中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业设计外文资料翻译
系别：工程技术系
专业：机械设计制造及其自动化
姓名：路双铭
学号： 05211623 2015 年 4 月 1 日
Shapers, Drilling and Milling Machines
A shapers utilizes a single-point tool on a tool holder mounted on the end of the ram. Cutting is generally done on the forward stroke. The tool is lifted slightly by the clapper box to prevent excessive drag across the work, which is fed under the tool during the return stroke in preparation for the next cut. The column houses the operating mechanisms of the shaper and also serves as a mounting unit for the work-supporting table. The table can be moved in two directions mutually perpendicular to the ram. The tool slide is used to control the depth of cut and is manually fed. It can be rotated through 90 deg, on either side of its normal vertical position, which allows feeding the tool at an angle to the surface of the table.
Two types of driving mechanisms for shapers are a modified Whitworth quick-return mechanism and a hydraulic drive. For the Whitworth mechanism, the motor drives the bull gear, which drives a crank arm with an adjustable crank pin to control the length of stroke. As the bull gear rotates, the rocker arm is forced to reciprocate, imparting this motion to the shaper ram.
The motor on a hydraulic shaper is used only to drive the hydraulic pump. The remainder of the shaper motions are controlled by the direction of the flow of the hydraulic oil. The cutting stroke of the mechanically driven shaper uses 220 deg. Of rotation of the bull gear, while the return stroke uses 140 deg. This gives a cutting stroke to return stroke ratio of 1.6 to 1. The velocity diagram for a hydraulic shaper shows that for most of the tool during cutting stroke is never constant, while the velocity diagram for a hydraulic shaper shows that for most of the cutting stroke the cutting speed is constant. The hydraulic shaper has an added advantage of infinitely variable cutting speeds. The principal disadvantage of this type of machine is the lack of a definite limit at the end of the ram stroke, which may allow a few thousandths of an inch variation in stroke length.
A duplicating device that makes possible the reproduction of contours from a sheet-metal template is available. The sheet metal template is used in conjunction with hydraulic control.
Upright drilling machines or drill presses are available in a variety of sizes and types, and are equipped with a sufficient range of apindle speeds and automatic feeds to fit the neds of most industries. Speed ranges on a typical machine are from 76 to 2025 rpm., with drill feed from 0.002 to 0.020 in.per revolution of the spindle.
Radial drilling machines are used to drill workpieces that are too large or
cumbersome to conveniently move. The spindle with the speed and feed changing mechanism is mounted on the radial arm; by combining the movement of the radial arm around column and the movement of the spindle assembly along the arm, it is possible to align the spindle and the drill to any position within reach of the machine. For work that is too large to conveniently support on the base, the spindle assembly can be swung out over the floor and the workpiece set on the beside the machine.
Plain radial drilling machines provide only for vertical movement of the spindle; universal machines allow the spindle to swivel about an axis normal to the radial arm and the radial arm to rotate about a horizontal axis, thus permitting drilling at any angle.
A multispindle drilling machine has one or more heads that drive the spindles through universal joints and telescoping splined shafts. All spindles are usually driven by the same motor and fed simultaneously to drill the desired number of holes. In most machines each spindle is held in an adjustable plate so that it can be moved relative to the others. The area covered by adjacent spindles overlap so that the machine can be set to drill holes at any location within its range.
The milling operation involves metal removal with a rotating cutter. It includes removal of metal from the surface of a workspiece, enlarging holes, and form cutting, such as threads and gear teeth.
Within an knee and column type of milling machine the column is the main supporting member for the other components, and includes the base containing the drive motor, the spindle, and the cutters. The cutter is mounted on an arbor held in the spindle, and supported on its outer extremity by a bearing in the overarm. The knee is held on the column in dovetail slots, the saddle is fastened to the knee in dovetail slots, and the table is attached to the saddle. Thus, the build-up the knee and column machine provides three motions relative to the cutter. A four motion may be provided by swiveling the table around a vertical axis provided on the saddle.
Fixed-bed milling machines are designed to provide more rigidity than the knee and column type. The table is mounted directly on the machine base, which provides the rigidity necessary for absorbing heavy cutting load, and allows only longitudinal motion to the table. Vertical motion is obtained by moving the entire cutting head.
Tracer milling is characterized by coordinated or synchronized movements of either the paths of the cutter and tracing elements, or the paths of the workpiece and model. In a typical tracer mill the tracing finger follow the shape of the master pattern, and the cutter heads duplicate the tracer motion.
The following are general design considerations for milling:
1. Wherever possible, the part should be designed so that a maximum number of surfaces can be milled from one setting.
2. Design for the use of multiple cutters to mill several surfaces simultaneously.
3. The largest flat surface will be milled first, so that all dimensions are best referred to such surface.
4. Square inside corners are not possible, since the cutter rotates.
Grinding Machines and Special Metal-removal Process
Random point-cutting tools include abrasives in the shape of a wheel, bonded to a belt, a stick, or simply suspended in liquid. The grinding process is of extreme importance in production work for several reasons.
1.It is most common method for cutting hardened tool steel or other heat-treated steel. Parts are first machined in the un-heat-treated condition, and then ground to the desired dimensions and surface finish.
2.It can provide surface finish to 0.5μm without extreme cost.
3.The grinding operation can assure accurate dimensions in a relatively short time, since machines are built to provide motions in increments of ten-thousandths of an inch, instead of thousandths as is common in other machines.
4.Extremely small and thin parts can be finished by this method, since light pressure is used and the tendency for the part to deflect away from the cutter is minimized.
On a cylindrical grinding machine the grinding wheel rotates between 5500 and 6500 rpm., while the work rotates between 60 and 125 rpm... The depth of cut is controlled by moving the wheel head, which includes both the wheel and its drive motor. Coolants are provided to reduce heat distortion and to remove chips and abrasive dust.
Material removal from ductile materials can be accomplished by using a tool which is harder than the workpiece. However during Word War Ⅱ the widespread use of materials which were as hard or harder than cutting tools created a demand for new material-removal methods. Since then a number of processes have been developed which, although relatively slow and costly, can effectively remove excess material in a precise and repeatable fashion. There are two types of processes. The first type is based on electrical phenomena and is used primarily for hard materials; the second depends upon chemical dissolution.
Chemical milling is controlled etching process using strong alkaline or acid etchants. Aluminum, titanium, magnesium, and steel are the principal metals processed by this method. The area to remain untouched by the etchant are masked with a protective coating. For example, the entire part may be dipped in the masking material and the mask removed from those areas to be etched, or a chemically resistant prescribed time, after which the part is rinsed in cold water, the masking removed, the part inspected, and thoroughly cleaned.
There are certain disadvantages to consider. Metal will erode equally in all directions, so that walls of the etched section will have a radius equal to the depth of etch. A second disadvantage is that a better finish is obtained on surfaces parallel to the direction of rolling of a sheet than on surface perpendicular to the direction of rolling. This can be compared to the surface obtained when working wood parallel to, or across the grain. A third disadvantage, not unique with this process, is the warpage that will occur in thin, previously stressed sections etched on just one side.
Chemical milling, however, has many advantages over conventional metal-removal methods. There is no warpage of heavy sections such as forgings or extrusions when the etchant is applied simultaneously to all sides for reduction of section thickness. In conventional milling only one side can be worked at a time, and frequent turning of a part is necessary to prevent warpage. Chemical milling can be applied to parts of irregular shape where conventional milling may be very difficult. Light-weight construction can be obtained with chemical milling by the elimination of welding, riveting, and stiffeners; parts can be contoured to distribute the load in the most suitable manner. As an example of the potential savings of this process, as compared to machine milling, one company reports that the cost of removing aluminum by chem.-milling is $0.27 per pound as compared to $1.00 per pound by conventional milling. The rate of metal removal for chem.-milling is 0.001in. for aluminum.
Electric-discharge machining is a process in which an electrical potential is impressed between the workpiece and the tool, and the current, emanating from a point source on the workpoiece, flows to the tool in the form of a spark. The forces that accomplish the metal removal are within the workpiece proper and, as a result, it is not necessary to construct the unit to withstand the heavy pressures and loads prevalent with conventional machining methods.
The frequency of the electrical discharge ranges from 20,00 cps (cycles per second) for rough machining, to 50,000 cps for finishing such items as hardened tools
and dies. The current may vary from 50 amp, during rough machining, to as low as 0.5 amp, during finishing. The process is currently applied to the machining of single-point tools, form tools, milling cutters, broaches, and die cavities. It is also applicable to the removal of broken drills, taps, and studs without damaging the workpiece in which the broken tool is imbedded. Other uses are the machining of oil holes in a hardened part, and the machining of small safety-wire holes in the heads of special alloy bolts, such as titanium.
The ultrasonic machining process is applied to both conducting and non-conducting material, and relies entirely upon abrasive action for metal removal. The workpiece is submerged in slurry of finely fivided abrasive particles in a vehicle such as water. The tool is coupled to an oscillator and vibrates at frequencies between 15,000 and 30,000 cps. The vibrating tool cavitates the liquid, and the force drives the abrasive into the surface of the workpiece to remove metal chips which are carried away by the liquid. The acceleration given the abrasive grains is as much as 100,000 times the acceleration of gravity, providing a smooth and rapid cutting force.
Introduction of Machining
Machining as a shape-producing method is the most universally used and the most important of all manufacturing processes. Machining is a shape-producing process in which a power-driven device causes material to be removed in chip form. Most machining is done with equipment that supports both the work piece and cutting tool although in some cases portable equipment is used with unsupported workpiece.
Low setup cost for small quantities. Machining has tow applications in manufacturing. For casting, forging, and pressworking, each specific shape to be p5roduced, even one part, nearly always has a high tooling cost. The shapes that may be produced, even one part, nearly always has a high tooling cost. The shapes that may be produced by welding depend to a large degree on the shapes of raw material that are available. By making use of generally high cost equipment but without special tooling, it is possible, bu machining, to start with nearly any form of any material, so long as the exterior dimensions are great enough, and produce any desired shape from any material. Therefore, machining is usually the preferred method for producing one or a few parts, even when the design of the part would logically lead to casting, forging or pressworking if a high quantity were to be produced.
Close accuracies, good finishes. The second application for machining is based on the high accuracies and surface finishes possible. Many of the parts machined in low quantities would be produced with lower but acceptable tolerances if produced in high
quantities by some other process. On the other hand, many pars are given shapes by some high quantity deformation process and machined only on selected surfaces where high accuracies are needed. Internal threads, for example, are seldom produced by any means other than machining and small holes in pressworked parts may be machined following the pressworking operations.
牛头刨床、钻床和铣削
刨床是刀具特有者利用单点刀具将其安装在滑头的末梢。一般在做切削时都会向前冲程.刀具被摆动刀架稍微举起，以避免（刀具）划过工件时产生严重的拖刮。它通过刀具在返回冲程期间运转并为下次的切割做准备。立柱被装有刨床的操作机械系统以及作为一个固定的单元为辅助点提供服务，工作台移动的两个方向是与滑块相互垂直的。刀具的滑行是用来控制切削的深度以及手动式地运转。它能在它的正常垂直方向的每一边上旋转90度。它允许在工作台表面的某个角落来运动刀具。
刨床的两种驱动系统是一个改善的whitworth快速返回机械系统和一个液压驱动器。对于whitworth机械系统来讲，是发动机驱动大型的齿轮，它能通过控制可调整的曲柄驱动曲柄转臂来控制冲程的长度。对于大型的齿轮转动。摇动式的曲柄转臂被迫沿直线往复移动。增强了刨床滑枕的动向。
液压刨床发动机只用来驱动液压泵。刨床动向的提醒物被水硬油的流量方向所控制。机械驱动刨床的切削行程用了大齿轮转动的220度，返回行程用了140度，这就使切削行程与返回行程之速比为1.6:1速度图显示了切削行程的大部分切削速度是连续不断的。液压刨床是无穷变化的切削速度限制的缺乏，它可以允许在行程长度中有一些少量的变化。
可能产生与薄形钢板样板外型复制品的完全相同的装置是可利用的。薄型钢板的样板用来连接液压控制器。
直式钻床或钻孔式印刷机可用于各种尺寸和种类，它能安装轴速度的足够范围和自动运转以适应大多工业的要求。一个典型机器的速度范围是70至2025rmp，以及钻孔的运转速度是0.002到0.020英尺。
旋转钻床用来钻那些太大或太笨重的而不能够移动的工件。通过将转臂绕立柱的转动和主轴组件沿转臂的移动组合，可使主轴钻头对准机床可达范围内的任何位置，由于运转太大而不方便建立在此基础上，主轴能够在垂直的地上方摇摆以及工件能固定在机器旁边的地上。
普通的旋臂钻床只提供轴的垂直运动和径向转臂，通过平行轴来运转。因此允许钻头处于任何一个角度。
一个多轴通过万能连接和可伸缩的花键轴来驱动的钻床有一个或多个头。通常所有的轴都是通过相同的发动机来驱动和同时运转，目的是钻出理想中洞的数量。很多钻床的每个轴容纳在一个可调整的盘里，以便与其他相关的部件移动。相邻的轴重叠部分的覆盖区域目的促使机器能够在它的范围的任何地方开始钻孔。
铣床操作与转动的切削金属和移动相关。它包括了一个工件的表面金属移动，洞的扩大和成型切削，比如线和齿轮。
铣销机床的升降台式柱是其他部件的主要支持部分。包括了容量驱动机的基础，心轴切割工具。切割工具固定在容纳在主轴的刀杆上能过一个悬臂的轴承支撑在它的外部的末端。升降台通过燕尾槽滑动支撑立柱和立柱机器，提供一——三种与切割工具相关的意向。另一种意向可能是工作台由提供的滑板围绕着轴旋
转而得到的。
固定的铣销机床的设计目的是比升降台或立柱提供更大的刚度。工作台直接固定在机窗的根部，它能为强大切割负荷提供强度的需要。而且允许对工作台径度的方向。垂直运动是通过移动整个切割工具才能达到。
仿型铣床的特点是刀具和跟踪元件的轨道运动的协调或同步，或者是工件或模型的轨迹运动的协调或同步典型的仿型铣床的仿型号像是遵照模型的形式，而且切割机头部分与仿行部分相同。
下面是铣削的总体的设计目录：
1.如果可能的话，零件将被设计以便在一个工位上最大的平面能被铣削。
2.对选择性的切割工具的设计目的是同时铣削几个平面。
3.应当首先铣最大的平面，这样所有的尺寸都能很好的参照这个表面。
4.因为切割工具的转动，仿形里的各个角落是不可能的。
刺耳的机器和特殊的金属移动程序
随机点切削刀具包括构成轮子形状的，或粘结到带子或棍子上或直接悬浮在液体中的研磨材料。因为几个原因研磨进程在工件的生产中很重要。
1.对切削硬化的刀具钢材料或其他的热处理钢材来讲它是最普通的方法。零件在没有热处理条件下第一次机器切割，然后得到理想的尺度和表面光洁度。
2.它能在没有极限范畴时提供表面光洁度达0.5微米。
3.研磨操作在相对较短的时间内能确保精确的尺度，因为机器在作为其它机器的一般精度构造时提供的动态是每英尺增加了百分之一的精度，而不是千分之一。
4.尤其是小而细的零件能用这个方法完成，由于轻压力被使用和零件的柔韧性所折射出的切削值是最小的。
研磨轮子在圆柱形的研磨机器上在5500和6500rmp之间转动，当工件在60和125rmp之间转动时，切削的深度运动由木头控制，它包括了轮子和它的驱动发动机。冷却液用来降低热扭曲和移动切削以及研磨材料时的灰尘。
有韧性的材料的运动通过那些材质硬的刀具来完成，但是在二战期间材料的广泛传播使用，它比新材料运动方法的切削刀具的要求更高。因为大量的过程被改进，尽管相当慢且花费高，它能用精确接受的方式来移动过量的材料，这里有两种进程模式：第一种类型是建立在电子现象的基础上，它用于基本的原材料；第二种取决于化学溶解。
化学物质的铣削用于控制那些用了很浓的碱性或酸性的腐蚀剂腐蚀进程。铝、钛、镁和钢是通过这种方式的主要原料进程。化学铣削开始于一个零件的传统的光洁，包括脱脂、脱酸和烘干，这个领域用以维持不与那些笼罩在制服外面的腐蚀剂接触。可以将整个零件侵入遮盖材料，然后将遮盖层从将要被侵蚀的区域去除；也可以使用抗化学侵蚀的粘接带遮盖要保护的区域，遮盖之后要侵蚀一般指定的时间，然后要将零件在冷水中清洗，将遮盖层去除，检查零件，并彻底
全面的清洗。
还应该考虑到的缺点：第一缺点是金属在各个方面都是平等的侵蚀，以至于侵蚀的外部半径和侵蚀的深度相等；第二个缺点是在平行于钢板的方向上所得光洁度要比垂直于木纹的方向上工作所得的表面相比较；第三个缺点不是过程的唯一，而是发生在细的只腐蚀一边的压力段上的翘曲。
而化学铣削在传统的金属移动方发中有很多的优点。这在很多部件没有翘曲例如当腐蚀被用来降低纵切面厚度的各个面上时的锻造和挤压，传统的铣削里一次只用一面来运转，而且零件的频繁转变是阻止翘曲所必要的。化学铣削能用于不规则的部件，而那是传统铣削很难做到的。轻易的建筑物可通过焊接的清除，铆接和加强筋与铣削而获得零件可以被定形通过以适当的方式分配负荷和潜在的节省过程的例子一样，与机器切割铣床相比。一个文件报道了有关化学铣削移动铝的成本，是0.27美元每英镑，而传统铣削则是1.00美元每英镑。所以铣削铝金属移动的比率是0.001英尺每分钟。
电子排放机器是一个电压作用于工件和刀具之间的过程，电流从金属工件的源头流出，以火花的形式流向刀具。完成金属移动的力量是金属工件本身。结果，对一般的传统机械手段而言，没有必要建设一个单元来抵制重压和重负荷。由于排放器的范围大约从2000cps至5000cps用来精加工如此硬的刀具和模具。电流在粗加工期间是不断变化的。从50amp低到精加工期间的0.5amp，这个过程应用了机械的单点刀具，成形刀具，铣削切割刀具，拉刀以及模具涡凹。它也能移动坏了的钻头，而丝锥和螺栓不损坏嵌入的工件。其他的使用方法是一个硬部件的油洞，小安全电线洞的机械是由大量特殊合金制造的，如钛。
超声机械程序用于导体和半导体，而且完全依靠于金属移动的研磨行为，工件淹没在液下分数的研磨微粒如水。刀具连接着震荡器以及在15000至3000cps 之间频繁的震动，震动的刀具抽空液体，冲力研磨材料进入工件的表面用来移动金属切削。它们能随着液体流动。研磨的纹密加速度是重力的100000倍，以提供一个光滑而快速的切削冲力。
关于机械加工
作为一种成形方式的机械加工是广泛使用的也是所有机械制造进程中的最重要的部分。机械加工是通过切削形式使驱动装置引起材料运动产生形状的过程。尽管在某些场合，工作支持情况下，使用移动式装备实现加工，但是大多数的机械加工还是通过既支撑工件有支撑刀具的装备来完成。
小批量生产低费用，机械加工在制造方面有两种用途：对浇筑，锻造，压力加工，即将生产的每个具体形状，甚至一个零件而言，几乎是一个高标准的刀具铸型。这些通过焊接可能产生的形状在很大程度上取决可利用的原材料的形状。一般说来，通过利用高价设备而又无需特种加工条件下，几乎可以从任何种类原材料开始，借助机械加工把原材料加工成任意要求的结构形状，只要外部尺寸够大，那都是可能的。因此，机械加工是常用来生产少量零件，甚至在大量生产以及当零件的设计在逻辑上导致浇铸、锻造，压力加工的时候所推荐的方法。
严密的精度，合适的平面粗糙度，对机械加工的第二个应用是建立在可行性的高精度和高表面粗糙度之上。很多用机械切割的少量部件会产生较小且能够接受的
偏差是否能够通过其他的工艺流程生产大量的部件。另一方面，很多部件通过一些大量的变形过程和由机械切割所需要的高精度选择平面有了他们的一般形状，例如：内部的螺纹很少能通过其他的方式生产，除了机械加工和压力加工部件的小洞可能被机器切割成的压力加工过的操作。
华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计（论文）附件 外文文献翻译 学号：121912020115姓名：彭钰钊 所在系别：动力工程系专业班级：测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师：李冰 原文标题：Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日
红外遥控系统 摘要 红外数据通信技术是目前在世界范围内被广泛使用的一种无线连接技术，被众多的硬件和软件平台所支持。红外收发器产品具有成本低，小型化，传输速率快，点对点安全传输，不受电磁干扰等特点，可以实现信息在不同产品之间快速、方便、安全地交换与传送，在短距离无线传输方面拥有十分明显的优势。红外遥控收发系统的设计在具有很高的实用价值，目前红外收发器产品在可携式产品中的应用潜力很大。全世界约有1亿5千万台设备采用红外技术，在电子产品和工业设备、医疗设备等领域广泛使用。绝大多数笔记本电脑和手机都配置红外收发器接口。随着红外数据传输技术更加成熟、成本下降，红外收发器在短距离通讯领域必将得到更广泛的应用。 本系统的设计目的是用红外线作为传输媒质来传输用户的操作信息并由接收电路解调出原始信号，主要用到编码芯片和解码芯片对信号进行调制与解调，其中编码芯片用的是台湾生产的PT2262，解码芯片是PT2272。主要工作原理是：利用编码键盘可以为PT2262提供的输入信息，PT2262对输入的信息进行编码并加载到38KHZ的载波上并调制红外发射二极管并辐射到空间，然后再由接收系统接收到发射的信号并解调出原始信息，由PT2272对原信号进行解码以驱动相应的电路完成用户的操作要求。 关键字：红外线；编码；解码；LM386；红外收发器。 1 绪论
第一章铣削的基础知识 §1-1铣床简介 §1-2铣刀简介 §1-3铣削运动和铣削用量 §1-4切削液 §1-5常用量具
§1-1铣床简介 ?教学目的 掌握常用铣床主要部件的名称、功用和结构特点。 ?教材分析 铣床是进行铣削加工的基本设备，了解常用铣床的结构、牌号及功用是展开后续教学的基础，所以本节内容虽无难点，但对学生进一步学习铣削加工知识，使学生对本课程产生学习兴趣起着至关重要的作用。
铣床简介 ?铣床是用铣刀对工件进行铣削加工的机床。铣床除能铣削平面、沟槽、轮齿、螺纹和花键轴外，还能加工比较复杂的形面，效率较刨床高，在机械制造和修理部门得到广泛应用。 ?最早的铣床是美国人惠特尼于1818年创制的卧式铣床；为了铣削麻花钻头的螺旋槽，美国人布朗于1862年创制了第一台万能铣床，这是升降台铣床的雏形；1884年前后又出现了龙门铣床，二十世纪20年代出现了半自动铣床，工作台利用挡块可完成“进给-快速”或“快速-进给”的自动转换。
机床型号 机床型号是表示机床结构 特征和技术特性并以国家标准为规范的统一符号。
机床的类代号 ?机床按工作原理划分为11类 ?机床的类代号用大写的汉语 拼音字母表示， 铣床——X 车床——C 磨床——M 刨床——B
机床的通用特性代号 通用特性高 精 密 精 密 自 动 半 自 动 数 控 加 工 中 心 （ 自 动 换 刀 ） 仿 形 轻 型 加 重 型 简 式 或 经 济 型 柔 性 加 工 单 元 数 显 高 速 代 号 G M Z B K H F Q C J R X S 读 音 高密自半控换仿轻重简柔显速
外文资料 The aggregate machine-tool CAD system development and research Abstract aggregate machine-tool CAD is in Window 95/98, Wndows under the NT4.0 environment, designs personnel's special-purpose CAD system with VC5.0 and the AutoCAD R14 ADS/ARX technology development face the aggregate machine-tool.This software technological advance, performance reliable, function strong, convenient practical, has provided the modernized design tool for our country aggregate machine-tool profession. Key word: Aggregate machine-tool CAD jig CAD multi-axle-box CAD 1 uses the aggregate machine-tool CAD technology imperative The aggregate machine-tool is with according to serialized, the standardized design general part and the special purpose machine which composes according to the work piece shape and the processing technological requirement design special-purpose part, belongs to the disposable design, the disposable manufacture piecework product.Therefore, the design quantity is big, the design work is complex.In the
附录A Lathe fixture design and analysis Ma Feiyue (School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei, Anhui Hefei 230022, China) Abstract: From the start the main types of lathe fixture, fixture on the flower disc and angle iron clamp lathe was introduced, and on the basis of analysis of a lathe fixture design points. Keywords: lathe fixture; design; points Lathe for machining parts on the rotating surface, such as the outer cylinder, inner cylinder and so on. Parts in the processing, the fixture can be installed in the lathe with rotary machine with main primary uranium movement. However, in order to expand the use of lathe, the work piece can also be installed in the lathe of the pallet, tool mounted on the spindle. THE MAIN TYPES OF LATHE FIXTURE Installed on the lathe spindle on the lathe fixture
A convection-conduction model for analysis of the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock wall of a tunnel in permafrost regions Abstract Based on the analyses of fundamental meteorological and hydrogeological conditions at the site of a tunnel in the cold regions, a combined convection-conduction model for air flow in the tunnel and temperature field in the surrounding has been constructed. Using the model, the air temperature distribution in the Xiluoqi No. 2 Tunnel has been simulated numerically. The simulated results are in agreement with the data observed. Then, based on the in situ conditions of sir temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind force, hydrogeology and engineering geology, the air-temperature relationship between the temperature on the surface of the tunnel wall and the air temperature at the entry and exit of the tunnel has been obtained, and the freeze-thaw conditions at the Dabanshan Tunnel which is now under construction is predicted. Keywords: tunnel in cold regions, convective heat exchange and conduction, freeze-thaw. A number of highway and railway tunnels have been constructed in the permafrost regions and their neighboring areas in China. Since the hydrological and thermal conditions changed after a tunnel was excavated，the surrounding wall rock materials often froze, the frost heaving caused damage to the liner layers and seeping water froze into ice diamonds，which seriously interfered with the communication and transportation. Similar problems of the freezing damage in the tunnels also appeared in other countries like Russia, Norway and Japan .Hence it is urgent to predict the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock materials and provide a basis for the design，construction and
中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业设计外文资料翻译 系别：工程技术系 专业：机械设计制造及其自动化 姓名：路双铭 学号： 05211623 2015 年 4 月 1 日
Shapers, Drilling and Milling Machines A shapers utilizes a single-point tool on a tool holder mounted on the end of the ram. Cutting is generally done on the forward stroke. The tool is lifted slightly by the clapper box to prevent excessive drag across the work, which is fed under the tool during the return stroke in preparation for the next cut. The column houses the operating mechanisms of the shaper and also serves as a mounting unit for the work-supporting table. The table can be moved in two directions mutually perpendicular to the ram. The tool slide is used to control the depth of cut and is manually fed. It can be rotated through 90 deg, on either side of its normal vertical position, which allows feeding the tool at an angle to the surface of the table. Two types of driving mechanisms for shapers are a modified Whitworth quick-return mechanism and a hydraulic drive. For the Whitworth mechanism, the motor drives the bull gear, which drives a crank arm with an adjustable crank pin to control the length of stroke. As the bull gear rotates, the rocker arm is forced to reciprocate, imparting this motion to the shaper ram. The motor on a hydraulic shaper is used only to drive the hydraulic pump. The remainder of the shaper motions are controlled by the direction of the flow of the hydraulic oil. The cutting stroke of the mechanically driven shaper uses 220 deg. Of rotation of the bull gear, while the return stroke uses 140 deg. This gives a cutting stroke to return stroke ratio of 1.6 to 1. The velocity diagram for a hydraulic shaper shows that for most of the tool during cutting stroke is never constant, while the velocity diagram for a hydraulic shaper shows that for most of the cutting stroke the cutting speed is constant. The hydraulic shaper has an added advantage of infinitely variable cutting speeds. The principal disadvantage of this type of machine is the lack of a definite limit at the end of the ram stroke, which may allow a few thousandths of an inch variation in stroke length. A duplicating device that makes possible the reproduction of contours from a sheet-metal template is available. The sheet metal template is used in conjunction with hydraulic control. Upright drilling machines or drill presses are available in a variety of sizes and types, and are equipped with a sufficient range of apindle speeds and automatic feeds to fit the neds of most industries. Speed ranges on a typical machine are from 76 to 2025 rpm., with drill feed from 0.002 to 0.020 in.per revolution of the spindle. Radial drilling machines are used to drill workpieces that are too large or
毕业设计 外文翻译 题目曲轴的加工工艺及夹具设计学院航海学院 专业轮机工程 学生佟宝诚 学号 10960123 指导教师彭中波 重庆交通大学 2014年
Proceedings of IMECE2008 2008 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition October 31-November 6, 2008, Boston, Massachusetts, USA IMECE2008-67447 MULTI-OBJECTIVE SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION OF ENGINE CRANKSHAFTS USING AN INTEGRATION APPROACH Albert Albers/IPEK Institute of Product Development University of Karlsruhe Germany Noel Leon/CIDyT Center for Innovation andDesign Monterrey Institute of Technology,Mexico Humberto Aguayo/CIDyT Center forInnovation and Design, Monterrey Institute ofTechnology, Mexico Thomas Maier/IPEK Institute of Product Development University of Karlsruhe Germany ABSTRACT The ever increasing computer capabilities allow faster analysis in the field of Computer Aided Design and Engineering (CAD & CAE). CAD and CAE systems are currently used in Parametric and Structural Optimization to find optimal topologies and shapes of given parts under certain conditions. This paper describes a general strategy to optimize the balance of a crankshaft, using CAD and CAE software integrated with Genetic Algorithms (GAs) via programming in Java. An introduction to the groundings of this strategy is made among different tools used for its implementation. The analyzed crankshaft is modeled in commercial parametric 3D CAD software. CAD is used for evaluating the fitness function (the balance) and to make geometric modifications. CAE is used for evaluating dynamic restrictions (the eigenfrequencies). A Java interface is programmed to link the CAD model to the CAE software and to the genetic algorithms. In order to make geometry modifications to
文献出处：Thronson P. Toward Comprehensive Reform of America’s Emergency Law Regime [J]. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 2013, 46(2). 原文 TOWARD COMPREHENSIVE REFORM OF AMERICA’S EMERGENCY LAW REGIME Patrick A. Thronson Unbenownst to most Americans, the United States is presently under thirty presidentially declared states of emergency. They confer vast powers on the Executive Branch, including the ability to financially incapacitate any person or organization in the United States, seize control of the nation’s communications infrastructure, mobilize military forces, expand the permissible size of the military without congressional authorization, and extend tours of duty without consent from service personnel. Declared states of emergency may also activate Presidential Emergency Action Documents and other continuity-of-government procedures, which confer powers on the President—such as the unilateral suspension of habeas corpus—that appear fundamentally opposed to the American constitutional order.
台式钻床的说明与安全操作规程 一台式钻床的介绍 台式钻床简称台钻，是一种体积小巧，操作简便，通常安装在专用工作台上使用的小型孔加工机床。台式钻床钻孔直径一般在13毫米以下，最大不超过16毫米。其变速一般通过改变三角带在塔型带轮上的位置来实现，主轴进给靠手动操作。台式钻床可安放在作业台上，主轴垂直布置的小型钻床。立式钻床主轴箱和工作台安置在立柱上，主轴垂直布置的钻床。摇臂钻床可绕立柱回转、升降，通常主轴箱可在摇臂上作水平移动。铣钻床工作台可纵横向移动，钻轴垂直布置，能进行铣削的钻床。孔深钻床使用特制深孔钻头，工件旋转，钻削深孔的钻床。平端面孔中心孔钻床切削轴类端面和用中心钻加工的中心孔钻床。卧式钻床主轴水平布置，主轴可垂直移动的钻床。 二、台式钻床安全操作规程 1、使用前要检查各部件是否正常; 2、钻头与工件必须装夹紧固，不能用手握住工件，以免钻头旋转引起伤人 事故以及设备损坏事故; 3、集中精力操作，摇臂和拖板必须锁紧后方可工作，装卸钻头时不可用手 锤和其他工具物件敲打，也不可借助主轴上下往返撞击钻头，应用专用钥匙和扳手来装卸，钻夹头不得夹锥形柄钻头; 4、钻薄板需加垫木板，应刃磨薄板。并采用较小进给量，钻头快要钻透工 件时，应适当减小进给量要轻施压力，以免折断钻头损坏设备或发生意外事故; 5、钻头在运转时，禁止用棉纱和毛巾擦拭钻床及清楚铁屑。工作后钻床必 须擦拭干净，切断电源，零件堆放及工作场地保持整齐、整洁。 6，在工件或钻头上时，应提升钻头。使之断削，并停钻后用专门工具清除切削。 7、必须在钻床工作范围内钻孔，不应使用超过额定直径的钻头。 8、更换皮带位置变速时，必须在切断电源。 9、工作中出现任何异常情况，应停车再处理。 10 操作员操作前必须熟悉机器的性能，用途及操作注意事项，生手严禁单 独上机操作。 11、工作人员必须穿适当的衣服，严禁戴手套。
2604130359 CNC Cutting Technology Review Numerical control high speed cutting technology (High Speed Machining, HSM, or High Speed Cutting, HSC), is one of the advanced manufacturing technology to improve the machining efficiency and quality, the study of related technology has become an important research direction of advanced manufacturing technology at home and abroad. China is a big manufacturing country, in the world of industry transfer to accept the front instead of back-end of the transfer, to master the core technology of advanced manufacturing, or in a new round of international industrial structure adjustment, our country manufacturing industry will further behind. Imminent research on the theory and application of advanced technology. 1, high-speed CNC machining meaning High speed cutting theory put forward by the German physicist Carl.J.Salomon in the last century and early thirty's. He concluded by a lot of experiments: in the normal range of cutting speed, cutting speed if the increase, will cause the cutting temperature rise, exacerbating the wear of cutting tool; however, when the cutting speed is increased to a certain value, as long as more than the inflection point, with the increase of the cutting speed, cutting temperature can not rise, but will decline, so as long as the cutting speed is high enough, it can be solved very well in high cutting temperature caused by tool wear is not conducive to the cutting problem, obtained good processing efficiency. With the development of manufacturing industry, this theory is gradually paid more attention to, and attracted a lot of attention, on the basis of this theory has gradually formed the field of high-speed cutting technology of NC, relatively early research on NC High-speed Machining Technology in developed countries, through the theoretical basis of the research, basic research and applied research and development application, at present applications have entered the substantive stage in some areas. The high-speed cutting processing category, generally have the following several kinds of classification methods, one is to see that cutting speed, cutting speed over conventional cutting speed is 5-10 times of high speed cutting. Also has the scholar to spindle speed as the definition of high-speed processing standards, that the spindle speed is higher than that of 8000r\/min for high speed machining. And from the machine tool spindle design point of view, with the product of DN diameter of spindle and spindle speed, if the value of DN to (5~2000) * 105mm.r\/min, is considered to be of high speed machining. In practice, different processing methods, different materials, high speed cutting speed corresponding to different. Is generally believed that the turning speed of (700~7000) m\/min, milling speed reaches m\/min (300~6000), that is in the high-speed cutting. In addition, from the practical considerations, high-speed machining concept not only contains the high speed cutting process, integration and optimization also contains the process of cutting, is a
模拟与数字转换器 前面我们已经提到，人们在模拟转换器、信号调节器和A/D转换器等的使用上已经积累了大量的经验。因此，目前大部分的系统自然都采用这些技术。然而，还有很大一部分测量方法实质是数字的，在个别的测量仪中使用这些方法时，需要用到一些积分电路，如频率计数和计时电路等来提供指示输出。另外，如果把这种转换器和电脑相连的话，就可以省去一些器材；因为很多有积分电路执行的工作可以由计算机程序代为执行。 柯林斯把在控制和测量系统中处理的信号分为以下几类： （1）模拟式。尽管系统的被测数最初通过传感器得到的是模拟信号，然后通过设计或采用原有的方法将模拟形式的信号转换成电模拟信号。 （2）数字码式。产生的信号是并行的数字信号，每一位的基数权重由预先编定的号码系统决定。在本书中这些仪器称作直接数字转换器。 （3）数字式。其中的函数是指测量参数时用到的量度标准，如对重复信号取平均值。这些仪器在后来称为频域转换器。 特别地，一些模拟转换器适合用一些特别的技术来把模拟量转换成数字输出。其中最通用的方法是同步法和相似仪器的方法，即产生载波频率的调制输出的方法。在用作普通的模拟量输出仪器时，输出量必须经过解调。解调后输出的是直流信号，支流信号的大小和方向描述了转换器运动元件的偏移。虽然使用传统的A/D转换技术可以用来产生数字信号，在提供高精度时采用这些新技术将同步输出直接变为数字输出，比用A/D转换方法更快。 直接数字转换器实际上用得很少，因为在自然现象中很少有那种由温度变化、压力变化等因素作用而产生的可测量的离散的变化量。在普通的仪器系统中使用直接数字转换器有如下优点（即使在完成安装时不使用计算机）：（1）容易产生、处理和存储信号，如打控带、磁带等； （2）高精度和高分辨率的需要； （3）高介数字信号对外部噪声的抗干扰性； （4）在简化数据描述时的人机工程学优势（例如：数字读出器能避免读刻度或图表时的判度错误）。 在直接数字转换器中最能起作用的发展是轴编码器。轴编码器在机床和飞行系统中被广泛应用。利用这些设备能达到很高的精度和分辨率，而且这些设备能进行激动连接，给出任何可测量物理偏移的直接数字输出。这类系统通常的缺点是仪器的惯性及编码器限制了相应的速度，因而也限制了操作频率。 频域转换器在线系统（测量量较少时）有着特殊的地位。因为计算机能担当
淮阴工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 系部：计算机工程 专业：计算机科学与技术 姓名：刘海平 学号： 10213120 外文出处：Digital Avionics Systems Conference,2005. DASC 2005. The 24th 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 解决嵌入式OPENGL难题－使标准、工具和APIS能在高度嵌入 和安全的环境中一起工作 摘要 作为定义和表现屏幕图象来说，嵌入式的HMIS正在使用OpenGL来表现API.由于图形加速子系统和商业驱动的出现，这一趋势能被很好的支持。同时，嵌入的图形工具和软件厂商已经在他们的API中支持OpenGL。因为其高度的嵌入和关键的安全环境，完整的OpenGL不是一个狭窄的标准。为了能获得低价格/低功耗的硬件设备和减少获得关键安全证书的驱动的复杂性，必须包含OpenGL的子集。 近些年，移动图形工业已经从定义合适的OpenGL子集的工业联盟的努力中获得利益。这些子集，或外形,存在于趋向为广泛的不同的嵌入式市场的应用的不同版本提供服务。它很清楚如此定义明确的标准罐子和将会有一种在嵌入式和关键安全的图形业上的有益的影响，提供空前的便携和简单的HMI程序. 图形工具和软件厂商正在支持新的标准的水平是不清晰的。对于终端开发者来说，这些要求是非常高的，就像既不支持或很难的保证的API的可靠性。这篇论文在对厂商和开发者征税方面提出了些建议，获得用户接口和用OPENGL标准来确保工程的成功和HMI软件的广泛调度的建议。 背景 图形处理单元（GPUs） 在过去 10 年内, 嵌入式的系统经历了基本的变化的平台显示技术。这些变化已经主要被两个相似技术所控制，使用了OPENGL的显示硬件和高级的以光栅为基础的EGS系统。平面显示已经在支持嵌入式尺寸和宽度限制方面有了很大的提高。以光栅为基础的EGS已经在解决增强的方法方面提供了足够的马力，特别是建立在日常的OPENGL硬件上。 那些渲染引擎或图形芯片是处理图形和创建或渲染图形的移动处理设备的一部分。在桌面系统方面，硬件渲染引擎起处于统治地位，导致了两个高性能的处理
A review and analysis of current computer-aided fixture design approaches Iain Boyle, Yiming Rong, David C. Brown Keywords: Computer-aided fixture design Fixture design Fixture planning Fixture verification Setup planning Unit design ABSTRACT A key characteristic of the modern market place is the consumer demand for variety. To respond effectively to this demand, manufacturers need to ensure that their manufacturing practices are sufficiently flexible to allow them to achieve rapid product development. Fixturing, which involves using fixtures to secure work pieces during machining so that they can be transformed into parts that meet required design specifications, is a significant contributing factor towards achieving manufacturing flexibility. To enable flexible fixturing, considerable levels of research effort have been devoted to supporting the process of fixture design through the development of computer-aided fixture design (CAFD) tools and approaches. This paper contains a review of these research efforts. Over seventy-five CAFD tools and approaches are reviewed in terms of the fixture design phases they support and the underlying technology upon which they are based. The primary conclusion of the review is that while significant advances have been made in supporting fixture design, there are primarily two research issues that require further effort. The first of these is that current CAFD research is segmented in nature and there remains a need to provide more cohesive fixture design support. Secondly, a greater focus is required on supporting the detailed design of a fixture’s physical structure. 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Introduction (2) 2. Fixture design (2) 3. Current CAFD approaches (4) 3.1 Setup planning (4) 3.1.1 Approaches to setup planning (4) 3.2 Fixture planning (4) 3.2.1 Approaches to defining the fixturing requirement (6) 3.2.2 Approaches to non-optimized layout planning (6) 3.2.3 Approaches to layout planning optimization (6) 3.3 Unit design (7) 3.3.1 Approaches to conceptual unit design (7)