陕西师范大学
2012级免费师范教育硕士英语试题
注意事项:
一、本试题共10页，满分100分。答案一律写在答题纸上，否则无效。
二、做选择题时，将所选答案书写在答题纸对应题号后的（）
三、中英文尽可能做到字迹清晰、书写工整、疏密相间均匀、字体大小适当。
四、英文作文必须逐行书写不得隔行或跳行。
Part I Vocabulary and Structure (20%)
Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence.
1.My job varies between the extremely tedious and the annoyingly busy. ______ I think
I am happier during the real busy times: no time to think about how bored I am.
A. On balance
B. In addition
C. Furthermore
D. Aside from
2.We are all in favor of your proposal that the meeting ______.
A. is called off
B. should call off
C. is to be called off
D. be called off
3.______, I walked my dear father.
A. Exhausted and hungry
B. Having been exhausted and hungry
C. Being exhausted and hungry
D. To be exhausted and hungry
4.I stood still, trying to ______ a plausible excuse.
A. create
B. produce
C. invent
D. design
5. A new technique ______ out, the output as a whole increased by 15 percent.
A. working
B. having worked
C. having been worked D to have been worked
6.She thinks it?s time we ______ free school meals.
A. did for
B. did with
C. did without
D. did away with
7.He never regretted paying 300 Yuan for the bookcase. As a matter of fact he would
gladly have paid ______ for it.
A. as much twice
B. twice as much
C. much as twice D as twice much
8.He was attending a meeting, ______ come to your birthday party then.
A. unless he would have
B. or he would
C. nevertheless he did not D or he would have
9.He ______ the job ______ because it involved too much traveling.
A. turned…down
B. turned…away
C. turned off D turned…over
10. They have made changes in their plans for a new science park as you .
A. suggested
B. have suggested
C. had suggested
D. suggest
11．In some areas of northwest China, intensive farming has brought about severe_____ of the land, which accounted for poor harvest in recent years.
A. deforestation
B. dejection
C. delectation D degeneration
12．The accuracy of scientific observations and calculations is always_____ the scientist?s time-keeping methods.
A. at the mercy of
B. in accordance with
C. under the guidance of
D. by means of 13．Manufacturers raised the price of this product to ______ the increased cost of material.
A. write off
B. offset
C. make for
D. abstain from
14．Among other things was the discussion to reach a_______ trade agreement between the two countries.
A. reciprocal
B. merged
C. marketable
D. mature
15．Nowadays more Chinese would like to hold their reunion dinner in posh restaurants, despite the______ costs. They find it more enjoyable and physically less demanding.
A. hyperbolic
B. inexorable
C. exorbitant
D. protean
16. Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December 25th _______the
birth of Jesus Christ.
A. in accordance with
B. in terms of
C. in favor of
D. in honor of
17. The _________ to overthrow the revolutionary regime was unearthed and promptly
smashed.
A. conspiracy
B. trick
C. intrigue
D. plot
18. In the last couple of days, a number of areas in China were hit by heavy snowfalls,
powerful winds or suffocating sandstorms. The extremely bad weather has ________ the transportation system in the areas.
A. constrained
B. cussed
C. crippled
D. chucked
19. My father is researching the spread of AIDs. And he is ________ in his presentation
of experiments.
A. relevant
B. sacred
C. protean
D. meticulous
20. Mr. John made a very wonderful after-dinner speech. His ________ mind, graceful
manner and fluent words moved all the participants deeply.
A. awesome
B. articulate
C. agile
D. arbitrary
Part II Reading Comprehension (40%)
Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.
Passage One
When your parents advise you to "get an education" in order to raise your income, they tell you only half the truth. What they really mean is to get just enough education to provide manpower for your society, but not so much that you prove an embarrassment to your society.
Get a high school diploma, at least. Without that, you will be occupationally dead unless your name happens to be George Bernard Shaw or Thomas Alva Edison, and you can successfully dropout in grade school.
Get a college degree, if possible. With a B.A., you are on the launching pad. But now you have to start to put on the brakes. If you go for a master's degree, make sure it is an M.B.A., and is famous.
Do you know, for instance, that long-haul truck drivers earn more per year than full professors? Yes, the average 1977 salary for those truckers was $24000 while the full professors managed to earn just $23030.
A Ph.D. is the highest degree you can get. Except for a few specialized fields such as physics or chemistry where the degree can quickly be turned to industrial or commercial purposes, if you pursue such a degree in any other field, you will face a dim future. There are more Ph.D.s unemployed or underemployed in this country than any other part of the world.
If you become a doctor of philosophy in English or history or anthropology or political science or languages or worst of all in philosophy, you run the risk of becoming overeducated for our national demands. Not for our needs, mind you, but for our demands.
Thousands of Ph.D.s are selling shoes, driving cars, waiting on table, and endlessly filling out applications month after month. They may also take a job in some high school or backwater college that pays much less than the janitor earns.
You can equate the level of income with the level of education only so far. Far enough, that is, to make you useful to the gross national product, but not so far that nobody can turn much of a profit on you.
21. According to the writer, what the society expects of education is to turn out people
who _____.
A. will not be a disgrace to society
B. will become loyal citizens
C. can take care of themselves
D. can meet the nation's demands as a source of
manpower
22. Many Ph.D.s are out of job because _____.
A. they are improperly educated
B. they are of little commercial value to their society
C. there are fewer jobs in high schools
D. they prefer easier jobs that make more money
23. The nation is only interested in people _____.
A. with diplomas
B. who specialize in physics and chemistry
C. who are valuable to the gross national product
D. both A and C
24. Which of the following is not true?______
A. Bernard Shaw didn't finish high schools, nor did Edison.
B. One must think carefully before pursuing a master degree.
C. The higher your education level, the more money you will earn.
D. If you are too well-educated, you'll be overeducated for society's demands.
25. The writer sees education as _____.
A. a means of providing job security and financial security and a means of meeting a
country's demands for technical workers
B. a way to broaden one's horizons
C. more important than finding a job
D. an opportunity that everyone should have
Passage Two
In the mid-nineteenth century, the United States had tremendous natural resources that could be exploited in order to develop heavy industry. Most of the raw materials that are valuable in the manufacture of machinery, transportation facilities, and consumer goods lay ready to be worked into wealth. Iron, coal, and oil — the basic ingredients of industrial growth — were plentiful and needed only the application of technical expertise, organizational skill, and labor.
One crucial development in this movement toward industrialization was the growth of the railroads. The railway network expanded rapidly until the railroad map of the United States looked like a spider?s web, with the steel filaments connecting all important sources of raw materials, their places of manufacture, and their centers of distribution.
The railroads contributed to the industrial growth not only by connecting these major centers, but also by themselves consuming enormous amounts of fuel, iron, and coal.
Many factors influenced emerging modes of production. For example, machine tools, the tools used to make goods, were steadily improved in the latter part of the nineteenth century — always with an eye to speedier production and lower unit costs. The products of the factories were rapidly absorbed by the growing cities that sheltered the workers and distributors. The increased urban population was nourished by the increased farm production that, in turn, was made more productive by the use of the new farm machinery. American agricultural production kept up with the urban demand and still had surpluses for sale to the industrial centers of Europe.
The labor that ran the factories and built the railways was recruited in part from American farm areas where people were being displaced by farm machinery, in part from Asia, and in part form Europe. Europe now began to send tides of immigrants from eastern and southern Europe —most of whom were originally poor farmers but who settled in American industrial cities. The money to finance this tremendous expansion of the American economy still came from European financiers for the most part, but the Americans were approaching the day when their expansion could be financed in their own “money market”.
26. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The history of railroads in the United States.
B. The major United States industrial centers.
C. Factors that affected industrialization in the United States.
D. The role of agriculture in the nineteenth century.
27. The word “ingredients” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to ________.
A. minerals
B. products
C. methods
D. components
28. According to the passage, all of the following were true of railroads in the United
States in the nineteenth century EXCEPT that ________.
A. they connected important industrial cities
B. they were necessary to the industrialization process
C. they were expanded in a short time
D. they used relatively small quantities of natural resources
29. According to the passage, what was one effect of the improvement of machine tools?
A. Lower manufacturing costs.
B. Better distribution of goods.
C. More efficient transportation of natural resources.
D. A reduction in industrial jobs.
30. Which of the following is NOT true of the United States farmers in the nineteenth
century?
A. They lost some jobs because of mechanization.
B. They were unable to produce sufficient food for urban areas.
C. They raised their productivity by using new machinery.
D. They sold food to European countries.
Passage Three
Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.
As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.
But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves -- goals that pose a real challenge. “While w e know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can?t yet give a robot enough …common sense? to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”
Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.
What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain?s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated —than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can?t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don?t know quite how we do it.
31. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in ________.
A. the use of machines to produce science fiction
B. the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry
C. the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work
D. the elite?s cunning tackl ing of dangerous and boring work
32. The word “gizmos” (Line 1, Paragraph 2) most probably means________.
A. programs
B. experts
C. devices
D. creatures
33. According to the text, what is beyond man?s ability now is to design a robot that can
________.
A. fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery
B. interact with human beings verbally
C. have a little common sense
D. respond independently to a changing world
34 Besides reducing human labor, robots can also________.
A. make a few decisions for themselves
B. deal with some errors with human intervention
C. improve factory environments
D. cultivate human creativity
35. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are________.
A. expected to copy human brain in internal structure
B. able to perceive abnormalities immediately
C. far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information
D. best used in a controlled environment
Passage Four
Though it is mere 1 to 3 percent of the population, the upper class possesses at least 25 percent of the nation?s wealth. This class has two segments: upper-upper and lower-upper. Basically, the upper-upper class is “old rich” －families that have been wealthy for several generations －an aristocracy of birth and wealth. Their names are in the Social Register, a listing of acceptable members of high society. A few are known across the nations, such as the Rockefellers, Roosevelts, and Vanderbilts. Most are not visible to the general public. They live in grand seclusion, drawing their income from the investment of their inherited wealth. In contrast, the lower-upper class is the “new rich”. Although they may be wealthier than some of the old rich, the new rich have hustled to make their money like everybody else beneath their class. Thus their prestige is generally lower than that of the old rich, who have not found it necessary to lift a finger to make their money, and who tend to look down upon the new rich.
However its wealth is required, the upper class is very, very rich. They have enough money and leisure time to cultivate an interest in the arts and to collect rare books, paintings, and sculptures. They generally live in exclusive areas, belong to exclusive social club, communicate with each other, and marry their own kind －all of which keeps them so distant from the masses that they have been called the out-of-sight class. More than any other class, they tend to be conscious of being members of a class. They also command an enormous amount of power and influence here and abroad, as they hold many top government positions, run the Council on Foreign Relations, and control multinational corporations. Their actions affect the lives of millions.
36 All the following statements are true EXCEPT that ______.
A. the upper-upper class is of aristocratic origin
B. the “old rich” enjoy higher prestige than the “new rich”
C. the “old rich” isolate themselves and lead a lonely life
D. the upper class owns at least a quarter of the country?s wealth
37. According to the author, th e “old rich” get richer ______.
A. through the Social Register
B. through their reputation
C. by investing their inherited wealth
D. by collecting paintings and sculptures
38. The reason why the “old rich” look down upon the “new rich” is that ______.
A. the former are wealthier than the latter
B. the latter sweat themselves to make money
C. the “new rich” have no interest in arts
D. the “old rich” are conscious of being members of the upper class
39. The upper class is also called the out-of-sight class because ______.
A. they keep away from the general public
B. they spend most of their time abroad
C. they don?t communicate with any people
D. they move frequently from place to place
40 We can learn from the passage that ______.
A .the upper class is powerful and influential
B. the upper class collects rare books to make money
C. the upper class holds all top government positions
D. the “old rich” makes much more money than the “new rich”
Part III Writing (40%)
Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1)describe the drawing briefly,
2)explain its intended meaning, and then
3)give your comments.
You should write neatly on your ANSWER SHEET. Remember to give a title to your writing.
全国在职教育硕士英语学生用书第二版Unit 3 Unit 3 Travel Prepare Yourself Do you know ? tourist resort旅游胜地landscape scenery 山水风光 virgin forest 原始森林hitchhiking 沿途免费搭乘他人便车旅行 outdoor adventures户外冒险活动 a camper 野营者 How do you say it ? 远足hike 兜风go for a ride 观光sight-seeing 探险explore, exploration 交游go outing 滑雪skiing 冲浪surfing 睡袋sleeping bag 导游图tourist map 夏令营summer camp Make up a sentence Once in the wilderness, your chief worry will be, not how to avoid other hikers, but how not to get lost! 在空旷的野外，你最担心的不是避开旅游高峰，而是怕迷了路！ Happiness takes no account of time. Text1 Enjoy the Great Outdoors Few countries have such a varied and tempting outdoors as the USA. There is every kind of climate except tropical; Arctic in Alaska, Mediterranean in southern California, temperate in the northwest and northeast, subtropical in Florida, desert in Arizona and New Mexico. Death Valley, California, has the most consistently high summer temperature in the world It sometimes persists at 132°F. 很少有国家像美国那样具有各种各样诱人的户外活动。除热带气候外，各种气候都具备。阿拉斯加的极地气候，加利福尼州北部的地中海式气候，东北部和西北部的温带气候，佛罗里达州的亚热带气候，亚里桑那州和新墨西哥州的沙漠气候。加利福尼亚的死亡之谷，在夏季始终保持着全世界的最高温度，有时高达132华氏度。 As for the landscape, it is enormously varied and spectacular. In the west there are the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, with their snow-capped peaks, and in the east the wild, forest-covered Appalachians, whose highest summit is nearly 7000 feet. There is an abundance of waterfall, gentle rivers, lakes that are small and intimate or vast like the Great Lakes, Lake Superior is the largest freshwater lake in the world and the waves which break on its shores are like the waves of the sea. In winter and in spring, campers, are tempted by the clear skies and dazzling multi-colored rocks of Arizona, Colorado and New Mexico. Even the bleak splendor of Death Valley attracts many winter visitors. 至于山水，那可是多种多样，引人入胜，颇为壮观。西部有落基山脉和内华达山脉，那里白
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long-distance education long-distance education, It is called network education in the file that released by department of education has introduced some , or called contemporary and long-range education network education. It refers to the use of TV and the Internet and other media teaching mode, the remote education is a very popular teaching model, because it broke through the time and space boundaries, accommodation in the school is different from the traditional teaching mode. Using this kind of teaching model of students, do not need to a specific location, anywhere. Students can also through television and radio, Internet, coaching line, a variety of different methods, such as mutual learning. Online learning has superior side, there are also some disadvantages. Learners can not adapt to the network teaching mode. Network education lack of interactivity and authenticity. On the BBS of the remote education, many netizens agree that network education's biggest drawback is the lack of interactivity and authenticity. In network education, between students and students, between students and the teacher only through BBS, E-mail or other network communication tools to communicate, people had built up a relationship is a kind of virtual environment of interpersonal relationships, interpersonal communication gradually from direct to indirect, from the diversification to the simplification, lost the traditional relationship between university students directly group consciousness gradually indifference. Education of students by this way, the collective idea and the spirit of solidarity and collaboration as generally traditional college students, is not conducive to the development of individuals and society.
一．中古英语时期 ?Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and the most important specimen (范例、典范)of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. ?The romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period（中世纪）. It uses verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. ?Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）,was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature. ?Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry and the founder of English realism. 二．文艺复兴Renaissance ?Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It marks a transition(过渡) from the medieval to the modern world. ?It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture（雕塑）and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. ?Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. ?This was England’s Golden Age in literature. Queen Elizabeth reigned over the country in this period. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England ? ?“Of Studies” is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays. ?Thomas More ——Utopia ?Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene 相关练习 ? 1. Which is the oldest poem in the English language? ? A. Utopia B. Faerie Queene ? C. Beowulf D. Hamlet ? 2. _____ is the father of English poetry. ? A. Edmund Spenser B. William Shakespeare ? C. Francis Bacon D. Geoffrey Chaucer ? 3. ____ is not a playwright during the Renaissance period on England. ? A. William Shakespeare B. Geoffrey Chaucer ? C. Christopher Marlowe D. Ben Johnson 三．莎士比亚William Shakespeare ?“All the world 's a stage, and all the men and women merely players.”——William Shakespeare ?William Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English language. Shakespeare understood people more than any other writers. He could create characters that have
与其他不少考研热门专业一样，英语专业研究生招生的研究方向设置非常细，不同学校的方向设置类别不一，名称也各异。 比如上海外国语大学英语语言文学专业下设有语言方向、文学方向、教学法方向、翻译学方向、口译学方向、英语国家文化方向、跨文化交际方向7个方向。而同样是外语类专业院校，北京外国语大学该专业设置的研究方向明显不同，广东外语外贸大学该专业设置的8个研究方向更与前两所学校无一相同。 在这种情况下，不少备考英语专业的同学对“如何选择研究方向”这样的问题一头雾水，也就不足为怪了。 就英语专业考研而言，外国语言文学下设置的二级学科很多，包括英语语言文学、俄语语言文学、法语语言文学、德语语言文学、日语语言文学、印度语言文学、阿拉伯语语言文学、欧洲语言文学、亚非语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学、翻译学11个学科。其中，涉及英语专业的二级学科主要有3个：英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学、翻译学。 一般院校的英语专业多设置英语语言文学和外国语言学及应用语言学两个专业，所以，英语专业考研的专业设置其实比较简单，一般就是两大专业。不过，这两个专业被不同学校细化研究方向以后，就变得复杂了。如前面说到的上海外国语大学英语语言文学专业下设有7个方向，这7个方向进一步细分，小的研究方向达37个之多。 英语专业的研究方向虽名目众多，却也并非杂乱无章，其设置仍是遵循一定规律的。粗略分析，这些研究方向可分为传统研究方向和新兴研究方向两大类。 传统研究方向 传统研究方向，顾名思义，指的是设置多年的老牌研究方向，这些研究方向一般学校都有开设。 1. 文学方向 开设学校：全国绝大部分招收英语专业研究生的学校。据2007年的招生统计，仅有17所招收英语专业研究生的学校没有开设文学方向。 研究内容：主要研究英美文学研究领域中的重大问题，目的在于提高文学素养、理论水平和研究能力。 就业方向：此方向开设学校多，招生人数较多，就业范围非常广泛，一般为教师、研究人员。所学课程：西方文论、美国经典文学、美国现当代文学、英国经典文学、文学批评、英国文学选读、美国文学选读、17～19世纪英国文学研究、希腊戏剧研究、英国长篇小说选读、美国长篇小说选读、英国诗歌选读、美国诗歌选读、英美散文鉴赏、王尔德戏剧欣赏、英国短篇小说欣赏、美国短篇小说鉴赏、英美戏剧鉴赏、中国文学史、中国古典文学选读等。 2. 语言学 开设学校：全国绝大部分招收英语专业研究生的学校。据2007年的招生统计，仅有9所招收英语专业研究生的学校没有开设语言学方向。 研究内容：语言学是我国高校近年来普遍设置的一个综合性的语言研究学科。主要学习语言学理论及语言在各种学科中的应用，不同学校侧重点有所不同。 通过大量阅读有关文献、论文和最新的研究成果报告，使学生对于语言学的形成和发展有进一步的了解，并了解现代语言学的最新动向和最新发展。语言学特别强调和重视研究生的广泛阅读，包括专业的外语期刊和近几年的语言学相关论文。 就业方向：该专业理论性较强，主要面向大中专教师及研究人员。 所学课程：语言学概论、语用学与话语分析、应用语言学、现代语法学、语义学、语用学、英语语体学与文体学、语篇分析等。 3. 英美文化研究 开设学校：南京大学、上海外国语大学、天津师范大学等。
试卷代码： 南京城市职业学院2015-2016学年度第二学期 酒店管理专业酒店英语期末考试试题 班级：学号：姓名： 2016年6月 一、单选题（每题1分，共20分） 1、Good morning. _______ I help you? A、Would B、Must C、May D、Am 2、I would like to _________ a room, please. A．order B、book C、see D、look 3. It’s very kind __________ you to help me. A．of B、to C、by D、for 4. What’s the ________ for a double room? A. right B. rate C、money D、for 5. I would like to book a double room ________ bath. A. with B. of C、by D、for 6.Excuse me, sir. You need to ________ the form. A. fill in B. fill on C、fill of D、fill for 7.We are looking forward to __________ you. A. see B. saw C、seeing D、sees 8.I'm afraid we are fully booked _______ the 5th. A. with B. of C、by D、for 9.Do you want to pay _____ cash or _____ credit card. A. in in B. by by C、by in D、in by 10.The porter will show you _______ your room. A. with B. to C、by D、for 11.My flight will leave ______ 6 pm today. A. with B. on C、at D、for 12.The hotel is full and there is someone ________ your room. A. take B. To take C、takes D、taking 13.Let me _______ you with your luggage.
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A. some modern women prefer a life of individual freedom. B. the family is no longer the basic unit of society in present-day Europe. C. some professional people have too much work to do to feel lonely. D. Most Europeans conceive living a single life as unacceptable. 5.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A. To review the impact of women becoming high earners. B. To contemplate the philosophy underlying individualism. C. To examine the trend of young people living alone. D. To stress the rebuilding of personal relationships. Passage Two American dramas and sitcoms would have been candidates for prime time several years ago. But those programs －though some remain popular －increasingly occupy fringe times slots on foreign networks. Instead, a growing number of shows produced by local broadcasters are on the air at the best times. The shift counters longstanding assumptions that TV shows produced in the United States would continue to overshadow locally produced shows from Singapore to Sicily. The changes are coming at a time when the influence of the United States on international affairs has annoyed friends and foes alike, and some people are expressing relief that at least on television American culture is no longer quite the force it once was. “There has always been a concern that the image of the world would be shaped too much by American culture,” said Dr. Jo Groebek, director general of the European Institu te for the Media, a non-profit group. Given the choice, he adds, foreign viewers often prefer homegrown shows that better reflect local tastes, cultures and historical events. Unlike in the United States, commercial broadcasting in most regions of the world －including Asia, Europe, and a lesser extent Latin America, which has a long history of commercial TV －is a relatively recent development. A majority of broadcasters in many countries were either state-owned or state-subsidized for much of the last century. Governments began to relax their control in the 1980’s by privatizing national broadcasters and granting licenses to dozens of new commercial networks. The rise of cable and satellite pay-television increased the spectrum of channels. Relatively inexperienced and often financed on a shoestring, these new commercial stations needed hours of programming fast. The cheapest and easiest way to fill airtime was to buy shows from American studios, and the bidding wars for popular shows were fierce. The big American studios took advantage of that demand by raising prices and forcing foreign broadcasters to buy less popular programs if they wanted access to the best-selling shows and movies. “The studio priced themselves out of prime time,” said Harry Evans Sloan, chairman of SBS Broadcasting, a Pan-European broadcaster. Mr. Sloan estimates that over the last decade, the price of American programs has increased fivefold even as the international ratings for these shows have declined. American broadcasters are still the biggest buyers of American-made television shows, accounting for 90% of the $25 billion in 2001 sales. But international sales which totaled $2.5 billion last year often make the difference between a profit and a loss on show. As the pace of foreign sales slows －the market is now growing at 5% a year, down from the double-digit growth of the 1990’s －studio executives are rethinking production costs. 6. Which of the following best characterizes the image embodied in American shows? A. Self-contradictory B. Prejudice-free C. Culture-loaded D. Audience-targeted 7. The intervention of governments in the 1980’s resulted in __________ . A. the patenting of domination shows and movies B. the emergence of new commercial networks C. the promotion of cable and satellite pay-television D. the intense competition coming from the outside 8. The phrase “on a shoestring” (Para. 6) most probably means __________. A. in need of capital B. after a fashion C. on second thoughts D. in the interests of themselves 9. The main reason why American dramas and sitcoms are driven out of prime time is that ____. A. they lose competitiveness B. they are not market-oriented C. they are too much priced D. they fall short of audience expectations 10. American studio producers will give thought to production costs __________. A. if they have no access to popular shows B. because their endeavors come to no avail C. since bidding wars are no longer fierce D. as international sales pace slows down Passage Three How shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales 1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (th at is，how ants，bees or any social animal，including humans，behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy. 2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome，Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani，a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology，described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes，also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is seen to be popular, shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying. 3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information，and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.
学科教学英语全日制教育硕士专业学位研究生
学科教学（英语)全日制教育硕士专业学位研究生 培养方案（2017年修订） 专业代码：(045108) 一、培养目标 培养高素质的基础教育学校和中等职业技术学校英语专任教师。具体要求为：1．热爱祖国，拥护中国共产党领导。热爱教育事业，教书育人，为人师表，积极进取，勇于创新。 2．掌握现代教育理论,具有良好的知识结构和扎实的专业基础，了解英语学科前沿和发展趋势。 3．具有较强的实践能力，胜任并创造性地开展教育教学工作。 4．具有发现和解决问题、终身学习与发展的意识与能力。 5．能较为熟练地运用一种外国语阅读本专业的外文文献资料。 二、招生对象 具有国民教育序列大学本科学历(或本科同等学力)人员。 三、学习年限 学习年限一般为2年。 四、课程设置 课程分为学位基础课、专业必修课、专业选修课和实践教学。总学分不少于38学分。 （一）学位基础课（12学分） 1.政治理论（含教师职业道德教育）（2学分） 2.教育原理（2学分） 3.课程与教学论（2学分） 4.汉语言文学基础（2学分） 5.心理发展与教育（2学分） 6.教育研究方法（2学分） （二）专业必修课（12学分）
1.英语课程与教材研究（2学分） 2.英语教学设计与实施（2学分） 3.外语教育心理学（2学分） 4.教育统计学（2学分） 5.英语教师行动研究与论文写作（2学分） 6.英语语音实践(2学分) （三）专业选修课（6学分） 1.专业理论知识类课程 （1）认知语言学与英语教学(2学分) （2）英语教师发展研究（2学分） （3）语用学与英语教学（2学分） （4）西方文化概况（2学分） （5）翻译理论与实践（2学分） （6）二语习得研究与英语教学(2学分) 2.教学专业技能类课程 （1）现代教育技术（2学分） （2）英语教师口语（2学分） （3）英语写作与教学（2学分） （4）英语阅读与教学（2学分） （5）语言测试学（2学分） （6）高级英语写作（2学分） 3.教育教学管理类课程 （1）英语教学专题研究（2学分） （2）教育政策与法规（1学分） （3）中外教育简史（2学分） （四）实践教学（8学分） 1.校内实训（2学分）：包括教学技能训练、微格教学、课例分析等。 校内实训阶段，安排在第2学期进行，校内4周。 每位研究生备课教案和课堂教学各不少于2节，听课不少于10学时，且应作好听
Unit 2 The Fine Art of Putting Things Off Michael Demarest 1"Never put off till tomorrow," exhorted Lord Chesterfield in 1749, "what you can do today." That the elegant earl never got around to marrying his son's mother and had a bad habit of keeping worthies like Dr. Johnson cooling their heels for hours in an anteroom attests to the fact that even the most well-intentioned men have been postponers ever. Quintus Fabius Maximus, one of the great Roman generals, was dubbed "Cunctator " (Delayer) for putting off battle until the last possible vinum break. Moses pleaded a speech defect to rationalize his reluctance to deliver Jehovah's edicts to Pharaoh. Hamlet, of course, raised procrastination to an art form. 2The world is probably about evenly divided between delayers and do-it-nowers. There are those who prepare their income taxes in February, prepay mortgages and serve precisely planned dinners at an ungodly 6:30 . The other half dine happily on leftovers at 9 or 10, misplace bills and file for an extension of the income tax deadline. They seldom pay credit-card bills until the apocalyptic voice of Diners threatens doom from Denver. They postpone, as Faustian encounters, visits to barbershop, dentist or doctor. 3Yet for all the trouble procrastination may incur, delay can often inspire and revive a creative soul. Jean Kerr, author of many successful novels and plays, says that she reads every soup-can and jamjar label in her kitchen before settling down to her typewriter. Many a writer focuses on almost anything but his task—for example, on the Coast and Geodetic Survey of Maine's Frenchman Bay and Bar Harbor, stimulating his imagination with names like Googins Ledge, Blunts Pond, Hio Hill and Burnt Porcupine, Long Porcupine, Sheep Porcupine and Bald Porcupine islands. 4From Cunctator's day until this century, the art of postponement had been virtually a monopoly of the military ("Hurry up and wait"), diplomacy and the law. In former times, a British proconsul faced with a native uprising could comfortably ruminate about the situation with Singapore Sling in hand. Blessedly, he had no nattering Telex to order in machine guns and fresh troops. A U.S. general as late as World War II could agree with his enemy counterpart to take a sporting day off, loot the villagers' chickens and wine and go back to battle a day later. Lawyers are among the world's most addicted postponers. According to Frank Nathan, a nonpost-poning Beverly Hills insurance salesman, "The number of attorneys who die without a will is amazing." 5Even where there is no will, there is a way. There is a difference, of course, between chronic procrastination and purposeful postponement, particularly in the higher echelons of business. Corporate dynamics encourage the caution that breeds delay, says Richard Manderbach, Bank of America group vice president. He notes that speedy action can be embarrassing or extremely costly. The data explosion fortifies those seeking excuses for inaction—another report to be read, another authority to be consulted. "There is always," says Manderbach, "a delicate edge between having enough information and too much." 6His point is well taken. Bureaucratization, which flourished amid the growing burdens of government and the greater complexity of society, was designed to smother policymakers in blankets of legalism, compromise and reappraisal—and thereby prevent hasty decisions from being made. The centralization of government that led to Watergate has spread to economic institutions and beyond, making procrastination a worldwide way of life. Many languages are studded with phrases that refer to putting things off—from the Spanish ma?ana to the Arabic bukra fil mishmish(literally "tomorrow in apricots," more loosely "leave it for the soft spring weather when the apricots are blooming"). 7Academe also takes high honors in procrastination. Bernard Sklar, a University of Southern California sociologist who churns out three to five pages of writing a day, admits that "many of my friends go through agonies when they face a blank page. There are all sorts of rationalizations: the pressure of teaching, responsibilities at home, checking out the latest book, looking up another footnote." 8Psychologists maintain that the most assiduous procrastinators are women, though many psychologists are (at $50-plus an hour) pretty good delayers themselves. Dr. Ralph Greenson, a professor of clinical psychiatry (and Marilyn Monroe's onetime shrink), takes a fairly gentle view of procrastination. "To many people," he says, "doing something, confronting, is the moment of truth. All frightened people will then avoid the moment of truth entirely, or evade or postpone it until the last possible moment." To Georgia State Psychologist Joen Pagan, however, procrastination may be a kind of subliminal way of sorting the important from the trivial. "When I drag my feet, there's usually some reason," says Fagan. "I feel it, but I don't yet know the real reason." 9In fact, there is a long and honorable history of procrastination to suggest that many ideas and decisions may well improve if postponed. It is something of a truism that to put off making a decision is itself a