Language learning begins with listenin g.re I a n tl d y i i v n id th u e a a l m c o h u i n ld t r o e f n lis v te a ni r n y g they do after they start speaking,
1. _______ and the late starters are often long listeners. Most children will "obey" spoken instructions some time before
they can speak, though the word obey is hardly accurate like a discrption of the eager and 2. ___ delighted cooperation usually shown by the child. Before they can speak, many children will ask questions in gesture and by making 3. ____ questioning noises. Any attempt to trace the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words lead to considerable 4. ____ difficulties. It is agree that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months one or two noise sort themselves out as 5. ___ particular indicative of delight, distress, sociability, and so on. But since 6.___ these can be said to show the baby' s intention to communicate, they can 7. ____ hardly be regarded as early forms of language. It is agreed, too, from 8. _____ about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment, and that by six months they are able to add new sounds to their repertoire. This self-imitation leads on to deliberate imitation of sounds making or words spoken to 9. ____ them by other people. The problem then arises as to the point which one 10. _____ can say that these imitation can be considered as speech.
1. after -> before 根据上下文逻辑，此处显然指孩子学会说话之前的听力，而非之后。
2.like -> as
like 和as 都有“像”的意思，但是此处要求填入一个具有“作为”之意的词，故将like 改为as
3.in -> by
4. lead -> leads
此处句子的主语是上一行的attempt，所以要用动词的第三人称形式。
5. noise -> noises
One or two 后修饰的名词按复数对待。
6. particular -> particularly
修饰形容词indicative 应该使用副词particularly 。
7. can be said -> can not be said
8. from 前加that
it 是句子的形式主语，而后面的from about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment 才是真正的主语，too 是插入语，由于是主语从句，故引导词that 不能省略。
9. making -> made
此处指“发出的声音和说的话” ，sound 与make 之间是被动关系。
10. which 前加at
定语从句的关系代词指代先行词point，可知从句中缺少的时状语，因此在which前加at。
A “typical” British family used to consist of mother, father and two children, and in recent years there have been many changes in family 1. ___ life. Some of these have been caused by new laws and other 2. ____ are the result of changes in society. For example, for the law 3.___ made easier to get a divorce, the number of divorces has increased. 4. _____ In fact, one marriage in every three now end in divorce. This means that 5. __________ there are a lot of one-parent families. Society is now more tolerant than it used to be with unmarried people, unmarried couples and single parents. 6. ___________ Another change has been caused by the fact people are living longer 7. ___ nowadays, and many old people lives alone following the death of their partners. As a cause of these changes in the pattern of people ' s lives, there 8. ______ are many families consist of only one person or one person and children. .9. ____ You might think that marriage and the families are not so popular as they once are. However, the majority of divorced people marry again and they 10. ____ sometimes take
responsibility for a second family.
1. and -> but 根据上下文，此处应为转折关系
2. other -> others
这里是some….others的固定用法。
3. for -> since
for和since都可以表示“因为”，但是for表示原因引导得从句一般放在句末，所以在此处不对
4. made -> made it
句子主语是law，位于是made, easier是宾语补足语，逻辑宾语是easier后面的to get a divorce，可见此句缺少
形式宾语it。
5. end -> ends
主语one marriage in every three 是单数,故谓语动词也要用单数。
6. with -> of
形容词tolerant 后面只能用of。还原原句为Society is now more tolerant than it used to be ( tolerant) of unmarried people。
7. the fact -> the fact that
fact 之后的部分是同位语从句,补充说明fact
8. cause -> result
s a cause of意为“作为…的原因”，as a result of意为“作为…的结果”，根据上下文语义，应该用后者。
9. consist -> consisting 或consist 前力口which 或that 句子结构混乱。简单句中不能同时出现两个谓语动词。
10. are -> were
There are many reasons for studying what philosophers have said in the past. One is that we cannot divide the history of philosophy 1. _____ from which of science. Philosophy is large discussion about matters 2. _____ in which few people
are quite certain, and those few hold opposite 3. _____ opinions. As knowledge increases, philosophy buds off the sciences. For example, in the ancient world and the Middle Ages philosophers discuss motion. Aristole and St. Thomas Aquinas thought that a 4. ___________ move body would slow down unless a force were constantly applied to it 5. ___ They were right. It goes on moving unless something slows it down. But 6. ___ they had good arguments on their side, and if we study these
and the experiments proved them right, this will help us distinguish truth 7. ___ from false in the scientific controversies of today. We also see how philosophers reflects social life of his day. Plato and Aristole, in the slave-owning society of ancient Greece, thought man's high state 8. _____ was contemplation rather than activity. In the Middle Ages St. Thomas believed
a regularly feudal system of nine ranks of angels. Herbert 9. _________ Spencer, in the time of free competition between capitalists, found the key to progress as the survival of the fittest. Thus Marxism is seeing to fit into 10.___ its place as the philosophy for the workers, the only class with a future.
1. divide -> separate
divide的意思是“分开”，用法为divide into;separate的意思是“分开”，用法是separate from o此句后面又介词from ,故要用separate。
2. which -> that
此处并非任何从句，而应使用代词指代上文的history，故用that, which没有这种用法。
3.in -> about
be certain后面只能用介词about，此处是把这个代词提到了定语从句关系代词which的前面而已，故将in改
成about。
4. discuss -> discussed
此句的时间状语是in the ancient world and the Middle Ages ,所以谓语用一般过去时。
5. move -> moving
此处用来修饰名词body,应该使用现在分词作形容词，表示正在进行的、主动的动作。
6. right -> wrong 根据上下文，这里说中世纪的很多科学家对于运动的观点都是错误的，其后还进一步说明错在哪里。
7. experiments 后加which 或that
proved 及其后部分应该是用来修饰experiments 的定语从句，但是缺少从句的关系代词和主语。关系代词在定语从句中作主语不能省略。
8. high -> highest
词处指人类的最高境界。
9. regularly -> regular
此处的regular 和feudal 并列修饰system 。
10. seeing -> seen
Americans love pets. And it ' s not just puppy love, either. Many pet owners treat their furry friends as part of the family. Sometimes they spice up their pets ' living with entertaining videos and amusing toys. If they 1. ___________ have an eye with fashion, pet owners can dress their pets in stylish clothes. 2. ________ Beneath the fluffy luxuries, there lies a basic American belief: Pets have a right to be treated well. At least 75 animal welfare organizations exist in America, which provides care and adoption services for homeless 3. ____________ and abused animals. Veterinarians can give animals incredible level of 4. _______ medical care for an incredible price. To pay for the high-tech health care, people can buy health insurance for their pets. And when it is time to say good-bye, owners can bury their pets in a respectful pet cemetery. 5. The average American enjoys having pets around, and for good reason. Researchers have discovered that
interacting with animals lower a 6. _________ person' s blood pressure. Dogs can offer protection from burglars and unwelcome visitor. Cats can help rid the home of unwanted pests. Little 7. _________ creature of all shapes and sizes can provide companionship and love. In 8. _____ many cases, have a pet prepares a young couple with responsibilities of 9.
_____ parenthood. Pet even encourage social relationships: They give their owners an appearance of friendly, and they provide a good topic of conversation. 10. _____
1.living -> lives
living 意为“生存”，根据句意，这里应该此处指宠物们的丰富多彩的生活，故用life 的复数lives 。
2. with -> for
have an eye for 是固定搭配，意为“很能见赏，很能看出” 。
3. provide -> provides
该定语从句的先行词是organizations，故从句的谓语要用复数。
4. incredible level -> an incredible level
level 是单数可数名词，应该在之前加上不定冠词。
5. respectful -> respectable
respectful意为"尊敬的” ‘respectable意为"值得尊敬的，体面的”。此处句意是"主人把自己的宠物埋葬在体面的宠物墓地中” ，因此使用respectable。
6.lower -> lowers
本句得主语是interacting with animals，谓语是lower。动名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。
7. visitors
8. creature -> creatures
由定语of all shapes and sizes 可以推出被修饰的词应该是复数。
9. have -> having
简单句不能有两个独立的主谓结构，而此处的have a pet要做句子的主语，故应该使用动名词形式。
10. friendly -> friendliness of 是介词，后面要跟名词。
If you smoke and you still don ' t believe that there 's a definite link between smoke and troubles, heart disease and lung cancer, 1. ________ and you are certainly deceiving yourself. No one will accuse you 2.___ with hypocrisy. Let us just
say that you are suffering from a bad case of 3. _____ wishful thinking. This needn 't make you too uncomfortable because you are in a good company. Whenever the subject of smoking and health is 4.___ raised, the governments of most countries hear no evil, see no evil and smell no evil. Admittedly, a few governments have not taken timid 5. _____ measures. In
Britain for instance, cigarette advertising has been banned on television. The conscience of the nation is appeased, while the population continues to puff its way to smoky, cancerous death. You don ' t have to look very far to find out that the official reactions 6. _____ to medical findings have been so lukewarm. The answer is simple money. 7.____________ Tobacco is a wonderful commodity to tax. It ' s almost like a tax on our daily bread. In tax revenue lonely, the government of Britain
8. _____ collect enough from smokers to pay for its entirely educational facilities. 9. ____ So while the authorities point
out ever so discreetly that smoking may, conceivably, harmful, it doesn ' t do to shout too loudly about it. 10. ______
1. smoke -> smoking
smoke 作名词时意为“烟雾” ，作动词时意为“吸烟” 。此处指吸烟和肺部疾病的关系故使用smoking 。
2. and -> / 或and -> then
and是并列连词，连接两个对称的分句。但此处前面是条件状语从句，不对称，故应该去掉and或将and改为then, 使后面变成主句
3. with -> of
accuse sb of sth意为"为….而控告或谴责某人”，不能使用介词with
4. a -> /
此处显然不是"在一家好公司”(in a good company)的意思，而是说“有人和你作伴”(in good company)。此处的company 意为“陪伴” ,抽象名词,前面不用冠祠。
5. not -> /
逻辑错误
6. that -> why 此处的意思是要找到“为什么官方对医学发现应冷淡” 。
7. simple -> simply
这里的句意是“答案仅仅是钱” ,故使用副词simply。simple 的意思是“简单” 。
8.lonely -> alone
lonely 意为“孤独”的, alone 意为“单独,一个” ,此处意为“单税收一项” ,故用alone
9. collect -> collects
本句的主语是the government of Britain ,是单数,所以谓语collect 也要用单数。
10. harmful 前加be
本句的conceivably 是插入语,如果不看它的话,就很容易看出这个句子缺少了系动词be
Culture refers to the social heritage of a people --- the learned patterns for thinking, feeling and acting that characterize a population or society, include the expression of these pattems in ___1 _________ material things. Culture is compose of nonmaterial culture --- ____ 2 ___ abstract creations like values, beliefs, customs and institutional arrangements - and material culture - physical object like ___ 3___ cooking pots, computers and bathtubs. In sum, culture reflects both the
ideas we share or everything we make. In ordinary ______ 4 ___ speech, a person of culture is the individual can speak another ___ 5 ___ language - the person who is unfamiliar with the arts, music, _________ 6 ___ literature, philosophy, or history. But to sociologists, to be human is to be cultured, because of culture is the common world ___7 ___ of experience we share with other members of our group. Culture is essentially to our humanness. It provides a kind ____8___ of map
for relating to others. Consider how you fred your way about social life. How do you know how to act in a classroom, or a department store, or toward a person who smiles or laugh ________ 9 ___ at you? Your culture supplies you by broad, standardized, ___ 10 ___ ready-made answers for dealing with each of these situations. Therefore, if we know a person's culture, we can understand and even predict a good deal of his behavior.
1. include -> including
2. compose -> composed / comprised
此出的意思是 "由…组成”，固定搭配有be composed / comprised of, be made up of, consist of。
3. object -> objects
Object 是可是名词,一般说来可数名词以单数形式出现时要有不定代词或冠词修饰,而在此没有任何冠词,而且上下文对应的均使用了复数形式,所以应该把object 改为复数。
4. or -> and
此处是固定搭配both…an d…。
5. individual 后加who / that
这句话出现了两个谓语动词,在英语中不符合语法规范。从上下文可以看出individual 后面的部分是修饰individual 的定语从句,缺少了引导词,所以应该加上who 或that。
6. unfamiliar -> familiar
根据常识，“文化人”应该是“熟悉艺术、音乐…”的人，因此把否定改为肯定。
7. of -> /
表示原因时，because后跟从句，because of后跟名词性质的词或词组。此处是从句，所以把of去掉。
8. essentially -> essential
be后面的表语不能用副词。
9. laugh -> laughs
此处的smile和laugh是并列成分，作定语从句修饰person,又因为先行词person是单数，所以从句的谓语也
要用单数。
10. by -> with
此处是固定搭配supply sb with sth