver: girl 8. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave/ the sea bade = bid 12. Denizens Aliens Translation loans Semantic loans kettle die wall skirt husband confrere pro patria Wunderkind mikado parvenu chopstick typhoon black humour long time no see dream 13. 1) slangs; 2) jargon; 3) argot; 4) content words; 5) native words; 6) translation loans; 7) neologisms; 8) denizens; 9) semantic loans; 10) basic vocabulary 【Chapter 2】 1. The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2. Indo-European Language Family Balto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Celtic Italic Hellenic Germanic Hindi Breton Spanish Greek English Lithuanian Persian Scottish French Dutch Prussian Irish Italian German Polish Portuguese Norwegian Bulgarian Roumanian Swedish Slovenian Icelandic Russian Danish

相关主题
文本预览
相关文档 最新文档