Current Trends in Container
Board Manufacturing
Abstract
Recent developments in packaging products have created a market
for new types of corrugated
boards, namely miniflute and microflute boards. These very thin
corrugated boards are manufactured out of light basis weight linerboard
and corrugated medium.
To be able to produce lightweight container board economically, machine speed has to be increased remarkably. In most cases
liner and fluting are made of
recycled fiber. This creates an ad- ditional dilemma: how to produce
light basis weight paper faster
than ever out of lower grade furnish that, in addition to including
weak fibers, contains a considerable amount of ash and stickies.
Runnability thus becomes a major challenge.
While the basis weight of linerboard and fluting are reduced,
quality requirements are becoming stricter. Higher paper machine
and corrugator speeds require a stronger and more homogeneous paper web. As new packaging products are mostly used for consumer packages, visual appearance
and suitability for multicolor
printing also create additional
quality requirements, especially
for linerboard.
To meet these new challenges,
Metso Paper has developed a new paper machine generation called
the OptiConcept for Container Boards.
Development of
Packaging Products
Miniflute and microflute boards
have gained an expanding foothold
in the consumer package
market over the past few years,
which is traditionally considered boxboard territory. While conventional corrugated boards are used
for shipping boxes, mini and microflute boards find their applications
in various types of consumer packages. Fragile items, fast
food, medical products, cosmetics, electronics, etc. are more and
more often packed in a corrugated board box.
Microflute board differs from traditional corrugated board in
some respects. First of all, the
height of E, F, G and N flutes is
clearly lower, typically 0.5…1.2
mm, than that of conventional A,
B, and C flutes at 2.6…5.0 mm
(Fig.1). In addition to lower flute height, microflute boards favor
lower basis weight linerboard and corrugated medium. Moreover,
the top liner furnish often differs
from traditional linerboard. It is
most commonly made of graphics board, white top linerboard, or
coated white top liner, all of which make for a high-quality printing surface. When the inside of a box
will also be printed, the back liner
is made of white furnish as well.
In non-printed cases the back liner
is made of testliner or brown kraftliner. The corrugated medium
is made of recycled furnish or
semi-chemical stock.
Speed
As linerboard and corrugated
medium are sold by weight and
not by area like boxboard, the reduction of basis weight automatically
means the need to increase
production speeds (Fig.2).
A traditional fourdrinier forming section, either single or multiwire,
has a maximum speed of about
900 - 1100 m/min., depending on
the application. The most important reason for this speed limitation
is random basis weight variation. Shear forces between the
slurry on the forming table and surrounding ambient air cause random basis weight variation,
which increases as machine
speed increases. An open
fourdrinier forming table is therefore more sensitive to random
variations than closed forming
using a gap former (Fig.3).
Machine speed also dictates
the type of a size press. When machine speed surpasses approximately
900 m/min, turbulence in
the size pond becomes unacceptable. Sizing agent pickup also becomes
more difficult to control. A
size press with film application
can overcome these limitations of
a pond size press.
Runnability
The runnability of a container
board machine is affected by
many factors, such as stock furnish, machine concept and design, machine ventilation, electric
drive system, cleanliness of the machine, and machine clothing, automation, chemicals, etc. Two subjects should be emphasized: furnish treatment and the machine concept.
The recycled furnish on the
market today has a higher ash content, shorter average fiber length, and contains more stickies than was the case just a few years ago. All of these influence board properties and also the runnability
of the machine. The higher the
ash content and the shorter the
fiber length, the lower will be the
sheet strength. As a rule of thumb,
ash content should be kept below 10%.
Stickies get machines and
clothing dirty, and create dewatering problems at the forming
and press sections. The sticking of
the sheet to stickies on press felts
and dryer canvases, as well as on
the surfaces of rolls and dryer cylinders, promotes sheet breaks, especially
with weaker sheets. It is
highly advisable not to save on
the cleaning of furnish when investing in a waste paper plant.
The money invested will have a
fast payback in the form of fewer
sheet breaks and higher machine efficiency.
The most important machine
sections in terms of runnability
are the press section and dryer section. If the machine includes a
size press, attention should also
be paid to the sheet run after sizing.
The open draw, combined
with web release from the center
roll, creates a critical runnability issue on a combination press with
high speed and weak web (Fig.4).
The biggest stress component at
this location is the centrifugal
force, which increases by the
square of speed increase. The
strength of the web at this position
is a function of fiber properties
and web dryness. It is obvious
that if web strength cannot be increased, the non-supported run
between the press and dryer sections will become a bottleneck at
higher speeds. In the case of a
press section with double-felted
nips and a fully closed web run
from the forming section to the
dryer section the stress components at the transfer point are extremely low, thus offering a transfer
solution and excellent runnability
for weak webs (Fig.5).
The single-tier dryer section
was designed to support the paper web between dryer cylinders. Because the single-tier section
has lower drying efficiency and
needs more space than a conventional two-tier section, combined
dryer section arrangements are
today mostly used for optimized runnability and drying efficiency. Runnability after the size press
is a subject that sometimes creates the biggest hindrance to machine speed increase, especially
with low basis weight webs of recycled furnish. If the web moisture
content drops below 60% after a
size press, special arrangements
for web support have to be considered. Board Quality
The strength-related quality requirements of linerboard are
measured with such tests as the
bursting strength, tensile
strength, Scott Bond, and the Ring
Crush test. In some market areas
STFI or SCTcd (Shot Column Test,
or Short span Crush Test) are also
used instead of RCTcd. For corrugated medium the most common
tests are CMT (Concora Medium
Test) and RCTcd (Fig.6). Bursting strength is clearly an in-plane
property that benefits from separately formed plies. Low headbox
consistency and a high jet/
wire ratio also enhance bursting strength. A low MD/CD tensile ratio
and low headbox consistency
are preferred for good RCTcd. On
the other hand, high CMT favors
high headbox consistency and a
high MD/CD tensile ratio. High headbox consistency also increases Scott bond.
As can be seen, some of the measurements mentioned above
are contradictory. This means that
a process condition which is beneficial in terms of one measure is counterproductive with respect
to another. The machine concept
and related process should therefore be versatile enough to enable
any required adjustments.
In most container board machines,
a size press is needed for
the required strength properties.
As mentioned earlier, a pond size press cannot be used at high speeds. On the other hand, a film
size press that allows high speeds
is typically meant for surface sizing rather than deep penetration.
Surface sizing will not be a problem with RCTcd as surface characteristics are essential for Ring
Crush. Trial runs also show that reduced size solids content may increase penetration. This will improve Scott Bond tests and CMT.
In addition to strength-related
tests, printing creates some additional requirements for linerboard.
Print quality is influenced
by surface finish, optical appearance, ink absorption, permeability, formation, and caliper. Surface characteristics depend on a variety
of factors, including the nature
of the fibers used and their treatment during manufacture, wet
end chemicals, and forming and finishing processes. One of the
most important factors affecting
print quality is the surface structure
of paper, generally referred to
as surface smoothness. Finishing processes, such as calendering, coating or glazing, can be used to achieve a given surface structure. These factors also influence the absorbency and permeability of paper, and eventually ink laydown characteristics during printing.
To obtain a good print result,
ink absorbency must be balanced between the factors shown in
Fig.7. Not much is known about
these interactions, however.
Last but not least, excellent MD
and CD basis weight profiles, moisture, and fiber orientation are
a necessity when producing highquality linerboard and corrugating
medium efficiently. Obvious
runnability problems will otherwise exist not only with the paper
machine itself but also with converting machines.
Machine Concept
Selection
Forming Section
Whenever lightweight container
board needs to be produced at
high speeds, a gap former forming section is a must. A gap former
is also recommended for slower machines if the SR-value of the
stock is high (Fig.8). Depending
on board grades and basis weight ranges, combined forming section alternatives may also be considered. If only corrugated medium will
be produced, a single gap former
is the right choice for the forming section (Fig.9). In some cases, depending on market requirements, low-grade testliner can
also be produced with this forming concept. In that case the headbox
will be of two channel type.
The basis weight range of a single gap former is limited, however, and depends on stock furnish (Fig.10). For high-quality testliner, a
forming section with two gap formers is needed because of
high strength and good formation requirements (Fig.11). With
this concept proper layer purity
will be reached, along with excellent coverage, formation, and
clearly better bursting strength.
In the case of white top liner, a
gap former–fourdrinier combination can be considered (Fig.12).
This concept is recommended when virgin
long fiber is used for
the top ply, which
needs low headbox
consistency for good
formation and inplane
fiber orientation.
For the ultimate
formation of white
top ply, a top-dewatering
unit, the Sym-
Former MB, may still
be added on top of
the top ply fourdrinier.
Press Section
Machines dedicated
to high speeds and
light basis weights can
be equipped with a
combination press,
such as the SymPressB
(Fig.13). It offers the
advantage of a closed
sheet run through all
three press nips, a
double felted 1st nip,
and a shoe nip in the last press position. It also needs relatively little space in the machine hall. As
the press concept includes only
three felts, its dewatering capacity
is limited and it cannot be used
for heavy basis weights. On the
other hand, the open draw after
the press section limits the runnability of very light basis weights.
The other press option for
high-speed production is a press section with two straightthrough presses, such as the OptiPress (Fig.14). Its closed web run
and four felts offer maximal runnability without any practical limitations
on dewatering.
Dryer Section
Dryer section development follows closely the evolution of
printing paper machines. Singletier dryer groups are preferred in
the early part of the dryer section
in order to give full support to the weak wet web. Double-tier dryer
groups are preferred at the latter
part of drying for higher drying efficiency. This SymDry concept (Fig.15) offers excellent runnability with high drying efficiency. It
also offers control of moisture on both sides to control curl. Machine hall length will be shorter
with SymDry than with a full single- tier dryer section. The dryer
fabric gives 100% support to the paper web in a single-tier dryer section. Fluttering may appear, though, because of the rotation of cylinders. To minimize fluttering, Metso Paper has developed a series of blow boxes (Fig.16). Specially designed boxes can be located
at various positions on the
press and dryer sections. They create a vacuum that counters opposing forces at the right locations
in order to keep the paper
web in contact with felts and fabrics, thus improving runnability.
Size Press
Metso’s size press for high-speed machines, the OptiSizer, uses film
type application (Fig.17). When
both high speed for light basis
weights and penetration of size
for heavy basis weights are needed,
a press can be built to use both
pond and film application. The
run of the web from the size press
to the after-dryer section, as well
as the layout of the after-dryer
section itself, should be considered case by case because of var-
ying runnability requirements.
Calender
Calendering is the most important
part of the papermaking
process with respect to surface smoothness. In addition to smoothness, calendering also influences
caliper and density.
Some paper strength tests may
thus be affected. The amount of
nips can be reduced by applying
heat and an extended dwell time
in the calender, thus minimizing
the loss of caliper. Single-nip hot calendars, the OptiHard and OptiSoft, meet modern calendering
requirements for linerboard. Depending on stock furnish and the
surface requirements for final paper,
a calender nip can be either
hard or soft. As smoothness requirements for white top liner
and coated WTL are higher than
for brown grades, two hot nips are
often recommended. No calender
is needed for corrugated medium. Summary
The development of packaging
products subjects container
board makers to simultaneous
造纸专业英文词汇paper：纸 tissue: 薄叶纸 sheet: 纸页 paper web: 纸幅 untrimmed width: 抄宽，毛纸宽lfu machine width: 机宽 paper board ;cardboard; board: 纸板 pulp; stock; stuff: 浆，浆料 pulp preparing: 备浆 perfect pulp:符合规定配比的纸浆 chemical pulp:化学浆 groundwood:磨木浆 chest:浆池 (stock) tank; trough;:（浆）池，槽 vat:槽，浆槽 sump; storage:贮（油、液）槽，集（油）池 clogging堵塞，堵浆 coarse screenings; ejects:浆渣 reject; rejects; rejected stock; rejections;ejects:筛渣，浆渣 junk:垃圾，废料 tailings:尾浆，浆渣 junk box (trap; collector):废料槽，废料箱，废料收集器 pulper:碎浆机，水力碎浆机 wind; winding:卷纸 winder; rewinder:卷纸机，复卷机 unwind; unreeling:退纸 unwinder; unreeling stand; unwinding stand:退纸架 unwind roll:退纸的纸辊 untroll:纸卷退纸 natural browns:本色牛皮纸浆 paperboard grade (stock):纸板用纸浆 fluting paper; corrugated paper:瓦楞纸 papermaking:抄纸。造纸 pulp and paper technology:制浆造纸工艺 AOCC:美国旧瓦楞纸，美国进口废纸（American old corrugated case） A flute：A级瓦楞纸波形数（每30厘米36±3个） B flute：B级瓦楞纸波形数（每30厘米51±3个） C flute：C级瓦楞纸波形数（每30厘米42±3个） abietene acid:松香酸 absolute dry; bone dry(B.D.; b.d.); oven dry(O.D.; o.d.):绝对干度（绝干）air dry(A.D.; a.d.):风干（含水20%） sheave; pulley:皮带轮，滑轮 stepless control:无级控制，连续控制 smoothness:平滑度 shower:喷水，喷水管（器） screen; sieve:筛子 size; sizing:胶料，涂胶，施胶 size resistance; sizing degree: 施胶度 light (soft; slack) sized:轻度施胶
生物专业英语词汇——词素（词根）部分 一、表示数量的词素 1. haplo,mono,uni ：单，一，独haploid 单倍体monoxide一氧化碳monoatomi c单原子的 2. bi,di,dipl,twi,du :：二，双，两，偶biocolor 双色,dichromatic 双色的,diplobacillus 双杆菌dikaryon 双核体 twin ：孪生dual 双重的 3. tri :三，丙triangle三角triacylglycerol三酰甘油tricarboxylic acid cycle 三羧酸循环 4. quadri,quadru,quart,tetr,tetra：四quadrilateral四边的quadrivalent 四价的quadruped四足动物tetrode四极管tetracycline四环素 5. pent,penta,quique五pentose戊糖pentagon五角形pentane戊烷quintuple 五倍的pentose戊糖pentomer五邻粒 6. hex,hexa,sex 六hexose已糖hexapod六足动物hexapoda昆虫纲hexamer六聚体 7. hepta,sept(i) 七heptane 庚烷heptose 庚糖heptoglobin七珠蛋白 8. oct八octpus 章鱼octagon八角形octane 辛烷octase 辛糖 9. enne,nona九nonapeptide 九肽enneahedron 九面体 10. deca,deka 十:decapod 十足目动物decahedron 十面体decagram 十克 11. hecto, 百hectometer百米hectoliter百升hectowatt 百瓦 12. kilo,千kilodalton (KD) 千道尔顿kilobase 千碱基kiloelectron
造纸专业英文词汇 tissue: 薄叶纸 sheet: 纸页 paper web: 纸幅 untrimmed width: 抄宽，毛纸宽 machine width: 机宽 paper：纸 paper board ;cardboard; board: 纸板 pulp; stock; stuff: 浆，浆料 pulp preparing: 备浆 perfect pulp:符合规定配比的纸浆 chemical pulp:化学浆 groundwood:磨木浆 chest:浆池 (stock) tank; trough;:（浆）池，槽 vat:槽，浆槽 sump; storage:贮（油、液）槽，集（油）池clogging堵塞，堵浆 coarse screenings; ejects:浆渣 reject; rejects; rejected stock; rejections;ejects:筛渣，浆渣 junk:垃圾，废料 tailings:尾浆，浆渣 junk box (trap; collector):废料槽，废料箱，废料收集器 pulper:碎浆机，水力碎浆机 wind; winding:卷纸 winder; rewinder:卷纸机，复卷机 unwind; unreeling:退纸 unwinder; unreeling stand; unwinding stand:退纸架 unwind roll:退纸的纸辊 untroll:纸卷退纸 natural browns:本色牛皮纸浆 paperboard grade (stock):纸板用纸浆 fluting paper; corrugated paper:瓦楞纸papermaking:抄纸、造纸 pulp and paper technology:制浆造纸工艺AOCC:美国旧瓦楞纸，美国进口废纸（American old corrugated case） A flute：A级瓦楞纸波形数（每30厘米36±3个） B flute：B级瓦楞纸波形数（每30厘米51±3个） C flute：C级瓦楞纸波形数（每30厘米42±3 abietene acid:松香酸absolute dry; bone dry(B.D.; b.d.); oven dry(O.D.; o.d.):绝对干度（绝干） air dry(A.D.; a.d.):风干（含水20%）sheave; pulley:皮带轮，滑轮 stepless control:无级控制，连续控制smoothness:平滑度 shower:喷水，喷水管（器） screen; sieve:筛子 size; sizing:胶料，涂胶，施胶 size resistance; sizing degree: 施胶度 light (soft; slack) sized:轻度施胶 sleeve, socket:套管，套 slide (sliding) valve:滑阀 span:跨距 spare parts:备件 critial part:主要部件，要害部件 spray cutter; squirt cut; tail cutter水针: trim shower; trim squirt:水针 nozzle cutter:切边水针 stainless steel:不锈钢 mail steel:低碳钢 normally-closed:常（原）位闭合的，常闭的starch:淀粉 bus:（电器）总线 terminal:端子，端部，接头，线端 stretcher:张紧辊 stretch:伸长（率） suction:吸水 suction baby press:真空预压榨 suction breast roll:真空胸辊 suction couch (roll); vacuum couch:真空伏辊supervisor:管理人，主管 table:表，网案 table roll:案辊 tearing (breaking) strength:撕裂度 tensile properties; tensile breaking strength:抗张强度 tension:张力 torque; moment:扭力矩，转力矩 moment of interia:惯性矩，转动惯量 fork-lift; forklift truck:叉车，铲车 trouble shooting:排除故障 defect; trouble; malfunction:故障 tangential:切线的，切向的
第二章生长与代谢的生物化学 2.1 前言 一个微生物以生产另一个微生物为目的。在某些情况下，利用微生物的生物学家们希望这样的情况能够快速频繁的发生。在另外一些产物不是生物体自身的情况下，生物学家必须对它进行操纵使微生物的目标发生变化，这样以来，微生物就要努力的挣脱对它们繁殖能力的限制，生产出生物学家希望得到的产物。生物体的生长过程及其生产出的各种产物与微生物代谢的本质特点是密不可分的。 代谢过程是两种互相紧密联系又以相反方向进行的活动过程。合成代谢过程主要是细胞物质的生成，不仅包括构成细胞的主要组成物质（蛋白质、核酸、脂质、碳水化合物等等），同时也包括它们的前提物质——氨基酸、嘌呤与嘧啶、脂肪酸、各种糖与糖苷。合成代谢不是自发进行的，必须由能量所推动，对大多数微生物来说，是通过一系列的产能分解代谢过程来供给能量。碳水化合物分解为CO2和水的过程是最为常见的分解代谢反应，然而微生物以这样的方式还能够利用更大范围的还原性含碳化合物。分解代谢与合成代谢所有微生物生物化学的基础，可以从两者的平衡关系或者分别对它们进行讨论。 实际中，我们要有效的区分那些需要空气中的氧进行需氧代谢的生物与那些进行厌氧代谢的生物。还原性含碳化合物与O2反应生成水和CO2，这是一个高效的放热反应过程。因此，一个进行需氧代谢的生物要使用一小部分底物进行分解代谢以维持某一水平的合成代谢，即成长过程。对于厌氧型生物，其底物的转化的过程基本上是一个不匀称的反应（氧化还原反应），产生很少的能量，因此，大部分底物都要被分解从而
维持一定水平的合成代谢。 在生物体中这种差别能够明显的体现出来，比如酵母，它属于兼性厌氧生物，即它可在有氧条件下生长也可在无氧环境下生存。需氧酵母使糖以同样的速度转化为CO 2和水，相对产生高产量的新酵母。而厌氧条件下，酵母菌生长缓慢，此时酵母被有效的转化为酒精和CO 2。 2.2 代谢与能量 分解代谢与合成代谢间的有效联系在于，各种分解代谢过程促进少量反应物的合成，而后又被用来促进全面的合成代谢反应。在这种重要的中间产物中，其中最为重要的是ATP ，其含有生物学家所说的“高能键”。在ATP 分子中，酐与焦磷酸残基相联。高能键在水解过程中所产生的热量就被用来克服在其形成过程中需要摄入的能量。像ATP 这类分子，为细胞提供了流通能量，当将ATP 用于生物合成反应时，其水解产物为ADP （腺苷二磷酸）或者某些时候为AMP （腺苷一磷酸）：（反应式） 仍含有一个高能键的ADP 通过腺苷酸激酶反应也可生成ATP ：（反应式）。 磷酸化作用是生物体中普遍的反应，通常由ATP 作用而发生。 经过磷酸化生成的物质通常比最初的化合物更具有反应活性，用无机磷酸进行磷酸化反应是无法进行的，因为，平衡反应式的相反方向生成大量的水（55M ）。 细胞的“能量状态”认为是由占有优势的组分：ATP 、ADP 、AMP 作用形成的。为了给出一个量值，Daniel Atksirson 提出了“能荷”这个概念，定义一个细胞的能荷为： 在“满荷”细胞中，仅含有ATP 一种腺嘌呤核苷酸，它的能荷值定义为 1.0。如果三种核苷酸的量相等，即ATP=ADP=AMP ，则细胞的能荷为ATP+0.5 ADP ATP+ ADP+AMP
unit1 body 车身chassis 底盘enclosure外壳、套hood车棚、车顶sway 摇摆frame车架steering转向、操作brake 制动weld焊接rivet铆钉bolt螺钉washer垫圈vibration 振动stabilizer稳定器ride乘坐舒适性handling操作稳定性linkages转向传动机构plier钳子distributor分电器alternator交流发电机regulator调节器carburetor化油器radiator散热器、水箱defroster除冰装置sludge金属碎屑transmission变速器differential 差速器power train 传动系unitized body 承载式车身suspension system 悬架系统steering system 转向系braking system 制动系shock absorbers减震器control arms控制臂steering wheel 转向盘steering column转向管柱steering gears 转向器tie rod 横拉杆idler arm随动臂brake shoe制动蹄disc brake 盘式制动器drum brakes 鼓式制动器ignition system 点火系统exhaust system 排气系统lubrication system 润滑系oil filters 机油滤清器drive（or propeller）shaft传动轴universal joints 万向节dynamo发电机horn喇叭swived 旋转steering box转向器timing gear 正时齿轮bevel gear 锥齿轮mesh with与啮合leaf spring 钢板弹簧stub axle 转向节 unit2 longitudinal纵向的transverse横向的reciprocate往复spin旋转piston活塞ignite点火rub摩擦quart夸脱reservoir油箱mechanical机械的enclosed被附上的gallon加仑stroke冲程camshaft凸轮轴combustion燃烧disengaged脱离啮合的flywheel飞轮internal-combustion engine内燃机diesel-fuel柴油LPG=Liquefied Petroleum Gas液化石油气体CNG=Compressed natural gas压缩天然气spark ignition火花点火compression ignition压缩点火spark plug火花塞gas-turbine engine蒸汽机Stirling engine斯特灵发动机lubricating system润滑系统oil pan油底壳oil pump机油泵exhaust system排气系统emission-control system排放控制系统energy conversion能量转换air/fuel ratio空燃比connecting rod连杆TDC=Top Dead Center上止点BDC=Bottom Dead Center 下止点intake stroke进气冲程compression stroke压缩冲程power stroke作功冲程exhaust stroke排气冲程compression ratio压缩比lifter挺柱rocker摇臂retainer弹簧座seal密封件tappet 推杆lobe凸起gasket垫圈valve train配气机构cam follower气门挺柱rocker arm摇臂combustion chamber燃烧室intake valve进气阀exhaust valve排气阀valve stem气门杆valve cover气门室盖valve port阀口valve guide气门导管 unit3
造纸常用英语 paper：纸 sheet：纸页 paper web：纸幅 base paper for corrugated board：瓦楞纸板原纸 untrimmed web width：抄宽，毛纸宽 trimmed web width：切边后纸幅宽度 trim strip width：切边宽度（复卷机，切纸机） operating speed（of machine）：（纸机）抄速 machine width：机宽 paperboard，cardboard，board：纸板 pulp，stock，stuff：浆，浆料 pulp preparing，stock preparation：备浆 chest：浆池 （stock）tank：（浆）池，槽 vat：槽，浆槽 sump，storage：贮（油、液）槽，集（油）池 dump chest：卸料池 clogging：堵塞，堵浆 coarse screenings，rejects：浆渣 reject，rejects，rejected stock，rejections，ejects：筛渣，浆渣junk:垃圾，废料 tailings：尾浆，浆渣 operation：工作原理，操作，运行 maintenance：维护 tearing（breaking）strength：撕裂度 tensile properties，tensile breaking strength：抗张强度（stock，pulp，stuff）consistency：浆浓 filler retention：填料的留着率 filler，fillings，loading material：填料 ash content：灰分 wet strength：湿强度
传播学专业英语词汇表第一部分：基本传播学理论词汇 传播Communication 内向/自我传播Intrapersonal Communication 人际传播Interpersonal Communication 群体传播Group Communication 组织传播Organization Communication 大众传播Mass Communication 单向传播One-Sided Communication 双向传播Two-Sided Communication 互动传播Interactive Communication 媒介Media 大众传播媒介Mass Media 新媒介New Media 新闻洞News Hold 新闻价值News Value 传播者Communicator 主动传播者Active Communicator 受传者/受众/阅听大众Audience 受众兴坤Audience Interest 受众行为Audience Activity 信息Information
信号Signal 讯息Message 信息熵Entropy 冗余/冗余信息Redundancy 传播单位Communication Unit 奥斯古德模式Osgood Model 编码Encoding 解码Decoding 信源Source 传播的数学理论Mathematical Theory of Communication 传播渠道Communication Channel 有效传播Effective Communication 传播效果Effects 知识沟Knowledge-Gap 使用与满足模式Uses and Gratifications Model 使用与依从模式Uses and Dependencys Model 口传系统System of Oral Communication 地球村Global Village 内爆Implosion 全球化Globalization 本土化Localization 电子空间Cyber Space 数字化Digitalization
制浆的中英文术语 半化学浆semi-chemical pulp用化学处理，例如蒸煮，从植树物纤维原料中部分地除去非纤维素成分而制得的纸浆，为了达到纤维分离需要进行随后的机械处理。 拌浆机breader, breaker beater装有（或不装）底刀并装有一个带钝刀辊子的碎浆机。用来破碎纸浆板、废纸、损纸、破布浆、破布或其他纺织品，使其成为悬浮状。 半漂浆semi-bleached pulp漂白至中等白度的纸浆。 粗纤维束shive存在于纸浆或纸中的纤维物料的粗大部分。 稻、麦草浆straw pulp用稻、麦秆制得的造纸用浆。 荻浆amur silver gress pulp用荻秆制得的造纸用浆。 废纸waste paper在使用或加工后可以被回收而重新用于造纸的纸或纸板。 风干浆ir-dry pulp在技术上指水分含量与周围环境相平衡的纸浆；在商业上指供需间商定的含有规定水分的纸浆。 干浆dry pulp水分含量接近风干浆的纸浆。 褐色磨木浆brown mechanical pulp用汽蒸或煮过的木材制得的褐色磨石磨木浆。 黑液black liquor从化学浆（通常指硫酸盐法或烧碱法）蒸煮后的产物中分离出来的蒸煮废液。 化学浆chemical pulp用化学处理，例如蒸煮，从植物纤维原料中除去相当大一部分非纤维素成分而制得的纸浆，不需要为了达到纤维分离而进行随后的机械处理。 机械浆mechanical pulp完全用机械的方法从不同的植物纤维原料中制得的造纸用浆。
碱性亚硫酸盐浆alkaline sulphite pulp用亚硫酸钠和氢氧化钠组成的药液蒸煮植物纤 维所制得的化学浆。 浆的净化pulp cleanina用重力净化、离心净化和通过一定大小的筛孔和筛缝等物理方法从浆料中除去无用物质。 浆的筛选pulp screening净化浆料的一种方法。用一个或几个筛把粗浆分离成粗渣和合格料。 浆和纸的杂质pulp and paper contraries存在于纸浆、纸料、纸或纸板中任何认为无用的物质。 阔叶木浆hardwood pulp用阔叶木制得的纸浆。 硫酸盐浆sulphate pulp用主要含有氢氧化钠、硫化钠组成的药液蒸煮植物纤维原料制得的纸浆。 注：①所谓“硫酸盐”这个词是从在碱回收过程中用硫酸钠作为硫化钠的补充来源而得名的。 ②从严格的技术意义上讲，“牛皮浆”这个词比“硫酸盐浆”更具有限制性，在某些国家中还在商业上保持这种区分，但是在很多国家的商业上，这两个词仍然看做同义词。 麻浆flax hemp ramie pulp从天然的或废旧的亚麻、大麻、苎麻中制得的纸浆。 棉浆cotton pulp用棉短绒或废棉制得的纸浆。 磨木浆groundwood pulp通过有研磨作用的表面，例如一个石面，磨碎木材制成的机械浆。 木浆wood pulp用木材制得的纸浆。 木片磨浆chip refining木片通过盘磨机生产出的盘磨机械浆。 牛皮浆kraft pulp一种高强度的未漂硫酸盐浆。主要用来制造牛皮纸或纸袋纸。
Current Trends in Container Board Manufacturing Abstract Recent developments in packaging products have created a market for new types of corrugated boards, namely miniflute and microflute boards. These very thin corrugated boards are manufactured out of light basis weight linerboard and corrugated medium. To be able to produce lightweight container board economically, machine speed has to be increased remarkably. In most cases liner and fluting are made of recycled fiber. This creates an ad- ditional dilemma: how to produce light basis weight paper faster than ever out of lower grade furnish that, in addition to including weak fibers, contains a considerable amount of ash and stickies.
第一章导论 1.1 生物工程的特征 生物工程是属于应用生物科学和技术的一个领域，它包含生物或其亚细胞组分在制造业、服务业和环境管理等方面的应用。生物技术利用病毒、酵母、真菌、藻类、植物细胞或者哺乳动物培养细胞作为工业化处理的组成部分。只有将微生物学、生物化学、遗传学、分子生物学、化学和化学工程等多种学科和技术结合起来，生物工程的应用才能获得成功。 生物工程过程一般包括细胞或菌体的生产和实现所期望的化学改造。后者进一步分为：（a）终产物的构建（例如，酶，抗生素、有机酸、甾类）； （b）初始原料的降解（例如，污水处理、工业垃圾的降解或者石油泄漏）。 生物工程过程中的反应可能是分解代谢反应，其中复合物被分解为简单物质（葡萄糖分解代谢为乙醇），又或者可能是合成代谢反应或生物合成过程，经过这样的方式，简单分子被组建为较复杂的物质（抗生素的合成）。分解代谢反应常常是放能反应过程，相反的，合成代谢反应为吸能过程。 生物工程包括发酵工程（范围从啤酒、葡萄酒到面包、奶酪、抗生素和疫苗的生产），水与废品的处理、某些食品生产以及从生物治疗到从低级矿石种进行金属回收这些新增领域。正是由于生物工程技术的应用多样性，它对工业生产有着重要的影响，而且，从理论上而言，几乎所有的生物材料都可以通过生物技术的方法进行生产。据预测，到2000年，生物技术产品未来市场潜力近650亿美元。但也应理解，还会有很多重要的新的生物产品仍将以化学方法，按现有的生物分子模型进行合成，例如，以干扰为基础的新药。因此，生命科学与化学之间的联系以及其与生物工程之间的关系更应阐释。 生物工程所采用的大部分技术相对于传统工业生产更经济，耗能低且更加安全，而且，对于大部分处理过程，其生产废料是经过生物降解的，无毒害。从长远角度来看，生物工程为解决世界性难题提供了一种方法，尤其是那些有关于医学、食品生产、污染控制和新能源开发方面的问题。 1.2 生物工程的发展历史 与一般所理解的生物工程是一门新学科不同的是，而是认为在现实中可以探寻其发展历史。事实上，在现代生物技术体系中，生物工程的发展经历了四个主要的发展阶段。 食品与饮料的生物技术生产众所周知，像烤面包、啤酒与葡萄酒酿造已经有几千年的历史；当人们从创世纪中认识葡萄酒的时候，公元前6000，苏美尔人与巴比伦人就喝上了啤酒；公元前4000，古埃及人就开始烤发酵面包。直到17世纪，经过列文虎克的系统阐述，人们才认识到，这些生物过程都是由有生命的生物体，酵母所影响的。对这些小生物发酵能力的最确凿的证明来自1857-1876年巴斯得所进行的开创性研究，他被认为是生物工程的始祖。 其他基于微生物的过程，像奶制品的发酵生产如干酪和酸乳酪及各种新食品的生产如酱油和豆豉等都同样有着悠久的发展历史。就连蘑菇培养在日本也有几百年的历史了，有300年历史的Agarius蘑菇现在在温带已经有广泛养殖。 所不能确定的是，这些微生物活动是偶然的发现还是通过直观实验所观察到的，但是，它们的后继发展成为了人类利用生物体重要的生命活动来满足自身需求的早期例证。最近，这样的生物过程更加依赖于先进的技术，它们对于世界经济的贡献已远远超出了它们不足为道的起源。 有菌条件下的生物技术19世纪末，经过生物发酵而生产的很多的重要工业化合物如乙醇、乙酸、有机酸、丁醇和丙酮被释放到环境中；对污染微生物的控制通过谨慎的生态环境操作来进行，而不是通过复杂的工程技术操作。尽管如此，随着石油时代的来临，这些化合
消防专业英语词汇表 Abandonment 离弃（指见死不救的行为） Abatement of smoke 消减烟雾（法） ABC extinguisher ABC灭火器（能用来扑灭A、B、C类火灾的灭火器） ABC method 心肺复苏法 ABC powder extinguishing agent ABC 干粉灭火剂 （适用于扑救A类、B类和C类火灾的干粉灭火剂） Ablation characteristics 烧蚀特征 Ablation of melting body 熔融物体的烧蚀 Ablation-product radiation 烧蚀生成物的辐射 Abnormal combustion 异常燃烧（发动机爆震，早燃等不正常的总称） Abnormal condition 反常情况，不正常状态，非正常状态 Absolute temperature 绝对温度 Absolute temperature scale 绝对温标 Absorbed gas 吸收状态气体（或瓦斯） Absorbent for confining spills 限制溢出物蔓延的吸收性材料 Acceptance check and reception systems of plant 设备验收交接制度 Acceptance regulation of equipment repair quality 设备修理质量验收制度Accessible Means of Egress 易通行的疏散通道 Accident due to quality 质量事故 Accident management regulation of plant 设备事故管理制度 Accommodation stairway 简易楼梯 acousto-optic effect 声光效应 Added value rate of plant assets 设备资产增值率
打浆机beater 打浆辊beater roll 打浆槽beater tub 唇板slice lip 单纤维single fiber 单面白纸板on e-side white board 单面胶版纸on e-side offset paper 低浓浆泵low con siste ncy stock pump 多长网造纸机multiple-wire mach ine 植物纤维vegetable fiber 人造纤维artificial fiber 合成纤维syn thetic fiber 废气relief gas 废液waste liquor (spent liquor) 废渣off scum 废页waste leaf (waste sheet) 废纸waste paper 废纸边waste sheet 废纸浆waste paper stock 圭寸头上胶机head gluer 干燥部dry part (dry end) 干燥器desiccator 工艺规程tech ni cal schedule 公害public nuisanee 挂面纸板(多层纸板) lined board 光泽烘缸glazi ng dryer (又称扬克烘缸) 光泽度gloss ing age nt 硅干扰silicon disturbanee 硅酸钠sodium silicate 过漂overbleach 过滤纸板filter board 复卷机winder 箱板纸liner board 中国轻工国际工程设计院Ch ina BCEL in ternatio nal engineering Co., Ltd 箱板纸机liner board mach ine 流送系统approach ing flow system 高强牛皮箱板high test kraft liner board 牛成箱纸板kraft li ner board 再生箱纸板recycled liner board 弓I纸系统lead-i n system 引纸辊lead-in roll 托纸板paper supporting board 卷取站reel station 压纸辊和底辊top roll and bottom roll 纸卷卸载装置loweri ng table 纸芯夹持装置paper core holder 切断刀tail cutter 纸芯自动加载装置automatic paper core loadi ng system 纸芯存放台paper core storage table 输送机构，加载机构con vey ing device, loadi ng device 选择性报价selective quotation 纸边处理系统paper edge han dli ng system 切边刀edge-trimming cutter 损纸碎浆机broke pulper 退纸架unwind stand 大回旋分切单元log saw 复卷单元rewi ndi ng un it 打孑L线perforation unit 压边线单元ply-bo ndi ng unit 纸芯管制造和智能喂入单元core making unit & core aptitude transfer un it 齿刀toothed blade 平刀anvil blade 气动或液压式顶针pn eumatically or hydraulically actuated core chuck ing assembly 断纸检测detect ing system for web break 纸卷自动对中automatic alig nment for cen teri ng of pare nt reel 复卷辊rewinding roll
打浆beating 打浆机beater 打浆辊beater roll 打浆槽beater tub 唇板slice lip 单纤维single fiber 单面白纸板one-side white board 单面胶版纸one-side offset paper 低浓浆泵low consistency stock pump 多长网造纸机multiple-wire machine 植物纤维vegetable fiber 人造纤维artificial fiber 合成纤维synthetic fiber 废气relief gas 废液waste liquor (spent liquor) 废渣off scum 废页waste leaf (waste sheet) 废纸waste paper 废纸边waste sheet 废纸浆waste paper stock 封头上胶机head gluer 干燥部dry part (dry end) 干燥器desiccator 工艺规程technical schedule 公害public nuisance 挂面纸板（多层纸板）lined board 光泽烘缸glazing dryer （又称扬克烘缸） 光泽度glossing agent 硅干扰silicon disturbance 硅酸钠sodium silicate 过漂overbleach 过滤纸板filter board 复卷机winder 箱板纸liner board 中国轻工国际工程设计院China BCEL international engineering Co., Ltd 箱板纸机liner board machine 流送系统approaching flow system 高强牛皮箱板high test kraft liner board 牛成箱纸板kraft liner board 再生箱纸板recycled liner board 引纸系统lead-in system 引纸辊lead-in roll 托纸板paper supporting board 卷取站reel station 压纸辊和底辊top roll and bottom roll 纸卷卸载装置lowering table 纸芯夹持装置paper core holder
第六章生物工程中的下游加工（技术） 6.1前言 “下游加工（技术）”对于从任何工业化生产中回收有用产品所需要的所有步骤来说是一个有用的词语。对于生物工程特别重要，我们想要的最终形式的产物常常非常远的从最先在生物反应器中获得的状态除去。例如,—个典型的发酵过程是一个分散的固体（细胞、也许有营养培养基的某些组分等）与稀释水溶液的混合物；所想要的产物也许作为一种非常复杂的混合物的组分存在于细胞中，或者存在于稀释的培养基溶液中，或甚至两者中都有。任何情况下，这个产品的回收、浓缩和纯化都需要有用并有效的操作，这也受生— 产经济性的限制。任何特殊的要求，如需要除去污染物或限制生产微生物（process organism ）都只会增加困难。 许多实验室中的标准操作在生产中都是不实用或者不经济的。而且，生物产品常常是非常脆弱（labile ）敏感的化 合物，其活性结构只能在限定并有限的pH、温度、离子强度 「 等条件下才能保持。想着这些限制（ bearing in mind ）, 如果 要用到所有可用的科学方法以发挥最佳的效果就需要更多的创造性。也明显的是，没有一种独特的、理想的、普遍适用的操作或 者仅是操作顺序可以推荐；对一个特定的问题应当以最适宜的方
式把单个单元操作结合起来。 6.2粒子的分离 在发酵终点，多数情况下第一步是将固体(通常是细胞，但也可以是在一个特定支持物上的细胞或者酶，不包括反应培养基固体组分)从几乎一直是水溶液的连续均匀的液体系统中分离出来。与这个分离相关的一些细胞特性列于表6.1 ; 注意，细胞的比重不比fermentation broth 大很多。细胞 的大小也给细菌带来了困难，但是比较大的细胞更容易分离，有 时候甚至只需要简单的定位于倾析器。分离的容易性取决于fermentation broth 的性质,它的pH、温度等等， 在许多情况下，通过添加助滤剂、絮凝剂的等等进行改进(见后面)。表6.2给出了分离方法的大体分类。 6.2.1 过滤 这个是分离filamentous fungi 和fermentation broth 中的filamentous bacteria (例如，链霉菌)所使用的最广泛和最典型的 方法。它也可以用于酵母絮凝物的分离。根据机理，过滤可以采 用表面过滤或者深层过滤；或者离心过滤； 所有情况下的驱动力都是压力，由超压产生或者由真空产生。 过滤的速率，如在一定时间内收集的滤液的体积，是过滤面积、液体的黏度和通过过滤基质的压力降以及(deposited filter cake )沉积的滤饼的作用。过滤基质与滤饼filter cake 的抗，性
造纸专业英文词汇 tissue：薄页纸 sheet：纸页 flow sheet：流程图 untrimmed width：抄宽，毛纸宽 machine width：机宽 paper web：纸幅 paper：纸 paperboard，cardboard，board：纸板 pulp，stock，stuff：纸浆，浆料 pulp preparing：备浆 perfect stuff：符合规定配比的纸浆 chemical pulp：化学浆 ground wood：磨木浆 chest：浆池 （stock）tank，trough：浆池，浆槽 vat：槽，槽体 sump，storage：贮（油，液）槽，集（油）池clogging：堵浆，堵塞 coarse screenings，ejects：浆渣 reject，rejects，rejected stock，rejections：筛渣，浆渣junk：垃圾，废料 tailings：尾浆，浆渣 junk box（trap，collector）：废料槽，废料箱，废料收集器shive，bolts，stick，clotted fiber：浆块，浆团 stock fraction，lump：浆团 drag spot，fiber chumps：浆疙瘩 knot：浆节 pulper：碎浆机，水力碎浆机 wind，winding：卷纸 winder，rewinder：卷纸机 unwind，unreeling：退纸 unwinder，unreeling stand，unwinding stand：退纸架unwind roll：退纸的纸卷 parents roll：大纸卷 natural browns：本色牛皮纸浆 paperboard grade（stock）：纸板用纸浆
面层混合浆池 Top Layer Mixing Chest 附: 搅拌器(Agitator) 附 :电机(Motor) 浆泵 Stock Pump 面层纸机浆池 Pump for Second Stage 附 :电机(Motor) 二段除砂器 Cleaner for Second Stage 三段除砂浆泵 Pump for Third Stage 三段除砂器 Cleaner for Third Stage 四段除砂浆泵 Pump for 4th Stage 四段除砂器 面层三段压力筛 3. 芯层上浆系统 Middle Layer Approch System 芯层混合浆池 Middle Layer Mixing Chest 附: 搅拌器(Agitator) 附 :电机(Motor) 浆泵 Cleaner for First Stage 二段除砂浆泵 Pump for Second Stage 二段除砂器 Cleaner for Second Stage 三段除砂浆泵 Pump for Third Stage 三段除砂器 Cleaner for Third Stage 四段除砂浆泵 Pump for 4th Stage 四段除砂器 Reject Pump 芯层三段压力筛 芯层除砂器稀释水泵 Cleaner Reject Dilution Pump 浆渣槽 Reject Tank 浆渣泵 Reject Pump 上唇板垂直调节电机 Vertical adjusting unit for top lip 上唇板水平调节电机 Horizontal adjusting unit for top lip 锥形开孔控制电机 Taper header opening motor 加热装置 Thermal compensation system 循环水泵 Circulation Water pump 溢流槽 附:电机(Motor)