第一章
Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is T rue or False:
1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.
3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.
4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.
5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.
6. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.
7. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure
Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:
1. Chomsky defi nes “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.
2. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.
3. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.
4. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.
5. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.
6. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.
第二章
1.V oicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.
2.A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.
3.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.
4.Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.
5.Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.
6.The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.
1.Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.
A. mouth
B. lips
C. tongue
D. vocal cords
2.The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.
A. voiceless
B. V oiced
C. vowel
D. consonantal
3．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.
A. /z/
B. /d/
C. /k/
D./b/
4. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.
A. identical
B. same
C. exactly alike
D. similar
5. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.
A. in phonemic contrast
B. in complementary distribution
C. the allophones
D. minimal pair
6.The sound /f/ is _________________.
A. voiced palatal affricate
B. voiced alveolar stop
C. voiceless velar fricative
D. voiceless labiodental fricative
7. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.
A. back
B. central
C. front
D. middle
8. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.
A. phonetic components
B. immediate constituents
C. suprasegmental features
D. semantic features
9. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.
A. phone
B. sound
C. allophone
D. phoneme
10.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.
A. phones
B. sounds
C. phonemes
D. allophones
第三章
1. The morpheme “vision”in the common word “television”is a(n) ______.
A. bound morpheme
B. bound form
C. inflectional morpheme
D. free morpheme
2. The compound word “mother wit”refers to inborn wit. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.
A. is the sum total of the meaning of its components
B. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemes
C. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.
D. None of the above.
3. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________.
A. the first element
B. the second element
C. either the first or the second element
D. both the first and the second elements.
4. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
A. Free morphemes
B. Bound morphemes
C. Bound words
D. Words
5. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
A. Syntax
B. Grammar
C. Morphology
D. Morpheme
6. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.
A. lexical
B. morphemic
C. grammatical
D. semantic
7. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.
A. have to be used independently
B. can not be combined with other morphemes
C. can either be free or bound
D. have to be combined with other morphemes.
8. ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.
A. Prefixes
B. Suffixes
C. Roots
D. Affixes
9. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.
A.Words
B. Morphemes
C. Phonemes
D. Sentences
10. “-s”in the word “books”is _______.
A. a derivative affix
B. a stem
C. an inflectional affix
D. a root
1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.
3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.
4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.
5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.
6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.
7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.
8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.
9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.
10. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.
第四章
Decide whether each of the following statements is T rue or False:
1. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, includ ing the combination of morphemes into words.
2. Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.
3.The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.
1. A s________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a sub-ject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.
2. A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form
a complete statement, question or command.
3. A s______ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.
4. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called p_________.
5. A c_________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.
6._______ relation is a kind of relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure.
7. The technique of breaking up sentences into smaller units by making successive binary cutting is called _______.
1. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammati-cal knowledge in the mind of native speakers.
A. right
B. wrong
C. grammatical
D. ungrammatical
2. A__________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.
A. coordinator
B. particle
C. preposition
D. subordinator
3. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.
A. recursive
B. grammatical
C. social
D. functional
4. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.
A. how words and phrases form sentences.
B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words
C. how people produce and recognize possible sentences
D. All of the above.
5. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called ________.
A. transformational rules
B. generative rules
C. phrase structure rules
D. x-bar theory
6. The sentence structure is ________.
A. only linear
B. Only hierarchical
C. complex
D. both linear and hierarchical
7. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.
A. large
B. small
C. finite
D. infinite
8. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sen-tences.
A. lexical
B. morphological
C. linguistic
D. combinational
9._______ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.
A. Generative
B. Transformational
C. X-bar
D. Phrase structure
第五章
1. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d_______ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.
2. R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
3. Words that are close in meaning are called s________.
4. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h__________.
5. R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.
6. C ____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.
7. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.
8. According to the n______ theory of meaning, the words in a lan-guage are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.
True or False
1. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.
2. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.
3. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce
meaning to observable contexts.
4. Behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.
5. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.
6. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.
Of the following pairs of sentences, say whether a entails b in each case.
a: John is a bachelor. b: John is a man.
a: Eliza plays the fiddle. b: Someone plays a musical instrument.
a: I’ve done my homework. b: I haven’t brushed my teeth.
a: Some of the students came to my party. b: Not all of the students came to my party.
a: Mary owns three canaries. b: Mary owns a canary.
a: John picked a tulip. b: John didn’t pick a rose.
第六章
1. Both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication
2. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.
3. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.
4. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.
5. The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered while an utterance is.
6. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent.
7. The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable.
8. Utterances always take the form of complete sentences
9. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.
10. Speech act theory started in the late 50’s of the 20th century.
11. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative.
12. Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.
13. _________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.
14. What essentially distinguishes _______ and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.
15. The notion of _________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.
16. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an ___________.
17.The meaning of a sentence is _______, and decontextualized.
18. ________ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.
19. ________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.
20. A _________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.
21. An __________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in
saying something.
22. A _________ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action.
23. An ________ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.
24.There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of q_______, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.
25. _________ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.
A. Pragmatics
B. Semantics
C. Sense relation
D. Concept
26. The meaning of language was considered as something _______ in traditional semantics.
A. contextual
B. behaviouristic
C. intrinsic
D. logical
27. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.
A. reference
B. speech act
C. practical usage
D. context
28. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.
A. pragmatic
B. grammatical
C. mental
D. conceptual
29. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) _________.
A. constative
B. directive
C. utterance
D. expressive
30. Which of the following is true?
A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.
B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.
C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.
D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.
31. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.
A. in the late 50’s of the 20the century
B. in the early 1950’s
C. in the late 1960’s
D. in the early 21st century.
32. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.
A. A locutionary act
B. An illocutionary act
C. A perlocutionary act
D. A performative act
33. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.
A. impoliteness
B. contradictions
C. mutual understanding
D. conversational implicatures
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
l. F 2. F 3.T 4.T 5.F 6.F 7.F 8.F 9.F 10.T 11.T 12.F
II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:
13. Pragmatics 14. semantics 15. context 16. utterance 17. abstract
18.Constatives 19. Performatives 20. locutionary 21. illocutionary
22. commissive 23. expressive 24. quantity
III.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
25. A26.C 27.D 28.B 29.C 30.B 31.A32.C 33.D
普通高校招生英语统一口试评分标准及题目 普通高校招生英语统一口试成绩分为优，良，合格，不合格四个评判等级，供相关院校录取时参 注意：1. 考生口试时间一般不超过5分钟 2. 考生进场后，主考一般以下面两句开始： 1. Show me your admission card, please. 2. Sit down, please. 高考口语考试题目 第一套（第一份） 1. What do you usually do at weekends? 2. Which teacher do you like best in senior high school? Why? 3. How do you feel about your middle school life? (第二份) 1. Which film star do you like best? Why? 2. Do you like to be a volunteer? Why / why not? 3. Do you often help your parents with the housework? Why/ why not? (第三份) 1.What would you like to be in the future? 2.Can you say something about Internet? 3.Do you often practice your English Writing? Why/ why not? 第二套（第一份） 1.Do you like helping others? Why/ why not? 2.Do you like watching movies in your spare time? Why/ why not? 3.Would you please say something about a place you have visited? (第二份) 1.Can you say something about your favorite teacher? 2.What is the happiest thing in your life? Why? 3.Would you please tell us something about your favorite singer(s)? (第三份) 1.What animal do you like best? Why? 2.How do you practice your oral English? 3.Which scientist do you like best? Why? 第三套（第一份）
1.3考研真题与典型题详解 I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be called ______ features. (北二外2006研) 2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研) 3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication. 4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences ba sed on limited rules. This feature is usually termed______ 5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______. 6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rul es for people to observe. 7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing. 8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研) 9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______. (北二外2004研) 10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研) 11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研) 12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a lang uage, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研) 13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relations hip between language and society. 14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called _______. (北二外2008研) 15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utteran ces) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguistic linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研) 16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study. 17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s______. 18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”, whi ch is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking，listening， writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors. 19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研) 20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研) II. Multiple Choice 1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院2008研) A. Arbitrariness B. Convention C. Duality 2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研) A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as______. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 4. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, d ue to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability. B. Duality. C. Displacement. D. Arbitrariness: 5. The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely connected with______. (大连外国语学院2008研) A. articulatory phonetics B. acoustic phonetics C. auditory phonetics 6. Which of the following statements is true of Jacobson’s framework of language functions? A. The referential function is to indulge in language for its own sake. B. The emotive function is to convey message and inf ormation. C. The conative function is to clear up intentions, words and meanings. D. The phatic function is to establish communion w ith others.
《英语语言学概论》课程教学大纲 一、课程说明: 《语言学概论》课程是英语专业本科阶段的一门必修课。 《语言学概论》研究始于20 世纪初，其目的是揭示人类深层结构，对语言和语言交际作出客观、科学描述。现已形成了语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学等一系分支学科。语言学研究社会学等人文学科的结合逐步形成了社会语言学这样的交叉学科。 对于主修语言学的学生来说，了解语言学的知识和语言理论是完全必要和有益的。 本课程的对象是英语专业高年级学生，在本科阶段第6学期和第7 学期开设。其中第一、二、三、四、五、七、八、十一章为必修，其余章节为选修。 二、教学目的及要求: 本课程的具体要求是：比较全面，系统地了解《语言学概论》这一领域的研究成果，以及一些最主要、最有影响的语言理论和原则，从而加深对人类语言这一人类社会普遍现象的理性认识，并具备一定的运用语言学理论解释语言现象、解决具体语言问题的能力。 本课程是一门知识性比较强的课程。在教学过程中，应重点讲授主要理论、原则、和研究方法，使学生着重掌握基本概念和基本理论，在理解消化的基础上记忆。 本课程的对象是英语专业学生，在讲解过程中原则上采用英语范例，但不排除一些有助于学习者理解的、针对性强的汉语例子。应鼓 励学生结合自己的语言实践提供更多的例子来解释相关理论，以达到理论和实践相结合的目的。
三、教学重点与难点: 本课程的教学重点是语言学的基本知识和基本理论，语音学、词汇学、句法学、语义学和语用学这些语言学的核心内容。 本课程的教学难点是音韵学理论、句法结构和各个语言学流派的理论观点及其局限性。 四、与其它课程的关系: 本课程是一门主干性课程。与其相关的课程，如语法学、词汇学和语体学等都是语言学的分支，属于选修课程。 五、学时与学分: 学时：72学时 学分：4学分 六、教学内容： 第一章绪论 本章主要教学内容: 1．语言学习的意义 2．语言的定义。 3．语言的定义特征 4．语言的起源。 5．语言的功能。 6．语言学的定义。 7．语言学的核心内容。 8．宏观语言学的定义及分支。
第一章 Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is T rue or False: 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. 3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. 5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. 6. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language. 7. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 1. Chomsky defi nes “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language. 2. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules. 3. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units. 4. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication. 5. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics. 6. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before. 第二章 1.V oicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English. 2.A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning. 3.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing. 4.Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme. 5.Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories. 6.The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific. 1.Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible. A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords 2.The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds. A. voiceless B. V oiced C. vowel D. consonantal 3．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop. A. /z/ B. /d/ C. /k/ D./b/ 4. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________. A. identical B. same C. exactly alike D. similar 5. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________. A. in phonemic contrast B. in complementary distribution C. the allophones D. minimal pair
高考改革英语新增口语考试：怎么教如何学 根据上海新高考方案，从2017年起，外语考试每一年举行两次，在听力和笔试的基础上，首次引入英语口语考试，纳入总分。那么新高考后的英语学科，老师应该怎么教，学生究竟如何学，为此，记者采访了来自市教育考试院的专家、高中教研员和英语教师。 口语测试，选考成了必考 市教育考试院专家徐雯介绍，2017年起，英语口语考试将采用人机对话的考查方式，而口语和听力是什么样的题型，分别占总分比例是多少，这些目前还没有明确。待实施细则出台，届时会向社会公布。 其实，上海高考外语口语考试之前一直都有。高校招生专业不同，有的专业对外语口试有所要求，学生可自行报名参加。2012年起，上海为了减轻学生备考压力，取消了高考英语口试，而是在高中学业水平考试的外语考试中单独进行口语测试，时间为20分钟，口语测试成绩分合格、不合格两类；“合格”成绩再分A、B、C、D四个等第。 不少实验性示范性高中老师表示，之前，基本上所有参加高考的学生都会选择报考英语口试，即使不一定会报考英语相关专业，也会抱着试一试的态度参加。有些学校则会统一要求学生报考。从2017年起增加口语考，对这部分学生来说影响不大。青浦区教师进修学院英语教研员郝民说，对于普通中学学生、特别是郊区中学学生来说，英语口语考从选考变成必考，还是颇有压力，不善于“说”的学生要提前准备起来。 新高考口语考查的是什么 徐雯表示，不管口语题型和占总分比例是多少，考查的核心都是学生应用英语这门语言的能力，而单靠做题、背单词并不能提高应用语言的能力。 目前，高中英语学业水平考的口语试题包括朗读句子、情景提问、看图说话、听说结合、简述与问答等题型。专家们表示，新高考英语口语考虽然题型没有公布，但考查内容万变不离其宗。 在徐雯看来，英语听说测试的知识目标和写作、阅读等类似，但是口语考查更注重表达。“首先应该解决实际生活碰到的问题。”徐雯说，比如去超市买东西、问路等，这些都是生活中经常碰到的事，学生们学英语要重视这种日常交流。 仅仅会日常交流，显然不能符合英语口语考的要求。对于高中生来说，外语成为一门语言工具，还需要他能借助外语清晰地表达自己的看法、感受和观点。不少英语教研员表示，能自如叙述一件事，或者阐述一个观点，这是更深层次的外语表达。这种表达测试在之前上海进行的口语测试中就多次涉及。另外，与写作、阅读考查不同，口语考查可能还涉及到测语音。专家预测，虽然目前上海对此没有硬性要求，并不代表今后不会引入语音测试。有的
英语专业语言学考试试题 Information for the examinees: This examination consists of Four sections. They are: Section I: Content Awareness of the Course (30 points, 20 minutes) Section II: General Principles of Language and Linguistics (30 points, 25 minutes) Section III: Some Specific Aspects of Language and Linguistics (20 points, 35 minutes) Section IV: Analysis and Application (20 points, 40 minutes) The total marks for this examination are 100 points. Time allowed for completing this examination is 2 hours. You must write all your answers on the Answer Sheet. Section I: Content Awareness of the Course 30 points I. Choose the best answer to complete the following statements. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet. (10 points, 1 point for each item) 1. "Historical linguistics" seeks to provide scientific evidence ( ) A. of the reasons for human speech B. of human habitation in Africa C. why there are many world languages D. concerning the origins of speech 2. Which of the following does NOT have something to do with the production of speech sounds? ( ) A. Organic analysis B. Linguistic analysis C. Acoustic analysis D. Phonetic analysis 3. In determining the symbolic nature of language humans( ) A. examine Braille and signs B. examine the media and signs C. examine the language of the media D. examine the language itself 4. The aims of Unit 4 are to understand that language functions in the world ( ) A. through the use of naming devices and education B. by people experiencing abstractions in education C. based on experience, abstraction and symbolism D. through symbolic and abstract experiences 5. The aim of Unit 5 is for students to understand that speech acts( ) A. need to be defined precisely through oral actions B. need to be terminated under appropriate circumstances C. need to be defined, analysed and comprehended D. need to be analysed by definition and example: 6. Generally speaking, 脸and 面子is: ( ) A. more important for teenage girls than boys B. something teenagers don"t worry about C. not the same for adults as for teenagers
一、课程性质及其设置目的与要求 （一）课程性质和特点 《英语语言学概论》课程是我省高等教育自学考试英语专业（本科段）的一门重要的专业理论课程，其任务是培养应考者系统地学习英语语言学的基本知识，掌握语言系统内部语言学各分支之间的关系和各分支的重要概念和基本理论，了解语言学在其它学科领域的应用，熟悉现代语言学重要的流派及其代表人物；通过该课程的学习，考生可以从不同的角度了解语言（的性质），了解语言学习和语言教学，为日后进一步学习语言学、从事语言教学实践和语言学研究打下扎实基础。本课程的特点是：专业术语多，概念多，内容抽象，所以，考生最好在学习本课程之前先学习提高语言读写能力的课程，如高级英语、泛读（三）、写作等，这样可以减少语言障碍，有利于学好语言学的理论知识。 （二）本课程的基本要求 本课程共分为本书共分四编，计十三章。第一编（一至二章）介绍了语言和语言学；第二编（三至八章）介绍了语言学的主要分支—语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学；第三编（九至十二章）为跨学科领域与应用—话语分析、社会语言学、心理语言学，以及语言学理论与外语教学；第四编（十三章）介绍了现代语言学流派。通过对本书的学习，要求应考者对英语语言学有一个全面和正确的了解。具体应达到以下要求： 1、掌握语言的性质、功能，以及语言学的研究范围、语言学的分支和重要的语言学概念； 2、掌握语言系统内部语言学各分支之间的关系和各分支的重要概念和基本理论； 3、了解语言学在其它学科领域的应用； 4、熟悉现代语言学重要的流派及其代表人物。 （三）本课程与相关课程的联系 英语语言学概论是一门基础理论课程，其含盖范围很广，既涉及语言系统内部的语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学，又涉及许多交叉学科，如话语分析、社会语言学、心理语言学、应用语用学（包括语言学理论与外语教学），以及本教程未涉及的神经认知语言学、计算机语言学、人工智能与机器翻译等。语言学的进一步研究甚至会涉及到哲学、逻辑学等领域。 在自考课程中，词汇学与语言学关系最为密切，词汇学的许多概念、理论和研究方法都来源于语言学。高级英语、泛读（三）、写作、翻译等课程则是学好语言学的基础。文学与语言学并非对立的关系，这两个领域的研究方法可以互相补充、互相借鉴，日后无论从事语言学还是文学研究，这两个领域都必须同时涉猎。 二、课程内容与考核目标
英语语言学复习重点1 Chapter one Introduction 一、定义 1.语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.语言language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4.识别特征Design Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。Arbitrariness任意性 Productivity多产性 Duality双重性 Displacement移位性 Cultural transmission文化传递 ⑴arbitrariness There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.
P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions ⑵Productivity Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send. ⑶Duality Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels. ⑷Displacement Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. ⑸Cultural transmission Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species. 5.语言能力Competence Competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. 6.语言运用performance Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。 7.历时语言学Diachronic linguistics The study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time. 8.共时语言学Synchronical linguistics The study of a given language at a given time. 9.语言langue The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. 10.言语parole The realization of langue in actual use. 11.规定性Prescriptive It ai ms to lay down rules for ”correct” behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say. 12.描述性Descriptive A linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use. 二、知识点 https://www.doczj.com/doc/0c18576784.html,nguage is not an isolated phenomenon, it’s a s ocial activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings. 语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。 2.几种观点和现象的提出者： ⑴瑞士语言学家F.de Saussure F.de Saussure:Langue和parole的区别 ⑵U.S.A linguist N.Chomsky美国语言学家N.Chomsky in1950针对Saussure’s langue&parole提出Competence和performance ⑶曾经对语言概念下过定义的语言学家
高考英语口语考试备考须知 成绩评定评分等第为优、良、及格、不及格。一般情况下高校的要求要在良以上。 评分标准： 优：语音、语调准确，吐音清晰，朗读流利，对句子重读、意群和停 顿、连读、节奏等方面把握较好，能回答主考所提出的问题。 良：语音、语调比较准确，朗读流利，对重读、意群和停顿、连读、节 奏等把握较好，基本上能回答主考所提出的问题。 及格：语音、语调基本准确，虽有些错音，但能模仿出正确读音，朗读 较为流利，能回答主考所提出的部分问题。 不及格：口吃、大舌、嘶哑、方言过重或有其他先天性发音障碍（即可评为不及格），语音语调差，且无法模仿出正确的读音，朗读文段不流利，几乎回答不了主考所提出的问题。 大部分的学生经过认真准备，达到良的水平一般都没有问题，考官培训的时候也都被要求放低标准，尽量不卡考生的前程。所以大家放松心情，一定要自信，你们都很棒！ 为大家考试顺利特补充以下几点：（请大家格外注意黑体部分） 考试内容： 福建省高考英语口试主要由两大内容组成：1，朗读短文；2，回答问题。 一，短文。在短文朗读过程中，将着重考查考生的语音、语调、流 利度、重读、意群、连读、节奏等基本的语音技能。所以应在1分钟准备的时候一边快熟朗读，一边读懂短文，有利于正式考试的时候能够按照意群朗读达到理想的效果。同时，文章中还会出现若干个非常见人名、地名，遇到读不出来的单词，你可根据词型，大概发音就行，不要卡在那了，关键是流利。还要注意序数词，2nd, 3rd 等以及较长数字如 754,000,000的准确读法。 另外，值得注意的是朗读和回答不必求快，从容自然的表现不仅给人留下良好的印象，也有利于你与考官的交流。 二，问题。问题将由教官口头提出。考生将见不到考题的文字。这也是同时在考查考生的听力能力。毕竟，听、说不分家。考生如果没有听 清问题，可以请考官重复问题。口试过程中有些紧张，有时考官提出的问题不太明白，你可请他再重复一遍，用诸如这样的问话I’m sorry! I don’t quite follow you. Would you like to repeat your question/ Could your say it again/ I beg you pardon! 思考过程中的思维流停顿、反复，是可以被接受的。如果需要做思考再回答的，可以说：“Let me think it over for a
有答案的 第一部分选择题 41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration. 42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of a second language. 英语语言学试题（2） 五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分) 36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences. (1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible. (2)He saw young men and women present. (3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.
37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples. re- un- anti- super- -wise -itis -ize -age 英语语言学试题（3） Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%) 41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related. 英语语言学试题（5） 五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)
英语语言文学专业基础 本科目包括英语语言学基础、英美文学基础知识、英语国家概况、英汉互译四部分内容，总分150分，其中英语语言学基础15分，英美文学基础知识70分，英语国家概况15分，英汉互译50分。 I、英语语言学基础（15分） 一、考试要求和内容 该部分主要考查普通语言学的基本概念和基本理论。 二、考试题型 填空题、选择题、判断题、名词解释题。 三、参考书 《新编简明英语语言学教程》，戴炜栋、何兆熊主编，上海外语教育出版社，2002。 II、英美文学基础知识（70分） 一、考试要求 本部分考试旨在考查考生对有关英美文学的基本概念、主要流派、基础知识的理解和掌握情况，以及运用所学的基础理论知识分析、评论简单的文学文本。 二、考试内容 1、英国文学部分 1）古英语诗歌的形成、发展及主要文本。 2）英国中世纪文学的形成和发展、主要诗人及其作品。 3）英国文艺复兴时期的文学：“文艺复兴”产生的历史背景、定义及其主要特征、对英国文学的影响、主要作家及其作品。 4）新古典主义时期（十八世纪）英国文学：启蒙运动形成的原因、启蒙运动的定义、特征及其对英国文学的影响、这一时期主要的作家及其作品。 5）浪漫主义时期（十九世纪早期）英国文学：英国浪漫主义文学形成的历史背景、浪漫主义诗歌的主要作家及其作品、浪漫主义小说的主要作家及其作家品、浪漫主义散文的主要作家及其作品。 6）维多利亚时期（十九世纪中后期）英国文学：英国现实主义文学形成发展的历史背景、这一时期主要的作家及其作品。 7）现代时期（二十世纪）英国文学：英国现代主义文学形成的历史背景、现代主义文学的主要流派、这一时期主要作家及其作品。 2、美国文学部分 1）早期的美国文学：清教主义文学形成与发展、早期美国文学的主要作家及其作品。 2）浪漫主义时期的美国文学：早期浪漫主义文学的主要作家及作品、超验主义时期的主要作家几作品、后期浪漫主义文学的主要作家及作品。 3）现实主义时期的美国文学：美国现实主义文学的形成与发展及主要流派、美国现实主义文学与自然主义文学的异同、这一时期主要的作家及作品。 4）现代时期的美国文学：美国现代主义文学的形成与发展及主要流派、战后美国文学的形成与发展、现代时期美国文学的主要作家及作品。 三、考试题型 填空题、单项选择题、匹配题、名词解释题、文本分析题。 四、参考书 《英国文学简史》（新增订本），刘炳善，河南人民出版社，2007； 《美国文学简史》（第2版），常耀信，南开大学出版社，2003 III、英语国家概况（15分） 一、考试要求 本部分考试旨在考查考生对英美国家的地理、历史、政治、文化、社会习俗、宗教群体、价值观念以及该国人民的思想态度和生活方式的掌握情况。 二、考试题型 填空题、判断题、名词解释题。 三、参考书 《英美概况》（上、下册），张奎武主编，吉林科学技术出版社，2003 IV、英汉互译（50分）