Unit 1 General Description of Literature Reading and Translation 1. Definition of Literature
Literature is a general term for professional writings in the form of books, papers, and other documentations.
2. Classification of Literature
1) Textbooks(教科书)：In general, a textbook is a kind of professional writing specially designed for the students in a given branch of learning.
2) Monographs(专著)：A monograph is an artide or short book on one particular subject or branch of a subject that the writer has studied deeply.
3) Papers(论文)：A complete paper is usually composed of the following elements: title, author, affiliation, abstract, keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis and/or experimental description, results and discussion or conclusion, acknowledgments, references, etc.
4) Encyclopedias(百科全书)：An encyclopedia is a book or set of books dealing with every branch of knowledge, or with one particular branch, in alphabetical order.
5) Periodicals(期刊)：A periodical is a series of publications that appear at regular intervals.
6) Special Documentation(特别文件)：Special documentation refers to all the printed materials that are non-books or non-periodicals.
3. Linguistic Features of Scientific Literature
1) Stylistically(在文体上), literature is a kind of formal writing.
2) Syntactically(在语句构成上), scientific literature has rigorous grammatical structures, and
in most cases is rather unitary.
3) Morphologically(在词法上), scientific literature is featured by high specialization, the use
of technical terms and jargons, unambiguous implication and the fixed sense of the word.
4) Besides, non-verbal language is also very popular in various literatures such as signs, formulas, charts, tables, photos, etc.
4. Discussion
1. What is your opinion on the importance of translation? Can you cite some examples to support your idea?
As a means of communication, translation plays an important role in human civilization. for example , in the West, literary translation can be traced back to 300 BC; while in China, recorded translation activities are even earlier, dating from Zhou Dynasty (1100 BC).
A modern society sees an extensive use of translation on various occasions. Proper and dexterous translation helps promote mutual understanding between peoples of different cultural
and social backgrounds. For example ,the ordinary word “menu”. Its original meaning is “a list of dishes in a meal or to be ordered as separated meals. However, when it is used in computer science, its meaning shifts to “a list shown on the display of a computer from which a user can select the operation the computer is to perform.”
2. What is translation? Do you agree with the author’s point of view? Why or why not?
If the word “translation” refers to a subject, it is a science. If it refers to some specific pieces
of translation, it is more like an art. If it refers to a process, we may regard it as a craft or skill.
Yes, because t he answer depends on how we understand or interpret the word “translation”.
3. How is translation generally categorized? Which categories are you familiar with?
In terms of languages, translation can be divided into two categories: from native languages into foreign languages and vice versa.
In terms of the mode, it can be divided into oral interpretation and written translation.
In terms of materials to be translated, there are translation of scientific materials, translation of literary works, etc..
In terms of disposal, it can be either full-text translation, abridged translation or adapted translation.
4. How do you understand Mr. Yan’s three-word guide xin, da, ya? What’s your opinion on the principles or criteria of translation?
Xin, da, ya namely, “faithfulness (信), expressiveness (达), and elegance (雅)”. The principles and criteria of translation are actually the two sides of the same coin. On the part of the translator, he or she should follow them while translating; whereas on the part of the reader or critic, he or she may use the principles and criteria to evaluate translation works.
Accuracy (准确) and smoothness (流畅).
5. What are literal translation（直译）and free translation（意译）? And what principles should a translator abide by in applying them?
Literal translation means not to alter the original words and sentences.
Free translation is an alternative approach which is used mainly to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech.
In the application of literal translation, we should endeavor to rid ourselves of stiff patterns and rigid adherence to translation rules, trying to be flexible; while in the practice of free translation, we should be cautious of subjectivity, avoiding groundless affirmation or arbitrary fabrication.
6. What do you know about translation techniques in general? And scientific literature translation in particular?
Generally speaking, the basic translation techniques include: (1) Diction (选词用字); (2) Amplification (增益); (3) Omission (省略); (4) Repetition (重复); (5) Conversion (转换); (6) Rearrangement (词译调整); (7) Negation (正说反译，反说正译); (8) Division (长句拆译).
Scientific materials stress their preciseness.
Unit 2 Professional Papers
1. Definition of professional papers
A professional paper is a typewritten paper in which professionals present their views and research findings on a chosen topic.
2. Classification of professional papers
1) Report Paper：The report paper summarizes and reports the findings of another on a particular subject.
2) Research paper：A research paper can be intelligent, well informed, interesting, and original in its conclusions.
3) Course Paper：Course papers are written after a specific course is learned or are designed at the end of a term, also called “term paper”.
4) Thesis Paper：Unlike report papers, the thesis paper takes a definite stand on an issue. A thesis is a proposition or point of view that a writer or speaker is willing to argue against or defend.
3. Linguistic Features of Professional Papers
1) Formal Style（正式性）：A professional paper deals with the study of some objective facts or problems, and the conclusion that is drawn should be based on relevant data, not on personal likes and dislikes. Generally speaking, formal writing sets an unusually high value on objectivity, meticulousness, accuracy, and restraint.
2) Specialized Terms（专业性）：The terms in professional papers are typically specialized.
3) Rigid Sentence Structure（严谨的句式结构）：The arguments in professional papers will be concisely and concretely.
4) Formatted Elements（固定的内容格式）：A complete professional paper usually has a regular format composed of the following elements: the title, author(s), affiliation(s), abstract, keywords, introduction, body of the paper (theoretical description including calculation, inference, reasoning, conclusion, etc. or experimental description including techniques, methods, materials, results and analysis, etc.), acknowledgments, appendices, references or bibliography, etc.
4. Discussion
1. How is a professional paper defined? What is your understanding of a professional paper?
A professional paper is a typewritten paper in which professionals present their views and research findings on a chosen topic.
The task of the author of a paper is to read on a particular topic, gather information about it, and report the findings in it. A professional paper must conform to a special format. A professional paper involves the use of library sources from which facts, quotations, and the opinions of others are drawn to explain , support , or authenticate ideas in the paper.
2. How are papers classified? What are the similarities and differences between/among them?
Report Paper, Research Paper, Course Paper, Thesis Paper.
3. What are the linguistic features of professional papers?
Formal Style, Specialized Terms, Rigid Sentence Structure, Formatted Elements.
4. Where can you search for different kinds of papers from various sources?
Journals（期刊）/Acta（学报）/ Bulletins, Circulars or Gazettes（公告，通告）/ Rapid Communications/ Reviews/ Proceedings/ Dissertation Abstract International/ Comprehensive Dissertation Index (CDI)（综合报告索引）/ On line Access to Dissertation.
5. Diction
(1)This war is becoming the most important story of this generation.
（event）这场战争将成为这一代人经历的最重大的事件。
(2)It is quite another story now.
（situation）现在的情况完全不同了。
(3)Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story.
（inside information）有些没让参加那次会议的记者把内情捅出去了。
(4)He'll be very happy if that story holds up.
（statement）如果这一说法当真，那他就太高兴了。
(5)The Rita Haywoth story is one of the saddest.
（experience）丽泰·海华丝的遭遇算是最惨的了。
(6) A young man came to Scotti's office with a story.
（law case）一个年轻人来到斯科特的办公室报案。
(1) 申请书Letter of Application
(2) 报告书Report
(3) 协议书Agreement
(4) 成绩通知书Grade Report
(5) (使用)说明书Directions
(6) 旅行委托书Booking Form
(7) 成交确认书Sales Confirmation
(8) 电视机使用说明书Television Operation Guide
(9) 白皮书WhiteBook
(10)
家书Letter from Home
(1) His plane developed engine trouble only seven miles after takeoff. (发动机)
(2) Modem aircraft are so heavy that the wings must develop a very large lift force in order to sustain the aircraft. (产生)
(3) Inspired by these ideas, in 1752 Franklin developed a practical lightning rod. (发明)
(4) A hypothesis is a specific statement developed by a scientist from observations.（提出）
(5) Until the domain theory of magnetism was developed, they did not have much success. (丰富)
(6) To develop the capabilities of geophysical prospecting, the renewal of the techniques and equipment is the first thing to be considered. (提高)
(7) Most of the money came from selling the secret of a new type of potato he had developed. (培育新品种)
(8) As young Goddard grew into manhood, he developed tuberculosis. (患上结核病)
(9) We must develop all the natural substances in our country which can make us rich. (开发资源)
(10) Several attempts have been made through the years to develop the deposit.(开采矿床)
(11) In developing a design, the engineer must apply his knowledge of engineering and material science. (
进行设计)
(1) The lathe should be set on a firm base.
车床应安装在坚实的底座上。(机械)
(2) As we all know, a base reacts with an acid to form a salt.
众所周知，碱与酸反应生成盐。(化学)
(3) A transistor has three electrodes, the emitter, the base and the collector.
晶体管有三个电极，即发射极，基极和集电极。(电子)
(4) Line AB is the base of the triangle ABC.
AB 线是三角形ABC的底边。(数学)
(5) He is on the second base.
他在二垒。(体育)
Unit Three Reports
1. Definition of Report
A report is a form of communication in which the writer gives information to some person or organization because it is his/her responsibility to do so.
2. Content of Report
Reports are usually expected to include the following:
1) Information or the data that the writer has been able to collect, which may be general or detailed.
2) Calculations which the writer has been able to work out after considering all the data that he/she has been able to collect.
3) Conclusions at the end of the report in addition to those referred to above.
4) A recommended course of action, with the recommendations clearly based on the conclusions that the author has previously mentioned.
3. Classification of Reports
1) Informal Reports：Informal reports are short. Often they are issued in a memorandum or letter form.
2) Semiformal Reports：Semiformal reports refer to reports of the following kinds: test and laboratory reports, investigation or evaluation reports and suggestions and proposals, etc.
3) Formal Reports：Formal reports have a much more commanding presence than informal or even semiformal reports.
4. Linguistic Features of Reports
1) Various Patterns(多种类型)：Letter form report（文字式）Schematic form report（图表式）Short report (or Summary report)（简短扼要式）Mixed form report（混合式）
2) Self-sufficient(自圆其说)：Anyone who is likely to read it should be able to do so without having to rely on his/her memory or consult his/her files for extra information.
3) More Active V oice(多主观)：The pronoun “I” is readily evident in the informal memo reports.
4) Clear Citation(引用要清楚)：When the material is quoted directly, quotation marks must be used. If words are omitted from a quotation, ellipses (...) should be substituted.
5) Standard Language：The language used is normally not complex but straightforward. It is
brief yet fully informative. Present facts clearly and in logical sequence. The conclusion should be general and not too abrupt, and it should follow logically from what has preceded it.
Unit 4 Abstracts
1. Definition of Abstracts
An abstract is a brief and self-contained summary and an accurate representation of the contents of a document such as a research paper, a journal article, thesis, review, conference proceeding, and other academic documents.
The purpose of an abstract is to provide prospective readers the opportunity to judge the relevance of the longer work of their projects.
2. Classification of Abstracts
Depending on which information they contain, abstracts can be classified into major types: indicative (or descriptive) abstracts, informative abstracts, indicative - informative abstracts and author abstracts.
descriptive abstract把问题进行了概述但对研究结果未提及，而在informational abstract 中提供了主要研究结果。因此，信息型文摘提供的信息比叙述型文摘要多。
1) Indicative (or descriptive) abstracts（指示性摘要）：An indicative abstract or descriptive abstract is one that describes the type and nature of the work abstracted, indicating the principal subjects covered and providing a brief description of the way the facts are treated and the methods or techniques that are being reported.
2) Informative abstracts（信息类摘要）：An informative abstract summarizes as much as the essential elements of the document as possible, presenting and explaining all the main material contents in the complete article/paper/book.
3) indicative / informative abstracts (综合性摘要)：It presents a summary of the essential arguments and findings of the original, whilst those aspects of the document those are of minor significance are treated indicatively.
4) Author abstract：Author abstracts are abstracts prepared by authors of the document that has been subjected to abstracting.
5) Slanted abstract（专业性摘要）
6) Telegraphic abstract
7) Mini-abstract
8) Mission-oriented abstract
9) Finding-oriented abstract：A finding-oriented abstract is most often used when:
(1).applying for research grants
(2).completing the Ph.D dissertation or M.A. thesis
(3).writing a proposal for a conference paper
10) Highlight abstract
3．Linguistic Features of Abstracts
1) Using Topic, Supporting, and Concluding Sentences：An abstract often starts with a “topic” or “lead” sentence. A topic sentence is usually followed by a number of supporting sentences and finally the concluding sentences.
2) Using Brief but Informative Sentences：The abstractor must resist the temptation to use long sentences in striving to avoid repetition.
3) Arranging in One Paragraph：All abstracts, barring possibly those of exceptional length, should consist of one paragraph only.
4) Being Concise：Conciseness is paramount.
4. Terminology and Institutions Concerned with Abstracts
1. Institution of Electrical Engineers (英) 电气工程师学地
2. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (美) 电气与电子工程学会
3. Plenum Publishing Corporation Plenum 出版公司
4. Xerox 指Xerox Corporation 塞罗克斯公司，
5. University Microfilms (美)大学缩微胶卷出版公司
6. Microfilm Abstracts《缩微胶卷文摘》
7. Dissertation Abstracts 《学位论文文摘》
8. Humanities and Social Sciences人文和社会科学
9. Doctoral dissertations 博土论文
5. Discussion
1. What is an abstract? What are the purposes of abstracts?
2. Do you know how many kinds of abstracts there are? Could you mention their names?
3. Have you gained some experience in searching for abstracts?
Science Abstract is published by Institution of Electrical Engineers and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Science Research Abstracts Journal is attached to Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. Information Science Abstract is published by Plenum Publishing Corporation, issued bimonthly. Dissertation Abstracts International is published by Xerox, University Microfilms monthly.
6. Translation
1) Affixation（附加）
miniultrasonicprober = mini + ultra +sonic +prober 微型超声波金属探伤仪
macrospacetransship = macro +space + trans + ship 巨型空间转运飞
teletypesetter = tele + type + setter 电传排字机
bathythermograph = bathy +thermo +graph 海水测温仪
barothermograph = baro + thermo +graph 气压温度记录器
deoxyribonucleic = de + oxy + ribo + nucleic 脱氧核糖核酸
photomorphogenesis = photo +morpho + genesis 光形态发生
2) Compounding（组合）
spaceplatform = space + platform 空间站、宇宙站
rocketdrome = rocket + drome 火箭发射场
bus architecture 总线体系结构
content-addressable memory 相联存储器
network service access point 网络服务存取点
3) Blending（混合）
telex = teleprinter + exchange 电传
gravisphere = gravity + sphere 引力范围
medicare = medical + care 医疗保健
biorhythm = biological +rhythm 生理节奏
copytron = copy + electron 电子复写(技术)
4) Acronyms（首字母缩写）
ADP automatic data processing 自动数据处理
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 艾滋病
DEPM electronic data processing machine 电子数据处理机
GSV guided space vehicle 制导宇宙飞船
Laser light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation 激光
RAM random access memory 随机存取存储器
Sometimes, an acronym happens to be a meaningful word itself, or it may possess more than one meaning. In this case, special attention is needed to pick out the proper one.
MOUSE minimum orbital unmanned satellite of the earth (仪表载重50kg以下的)不载人的最小人造地球卫星
SALT Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 限制战略武器会谈
SNAP subsystem for nuclear auxiliary power (原子)核辅助动力子系统
space nuclear auxiliary power 空间核辅助能源
systems for nuclear auxiliary power 核辅助能(电)源系统
AS air scoop空气收集器
air seasoned风干的(木材)
air speed 空速、气流速率
air station 航空站，飞机场
American Standard 美国标准
atmosphere and space 大气层与宇宙空间
automatic sprinkler 自动洒水车
automatic synchronizer 自动同步器
5) Proper Nouns（专有名词）
Xerox 静电复制
IBM System IBM 系统
Kuru 库鲁病
Alfven wave 阿尔文波
Chandler’s wobble 钱一波说
Unit 5. Proposals
1. Definition of Proposal
A proposal is a suggestion or request that some particular action be taken. “Written offer to solve a technical problem”, “specified plan of management”, and “for a specified compensation” are the main elements of a proposal.
2. Classification of Proposals
1) Informal Suggestions：A suggestion offers an idea and briefly discusses its advantages and disadvantages. Generally speaking, most suggestions are internal documents and are written as memorandums.
2) Semiformal Proposals：A semifinal proposal presents ideas for resolving a problem or improving a situation, evaluates them against certain criteria, and often recommends what action should be taken. A semiformal proposal may be written as a memorandum or letter or even in semiformal report format.
3) Formal Proposals：A formal proposal describes an organization’s plans for carrying out a large project for a major client. Formal proposals are normally lengthy documents that sometimes run to several volumes.
3. Format of Proposal
The elements that are essential to every proposal are: (1) statement of need; (2) project objectives; (3) statement of procedures; (4) statement of strengths, and (5) a method for evaluating the effectiveness of the program.
Discussion
1. What is a proposal? Do you know how many kinds of proposals there are?
2. What are the differences between reports and proposals?
①两者对象不同
②report中提到的事已做过，proposal提到的事还未做。
3. What are the main elements of a proposal?
Unit 6. Conference Documents
1. Definition of Conference Documents
Conference documents are printed materials distributed before or at or after a conference, concerning the announcements, arrangements, and other information of the conference, usually made by the sponsoring organization or the organizing committee of the conference.
2. Classification of Conference Documents
1) Documents in the Preparation of a Conference or Symposium（会议前）
Documents in the preparation of a conference or symposium consist of Announcements and Call for Papers; Instructions for Authors; Instructions for Speakers; Registration Form; Accommodation Registration Form; Invitations, and General Information containing preliminary Time Schedule, etc.
2) Documents Distributed at a Conference or Symposium（会议中）
Documents distributed at a conference usually include: conference program with all sessions, workshops, and other social activities listed; Book of Abstracts or Conference Proceedings (or Preprints volume) including Conference Paper Abstracts; Conference Daily Schedule, and so on.
3) Documents Distributed after a Conference or Symposium（会议后）
Documents distributed after a conference usually include: post-conference proceedings. This may be the permanent record of the conference or symposium; some special issue of selected papers in a certain Journal; newsletters for some regularly-held conferences, which are issued at regular intervals for the purpose of disseminating current information relevant to an academic organization, etc.
3. Discussion
1. How many kinds of conference documents do you know? And what are their names?
2. Have you ever attended any international academic conferences? If yes, detail your experiences in attending the conference. If no, then imagine what it will be.
No,从会议前中后分别说。
3. Are you familiar with the formats of the different kinds of documents about an international conference?
Unit 7 Reviews
1. Definition of Review:
A review, as opposed to a survey, should be a critical summary, commentary and literally documented assessment of a work on a specific subject or in a particular field.
2. Classification of Reviews
1) Literature Review（文学评论）：Literature review is written on a particular subject (or a
specialty) through analysis, study, synthesis, comment on the basis of extensively referencing professional materials both at home and abroad. It is a kind of comprehensive, summary and commentary article.
2) Book Review（书评）：Book review is a kind of research writing, an article published in a newspaper or periodical that announces the publication of a new book. It tells what the book is about and evaluates it.
3. Linguistic Features of Reviews
1) General Contents of Book Reviews
A good book review is always within the scope of three elements: it tells what the book is about; it asserts a judgment of the book's worth; it defends that judgment.
2) General Contents of Literature Reviews
A good literature review usually includes the background, the prior work, present disputes, current development and prospect, etc. of the subject the review is about; reveals the author's rigorous and objective comments; provides the reader with a great number of references.
3) Presentation of a Review
Heading，Layout，References，Notes，Name and biographical data
4. Discussion
1. What is your understanding of book review?
2. What are main elements of a book review?
3. State briefly the qualification of a literature reviews?
Unit 8. Indexes and Bibliography
1. Linguistic features of bibliography
1) Format of a Bibliography：Bibliographies are always typed at the beginning on a new page. Most of them are alphabetically arranged and indented flush-and-hang to set off the alphabetical sequence.
2) More Than One Work by an Author：After the first listing of an entry by an author or group of co-anthors who have more than one work listed in the bibliography, that person’s name is replaced in succeeding, adjacent entries by a dash.
3) Headings：Depending on their scope as explained at the beginning of this section, bibliographies may be headed Bibliography or List of References.
4) Author-Date System(直接在后面的括号里注明)：The name “author-date” is derived from the fact that the documentation within the text is made up of the name of the author being cited and the date of the work by that author, together with a specific page number if needed. For example:
IBM’s instructions include the discussion of fan-fold forms (IBM, 1995).
5) Number System(在引用处标明，并后续给出解释)：The number system is much like the author-date system but differs from it in the following: only a superscript numeral, not the author’s name and the date, appears in the text. For example:
Space-time, usually thought of as four-dimensional, may have as many as seven dimensions2.
2. Friedman, D. Z. and P. V an Nieuwenhuizen, 1985. The hidden dimensions of spacetime. Sci. Amer. 252 (3):74.
2. Discussion
1. What is an index? What are the purposes of indexing?
An index is a list of words or phrases ('headings') and associated pointers ('locators') to where useful material relating to that heading can be found in a document.
An index is to provide a quick, easy and unambiguous access to the information in the materials that has been indexed.
2. How many kinds of indexes do you know? And what are their names?
Printed indexing：subject indexes, author indexes, corporate author indexes, patent indexes, bibliography indexes, book indexes and conference indexes.
Electronic Indexing.
3. Have you ever gained some experience in searching for information through indexes?
An index enables users to be selective in the information they read and helps them find the particular item they want without having to read all the other items in the collection.A good index does not lead the user to irrelevant information. A complete and truly useful index is not simply a list of the words and phrases used in a publication, but an organized map of its contents, including cross-references, grouping of like concepts, and other useful intellectual analysis.
4. What are the major types of bibliographies? State your classification.
National Bibliography，Subject Bibliography，Individual Bibliography，Annotated Bibliographies，
5. How is a bibliography arranged? Cite some examples.
alphabetically arranged
6. What are the similarities and differences between a “bibliography” and a “list of references”?
A bibliography differs from a list of references in that it lists all of the works that a writer has found relevant in writing the text. A list of references, on the other hand, includes only those works that are specifically mentioned in the text or from which a particular quotation or piece of information was taken.
They both appear at the end of an article, chapter, or book, where they list sources of
information that are relevant to the text. They differ from a section of bibliographical endnotes in that their entries are arranged alphabetically, and they use different patterns of indention, punctuation, and capitalization, as explained in the paragraphs that follow. Bibliographies and lists of references are punctuated and capitalized in the same way, and hereafter in this article, references to bibliographies should be understood to be inclusive of lists of references as well.
词汇 1. Throughout history, many people have attempted to find the __A___ secret to success, but relatively few have actually done it. a. elusive b. evasive c. illusory d. eloquent 2. It was hard for Cynthia to remain uninvolved with the controversy since she is such a __C___ part of the company. a. visibility b. risible c. visible d. visibly 3. "Officer Clarke, in the best interest of the case, please consider absolutely everything to be at your __B___." a. dispose b. disposal c. disposing d. disposed 4. The mountain climbers demonstrated a(n) __D___ feat of selflessness when they turned around to help an injured stranger. a. advantageous b. gorgeous c. outrageous d. courageous 5. Many movie stars are notorious for wearing excessive amounts of expensive __A___. a. jewellery b. jewels c. jewelers d. jewelling 6. Her novel successfully __C___ an entire generation of young women to believe they could be whatever they wanted. a. emboldened b. embittered c. empowered d. embroidered 7. I'm not really a __B___ of pop culture trends, so can you explain that reference to me? a. flower b. follower c. fellow d. fallowing 8. We just moved into town so we're still a little __D___. a. unsettling b. settlers c. settled d. unsettled 9. The movie is fantastic, but you'll need to __B___ your disbelief toward the end. a. upend b. suspend c. depend d. misspend 10. Don't __A___ Jack's determination to do whatever it takes to win. a. underestimate b. overestimate c. estimate d. misestimate 11. As judge, I __A___ over this courtroom and have the final say on all matters. a. preside b. reside c. presume d. resume 12. Please stay back! This is a __C___ area! a. constricted b. districted c. restricted d. unrestricted
《大学英语（一）》课程介绍 目的：该课程旨在培养学生的英语综合应用能力，特别是听说能力，使他们在今后学习、工作和社会交往中能用英语有效地进行交际，同时增强其自主学习能力，提高综合文化素养，以适应我国社会发展和国际交流的需要。 主要内容：《新视界大学英语-视听说教程》和《新视界大学英语-综合教程》一、二、四、 五、七、八共六个单元，内容覆盖校园生活、各地美食、、真爱至上、购物、旅行和环保等方面。 方法：以学生为中心，教师进行引导。课堂形式多样：头脑风暴、小组互相提问、小组授课、 辩论、角色扮演、听写测试、趣味活动等。学生必须提前预习每个单元《综合教程》的课文Active Reading，并围绕课文查询背景知识、文体介绍等，并背诵相关单词短语。课堂上要积极参与提问和讨论，做好笔记。课后要及时复习，按时提交作业。小组4-5人一组，1名组长。 推荐课外阅读书目：一学期内读1-2本英文书籍，最好是西方正统文学，读经典。 Very short introduction；朗文经典--读名著学英语；牛津书虫系列；《伊索寓言》；《格林童话》；《欧亨利短篇小说集》；《希腊罗马神话》；《英语历史》；《英语发展史》等（不限于此）。 作业与考试：Outside view和Further reading的课后作业不提交不评讲（充分利用教辅材料自学自查），老师和TA抽查。
课程项目资源推荐：
外语系李咏霞老师文件夹地址：ftp://https://www.doczj.com/doc/104800937.html,/ --- 教师文件夹---李咏霞学生作业上传地址：ftp://https://www.doczj.com/doc/104800937.html,/ - 学生作业上传- -李咏霞 作文、翻译批改网地址：https://www.doczj.com/doc/104800937.html,/ 听说资源： ◆普特英语听力网站https://www.doczj.com/doc/104800937.html,/ ◆网易公开课https://www.doczj.com/doc/104800937.html,/ ◆慕课https://www.doczj.com/doc/104800937.html,/例如： ◆ 读写资源： ◆21st Century (周报) ◆英语沙龙阅读版（月刊） ◆英语文摘（月刊） ◆疯狂英语阅读版（月刊） ◆英语世界（月刊） ◆中国日报 ◆Reader’s Digest [美] 综合资源 ◆旺旺英语https://www.doczj.com/doc/104800937.html, ◆沪江英语https://www.doczj.com/doc/104800937.html,/ 手机APP推荐 英语流利说（口语练习） 英语魔方秀（给电影电视剧配音。你就是主角！） 新概念英语（最经典教材，适合各种英语水平程度综合提高） 网易公开课 百词斩（背单词） TED （technology, entertainment, design技术、娱乐、设计） 21世纪英文报 纸质版词典推荐： ?①牛津英语大词典--OED（第二版） ?②牛津高阶英汉双解词典（第7版） ?③柯林斯高级英语学习词典 在线词典：https://www.doczj.com/doc/104800937.html,/（爱词霸） 手机词典：有道
Unit 1. General Introduction to Professional Paper Writing 1. Classification of Professional Papers A professional paper is a formal printed document in which professionals present their views and research findings on any deliberately chosen topic. 1) Report Paper The report paper summarizes and reports the findings of author(s) on a particular subject. The author(s) may not give his/their own opinion on the issue, nor evaluates the findings, but merely catalogs them ins sensible sequence. 2)Research Paper A research paper can be intelligent, well-informed, interesting, and original in its conclusions. It draws its material from many sources. Its aim is to assemble facts and ideas and by studying then to draw new conclusions as to facts or interpretations, or to present the material in the light of a new interest. Research papers are or can be the most important and reliable sources for textbooks, monographs, and all other documentary works. 3) Course Paper Different from the report paper and research paper, a course paper mainly refers to the paper written after a specific course is learned or at the end of the term. So its contents usually should be in line with the course requirements and under the instruction of the course instructor. Since this type of paper is always written and handed in at the end of the term , it is also called ―term paper‖. 4) Thesis Paper (Dissertation论述) A thesis paper is usually written and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MA or MS (or Ph.D) in a specific discipline.Unlike a report paper, a thesis paper takes a definite stand on an issue. A thesis is a proposition or point of view that the writer or speaker is willing to argue against or defend. Writing a thesis paper requires the writer to exercise judgment, evaluate evidence, and construct a logical argument, whereas writing a report paper does not. 2.General Characteristics of English Academic Writing Style Academic writing in English is linear, which means it has one central point or theme with every part contributing to the main line of argument, without digressions（扯开，离题）or repetitions. Its objective is to inform rather than entertain. Accordingly, academic writing is structured, formal and objective. Its language is often abstract and complex.
《大学英语1》课程综合复习资料 I. Use of English 1. — Write to me when you get home. — OK, I _______. A) must B) should C) will D) can 2. ― I hope I am not interrupting your work. ― ________________. A) Oh，that’s all right. B) O.K. Let’s start again. C) Please go on with your work. D) It’s hard to say. 3. —let me introduce myself. I am Tom. — _______. A) What a pleasure B) It's pleasure C) I'm very pleased D) Pleased to meet you 4. — Could you pass me the salt and pepper? — _______. A) Sorry， I didn't know what you mean. B) Ok， here you are. C) No， I won't. D) I don't know. 5. —Why haven’t you bought any butter? — I _________ to but I forgot about it.
A) liked B) wished C) meant D) expected 6. —“Where is Mary?” — “She ____ to school.” A) will go B) has been C) has gone D) went 7. — Have you finished your housework____? — Yes. I have____ finishe A) yet， already B) already， yet C) ever， never D) still， just 8. — How are you? — ________ A) I am quite good. B) I am very sorry. C) How are you? D) Fine， thank you. 9. — I usually go there by train. — Why not _______ by boat for a change? A) try to go B) try going C) try go D) go to try
英语专业主要课程简介 1E10935, 1E10905综合英语（一）(二)学分：6.0，6.0 Integrated English I,II 1E10915, 1E10925 综合英语（三）(四)学分：6.0，6.0 Integrated English III, IV 预修课程: 无 内容简介:本课程是一门综合英语技能课, 通过传授系统的基础语言知识（语音、语法、词汇、篇章结构、语言功能等），对学生进行严格的基本语言技能（听、说、读、写、译）训练，培养学生初步运用英语进行交际的能力。通过不同文体的学习，了解英语各种文体的表达方式和特点，扩大词汇量，同时指导学生学习方法，培养学生逻辑思维能力，丰富学生社会文化知识，增强学生对中西文化差异的敏感性。教师鼓励学生积极参与课堂的各种语言交际活动以获得基本的语言交际能力，并达到新《大纲》所规定的听、说、读、写、译等技能的要求。 推荐教材:《综合教程》（1—4册），何兆熊主编，上海外语教育出版社 主要参考书:《综合教程》（1—4册，教师用书），何兆熊主编，上海外语教育出版社《英语语音语调教程》，王桂珍，高等教育出版社 《College English》，周珊风、张祥保，商务印书馆 《College English》，胡文仲等编著，商务印书馆 《新编英语语法教程》，章振邦，上海外语教育出版社 1E10854，1E10824 英语阅读(一)（二）学分：2.0，2.0 English Reading I，II 1E10834，1E10844 英语阅读(三)（四）学分：2.0，2.0
English Reading III，IV 预修课程:无 内容简介:本课程主要培养学生的阅读兴趣和良好的阅读习惯，扩大词汇量，拓宽文化视野，提高人文素质。主要内容包括通过上下文辨认理解难词和推测词义；理解句子的含义，包括句面意思，句子隐含的意思和句间关系；理解段落的意思，包括段落大意，重要信息，段落内部和段落间的关系；掌握全文的中心思想和大意，以及用以说明中心思想和大意的事实，例证和论点；了解作者的态度、观点、意图和感情等等，并对文章做出判断和推理。通过课堂训练和实践，使学生掌握和运用各种阅读技能，提高迅速、准确捕捉信息的能力、综合概括、分析推理、判断及解决问题的能力。 推荐教材：《新编英语泛读教程》，王守仁，上海外语教育出版社 主要参考书：《英语快速阅读》，汪士彬，南开大学出版社 1E10755，1E10725英语听力(一)（二）学分：2.0，2.0 English Listening I ,II 1E10735，1E10745 英语听力(三)（四）学分：2.0，2.0 English Listening III ,IV 预修课程:无 内容简介：英语听力课充分利用现代信息技术，激发学生的学习兴趣。通过各种内容的听力训练，帮助学生克服听力障碍，培养学生的听力技能（包括抓关键词与句，能推测内在含义，释意复述等）；学习对所听材料进行推理和分析的方法，使学生听懂并理解英语国家人士在交际场合中的各种英语和非专用英语的讲话；听懂有关政治、经济、历史、文化、教育、语言、文学、科技等方面的一般讲话内容及其后的问答；听懂并理解ＶＯＡ或ＢＢＣ节目中有关政治、经济、文化、教育、科技等方面的记者现场报道。
Unit 1 General Description of Literature Reading and Translation 1. Definition of Literature Literature is a general term for professional writings in the form of books, papers, and other documentations. 2. Classification of Literature 1) Textbooks(教科书)：In general, a textbook is a kind of professional writing specially designed for the students in a given branch of learning. 2) Monographs(专著)：A monograph is an artide or short book on one particular subject or branch of a subject that the writer has studied deeply. 3) Papers(论文)：A complete paper is usually composed of the following elements: title, author, affiliation, abstract, keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis and/or experimental description, results and discussion or conclusion, acknowledgments, references, etc. 4) Encyclopedias(百科全书)：An encyclopedia is a book or set of books dealing with every branch of knowledge, or with one particular branch, in alphabetical order. 5) Periodicals(期刊)：A periodical is a series of publications that appear at regular intervals. 6) Special Documentation(特别文件)：Special documentation refers to all the printed materials that are non-books or non-periodicals. 3. Linguistic Features of Scientific Literature 1) Stylistically(在文体上), literature is a kind of formal writing. 2) Syntactically(在语句构成上), scientific literature has rigorous grammatical structures, and in most cases is rather unitary. 3) Morphologically(在词法上), scientific literature is featured by high specialization, the use of technical terms and jargons, unambiguous implication and the fixed sense of the word. 4) Besides, non-verbal language is also very popular in various literatures such as signs, formulas, charts, tables, photos, etc. 4. Discussion 1. What is your opinion on the importance of translation? Can you cite some examples to support your idea? As a means of communication, translation plays an important role in human civilization. for example , in the West, literary translation can be traced back to 300 BC; while in China, recorded translation activities are even earlier, dating from Zhou Dynasty (1100 BC). A modern society sees an extensive use of translation on various occasions. Proper and dexterous translation helps promote mutual understanding between peoples of different cultural and social backgrounds. For example ,the ordinary word “menu”. Its original meaning is “a list of dishes in a meal or to be ordered as separated meals. However, when it is used in computer science, its meaning shifts to “a list shown on the display of a computer from which a user can select the operation the computer is to perform.” 2. What is translation? Do you agree with the author’s point of view? Why or why not? If the word “translation” refers to a subject, it is a science. If it refers to some specific pieces
Unit1 Ways of Learning Vocabulary I 1. 1)insert 2)on occasion 3)investigate 4)In retrospect 5)initial 6)phenomena 7)attached 8)make up for 9)is awaiting 10)not; in the least 11)promote 12)emerged 2. 1) a striking contrast between the standards of living in the north of the country and the south. 2)is said to be superior to synthetic fiber. 3)as a financial center has evolved slowly. 4)is not relevant to whether he is a good lawyer. 5)by a little-known sixteen-century Italian poet have found their way into some English magazines. 3. 1)be picked up; can’t accomplish; am exaggerating 2)somewhat; the performance; have neglected; they apply to 3)assist; On the other hand; are valid; a superior II 1. 1)continual 2)continuous 3)continual 4)continuous 2. 1)principal 2)principal 3)principle 4)principles 5)principal III 1.themselves 2.himself/herself 3.herself/by herself/on her own 4.itself 5.ourselves 6.yourself/by yourself/on your own Comprehensive Exercises I.cloze 1. (1)contrast (2)exaggerating (3)priority (4)on the other hand (5)promoting
大学英语课程设计 一、课程设置 （一）课程定位 1.课程性质：大学英语课程是我院各非英语专业开设的必修公共基础课，是一门理论（含实践）课，分基础英语阶段和行业英语阶段。第一至第三学期开设，128学时，8学分。其中第一、第二学期为基础英语阶段，96学时6学分，第三学期为行业英语阶段，32学时，2学分。 2.课程作用：大学英语课程培养学生实际应用英语的能力，侧重培养职场环境下语言交际能力，使学生逐步提高用英语进行交流与沟通的能力。同时，大学英语课程使学生掌握有效的英语学习方法和策略，培养学生的学习兴趣和自主学习能力，提高学生的综合文化素养和跨文化交际意识，为提升学生的就业竞争力及未来的可持续发展打下必要的基础。 （二）课程目标 1.知识目标： （1）掌握3500个英语单词以及由这些词构成的常用词组，能在口头和书面表达时加以熟练运用。另需掌握500个与行业相关的常见英语词汇。 （2）能在职场交际中熟练运用所学语法知识。 2.能力目标： （1）能听懂日常生活用语和与未来职业相关的一般性对话或陈述。 （2）能就日常话题和与未来职业相关的话题进行比较有效的交谈。 （3）能读懂一般题材和与未来职业相关的英文材料，理解基本正确。 （4）能就一般性话题写命题作文，能模拟套写与未来职业相关的应用文，如信函、通知、个人简历等。内容基本完整，表达基本准确，语义连贯。 （5）能通过全国高等学校英语应用能力考试(A级)。 3.素质目标： （1）具备较强的英语自主学习能力、跨文化交际意识和较高的综合文化素养。
（2）具备专业培养目标中相关专业素质。 （三）课程设计： 1．设计理念：本课程基于教育部《高等职业教育英语课程教学要求（试行）》和各非英语专业人才培养目标，培养学生英语应用能力职业发展能力，采取分段式设计，模块化组织、立体化教学的课程设计理念。 2．设计思路 （1）分段式设计：将学生在校期间的英语学习过程分为两个阶段：基础英语阶段即学生的英语综合技能发展阶段(Phase 1: Core Skills Development)和行业英语阶段即学生的职业专门技能发展阶段（Phase 2: Specialized Skills Development）。这两个阶段分别对应学生的社会生存能力和职业生存能力。 ①英语综合技能发展阶段(Core Skills Development Phase) 本阶段培养学生英语语言综合技能，使其形成较为系统的英语基础知识结构，具备社会生存能力，为下一阶段的学习打下坚实的语言基础。本阶段实行目标教学，要求学生学完本阶段学习后能顺利通过全国高等学校英语应用能力考试（A级）（PRETCO-A）。 ②职业专门技能发展阶段（Specialized Skills Development Phase） 本阶段以专门用途英语(ESP)为主组织教学，将学院现开设各专业按专业群归类，开设医护英语、机电英语、IT英语、商务英语、酒店英语、财会英语、艺术设计英语等行业英语。开发相应行业英语教材和自主学习资源，一部分用作课堂学习，一部分用作学生自主学习和将来继续学习。行业英语旨在激发学生的学习兴趣与动力，提高就业竞争力，使学生具备职业生存能力。 （2)模块化组织：将教学内容按听说、阅读、写作和翻译四个模块进行组织，
考试题型： 一．回答问题 二．文体对比stylistic features: subjective(主观的)/objective(客观的) 三．语篇分析---textual development /analogy 四．语篇改写句子和句子之间衔接词语少了 There are numerous reasons for……at first, …….secondly, ….In addition, /additionally, /furthermore, …/what is more, Unit 1 General Introduction to Professional Paper Writing 1.1 Classification of professional paper A professional paper is a formal printed document in which professionals present their views and research findings on any deliberately chosen topic. 1)Report paper读书报告2)Research paper 研究论文 3)Course paper课程论文4)Thesis paper(Dissertation)学术论文 1.2 General Characteristics of English Academic Writing Style Generally, English Academic writing is: 1) complex(复杂)--Written language is relatively more complex than spoken language 2) formal(正式)--Academic writing is relatively formal. Formal writing doesn’t use contractions, colloquialisms and slang. 3) impersonal and objective(客观)--Written language is in general objective rather than personal. It therefore has fewer words that refer to the writer or the reader. This means that the main emphasis should be on the information that you want to give and the arguments you want to make, rather than you. 4) explicit(清楚)--Academic writing is explic it about the relationships in the text. Furthermore, it is the responsibility of the writer in English to make it clear to the reader how the various parts of the text are related. 5) accurate(准确)--Academic writing uses vocabulary accurately. Most subjects have words with narrow specific meanings. 6) cautious or tentative(用词谨慎) 7) responsible(负责)---Academic writing refers to information from a range of print, digital and other sources, all of which must be clearly referenced in your text references other writers’ work. Question & Exercises：Read the following two passages and try to find out the stylistic features of each. Answer: Compared with these two passages, I find that there are differences in styles, passage 1 is informal, subjective, for example: ―I’m......‖，―don’t......‖ While the second passage is a scientific research paper, it’s formal, objective and complex, for example,(长句，被动语态等） (subjective---objective, simple---complex, for example......) Unit 2 Title, Author/Affiliation and Keywords 2.1 Titles 2.1.1. General functions 1). Generalizing the Text (总结全文)
《大学英语》课程简介 大学英语课程是我校本科生必修的一门公共基础课程。自教育部于2004年1月2日制定《大学英语课程教学要求》（以下简称《课程要求》）以来，为进一步深化我校大学英语教学改革，提高我校大学英语教学水平，以尽早实现把厦门大学办成“世界知名的高水平研究型大学”的办学目标,外语教学部根据《课程要求》的精神制定了符合我校特点的大学英语教学大纲，旨在改革传统的教学理念，以逐步建立起具有我校特色的、以学生为中心、以教师为主导、以英语语言知识与应用技能、学习策略和跨文化交际为主要内容，以外语教学理论为指导，并集多种教学模式和教学手段为一体的教学体系。 根据《课程要求》制定的《教学大纲》把我校大学阶段的英语教学要求分为三个层次，即一般要求、较高要求和更高要求。一般要求是我校每个大学毕业生必须达到的基本目标和要求；较高要求和更高要求是对那些学有余力、英语基础较好的大学新生分别设置的。根据实际情况，我们将我校大学英语教学目标定位于90％的学生达到一般要求，45％达到较高要求，15％学有余力的学生可达到更高要求。 本课程总共含4个学期，每学期学完《全新版大学英语》或《新视野大学英语》其中一册的所有配套教材（含综合教程、听说教程、阅读教程等）。教学以主题为基础，其中每个主题用6个课时（即两周），同时对学生进行听说读写等各种技能的训练。从一年级开始，除听说教程以外，我们还为所有学生配备了每周一个课时的外教口语教程。 对于分级教学中从二级或三级开始的学生采用跳跃式选材的方法，即针对目前教材循序渐进特点不明显的情况，不是直接从二级或三级教材着手，而是从四册书中选取针对性较强的并能在大体上自成一体的材料，为其构建一个相对系统的知识体系。
江苏大学学科教学（英语）考研经验分享 考研一战成功，初试418分，专业排名第二名，其中政治76分，英语二82分，专业一133分，专业二127分，分享一点点经验，希望可以帮助到大家： 首先是政治， 我用的是肖秀荣的精讲精练，肖四肖八，肖老的政治押题确实厉害，用完肖老的资料考场上还是比较胸有成竹的。我在政治上花的时间不是很多，暑假只是刷了一遍选择题，晚上会看下徐涛的政治视频，帮助我加深印象。我系统的开始复习政治是九月份，到考前肖老的一千题差不多刷了两三遍的样子。考前的最后两个星期，就是疯狂背诵肖四肖八，尤其是肖四，一定要多备几遍，这样考场上做题才比较得心应手。 其次是英语二， 英语二我用的是张剑的黄皮书系列，主要是刷真题，早上会早起背单词。因为我本身就是英语专业，加上英语二也不是很难，我在英语二上花的时间也不多，在考试前大概刷了三遍真题，背了几篇作文就进了考场。不过我自己其实对英语二的分数不是很满意，最后没把控好时间，作文写的比较匆忙，丢了不少分，所以大家考场的时候一定要有很强的时间观念，把握好时间，切勿因为时间不够而丢分让自己遗憾。 然后是333教育综合 ，这门课我应该是花的时间最多的一门，因为这门内容特别多，
需要花费大量的时间去理解和背诵。我用的是某学姐的笔记，结合学校的真题以及视频讲解，将内容整个梳理了一遍然后就是花时间背书，我刚开始也背的比较慢，背书的过程非常辛苦，可是自己坚持下来了就一定会有回报。在考试前，我一共背了八九遍的样子，最后考试的内容差不多都在自己的预测范围之内。专业二相比于专业一会简单点，背诵起来不是那么困难，内容后也没有专业一多，我主要是自己买的考研资料加上学校的真题一起背诵的。 以上就是我考研的一点心得，希望可以帮助到学科英语的学弟学妹们！最后祝大家考研顺利！一战成功！
2018级大学英语拓展课程介绍 实用英语类： 一、商务英语视听说(Business English—Viewing, Listening & Speaking>b5E2RGbCAP 1、课程简介 课程以《商务英语视听说教案大纲》为依据,是《大学英语》地拓展课程.该课程以现代语言教案理论及专门用途英语教案理论为指导,以各种商务活动中地英语运用为学习和研究对象.通过该课程地学习,可以培养在各种商务环境下熟练运用英语知识与技巧地能力.适合学习本门课程地对象包括：1. 对商务英语感兴趣地学生；2.以后有意从事国际贸易及相关工作地学生；3.希望提高英语听说能力地学生.p1EanqFDPw 2. 教案内容 本课程从语言知识、交际技巧、商务实践三个层面,帮助学生掌握语言技能,操练商务交际技能,了解相关商务知识.以多样化地输入手段,通过学习有关商务活动地实用材料,听录音磁带或CD,看视频,使学生获得生动、丰富、效果好地语言形式、语言知识、文化背景知识与信息地输入,熟悉并掌握主要地商务语言和用法,提高对文化差异地敏感性.同时,通过模拟各种商业口语活动,培养学生在商务环境中正确理解并恰当使用英语地能力.学习内容涉及日常问候、接听电话、约会安排、招聘面试、会议组织、产品描述、价格谈判等商务活动.DXDiTa9E3d 3. 教案目地 本课程以视,听,说综合技能训练为主要教案目地,旨在通过对学生进行正规地,严格地听说技能训练,有计划地、逐步地提高学生地听说水平,学生通过商务英语视听说语言要点,商务情景实践以及综合技能训练,逐步获得商务英语交际能力和操作能力.RTCrpUDGiT 4.课时数：每周2课时,共15周 5.成绩评定：平时成绩占40%,期末考试占60% 6.考试方式：口试 二、商务英语口译 江苏大学XXXX级硕士研究生英语期 末考试样卷 考试科目：文献阅读与翻译 考试时 间：XXXXXX Directions:Answer the following questions on the Answer Sheet. 1. How many kinds of literature do you know? And what are they? (5%) 2. How many types of professional papers do you know? And what are they? (5%) 3. What are the main linguistic features of Professional Papers? (10%) 4. What are the purposes of abstracts? How many kinds can the abstracts be roughly classified into? And what are the different kinds? (10%) 5.What is a proposal? How many kinds of proposals do you think are there? What are the main elements of a proposal? (10%) 6.Give your comments on the linguistic features of the following passage. (15%) Basic Point-Set Topology One way to describe the subject of Topology is to say that it is江苏大学XXXX级硕士研究生英语期末考试样卷
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