英语语言学
一、名词解释
第一课
l.Synchronic 共时性：Said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “poinL in timeA A kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind?
2>Langue 语言：The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community?
3>Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication.
^Arbitrariness 任意性：One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.
第二课
1.Phoneme 音位：Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning? The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.
2 3 which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair 第三课 LMorphology 形态学：Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 2.Derivational morphemes 派生词素：Some morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of words are called… 3Jnflectional morphemes 曲折词素：Some bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. 第四课 1 .Syntax 语法句法：A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences? 2.Syntactic categories 句法范畴：Words can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called syntactic categories? 3>Deep structure 深层结构：Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's subcategorization properties, is called deep structure or D? structure? 4.Surface structure 表层结构：Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called Surface structure or S- structure. 第五课 LReference 指称：Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experienee. 2.Homonymy 同音异义：Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both? 3?Hyponymy 上下义关系：Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word? 第六课 l.Pragmatics 语用学：Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. 2eUtterance 话语：a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication. 3 4Jllocutionary act 言夕卜行为：An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker^ intention; it is the act performed in saying something. 二、简答题 第一课 1 ? What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? Phonetics: The study of sounds used in linguistic communication .It describes individual speech sounds and indicates their physical or phonetic properties. Phonology: It studies the ways in which these sounds form patterns and systems and how they work to convey meaning in the system of language? Morphology: A field of linguistics focused on the study of the forms and formation of words in a language Syntax: A set of rules that govern how words are combined to form phrases and sentences?Pragmatics: the study of the use of language in a social context. 2.What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language? The important characteristics which should be included in a good definition of language are separately: systematic, arbitrary and vocal. First of all, language is a system? It has its own set of rules for people to abide by, or people will use the language in a wrong way. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language?Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sou nd. 3.What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C.Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system? 1)Arbitrariness: no natural/motivated/logical relationship between the sign and what the sign stands for. 2)Productivity: provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent before and for understanding novel messages. 3)Duality: language is a system, which consists of two sets of stuctures, or two levels. 4)Displacement: can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future 5)Cultural transmission 第二课 1.How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do you think will be more interested in the different between say[i]and[i],[p] and[ph]9a phonetician or a philologist? Why?语咅学和音位学的研究中心有何不同?语音学家和音位学家哪一个更关心清晰音的区别?为什么？ Phonetics 一description of all speech sounds and their find differences. Phonology ——description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds function to distinguish meani ng. A phonetician would be more interested in such differences cos such differences will not cos differences in meaning ? 2.What is phone? How is it different from a phoneme? how are allophones related to a phoneme? Phone is a phonetic unit, it has no meaning. Phoneme is a phonological unit with distinctive value ? The phoneme /l/ can be realized as dark/l-/and clear/1/,which are allophones of the phoneme /l/ Allophones— actual realization of a phoneme in different phonetic contexts. 第三课 1.Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each. Suffix: -ing Meaning: denoting a verbal action, an instance of this, or its result Stem tyDe: added to verbs Examples: fighting: denote the action of battle building: denote the action of construction Suffix: -able Meaning: able to be Stem tyDe: added to verbs Examples: avoidable: able to be prevented from calculable: able to be measured or assessed Suffix: -ist Meaning: denoting a member of a profession or business activity Stem type: added to nouns Examples: dramatist: a person who writes plays dentist: a person who treats the teeth disease 2.Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be prefixed to. Give at least two examples of each. 1)prefix: un meaning: denoting the absence of a quality or state; not stem type: added to nouns examples: unacademic: not adopting or characteristic of a scholarly approach or language unhappy: not happy 2)prefix: anti meaning: opposed to; against stem type: added to nouns examples: anti-abortion: opposing or legislating against medically induced abortion anti-art: against the traditional art 3)prefix: re? meaning:_once more; afresh; anew stem type: added to verbs examples: restart: start once more reaccustom: accustom (someone) to something again 第五课 1.What are the major types of synonyms in English?并举例 1)dialectal synonyms --- synonyms used in different regional 2)Stylistic synonyms: synonyms differing in style 3)Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning 4)Collocational synonyms: what words they go together with 5)Semantically different synonyms: differ from the words themselves 2.Explain with examples “homonymy”，“polysemy”，and “hyponymy”. Homonymy: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e M different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones? When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs? When tow words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete homonyms? The examples are as followed: Homophones: rain/reign night/knight piece/peace Homographs: bow v./bow n. tear v./tear n. Complete homonyms: fast adj ./fast v? Polysemy: while different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning? This is what we call polysemy, and such a word is called a polysemic word. The more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning. For example, the word table has at least six meanings when we look it up in the dictionary: 1. a piece of furniture 2.all the people seated at a table 3.the food that is put on a table 4. a thin flat piece of stone, mental, wood, etc 5? orderly arrangement of facts, figures, etc 6. part of a machine-tool on which the work is put to be operated on Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word? The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms to each other. For example, Superordiante: flower Hyponyms: rose, tulip, carnation, lily, morning golory 第六课 1.What does pragmatics study? How does it differ from traditional semantics? 答：Generally speaking, pragmatics is the study of meaning in the context. It studies meaning in a dynamic way and as a process?In order to have a successful communication, the speaker and hearer must take the context into their consideration so as to effect the right meaning and intention. The development and establishment pragmatics in 1960s and 1970s resulted mainly from the expansion of the study semantics- However, it is different from the traditional semantics. The major difference between them lies in that pragmatics studies meaning in a dynamic way, while semantics studies meaning in a static way. Pragmatics takes context into consideration while semantics does not. Pragmatics takes care of the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics? 2.What are the five types of illocutionary speech acts Searle has specified? What is the illocutionary point of each type? 答：(1) representatives: stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true (2)directives: trying to get the hearer to do something (3)commissives: committing the speaker himself to some future course of action (4)expressives: expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing (5)declarations: bringing about immediate changes by saying something The illocutionary point of the representatives is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said, in other words, when performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to be true. Stating, believing, sweating, hypothesizing are among the most typical of the representatives. Directives ate attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do some- thing. Inviting, suggesting, requesting, advising, wanting, threatening and ordering are all specific instances of this class? Commissives are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action, i.e. when speaking the speaker puts himself under a certain obligation. Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical ones. The illocutionaiy point of expressives is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance. The speaker is expressing his feelings or attitudes towards an existing state of affairs, e.g. apologizing, thanking, congratulating?The last class "declarations^ has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this type brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality? 3? What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your own examples to show how flouting these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature? 答：Cooperative Principle, abbreviated as CP. It goes as follows: Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged? To be more specific, there are four maxims under this general principle: (1)The maxim of quantity ①Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purpose of the exchange)? ②Do not make your contribution more informative than is required? (2)The maxim of quality ①Do not say what you believe to be false. ②Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence? (3)The maxim of relation Be relevant. (4)The maxim of manner ①Avoid obscurity of expression. ②Avoid ambiguity? ③Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity). ④Be orderly. 1、How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: linguistics is the scientific study of language. It is a scientific studies because it is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, what the linguist has to do first is to collect and observe language facts, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. But the hypotheses, thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation; that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. 2、The design/defining features of human language (Charles Hockett) (1) Arbitrariness ----No logical (motivated or intrinsic) connection between sounds and meanings. ----- No natural and inevitable link between the sound and the meaning Exception: Onomatopoeic words and Some compound words. (2) Productivity/creativity We can speak an endless number of sentences with a limited vocabulary and one sentence can expand into endless theoretically possible sentences in the way of recurring Exception: and bee dancing is used only to indicate food sources, which is the only kind of message that can be sent through the dancing. (3) Duality 四年级下册同类词及练习地点 Classroom 教室 living room 客厅，起居室 study 书房 kitchen 厨房 bathroom 浴室;洗手间 bedroom 卧室 garden 花园；菜园 farm 农场 teacher’s office 教师办公室 library 图书馆 playground 操场 computer room 计算机房 art room 美术教室 music room 音乐教室 物品 window 窗户 blackboard 黑板 light 电灯 picture 图画 teacher's desk 讲台computer 计算机 fan 风扇 wall 墙壁 floor 地板 TV 电视 bed 床 phone 电话 table 桌子 sofa 长沙发 fridge 冰箱 glasses 眼镜schoolbag 书包 candy 糖果 toy 玩具 key 钥匙basketball 篮球 hat （常指带橼的）帽子hair 头发 glove （分手指的）手套scarf 围巾；披巾umbrella 伞；雨伞sunglasses 太阳镜 书籍类 maths book 数学书English book 英语书Chinese book 语文书storybook 故事书notebook 笔记本 形容词 strong 强壮的 friendly 友好的 quiet 安静的 right 正确的，对的pretty 美观的；精致的expensive 昂贵的；花钱多的cheap 花钱少的；便宜的nice 好的 warm 温暖的；暖和的hot 热的；烫的cold 寒冷的；冷的cool 凉的；凉爽的sunny 阳光充足的windy 多风的；风大的cloudy 阴天的；多云的snowy 下雪（多）的rainy 阴雨的；多雨的 食物类 beef 牛肉chicken 鸡肉noodles 面条 soup 汤vegetable 蔬菜tomato 西红柿potato 马铃薯；土豆green beans 豆角；四季豆carrot 胡萝卜 Chapter 4 Phonology(音位学) 4.1 phonetics and phonology:语音学与音位学的区分 Both phonetics and phonology are concerned with speech.语音学和音位学都士对语音的研究。 定义区别 -Phonetics is a study of the production, perception and physical properties of speech sounds. 语音学是研究语音的生产、感知和物理性质的。 -Phonology studies how speech sounds are combined，organized，and convey meanings in particular languages.研究语音如何在在特定的语言中结合、组织和表达含义。 ---Phonology is language-specific.it is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages.音位学是特定于语言的。它的研究对象是自然语言中的声音是如何组织和使用的。 ---Phonetics is a study of speech sounds while phonology is a study of the sound syst em of a language.语音学是一个研究语音的然后音位学是研究一种语言的声音系统的学科。 4.2 Phonemes，phones and allophones 音位、音子、音位变体 Different languages have different phonological systems.不同的语言有不同的语音系统。 定义： ①Phones are the smallest identifiable phonetic unit or segment found in a stream of speech. 音子就是在连续的发音中可辨认的最小语音单位或片段。 ②Allophones are the phones which represent a phoneme in a language and cannot change word meaning by substituting any of the set for another.音位变体是指代表语言中音位的音子，即使以一个取代另一个也不改变词义。 ③Phonemes are the minimal distinctive units in the sound system of a language.音位是语言系统中最小的独特的单位。 Allophones are the realization of a particular phoneme while phones are the realizatio n of phonemes in general.音位变体是一个特定音素的认知而音子则是一般的音素。 4.3Minimal pairs 最小对立体 The phonologist is concerned with what difference are significant or technically speaki ng, distinctive. Minimal pair---a pair of words which differ from each other by one sound. Three conditions（情况）: 1）the two froms are different in meaning意义不同 2）the two forms are different in one sound segment声音片段不同 3）the different sounds occur in the same position of the two words.不同声音发生在两个单词的相同位置 Minimal set: a group of words can satisfy（满足）the three conditions . Minimal pairs help determine phonemes. 最小对立体用来定义音位。 4.4 identifying phonemes 识别音素 4.4.1 contrastive distribution，complementary distribution and free variation 对比分布，互补分布和自由变异 The distribution of a sound refers to the collective environments in which the sound concerned may appear.一个声音的分布是指其有关的声音可能出现的集体环境。 1）contrastive distribution对比分布 If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of on 一、定义 1.语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.语言language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4.识别特征Design Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness任意性 Productivity多产性 Duality双重性 Displacement移位性 Cultural transmission文化传递 ⑴arbitrariness There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it 同类词题型 1.表示颜色的词 red 红色yellow 黄色blue 蓝色green绿色white 白色black 黑色grey 灰色gold 金色pink 粉色orange橙色purple紫色 2.表示季节的词 spring 春天summer夏天autumn秋天winter 冬天 3.表示食物的词 rice米饭noodles面条pizza比萨jiaozi饺子fish鱼meat肉 sweet potatoes 地瓜meat balls 肉丸子chocolate巧克力biscuit饼干 pancake薄饼banana 香蕉 4.表示形状的词 rectangle长方形square正方形circle圆形triangle三角形star星形 heart心形round圆的（不是形状） 5.表示地点的词 park公园hospital医院cinema电影院zoo动物园bookstore书店 museum博物馆school学校 6.表示职业的词 teacher老师nurse 护士doctor医生scientist科学家policeman警察 dentist牙医dancer舞蹈家singer歌手worker工人policewoman女警察 farmer 农民soldier士兵writer作家swimmer游泳运动员 football player足球运动员driver司机 fireman 消防员cook厨师 7.表示动物的词 cat猫monkey猴子bear熊fish鱼elephant大象dog狗horse马 8.表示文具的词 marker马克笔pencil铅笔pen钢笔eraser橡皮ruler尺子 pencil case铅笔盒 9.表示亲戚的词 mother妈妈father爸爸grandpa爷爷grandma奶奶sister姐妹 brother兄弟aunt阿姨uncle叔叔 10.表示乐器的词 drum鼓piano钢琴violin小提琴guitar吉他 11.表示球类的词 football足球basketball篮球ping-pong乒乓球volleyball排球 tennis网球 12.物主代词 my我的your你的his他的her她的 13.形容词 beautiful漂亮的wonderful棒极了interesting有趣的fun有趣的 14.名词 watch手表kite风筝picture图片flag旗 15.动词 play玩儿make做jump跳run跑do做work 工作have有look看 《英语语言学概论》复习纲要 1.复习的基本原则：第一，理解和吃透各章的重点内容。第二，以 各章的题目为统领，理解各章节下的具体内容。第三，动手书写和记忆重要内容，部分语言学理论会应用到实际中。 2.各章节复习要点如下 Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics Definitions of the following terms: language, linguistics, arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, descriptive VS prescriptive, synchronic VS diachronic, langue VS parole, competence VS performance Study of the origin of language What are the functions of language Which subjects are included in macrolinguistics Chapter 2 Speech Sounds Definitions of the following terms: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics, phonetics, phonology, consonants, vowels, allophones, broad transcription VS narrow transcription Analyze the complementary distribution, free variation with examples The classification of English consonants and English vowels and the features involved in the classification Understand some processes of phonology: nasalization, dentalization, velarization 语言学总结 一、语言和语言学 1、语言的区别性特征：Design of features of language 任意性arbitrariness 指语言符号和它代表的意义没有天然的联系 二重性duality 指语言由两层结构组成 创造性creativity 指语言可以被创造 移位性displacement 指语言可以代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、时间、观点 2、语言的功能（不是很重要） 信息功能informative 人际功能interpersonal 施为功能performative 感情功能emotive function 寒暄功能phatic communication 娱乐功能recreational function 元语言功能metalingual function 3、语言学主要分支 语音学phonetics 研究语音的产生、传播、接受过程，考查人类语言中的声音 音位学phonology 研究语音和音节结构、分布和序列 形态学morphology 研究词的内部结构和构词规则 句法学syntax 研究句子结构，词、短语组合的规则 语义学semantics 不仅关心字词作为词汇的意义，还有语言中词之上和之下的意义。如语素和句子的意义 语用学pragmatics 在语境中研究意义 4、宏观语言学macrolingustics 心理语言学psycholinguistics 社会语言学sociolinguistics 人类语言学anthropological linguistics 计算机语言学computational linguistics 5语言学中的重要区别 规定式和描写式：规定式：prescriptive说明事情应该是怎么样的 描写式：descriptive 说明事情本来是怎么样的 共时研究和历时研究：共时：synchronic 研究某个特定时期语言 历时：diachronic 研究语言发展规律 语言和言语：语言：langue指语言系统的整体 言语：parole指具体实际运用的语言 语言能力和语言运用：乔姆斯基(chomsky提出) 能力：competence用语言的人的语言知识储备 运用：performance 真实的语言使用者在实际中的语言使用 二、语音学 1、语音学分支 发音语音学articulatory phonetics研究语言的产生 声学语言学acoustic phonetics 研究语音的物理属性 听觉语音学auditory phonetics 研究语言怎样被感知 2 IPA（国际音标）是由daniel Jones琼斯提出的 英语语言学一、名词解释 第一课 共时性 : Said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical“point\A kind”inoftimedescription. which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind. 语言 : The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. : Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication. 任意性 : One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 第二课 音位 : Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 音位变体 : The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. pair 最小对立体 : When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 第三课 形态学 : Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed . morphemes派生词素: Some morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of words are ca lled morphemes 曲折词素 : Some bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. 第四课 语法句法: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. categories 句法范畴 : Words can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called syntactic categories. structure 深层结构 : Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’ s subcategorizationrties,iscalledprope deep structure or D- structure. structure 表层结构 : Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called Surface structure or S- structure. 第五课 指称 : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. 同音异义 : Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, . different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. 上下义关系 : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. 第六课 语用学 : Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. 话语 : a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication. meaning 话语意义 : Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. act 言外行为 : An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker it is the’acts performedintention; in saying something. 第一章 1.What is language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication 2.Design features of language ①Arbitrariness(任意性)refers to the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. (sounds and meanings) ②Duality（二层性）:The property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. ③Productivity/creativity(创造性）:Language is productive in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. ④Displacement(移位性):Human Languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at moment of communication. (p7) 3.Functions of language ①Informative(信息功能): to give information about facts. (ideational) ②Interpersonal(人际功能): to establish and maintain social status in a society.(age, sex, language, background, accent, status) ③Performative(施为功能) : language is used to do things, to perform certain actions. (name, promise, apologize, sorry, declare) ④. Emotive/Expressive(情感功能): to express feelings and attitudes of the speaker. ⑤Phatic communion(寒暄交流) : to use small and meaningless expressions to establish a comfortable relationship or maintain social contact between people without any factual content. (health, weather) ⑥Recreational function(娱乐): the use of language for sheer joy. (lyrics, poetry) ⑦Metalingual function(元语言功能): to talk about language itself. 4. What is linguistics? Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 5. Important distinctions in linguistics Descriptive & prescriptive Synchronic & diachronic Langue & parole Competence & performance 6.Descriptive(描写/述性)—describe and analyze linguistic facts or the language people actually use (modern linguistic) Prescriptive(规定性)—lay down rules for“correct and standard”linguistic behavior in using language (traditional grammar:“never use a double negative”) 7.Synchronic study(共时)—description of a language at some point of time (modern linguistics) Diachronic study (历时)—description of a language as it changes through time (historical development of language over a period of time) 第四章 1．What is Syntax（句法）? Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form 中小学英语同义词近义词复习 为了帮助大家更好地学习中小学英语语法，今天，小编给大家整理了中小学英语同义词近义词复习、近义词、近音词等整理，希望大家认真学习，避免出错。 中小学英语同义词近义词复习一、同义词： hi-hello bye ---goodbye yes --yeah nice---fine/ good Ｔhanks.---Ｔhank you. a ---an 二、分写与缩写 Ｉ'm(分写)Ｉ am it's (分写) it is can't(分写) can not let's(分写) let us he's(分写) he is she's(分写) she is you're(分写) you are don't (分写)do not what's(分写) what is who's (分写) who is name's (分写) name is that's (分写) that is 三、对应词 father---mother brother---sister he -she this（这） ---that （那） his(他的) -her （她的） teacher---student boy ---girl my(我的) -your（你的）Ｉ(我)---you（你） yes---no 四、近音词。 nice好的 you 你 zoo动物园 parent父母 nine 九 your 你的 juice 果汁 present礼物 fine好的 cook烹调 he他 can 能 blue 蓝色 five 五 look看 she 她 can't 不能 balloon 气球book 书 duck 鸭子 soda 气水Ｗhat 什么 family 家庭 desk 书桌 salad色拉 watch手表 friend朋友 ice 雪 what 什么 she 她 is 是 rice 米饭 what's 是什么 she's 她是 isn't 不是 red 红色 an 一个（只…） it它 read 阅读 ant蚂蚁 is 是 bread 面包 and 和 it's它是 cat猫 ten十 lemon 柠檬 hat帽子 pen 钢笔 melon 甜瓜 五、同音词 he's他是---his他的Ｏo----oh噢Ｕu---you你 六、复数 ⑴直接加"s" table-tables book-books cat---cats goat----goats piano---pianos ＴＶ---ＴＶs egg-eggs hat-hats ⑵辅音+ y 结尾，把y 改ies baby---babies family-families ⑶特殊变化 Chapter 1 Language语言 1. Design feature (识别特征) refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 2. Productivity (能产性) refers to the ability that people have in making and comprehending indefinitely large quantities of sentences in their native language. 3. arbitrariness (任意性) Arbitrariness refers to the phenomenon that there is no motivated relationship between a linguistic form and its meaning. 4. symbol (符号) Symbol refers to something such as an object, word, or sound that represents something else by association or convention. 5. discreteness(离散性) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct. 6. displacement (不受时空限制的特性) Displacement refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are not in the immediate situations of its users. 7. duality of structure (结构二重性) The organization of language into two levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality of structure. 8. culture transmission (文化传播) Culture transmission refers to the fact that language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by inheritance. 9. interchangeability (互换性) Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. 1. ★What is language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. This definition has captured the main features of language. First, language is a system. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense. The third feature of language is symbolic nature. 2. ★What are the design features of language? Language has seven design features as following: 1) Productivity. 2) Discreteness. 3) Displacement 4) Arbitrariness. 5) Cultural transmission 6) Duality of structure. 7) Interchangeability. 3. Why do we say language is a system? Because elements of language are combined according to rules, and every language contains a set of rules. By system, the recurring patterns or arrangements or the particular ways or designs in which a language operates. And the sounds, the words and the sentences are used in fixed patterns that speaker of a language can understand each other. 4. ★ (Function of language.) According to Halliday, what are the initial functions of children’s language? And what are the three functional components of adult language? I. H alliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language: 1) Instrumental function. 工具功能 2) Regulatory function. 调节功能 3) Representational function. 表现功能 4) Interactional function. 互动功能 5) Personal function. 自指性功能 6) Heuristic function. 启发功能[osbQtq`kf`h] 7) Imaginative function. 想象功能 II. A dult language has three functional components as following: 1) Interpersonal components. 人际 2) Ideational components.概念 3) Textual components.语篇 Chapter I 1.Linguistics is usually defined as the science study of language 2.what are major branches of linguistics? Phonetics----it studies the sounds used in linguistics communication. Phonology---it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey the meaning in communication. Morphology---it studies the way in which linguistic symbol representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words. Syntax-------it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentence in languages. Semantics---it studies meaning convey by language. Pragmatics---it studies the meaning in the context of language use. Sociolinguistics—the study of language with reference to society. Psycholinguistics---the study of language with reference to the working of the mind. Applied linguistics---the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning. 4. The definitions of important distinctions in lingustics: Who distinguished them? （1）descriptive VS. presriptive; Descriptive(描写式):describe and analyze the language people actually use. eg: American don’t say “I’ll give you some color see see.” Prescriptive(规定式): laying down rules for “correct and standard”behaviour in using language. eg: Don’t say “I’ll give you some color see see.” （2）synchronic VS. diachronic; Synchronic study(共时性) --- description of a language at some point of time Diachronic study(历时性) --- description of a language through the course of its history (historical development of language over a period of time) （3）speech and writing Speech is prior to writing （4）langue & parole; Langue: (语言) the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. Parole: (话语) the realization of langue in actual use. （5）competence and performance. Competence:(语言能力.)he ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language Performance:(语言运用.)the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. （6）traditional grammar and modern linguistic Traditional grammar prescriptive：tend to emphasize the importance of written word：force language into Latin-base framework. Modern linguistic description；spoken language as primary https://www.doczj.com/doc/0b7207114.html,nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 6.Design Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness任意性 Productivity多产性 Duality双重性 Displacement移位性 Cultural transmission文化传递英语语言学复习总结
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