OmiseGO
Decentralized Exchange and Payments Platform
Joseph Poon joseph@https://www.doczj.com/doc/0f14935960.html,work OmiseGO Team omg@omise.co
June17,2017
Abstract
OmiseGO is building a decentralized exchange,liquidity provider mechanism,clear-inghouse messaging network,and asset-backed blockchain gateway.OmiseGO is not
owned by any single one party.Instead,it is an open distributed network of validators
which enforce behavior of all participants.It uses the mechanism of a protocol token
to create a proof-of-stake blockchain to enable enforcement of market activity amongst
participants.This high-performant distributed network enforces exchange across as-
set classes,from?at-backed issuers to fully decentralized blockchain tokens(ERC-20
style and native cryptocurrencies).Unlike nearly all other decentralized exchange plat-
forms,this allows for decentralized exchange of other blockchains and between multiple
blockchains directly without a trusted gateway token.Markets may be able to signi?-
cantly reduce spreads and encourage market assurance via decentralizing custody and
increased transparency of market activity.This is achieved using smart contracts,proto-
col tokens enforcing correct market behavior of orderbook matching,a new construction
of Ethereum bonded external enforcement of clearinghouse activity,and commitments
to historical exchange data for use with Ethereum smart contracts.
1Introduction and Problem Statement
The primary role of blockchains are to solve coordination problems among multilateral agreements between a network of participants.By ensuring transparency,assurance,and enforcement,we can enable multilateral agreements where they were not previously possible. When all parties are assured that the operations are not only transparent,but also the mechanisms are guaranteed to not change without signi?cant e?ort,parties are more willing to coordinate.Participants have signi?cantly higher guarantees that a single party has di?culty forcing other parties in the future into usurious rent extraction via a change in business processes or information asymmetry.In other words,any single participant is more willing to use systems where the business processes and mechanisms itself are not owned by any other single participant.
There is a fundamental coordination problem amongst payment processors,gateways, and?nancial institutions.For instance,a customer of a bank wishes to pay a merchant on
another network.Traditionally,there have been signi?cant e?orts in engineering around payment systems which are compatible across payment networks and?nancial institutions. These are usually constructed by creating a clearinghouse which manages the interchange, usually via a messaging network with either a central counterparty clearinghouse or nos-tro/vostro accounts.Examples include FedWire,CHIPS,SWIFT,consumer card payment networks,NSCC/DTCC,OCC,and ACH.These networks service di?erent roles and func-tions,including local/national payments,international payments,credit,equities/asset ex-change,and derivatives.These centralized networks allow for the controlling entity to arbitrarily change the mechanisms,which result in signi?cant amount of transaction costs via information costs,due diligence,and contractual enforcement between all parties.
We believe that there is currently a large emerging market of disruption in digital pay-ments with new payment platforms(e.g.Venmo,Alipay,etc.).These networks have signi?-cant aversion to interchange across networks,as it usually requires signi?cant overhead costs in trust with the interchange facility.Parties are unwilling to use central counterparties,as neither party wishes to defer to the other,and use of nostro/vostro accounts require bespoke contracts between participants.While the larger networks have signi?cant incentive around protection of their network e?ects,we believe that there is a long-tail of entities wishing to provide eWallet services which require greater coordination amongst multilateral partic-ipants.These mid-size participants will be able to cross value across networks in order to reach su?cient network e?ects in usability.The infrastructure and reference frontend for these providers will allow for the network e?ects to be encoded into this network,allowing for emerging eWallet participants to instantly create high network utility.
Blockchains allows society to externalize the world’s business processes from single cen-tralized corporations into open,decentralized computing networks.[1][2]OmiseGO(OMG) is a network which decentralizes market liquidity,orderbook matching and execution,clear-inghouse custodianship,and high-scalability payments to help resolve payments across these emerging eWallet payment networks.
By shifting these business processes traditionally placed into a single corporation,it is possible to provide eWallet providers an entire interchange process in a decentralized high-performant open network.
2Design Approach
The end-state requirement is a construction of a decentralized mechanism for eWallet plat-forms holding?at-backed value(as well as native,opt-in,support for cryptocurrencies). The eWallet?at tokens will have the ability to use Ether on the decentralized,public Ethereum[3][4]chain(or any other decentralized cryptocurrency)as the interchange/in-termediary cross for maximum e?ciency.We believe that this allows for signi?cant more activity and value in decentralized cryptocurrencies,as it will serve as a useful venue for many eWallet platforms.
As it’s a core function for this decentralized network to do eWallet interchange,a
blockchain ledger on OmiseGO is necessary to hold the general balance of funds per eWallet service(or any user/node).This ledger must be able to hold funds across many assets/com-modities.However,merely holding a ledger is insu?cient for interchange.The mechanism must also allow to trade these assets/commodities.
In order to perform interchange,it requires an order to be placed across many di?erent pairs on an open public market.This requires a decentralized orderbook and trading engine. The trading engine is built into the OMG blockchain,orders are published and matches are performed as part of every block when a matched order has reached su?cient number of validation con?rmations.This results in a non-custodial decentralized exchange held by a single party where the eWallet platforms may exchange onto other eWallet platforms without centralized trust on a single entity.
However,direct crosses between eWallet?at tokens may not be desirable,as there may be too many.It would be necessary to use cryptocurrency for a liquid market without single preference.By bonding Ethereum into a smart contract[5](or Bitcoin-like tokens into bonded clearinghouses),it is possible to lock up Ether onto the activity of the OMG chain to allow for eWallet pairs to occur over Ether or other cryptocurrencies,creating a liquid market(if every pair crosses with ETH,spreads would be much smaller provided low currency volatility).For activity requiring very small spreads,it may emerge that some eWallet tokens will be used as interchange crossing;however,there’s strong incentive to use decentralized tokens for settlement due to coordination/trust advantages related to programmatic adjudication.eWallet?at tokens may also cross using other eWallet tokens if necessary,but bonding which don’t a?ect short-term exchange rate?uctuations of smart contract activity will be primarily in ETH(e.g.HTLC clearinghouse,liquidity providing, and OMG chain enforcement).By allowing for cryptocurrencies to be the backing for eWallet platforms,the platforms can be assured of an even playing?eld between eWallet interchange activities.
This requires a greater degree of liquidity in funds locked up,and the OmiseGO decen-tralized exchange may not be desirable to transact for low-value interchange activity(e.g. for high-volume micropayments).
Not every payment between two distinct eWallets must be performed using a trade on the decentralized exchange.There is an expectation,that eWallets will hold some reserve of?at tokens of other eWallets,ready to be used for smaller transfers in popular directions. Constructions such as Lightning Network[6]allow for payments to occur o?-chain when eWallets hold balances to facilitate rapid payments.Implementations allow for payments across Bitcoin[7]and Ethereum[8],which can be easily ported to the OMG chain for eWallet balances.
The result of the OmiseGO blockchain construction is it allows for eWallet interchange, supported by a decentralized exchange,cryptocurrency(e.g.ETH)matching,orderbook, and clearinghouses without full-custody trust.
2.1Decentralized Liquidity Hub for Channels
The construction has the additional bene?t of allowing for a decentralized liquidity pool to be created for use with payment channels on various cryptocurrencies,such as Bitcoin(and to some extent Ethereum).
For individual token payments on blockchains,there is a need to scale the underlying blockchain activity which does not a?ect the underlying chain to reduce computational pressure of validating/mining nodes.It is therefore necessary to conduct Lightning Net-work activities(or similar constructions using channels).However,Lightning Network faces signi?cant pressure around network e?ects with capital,it’s desirable to prevent liquidity pools from centralizing to a single trusted entity.By using the same mechanisms of the de-centralized clearinghouse,we can create a Lightning Network hub which is not owned by any single individual on tokens which support more complex smart contracts(e.g.Ethereum, ERC-20-like tokens,etc.).For currencies with simple smart contracts,any node on the network(e.g.Bitcoin network)can act as a gateway into the OMG chain pool and cross back with any other participant.This allows the OmiseGO chain to o?oad a lot of on-chain activity,while encouraging decentralization.
We believe that the natural network e?ects of liquidity centralization can be mitigated by decentralized stake-chains with deterministic/known consensus rules.
For Ethereum in particular(and other full-featured smart-contract scripting blockchains),all participants set up channels into an ETH smart contract operating as a single pool of funds.The chain state of the OMG chain re?ects the current balance of participants.This allows for any participant to supply liquidity onto this network which can be allocated in accordance to the OMG-chain consensus rules(limits may be in place early on to prevent this blockchain from sucking up all the spare liquidity from the cryptocurrency space if this construction is successful before robust testing/validation over time).These funds can thereby be used for any liquidity activity on the OMG chain.
3Blockchain Overview and Mechanism
The above mechanisms require signi?cant volume of activity(with a large amount of state), and is not at this time suitable for all activity to occur on the Ethereum main chain, however the construction would be to bond trading activity in the public Ethereum chain with contract execution input being provided by the OMG chain.
We are building a blockchain which hooks into other blockchains to allow for trading across token/asset classes,largely backed by Ether.From the perspective of any individual chain,we are building a scalable blockchain whose contract state is bonded by the activities of the OMG chain itself.Activity on other chains can interlink with this chain via inter-chain committed proofs similar(but constructed di?erently)to BTC Relay[9]on the OMG chain which can be submitted on Ethereum.The OMG chain validates the activity of the behavior of all participants(including activity on other chains).In other words,the role
of the OMG token is providing computation and enforcement.The token itself acts as a bond for its activity on this blockchain,improper activity results in the token/bond being burned on the OMG chain.By creating a custom chain with deep enforcement,we are able to construct a system where consensus rules optimize for high-performant activity.
The design optimizes for rapid execution and clearing,with slower settlement.Future iterations may include sharding of the OMG chain,but the initial iteration will presume high-throughput capacity for block propagation.
Owning OMG tokens buys the right to validate this blockchain,within its consensus rules.Transaction fees on the network including(but not limited to)payment,interchange, trading,and clearinghouse use,are given to non-faulty validators who enforce bonded con-tract states.
The token will have value derived from the fees derived from this network,with the obligation/cost of providing validation to its users.This token must have value,to prevent low-cost attacks and is necessary to enforce this network.
It may be on our roadmap to allow for delegating validation to third-parties,whereby a limited amount can be slashed at a time before re-delegation is required(the exact mecha-nism is not yet speci?ed for security modeling).
As this will be designed as a high-performant system,an linked-via-proof blockchain construction is necessary.We expect that this system will be able to handle extremely high volumes of transactions and hence,will only do?nal delivery over Ethereum.Clearing and settlement occurs over the OmiseGO blockchain.Consensus rules are enforced via this proof-of-stake network.As part of the consensus rules of this network,it is required that all OMG(Omise GO)validators also run the Ethereum network to validate in parallel, resulting in Ethereum as a?rst-class citizen with regards to inter-blockchain validation.
It is assumed for features such as Ethereum/ERC-20bonding and withdrawals that BLS signature schemes(or alternatively Schnorr)will be enabled in Ethereum in the near future.For cryptocurrencies,these tokens are non-custodial and instead locked in smart contracts(unlike other exchange platforms such as Ripple,which requires trusted gateways representing the underlying).It also does not rely on named centralized validation sets(e.g. Ripple).
The OMG blockchain manages matching and managing order execution on the Ethereum chain.Activity on the OMG ensures the validator activity also may be enforced on the Ethereum chain via native Ethereum smart contracts.For Bitcoin and Bitcoin-like systems, we allow for trading via a clearinghouse network on the Lightning Network.The blockchain enforces activity on this network via committed proofs.While not as robust as Ethereum’s network,it allows for near-instantaneous clearing and settlement of activity orchestrated on the OMG chain without full-node validation.We expect to do partial validation in the future for nodes which do not allow for blockchain reorgs;naive SPV validation with blockchains that support reorgs are not permitted on this network for security.
A detailed description of the consensus mechanism and security properties will be pro-vided by Joseph Poon of Exonumia Labs,Inc in a(currently in-progress)forthcoming paper
in Summer2017.The construction of the paper(and subsequently with the implementa-tion used by OmiseGO)will likely be useful for many future open source token protocol blockchain projects,and may provide novel constructions for emerging chains such as cre-ating incentives for distributed data processing,and inter-blockchain?nancial activity.We hope OmiseGO and its distributed exchange will be a critical core in helping to lead the way in providing base-layer technologies/infrastructure which can spark and launch the en-tire protocol token ecosystem.Initial versions of OmiseGO may use aspects of Tendermint consensus.
3.1Light Client Validation
While OmiseGO is constructed as a high-performance network capable of handling many transactions,it will become necessary to produce light client proofs for partial validation, as well as for external smart contract enforcement.
A merkle tree of committed transactions per block will be included,as well as a com-mitment to the recent block state.The current state can be acquired by any node by downloading the recent block state commitment and any blocks between then.
As the recent block state includes a tree of the recent state,clients are able to get a view of the recent commitment without downloading the entire chain.Note that this is only possible as there is su?cient economic incentive against reorganization and halting attacks; the OMG chain is designed to heavily disincentive block reorgs via bonded proofs,but does not provide guarantees around the need for block con?rmations.Similar to current SPV Bitcoin validation implementations,there is some trust given to fullnodes with regards to censorship risk;we do not expect committed bloom maps to be feasible for the decentralized exchange given the transaction volume.Light clients can validate that a su?cient number of validators have processed the transactions,as well as any partial data acquired from fullnodes.It is heavily recommended for clients to validate activity on the Ethereum chain as well,due the OMG chain smart contract constructions.
4eWallets
While OmiseGO supports payments,is not designed?rst and foremost a payment processor within a speci?c eWallet payment providers(EPP).It is our belief that there is no coordi-nation problem within a single EPP,and the coordination problem lies primarily between EPPs.However,due to the need for transactions between EPPs,payment activity may be conducted over a blockchain.This blockchain allows for the EPP to provide token issuance on OmiseGO.This allows for?at-denominated currencies backed by?at on the platform, or for any asset class(such as loyalty points).OmiseGO is an open system allowing for anyone to issue assets,but it is up to individual users(or EPPs acting on behalf of the users)to ensure correct issuance/auditing.This is achieved by creating issuance attached to a script(with private keys)which allows for issuance.An alternative approach would
英语中各种数字的表达法和读法 (1)基数词的读法 我们先从基数词人手。首先掌握三位以内数字的读法，因为它是多位数字的基础，一旦熟练掌握，再借助一个逗号，便可轻松应付四位以上任何庞大的数字。我们可以通过例子来说明这一点。 ①3—5位数的读法 202读作：two hundred(and)two 234读作：two hundred(and)thirty-four 1， 234读作：one thousand two hundred(and)thirtyfour 但是在读法上须注意以下几点： a．在英式英语中，一个数的最后两位(十位和个位)得用“and\'’，但美式英语中则不用。如：3，077读作：U.S：three thousand seventy—seven． b．不定冠词“a”只在数的开头才和hundred，thousand等连用。试比较： 146读作：ahundred(and)forty-six 2，146读作：twothousand，one hundred(and)fortysix c.1，000这个整数我们说athousand，在and前我们也说a thousand，但是在一个有百位数的数目前就得说one thousand试比较： 1,031读作：a thousand，(and)thirty-one, 1,150读作：one thousand，one hundred(and)fifty d.hundred，thousand和million这几个词的单数可以和：“a”者“one”连用，但是不能单独使用。在非正式文体中“a”比较常见；当我们说话比较准确的时候就用“one”试比较： I Want to live for a hundred years． The journey took exactly one hundred days． e.我们常常说eleven hundred(1，100)，twelve hundred(1,200)等，而不说one thous and one hundred．从1，100到1,900之间的整数，这种说法最常见。 5位以上数字的读法 11，234读作：eleven thousand two hundred(and)，thirty—four 155,721读作：one hundred(and)fifly-fivethous and seven hundred(and)twenty-one 6，155，702读作：six million one hundred(and)fifly-five thous and seven
OMG 美语 【爱情】 1) still hurting 心痛 As you all know ，my BF broke up with me last week. I 'm not over it yet . I 'm still huring. 我还没有走出这段感情，我的心还是有点痛。 2) the one 命中注定的那个人 I thought he was the one. 我以为他是我命中注定的那个人。 3) funk 忧郁, 绝望的 4) rebound 分手后随便找个人约会,用来疗伤,忘记以前恋情 My friends say I need to get out of this funk and find a rebound date. 我的朋友告诉我打起精神来，随便先找个人约会。 5) pick up 找个新帅歌/ 美女 6) not my style 不是我的风格 My friends tell me to find a new guy ，but that 'snot my style. 7) ask someone out 邀请某人出去 A guy I met on the metro asked me out for coffee. 我在地铁站认识的男孩请我去喝咖啡。 8) too soon 太早 9) date 约会 I 'm not going to go.It 's too soon. I don 't think I 'm ready to date. 我不想去，这太快了，我还没有准备好再开始约会。 【锻炼身体exercise】 1) Get in shape 健身，恢复体型 2) Getting a little soft 变得有点胖 I have to get in shape，I 'm getting a litte soft.. 我必须恢复体形，我变得有点胖了。 3) Cardio 锻炼心肺功能的运动 4) Tone up 加强锻炼 I do lots of cardio like running to tone up. 为了加强锻炼，我做很多心肺功能的运动，比如跑步。 5) Lift weights 举重 6) Work out 锻炼 I lift weights when I work out. 我锻炼身体时喜欢举重。 7) Yoga 瑜珈 People who do yoga are really fit.. 做瑜伽的人都很健康。 8) Jiggly 胖胖的 My arms get jiggly. 我的手臂有点粗了。 9) Muffin top 腰部赘肉 10) Badonkadonk 大屁股 She stopped working out and she got a little jiggly. I hear she has a muffin top and a big bado nkad onk.她停止锻炼之后变得有点胖，而且我还听说她现在有很多赘肉，屁股也大了。 11) sit-ups 仰卧起坐 12) push-ups 俯卧撑 13) squats 蹲坐
1. Figure数字的读法 ①3—5位数的读法 202读作：two hundred(and)two 234读作：two hundred(and)thirty-four 1， 234读作：one thousand two hundred(and)thirty four 但是在读法上须注意以下几点： （a）．在英式英语中，一个数的最后两位(十位和个位)得用“and\'’，但美式英语中则不用。如：3，077读作：U.S：three thousand seventy—seven． （b）．不定冠词“a”只在数的开头才和hundred，thousand等连用。试比较： 146读作：ahundred(and)forty-six 2，146读作：twothousand，one hundred(and)forty six （c）.1，000这个整数我们说athousand，在and前我们也说a thousand，但是在一个有百位数的数目前就得说one thousand 试比较： 1,031读作：a thousand，(and)thirty-one, 1,150读作：one thousand，one hundred(and)fifty （d）.hundred，thousand和million这几个词的单数可以和：“a”者“one”连用，但是不能单独使用。在非正式文体中“a”比较常见；当我们说话比较准确的时候就用“one” 试比较： I Want to live for a hundred years． The journey took exactly one hundred days． （e）.我们常常说eleven hundred(1，100)，twelve hundred(1,200)等，而不说one thous and one hundred．从1，100到1,900之间的整数，这种说法最常见。 ?5位数以上的读法 以一组13位数字为单位的阿拉伯数字1234567891234为例，用英语和汉语表达时，前者按下标分段记号（，）为单位朗读，后者按上标分段记号（’）为单位朗读。 英语朗读法(以下面逗号为分割点)： 1,234,567,891,234 one trillion two hundred and thirty-four billion five hundred and sixty-seven million eight hundred and ninety-one thousand two hundred and thirty-four
各种数字的英文表达读法 大家知道英语上的数字要怎么表达，怎么读吗?接下来，小编给大家准备了各种数字的英文表达读法,欢迎大家参考与借鉴。 各种数字的英文表达读法 (1) 年号的读法： 1979nineteen seventy-nine / nineteen hundred (and) seventy-nine; (2) 电话号码;货币的读法： 1023one o two three; 1227one double two (或two two) seven; (3) 小数点的读法： 13.91thirteen decimal (point) nine one; 0.23 = nought1 demical two three; (4) 算术式的读法： 2+3=5 Two plus three is (或equals, is equal to) five. 5-3=2 Five minus three is equal to two. 32=6 Three times two is six. 93=3 Nine divided by three makes three. (5)货币的读法 $4.25four dollars (and) twenty-five (cents); 扩展：名词的相关形式与表达
在中考单项选择试题中，除了时态，名词的考查频率也较高。一般考查以下几点： 一、可数名词与不可数名词 在可数名词与不可数名词上一般出现这样几类，(1)分辨是哪一类名词，并根据结论做选择。(2)可数名词复数的不规则变化。(3)不可数名词的量化表达。所以，考生首先要能够明确哪些是可数名词，哪些是不可数名词。其次，还要知道可数名词的复数的变化规则。可数名词的变化规则一般是在单词后面加-s 或-es，如： 1. desk---desks bed---beds piano---pianos hat---hats bag---bags photo---photos 2. bus---buses box---boxes watch---watches brush---brushes 3. t omato---tomatoes potato---potatoes hero---heroes Negro---Negroes 4. leaf---leaves knife---knives 5. baby---babies family---families 另外，还要记住一些特殊的名词的变化形式，如： Chinese---Chinese Japanese---Japanese Englishman---Englishmen Frenchman---Frenchmen Russian---Russians American---Americans German1 --- Germans2 child---children foot---feet
英语数字的表示方法 英语数字的表示方法 数词 数词主要分为基数词和序数词两类。 一、数词的分类（2002.02.21） 1. 基数词 表示数目的词称为基数词。其形式如下： A．从1——10 one，two，three，four，five，six，seven，eight，nine，ten． B．从11——19 eleven，twelve，thirteen，fourteen，fifteen，sixteen，seventeen，eighteen，nineteen． 这里除eleven，twelve，thirteen，fifteen，eighteen为特殊形式外，fourteen，sixteen，seventeen，nineteen 都是由其个位数形式后添加后缀-teen构成。 C．从21——99 整数几十中除twenty，thirty, forty，fifty，eighty为特殊形式外，sixty，seventy，ninety都是其个位数形式后添加后缀-ty构成。 表示几十几时，在几十和个位基数词形式之间添加连字符“-” 21 twenty-one 76 seventy-six D．百位数 个数基数词形式加“hundred”，表示几百，在几十几与百位间加上and． 101 a hundred and one 320 three hundred and twenty 648 six hundred and forty-eight E．千位数以上 从数字的右端向左端数起，每三位数加一个逗号“，”。从右开始，第一个“，”前的数字后添加thousand，第二个“，” 前面的数字后添加million，第三个“，”前的数字后添加billion。然后一节一节分别表示，两个逗号之间最大的数为百位数形式。 2,648 two thousand six hundred and forty-eight 16,250,064 sixteen million two hundred and fifty thousand sixty-four 5,237,166,234 five billion，two hundred and thirty-seven million，one hundred and sixty-six thousand，two hundred ,and thirty-four F．基数词在表示确切的数字时，不能使用百、千、百万、十亿的复数形式；但是，当基数词表示不确切数字，如成百、成千上万，三三两两时，基数词则以复数形式出现。 There are hundreds of people in the hall． 大厅里有数以百计的人。 Thousands and thousands of people come to visit the Museum of Qin Terra-Cotta Warriors and Horses every day．
英文数字的写法和读 法
英文数字的写法和读法 表示数目的词称为基数词。其形式如下： A .从1——10 one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. B .从11——19 eleven twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen seventeen eighteen, nineteen. 这里除eleven, twelve, thirteen, fifteen, eighteen 为特殊形式外，fourteen, sixteen, seventeer, nineteen都是由其个位数形式后添加后缀-teen构成。 C .从20——99 整数几十中除twenty, thirty, forty , fifty , eighty 为特殊形式外，sixty, seventy, ninety都是其个位数形式后添加后缀-ty构成。 表示几十几时，在几十和个位基数词形式之间添加连 字符“”，如：21 twenty-one 76 seventy-six D .百位数 个数基数词形式加“hundrec”，表示几百，在几十几与
百位间加上and. 101 a hundred and one 320 three hun dred and twenty 648 six hun dred and forty -eight E. 千位数以上 从数字的右端向左端数起，每三位数加一个逗号 “，”从右开始，第一个“，”前的数字后添 加thousand，第二个“，”前面的数字后添 加million，第三个“，”前的数字后添加billion。然后一节一节分别表示，两个逗号之间最大的数为百位数形式。2,648 two thousa nd six hun dred and forty-eight 16,250,064 sixteen million two hundred and fifty thousan d sixty-four 5,237,166,234 five billio n two hundred and thirtyseven million，one hundred and sixty-six thousand two hun dred ,and thirty-four F. 基数词在表示确切的数字时，不能使用百、千、百万、十亿的复数形式；但是，当基数词表示不确切数字，如成百、成千上万，三三两两时，基数词则以复数形式出现。1000 One Thousa nd, 10000 Ten Thousa nd, 100000 One Hun dred Thousa nd, 1000000 One Millio n, 10000000 Ten Millio n,
英语中各种数字的读法 (1)基数词的读法 1) 14-19 与40-90 的读法 2) 3—5 位数的读法 202 读作：two hundred(and)two 234 读作：two hundred(and)thirty-four 1,234 读作：one thousand two hundred(and)thirty four 但是在读法上须注意：在英式英语中，一个数的最后两位(十位和个位)得用“and\'’，但美式英语中则不用。如：3，077 读作：U.S：three thousand seventy—seven．我们也常常说eleven hundred(1，100)，twelve hundred(1,200) 等，而不说one thousand and one hundred．从1，100 到1,900 之间的整数，这种说法最常见。 3) 5 位以上数字的读法：多位数由右向左每 3 位有一逗号，这个逗号的作用非同小可。 逆向第一个逗号读thousand；向左再推三位，第二个逗号读million ；第三个逗号读billion 。这几个逗号的作用在于，当我们听到若干thousand 时，立即写下这个数，并在其后打一个 逗号，并留出 3 位；当听到若干million ，则写下数字，并在其后打一逗号，留出 6 位；听到若干billion ，方法同上，在后面留出9 位，后面的million 、thousand 依此法类推，让所有 数字各就其位。 例如，当你听到“twenty thousand and four\' ’写出20，“and four”意为后一组仅有个位，即：004，那么，这个数字完整地写下来就是20，004；若听到“six million twenty thousand four hundred and twenty —three，”则第一步先写：6，020，再将最后一组423 写在第一个逗号后面。完整的数字为6，020，423。若听到“One billion ，one hundred and four million ，twenty thousand four hundred and twenty-three ”：第一步写出1，104，第二步接下去写第三组020，第三步二写423，这样得到的完整数字便是1，104，020，423，由此：见这个三位一逗号的 作用有多大。只要我们在平时的训练中加强对三位数读写的训练，能分辨“ty”与“teen\'’，并能借助这个不可缺少的“逗号”，无论数字多么大，也不会对我们造成障碍。 11，234 读作：eleven thousand two hundred(and)，thirty —four 155,721 读作：one hundred(and)fifty-five thousand and seven hundred(and)twenty-one 6，155，702 读作：six million one hundred(and)fifty-five thousand and seven hundred and two 26，000，008 读作：twenty-six million and eight 326，414，718 读作：three hundred(and)twenty-six million ，four hundred(and)four teen thousand and，seven hundred(and)eight-teen 4，302，000，000 读作：four billion three hundred(and)two million (2)序数词的读法 lst 读作：(the)first 2nd 读作：(the)second 3nd 读作：(the)third 4th 读作：(the)fourth 20th 读作：(the)twentieth 21st 读作：(the)twenty-first 22nd 读作：(the)twenty-second 23rd 读作：(the)twenty-third 其它以此类推。 (3)分数、小数、百分数的读法： 1）分数：分数中分子用基数词表示，分母用序数词表示。先读分子，后读分母。当分子大
英语数字表达方式汇总 数词：主要分为基数词和序数词两类。 一、数词的分类 （4类-只有40相关的写法为forty，9类只有第九写作ninth） 1. 基数词表示数目的词称为基数词。其形式如下： A．从1——10 one，two，three，four，five，six，seven，eight，nine，ten． B．从11——19 eleven，twelve，thirteen，fourteen，fifteen，sixteen，seventeen，eighteen，nineteen．这里除eleven，twelve，thirteen，fifteen，eighteen为特殊形式外，fourteen，sixteen，seventeen，nineteen都是由其个位数形式后添加后缀-teen构成。 C．从21——99 整数几十中除twenty，thirty, forty，fifty，eighty为特殊形式外，sixty，seventy，ninety都是其个位数形式后添加后缀-ty构成。表示几十几时，在几十和个位基数词形式之间添加连字符“-” 21 twenty-one 76 seventy-six D．百位数 个数基数词形式加“hundred”，表示几百，在几十几与百位间加上and． 101 a hundred and one 320 three hundred and twenty 648 six hundred and forty-eight E．千位数以上 从数字的右端向左端数起，每三位数加一个逗号“，”。从右开始，第一个“，”前的数字后添加thousand，第二个“，”前面的数字后添加million，第三个“，”前的数字后添加billion。然后一节一节分别表示，两个逗号之间最大的数为百位数形式。【and 读作【n】】 2,648 two thousand six hundred and forty-eight 16,250,064 sixteen million two hundred and fifty thousand sixty-four 5,237,166,234 five billion，two hundred and thirty-seven million，one hundred and sixty-six thousand，two hundred and thirty-four F．基数词在表示确切的数字时，不能使用百、千、百万、十亿的复数形式；但是，当基数词表示不确切数字，如成百、成千上万，三三两两时，基数词则以复数形式出现。 There are hundreds of people in the hall． 大厅里有数以百计的人。 Thousands and thousands of people come to visit the Museum of Qin Terra-Cotta Warriors and Horses every day． 每天有成千上万的人来参观秦兵马涌博物馆。 They went to the theatre in twos and threes． 他们三三两两地来到了剧院。 G．表示人的不确切岁数或年代，用几十的复数形式表示。 He became a professor in his thirties． 他三十多岁时成为了教授。 She died of lung cancer in forties． 她四十来岁时死于肺癌。
OMG美语讲堂 大家好！我是白洁。我们每天一起来学习最地道的美语！ Hey everybody! My name is Baijie. Let's get together every day to study American English! OMG美语讲堂第3期:回答粉丝的问题 1. 面试 Tell me a little bit about yourself. 跟我说下你的一些情况。 I recently graduated from college, where I majored in journalism and specialized in Mandarin Chinese. I'm looking for a job that focuses on cross-cultural communication and international relations. 我刚刚大学毕业，我主修了新闻学，专业是中文普通话，我想找一份关于跨文化交流和国际关系的工作。 What would you say is your greatest strength? 你说你的特长是什么？ I love interacting with people, Communication is my greatest strength. 我喜欢和人民交流，沟通是我最棒的特长。 2. 日常交际 以下均为打招呼用语。 Hey girl! What's up? （见到女性朋友的时候打招呼） Hey dude!What's up? （见到男性朋友的时候打招呼） Hey man! What's up? （见到男性朋友的时候打招呼） What's going on? What are you up to? How are you? How's going? 3. 肚子疼 My stomach doesn't feel so hot. 我肚子不舒服。 My tummy hurts,I feel nauseous. 我肚子坏了，感觉很恶心。 I have a tummy ache. I have a stomach ache. My tummy feels icky. （小孩子说） OMG美语讲堂第4期:Nothing better!没什么更好的! Nothing cools me down better than ice-cream. 没有什么比冰激凌更能让我凉爽了。 句式解析：Nothing (active verb phrase主动的动词或动词短语) better than (noun名词) EG: Nothing puts me to sleep better than classical music. 没有什么比古典音乐更能让我睡觉。 Nothing wakes me up better than coffee. 没有什么比咖啡更能让我清醒。 Nothing makes me want to dance better than Lady Gaga! 没有什么比LADY GAGA更能让我想跳舞。
基数词 0 nought;zero;O 1 one 2 two 3 three 4 four 5 five 6 six 7 seven 8 eight 9 nine 10 ten 11 eleven 12 twelve 13 thirteen 14 fourteen 15 fifteen 16 sixteen 17 seventeen 18 eighteen 19 nineteen 20 twenty 21 twenty-one 22 twenty-two 23 twenty-three 30 thirty 32 thirty-two 40 forty 50 fifty 60 sixty 70 seventy 80 eighty 90 ninety 100 one hundred 101 one hundred and one 156 one hundred and fifty-six 192 one hundred and ninety-two 200 two hundred 300 three hundred 400 four hundred 500 five hundred 600 six hundred 700 seven hundred 800 eight hundred 900 nine hundred
1,000 one thousand 1,001 one thousand and one 1,300 thirteen hundred; one thousand and three hundred 2,000 two thousand 2,034 two thousand and thirty-four 6,502 six thousand five hundred and two 38,000 thirty-eight thousand 45,672 forty-five thousand six hundred and seventy-two 500,000 five hundred thousand 1,000,000 one million 3,123,400 three million, one hundred and twenty-three thousand and four hundred 8,000,000 eight million 47,000,000 forty-seven million 900,000,000 nine hundred million 1,000,000,000 a milliard,one milliard(美作:a billion,one billion) 1,050,000,000 one billion and fifty million 10,000,000,000 ten billion 200,000,000,000 two hundred billion 1,000,000,000,000 a billion,one billion(美作:a trillion,one trillion) 6,000,000,000,000 six million million 序数词 first 第一 second 第二 third 第三 fourth 第四 fifth 第五 sixth 第六 seventh 第七 eighth 第八 ninth 第九 tenth 第十 eleventh 第十一 twelfth 第十二 thirteenth 第十三 fourteenth 第十四 fifteenth 第十五 sixteenth 第十六 seventeenth 第十七 eighteenth 第十八 nineteenth 第十九 twentieth 第二十 twenty-first 第二十一 twenty-second 第二十二 twenty-third 第二十三
英语数字表达方式大全 0 nought;zero; 1 one 2 two 3 three 4 four 5 five 6 six 7 seven 8 eight 9 nine 10 ten 11 eleven 12 twelve 13 thirteen 14 fourteen 15 fifteen 16 sixteen 17 seventeen 18 eighteen 19 nineteen 20 twenty 21 twenty-one 22 twenty-two 23 twenty-three 30 thirty 32 thirty-two 40 forty 50 fifty 60 sixty 70 seventy 80 eighty 90 ninety 100 one hundred 101 one hundred and one 156 one hundred and fifty-six 192 one hundred and ninty-two 200 two hundred 300 three hundred 400 four hundred 500 five hundred 600 six hundred 700 seven hundred 800 eight hundred 900 nine hundred 1,000 one thousand 1,001 one thousand and one 1,300 thirteen hundred;one thousand and three hundred 2,000 two thousand 2,034 two thousand and thirty-four 6,502 six thousand five hundred and two 38,000 thirty-eight thousand 45,672 forty-five thousand six hundred and seventy-two 500,000 five hundred thousand 1,000,000 one million 3,123,400 three million,one hundred and twenty-three thousand and four hundred 8,000,000 eight million 47,000,000 forty-seven million
各种数字的读法 ①3—5位数的读法 202读作：two hundred(and)two 234读作：two hundred(and)thirty-four 1，234读作：one thousand two hundred(and)thirtyfour 但是在读法上须注意以下几点： 在英式英语中，一个数的最后两位(十位和个位)得用“and\'’，但美式英语中则不用。如：3，077读作：：three thousand seventy—seven． 我们常常说eleven hundred(1，100)，twelve hundred(1,200)等，而不说one thous and one hundred．从1，100到1,900之间的整数，这种说法最常见。 5位以上数字的读法 11，234读作：eleven thousand two hundred(and)，thirty - four 155,721读作：one hundred(and)fifty - five thousand seven hundred(and)twenty - one 6，155，702读作：six million one
hundred(and)fifty - five thousand seven hundred and two 26，000，008读作：twenty-six million and eight 326，414，718读作：three hundred(and)twenty-six million，four hundred(and)fourteen thousand，seven hundred(and)eighteen 4，302，000，000读作：four billion three hundred(and)two million 由以上一组数字可以看出，多位数由右向左每3位有一逗号，这个逗号的作用非同小可，在记忆数字时，它可以帮我们很大的忙! 逆向第一个逗号读thousand；向左再推三位，第二个逗号读million；第三个逗号读billion；第四个逗号就是trillion。这几个逗号的作用在于，当我们听到若干thousand时，立即写下这个数，并在其后打一个逗号，并留出3位；当听到若干million，则写下数字，并在其后打一逗号，留出6位；听到若干billion，方法同上，在后面留出9位，后面的million、thousand依此法类推，
*new years resolution 新年的决心 The New Year is coming! It’s time to make a list of new years resolutions! I think the most popular New Years resolution is always lose weight! I think people make New Years resolutions to improve themselves and to even learn something new. *acronyms 缩写 FYI=For Your Information 让你知道一下 Just an FYI, I’ll be out of town next week. 让你知道一下，我下周不在 Uh..hey..FYI…You have something on your face! FYI, the party starts at 8 tonight! TMI=Too Much Information 你说太多了 I am stinky! Time for a shower! 我有点臭！该洗个澡了！ 白洁！TMI!! Just go take a shower! This food got moldy.. Ew..look! smell it! 这个食物发霉了。你看，闻一下！！Just throw it away! 快把它扔掉吧！BRB=Be Right Back 马上回来！ I gotta go to the store! BRB! 我去超市下，马上回来！ BRB! I’m gunna go pick up some pizza for dinner! 一会回来！我现在去拿一些比萨作晚饭 Ok, I’ll go make some coffee for the meeting. BRB! LOL=Laugh Out Loud 大声笑 LOL! That guy looks so funny！哈哈！这个家伙看起来很好笑！ LOL! That puppy is so cute! 哈哈，这只小狗这么可爱！ You look so funny in those glasses! LOL! 你戴这个眼镜看起来很好笑！哈哈！ *spring festival 春节 Chinese New Year 中国春节 Spring Festival Travel春运 Over 2 million people are expected to take the train over this year’s Spring Festival. That’s the biggest movement of humanity in the world! 今年春节，大约2亿多人将坐火车回家过年！是世界上最大规模的周期性短期人口迁移！ Red envelope! 红包 The red color of 红包symbolizes good luck. How much money is usually in a red envelope? 红包的颜色代表好运，红包平常包多少钱呢？ I hope you strike it rich! Come get your red envelope! 恭喜发财，红包拿来！ I wish you good fortune and wish you all the best in the New Year! 恭喜发财，万事如意！ Set off fireworks 放烟火 I had so much fun celebrating Spring Festival in Beijing in 2007. The best part was setting off fireworks with my classmates! Eat dumplings! 吃饺子 Legend has it that the more dumplings you eat during Spring Festival the more money you’ll make in the New Year. because dumplings look like little baby gold bags! 传说饺子像元宝，多吃新年将会多赚钱！ I’d like to wish all OMG!美语fans a peaceful home, a happy New Year, a merry life, and a peaceful world. Happy New Year! 白洁想祝所有OMG粉丝一家和和睦睦，一年开开心心，一生快快乐乐，一世平平安安。新年快乐！ *love is blind 爱情使人盲目 Why does Melissa even like that guy? He’s so mean! And he’s not even that cute. 为什么Melissa喜欢这个家伙？他很差劲，而且也不是很帅。 I guess love is blind!
英语中各种数字的表达法和读法
英语中各种数字的表达法和读法 (1)基数词的读法 我们先从基数词人手。首先掌握三位以内数字的读法，因为它是多位数字的基础，一旦熟练掌握，再借助一个逗号，便可轻松应付四位以上任何庞大的数字。我们可以通过例子来说明这一点。 ①3—5位数的读法 202读作：two hundred(and)two 234读作：two hundred(and)thirty-four 1， 234读作：one thousand two hundred(and)thirtyfour 但是在读法上须注意以下几点： a．在英式英语中，一个数的最后两位(十位和个位)得用“and\'’，但美式英语中则不用。如：3，077读作：U.S：three thousand seventy—seven． b．不定冠词“a”只在数的开头才和hundred，thousand等连用。试比较： 146读作：ahundred(and)forty-six 2，146读作：twothousand，one hundred(and)fortysix c.1，000这个整数我们说athousand，在and前我们也说a thousand，但是在一个有百位数的数目前就得说one thousand试比较： 1,031读作：a thousand，(and)thirty-one, 1,150读作：one thousand，one hundred(and)fifty d.hundred，thousand和million这几个词的单数可以和：“a”者“one”连用，但是不能单独使用。在非正式文体中“a”比较常见；当我们说话比较准确的时候就用“one”试比较： I Want to live for a hundred years． The journey took exactly one hundred days． e.我们常常说eleven hundred(1，100)，twelve hundred(1,200)等，而不说one thous and one hundred．从1，100到1,900之间的整数，这种说法最常见。 5位以上数字的读法 11，234读作：eleven thousand two hundred(and)，thirty—four 155,721读作：one hundred(and)fifly-fivethous and seven hundred(and)twenty-one