You already know that receivables arise from a variety of claims against customers and others, and are generally classified as current or noncurrent based on expectations about the amount of time it will take to collect them. The majority of receivables are classified as trade receivables , which arise from the sale of products or services to customers. Such trade receivables are carried in the Accounts Receivable account. Nontrade receivables arise from other transactions and events, including advances to employees and utility company deposits.
To one degree or another, many business transactions result in the extension of credit. Purchases of inventory and supplies will often be made on account. Likewise, sales to customers may directly (by the vendor offering credit) or indirectly (through a bank or credit card company) entail the extension of credit. While the availability of credit facilitates many business transactions, it is also costly. Credit providers must conduct investigations of credit worthiness, and monitor collection activities. In addition, the creditor must forego alternative uses of money while credit is extended. Occasionally, a creditor will get burned when the borrower refuses or is unable to pay. Depending on the nature of the credit relationship, some credit costs may be offset by interest charges. And, merchants frequently note that the availability of credit entices customers to make a purchase decision.
Banks and financial services companies have developed credit cards that are widely accepted by many merchants, and eliminate the necessity of those merchants maintaining separate credit departments. Popular examples include MasterCard, Visa, and American Express. These credit card companies earn money off of these cards by charging merchant fees (usually a formula-based percentage of sales) and assess interest and other charges against the users. Nevertheless, merchants tend to welcome their use because collection is virtually assured and very timely (oftentimes same day funding of the transaction is made by the credit card company). In addition, the added transaction cost is offset by a reduction in the internal costs associated with maintaining a credit department.THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF SELLING ON CREDIT CREDIT SALES CREDIT CARDS
chapter 7
Accounts Receivable Principles of
https://www.doczj.com/doc/109272911.html,
Your goals for this “receivables” chapter are to learn about:The costs and benefits of selling on credit.Accounting considerations for uncollectible receivables.Alternative approaches to account for uncollectibles.Notes receivable and interest, including dishonored obligations.
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90 | CHAPTER 7
The accounting for credit card sales depends on the nature of the card. Some bank-card based transactions are essentially regarded as cash sales since funding is immediate. Assume that Bassam Abu Rayyan Company sold merchandise to a customer for $1,000. The customer paid with a bank card, and the bank charged a 2% fee. Bassam Abu Rayyan Company should record the following
entry:
Other card sales may involve delayed collection, and are initially recorded as credit sales:
Notice that the entry to record the collection included a provision for the service charge. T he estimated service charge could (or perhaps should) have been recorded at the time of the sale, but the exact amount might not have been known. Rather than recording an estimate, and adjusting it later, this illustration is based on the simpler approach of not recording the charge until collection occurs. This expedient approach is acceptable because the amounts involved are not very significant.
Unfortunately, some sales on account may not be collected. Customers go broke, become unhappy and refuse to pay, or may generally lack the ethics to complete their half of the bargain. Of course, a company does have legal recourse to try to collect such accounts, but those often fail. As a result, it becomes necessary to establish an accounting process for measuring and reporting these uncollectible items. Uncollectible accounts are frequently called “bad debts.”
A simple method to account for uncollectible accounts is the the direct write-off approach. Under this technique, a specific account receivable is removed from the accounting records at the time it is finally determined to be uncollectible . The appropriate entry for the direct write-off approach is as follows:ACCOUNTING FOR UNCOLLECTIBLE RECEIVABLES DIRECT WRITE-OFF
METHOD
ACCounTs RECEivAblE | 91
Notice that the preceding entry reduces the receivables balance for the item that is uncollectible. The offsetting debit is to an expense account: Uncollectible Accounts Expense.
While the direct write-off method is simple, it is only acceptable in those cases where bad debts are immaterial in amount. In accounting, an item is deemed material if it is large enough to affect the judgment of an informed financial statement user. Accounting expediency sometimes permits “incorrect approaches” when the effect is not material. Recall the discussion of nonbank credit card charges above; there, the service charge expense was recorded subsequent to the sale, and it was suggested that the approach was lacking but acceptable given the small amounts involved. Again, materiality considerations permitted a departure from the best approach. But, what is material? It is a matter of judgment, relating only to the conclusion that the choice among alternatives really has very little bearing on the reported outcomes.
You must now consider why the direct write-off method is not to be used in those cases where bad debts are material; what is “wrong” with the method? One important accounting principle is the notion of matching. That is, costs related to the production of revenue are reported during the same time period as the related revenue (i.e., “matched”). With the direct write-off method, you can well understand that many accounting periods may come and go before an account is finally determined to be uncollectible and written off. As a result, revenues from credit sales are recognized in one period, but the costs of uncollectible accounts related to those sales are not recognized until another subsequent period (producing an unacceptable mismatch of revenues and expenses).
To compensate for this problem, accountants have developed “allowance methods” to account for uncollectible accounts. Importantly, an allowance method must be used except in those cases where bad debts are not material (and for tax purposes where tax rules often stipulate that a direct write-off approach is to be used). Allowance methods will result in the recording of an estimated bad debts expense in the same period as the related credit sales. As you will soon see, the actual write off in a subsequent period will generally not impact income.
92 | CHAPTER 7
Having established that an allowance method for uncollectibles is preferable (indeed, required in many cases), it is time to focus on the details. Let’s begin with a consideration of the balance sheet. Suppose that Ito Company has total accounts receivable of $425,000 at the end of the year, and is in the process or preparing a balance sheet. Obviously, the $425,000 would be reported as a current asset. But, what if it is estimated that $25,500 of this amount may ultimately prove to be uncollectible? Thus, a more correct balance sheet presentation would appear as shown at right.The total receivables are reported, along with an allowance account (which is a contra asset account) that reduces the receivables to the amount expected to be collected. This anticipated amount to be collected is often termed the “net realizable value .”In the preceding illustration, the $25,500 was simply given as part of the fact situation. But, how would such an amount actually be determined? If Ito Company’s management knew which accounts were likely to not be collectible, they would have avoided selling to those customers in the first place. Instead, the $25,500 simply relates to the balance as a whole. It is likely based on past experience, but it is only an estimate. It could have been determined by one of the following techniques:
AS A PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL RECEIVABLES: Some companies anticipate that a certain percentage of outstanding receivables will prove uncollectible. In Ito’s case, maybe 6% ($425,000 X 6% = $25,500).
VIA AN AGING ANALYSIS: Other companies employ more sophisticated aging of
accounts receivable analysis. They will stratify the receivables according to how long they have been outstanding (i.e., perform an aging), and apply alternative percentages to the different strata. Obviously, the older the account, the more likely it is to represent a bad account. Ito’s aging may have appeared as follows:
Both the percentage of total receivables and the aging are termed “balance sheet approaches .” In both cases, the allowance account is determined by an analysis of the outstanding accounts receivable on the balance sheet. Once the estimated amount for the allowance account is determined, a journal entry will be needed to bring the ledger into agreement. Assume that Ito’s ledger revealed an Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts credit balance of $10,000 (prior to performing the above analysis). As a result of the analysis, it can be seen that a target balance of $25,500 is needed; necessitating the following adjusting entry:
??ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES FOR UNCOLLECTIBLES DETERMINING THE ALLOWANCE ACCOUNT
ACCounTs RECEivAblE | 93
You should carefully note two important points: (1) with balance sheet approaches, the amount of the entry is based upon the needed change in the account (i.e., to go from an existing balance to the balance sheet target amount), and (2) the debit is to an expense account, reflecting the added cost associated with the additional amount of anticipated bad debts.
Rather than implement a balance sheet approach as above, some companies may follow a simpler income statement approach. With this equally acceptable allowance technique, an estimated percentage of sales (or credit sales) is simply debited to Uncollectible Accounts Expense and credited to the Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts each period. Importantly, this technique merely adds the estimated amount to the Allowance account. To illustrate, assume that Pick Company had sales during the year of $2,500,000, and it records estimated uncollectible accounts at a rate of 3% of total sales. Therefore, the appropriate entry to record bad debts cost is as follows:
This entry would be the same even if there was already a balance in the allowance account. In other words, the income statement approach adds the calculated increment to the allowance, no matter how much may already be in the account from prior periods.
94 | CHAPTER 7
Now, we have seen how to record uncollectible accounts expense, and establish the related allowance. But, how do we write off an individual account that is determined to be uncollectible? This part is easy. The following entry would be needed to write off a specific account that is finally deemed
uncollectible:Notice that the entry reduces both the allowance account and the related receivable, and has no impact on the income statement. Further, consider that the write off has no impact on the net realizable value of receivables, as shown by the following illustration of a $5,000 write off:On occasion, a company may collect an account that was previously written off. For example, a customer that was once in dire financial condition may recover, and unexpectedly pay an amount that was previously written off. The entry to record the recovery involves two steps: (1) a reversal of the entry that was made to write off the account, and (2) recording the cash collection on the
account:
It may trouble you to see the allowance account being increased because of the above entries, but the general idea is that another as yet unidentified account may prove uncollectible (consistent with the overall estimates in use). If this does not eventually prove to be true, an adjustment of the overall estimation rates may eventually be indicated.
WRITING OFF UNCOLLECTIBLE ACCOUNTS
COLLECTION OF AN ACCOUNT PREVIOUSLY
WRITTEN OFF
ACCounTs RECEivAblE | 95Carefully consider that the allowance methods all result in the recording of estimated bad debts expense during the same time periods as the related credit sales. These approaches satisfy the desired matching of revenues and expenses.
A business must carefully monitor its accounts receivable. This chapter has devoted much attention to accounting for bad debts; but, don’t forget that it is more important to try to avoid bad debts by carefully monitoring credit policies. A business should carefully consider the credit history of a potential credit customer, and be certain that good business practices are not abandoned in the zeal to make sales. It is customary to gather this information by getting a credit application from a customer, checking out credit references, obtaining reports from credit bureaus, and similar measures. Oftentimes, it becomes necessary to secure payment in advance or receive some other substantial guarantee such as a letter of credit from an independent bank. All of these steps are normal business practices, and no apologies are needed for making inquiries into the creditworthiness of potential customers. Many countries have very liberal laws that make it difficult to enforce collection on customers who decide not to pay or use “legal maneuvers” to escape their obligations. As a result, businesses must be very careful in selecting parties that are allowed trade credit in the normal course of business.
Equally important is to monitor the rate of collection. Many businesses have substantial dollars tied up in receivables, and corporate liquidity can be adversely impacted if receivables are not actively managed to insure timely collection. One ratio that is often monitored is the accounts receivable turnover ratio. That number reveals how many times a firm’s receivables are converted to cash during the year. It is calculated as net credit sales divided by average net accounts receivable:Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio
=
Net Credit Sales/Average Net Accounts Receivable
To illustrate these calculations, assume Shoztic Corporation had annual net credit sales of $3,000,000, beginning accounts receivable (net of uncollectibles) of $250,000, and ending accounts receivable (net of uncollectibles) of $350,000. Shoztic’s average net accounts receivable is $300,000 (($250,000 + $350,000)/2), and the turnover ratio is “10”:
10 = $3,000,000/$300,000
A closely related ratio is the “days outstanding” ratio. It reveals how many days sales are carried in the receivables category:
Days Outstanding = 365 Days/Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio
For Shoztic, the days outstanding calculation is:
36.5 = 365/10
By themselves, these numbers mean little. But, when compared to industry trends and prior years, they will reveal important signals about how well receivables are being managed. In addition, the
MATCHING ACHIEVED MONITORING AND MANAGING ACCOUNTS
RECEIVABLE
96 | CHAPTER 7
calculations may provide an “early warning” sign of potential problems in receivables management and rising bad debt risks. Analysts carefully monitor the days outstanding numbers for signs of weakening business conditions. One of the first signs of a business downturn is a delay in the payment cycle. These delays tend to have ripple effects; if a company has trouble collecting its receivables, it won’t be long before it may have trouble paying its own obligations.A written promise from a client or customer to pay a definite amount of money on a specific future date is called a note receivable . Such notes can arise from a variety of circumstances, not the least of which is when credit is extended to a new customer with no formal prior credit history. The lender uses the note to make the loan more formal and enforceable. Such notes typically bear interest charges. The maker of the note is the party promising to make payment, the payee is the party to whom payment will be made, the principal is the stated amount of the note, and the maturity date is the day the note will be due.Interest is the charge imposed on the borrower of funds for the use of money. The specific amount of interest depends on the size, rate, and duration of the note. In mathematical form: Interest = Principal X Rate X Time. For example, a $1,000, 60-day note, bearing interest at 12% per year, would result in interest of $20 ($1,000 X 12% X 60/360). In this calculation, notice that the “time” was 60 days out of a 360 day year. Obviously, a year normally has 365 days, so the fraction could have been 60/365. But, for simplicity, it is not uncommon for the interest calculation to be based on a presumed 360-day year or 30-day month. This presumption probably has its roots in olden days before electronic calculators, as the resulting interest calculations are much easier with this assumption in place. But, with today’s technology, there is little practical use for the 360 day year, except that it tends to benefit the creditor by producing a little higher interest amount -- caveat emptor (Latin for “let the buyer beware”)! The following illustrations will preserve this archaic approach with the goal of producing nice round numbers that are easy to follow.To illustrate the accounting for a note receivable, assume that Butchko initially sold $10,000 of merchandise on account to Hewlett. Hewlett later requested more time to pay, and agreed to give a formal three-month note bearing interest at 12% per year. The entry to record the conversion of the
account receivable to a formal note is as follows:
When the note matures, Butchko’s entry to record collection of the maturity value would appear as
follows:
NOTES RECEIVABLE
ACCOUNTING FOR NOTES
RECEIVABLE
ACCounTs RECEivAblE | 97If Hewlett dishonored the note at maturity (i.e., refused to pay), then Butchko would prepare the
following entry:The debit to Accounts Receivable in the above entry reflects the hope of eventually collecting all amounts due, including the interest, from the dishonoring party. If Butchko anticipated some difficulty in collecting the receivable, appropriate allowances would be established in a fashion similar to those illustrated earlier in the chapter.In the above illustrations for Butchko, all of the activity occurred within the same accounting year. However, if Butchko had a June 30 accounting year end, then an adjustment would be needed to reflect accrued interest at year-end. The appropriate entries illustrate this important accrual concept:
Entry to set up note receivable:
Entry to accrue interest at June 30 year end:
Entry to record collection of note (including amounts previously accrued at June 30):
A DISHONORED NOTE
NOTES AND ADJUSTING ENTRIES
98 | CHAPTER 7
The following drawing should aid your understanding of these entries:
You already know that receivables arise from a variety of claims against customers and others, and are generally classified as current or noncurrent based on expectations about the amount of time it will take to collect them. The majority of receivables are classified as trade receivables , which arise from the sale of products or services to customers. Such trade receivables are carried in the Accounts Receivable account. Nontrade receivables arise from other transactions and events, including advances to employees and utility company deposits. To one degree or another, many business transactions result in the extension of credit. Purchases of inventory and supplies will often be made on account. Likewise, sales to customers may directly (by the vendor offering credit) or indirectly (through a bank or credit card company) entail the extension of credit. While the availability of credit facilitates many business transactions, it is also costly. Credit providers must conduct investigations of credit worthiness, and monitor collection activities. In addition, the creditor must forego alternative uses of money while credit is extended. Occasionally, a creditor will get burned when the borrower refuses or is unable to pay. Depending on the nature of the credit relationship, some credit costs may be offset by interest charges. And, merchants frequently note that the availability of credit entices customers to make a purchase decision. Banks and financial services companies have developed credit cards that are widely accepted by many merchants, and eliminate the necessity of those merchants maintaining separate credit departments. Popular examples include MasterCard, Visa, and American Express. These credit card companies earn money off of these cards by charging merchant fees (usually a formula-based percentage of sales) and assess interest and other charges against the users. Nevertheless, merchants tend to welcome their use because collection is virtually assured and very timely (oftentimes same day funding of the transaction is made by the credit card company). In addition, the added transaction cost is offset by a reduction in the internal costs associated with maintaining a credit department.THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF SELLING ON CREDIT CREDIT SALES CREDIT CARDS chapter 7 Accounts Receivable Principles of https://www.doczj.com/doc/109272911.html, Your goals for this “receivables” chapter are to learn about:The costs and benefits of selling on credit.Accounting considerations for uncollectible receivables.Alternative approaches to account for uncollectibles.Notes receivable and interest, including dishonored obligations. ? ? ? ?
新编《会计学原理》—基础会计 练习答案 第九章财产清查 复习思考题 1、财产清查有什么意义？ 运用财产清查手段，对各种财产物资进行定期或不定期的核对或盘点，具在十分重要的意义。 2、永续盘存制与实地盘存制有什么区别？哪些条件下适宜采用实地盘存制？哪些条件下适宜采用永续盘存制？ 永续盘存制亦称“账面盘存制”，是平时对单位各项财产物资分别设立明细账，根据会计凭证连续记载其增减变化并随时结出余额的一种管理制度。 实地盘存制是平时根据有关会计凭证，只登记财产物资的增加数，不登记减少数，月末或一定时期可根据期末盘点资料，弄清各种财物的实有数额。 3、为什么要清查库存现金和银行存款？ 清查库存现金是通过实地盘点进行的，用于现金的收支业务十分频繁，容易出现差错。通过核对，往往会发现双方项目不一致。 4、如果遇到数量多、体积庞大、难以盘点的物资，如何确保其数量、质量的完好？ 1、查明差异，分析原因； 2、认真总结，加强管理； 3、调整账目，账实相符； 4、无法归还的应付款项处理。 5、财产清查结果如有差异，在财务上应如何处理？ 财务部门对于财产清查中发现的差异以及差异的处理必须及时地进行账簿记录的调整。具体应分两步进行：第一步：应将已经查明的资产盘盈、盘亏和损失等根据
有关原始凭证（如财产物资盘存单等）编制记账凭证，据以记入有关账户，使各项财产的账存数同实存数完全一致。第二步，按照差异发生的原因和报经批准的结果，根据有关批文编制记账凭证，据以登记入账。 习题一 1、银行存款余额调节表（资料1） 200×年7月31日 2、因为银行对账单和未达账项均无误，而调节后的存款余额，企业多于银行，证明是企业银行存款日记账有误。 编制调节表时所发现的错误金额是：584 000-570 400=13 600(元) 企业7月31日银行存款日记账余额应该是:535 000-13 600=521 400（元） 200×年7月31日
第一章总论 会计是经济管理活动的重要组成部分。它是以提高经济效益为目标，以货 币为主要计量单位，运用专门方法，对企、事业单位的经济活动进行核算和监 督的一种经济管理活动。 会计的特点： 1 会计是经济管理活动的重要组成部分——本质 2 以货币为主要计量单位来表示的有关单位的经济活动——对象 3 核算和监督——基本职能 4提高经济效益——目标 会计的基本职能 核算：也称为反映职能。就是对企、事业单位所发生或完成的经济业务进行全面、连续、系统的记录和反映。 监督：就是对所核算的经济业务的合法性、合规性和有效性进行审核和检查。 会计核算的方法（7个） 设置帐户复式记帐成本计算财产清查填制和审核凭证登记帐簿编制会计报表 会计核算的基本前提 会计主体：会计为之服务的特定单位 持续经营：以正常生产经营活动为前提 会计分期：人为地将持续不断的生产经营活动划分为若干时期 货币计量：以货币作为主要计量单位（派生出：币值不变假设） 权责发生制:凡属本期实现的收益或已发生的费用，不论款项是否收付，都应 作本期的收益和费用；凡不属于本期的收益和费用，即使款项已在本期收付， 都不应作为本期的收入和费用。亦应付制，应计基础。（权责发生制举例：某企业3月29日销售产品，并向银行办理了托收，4月2日接到银行通知款项收到。现收现付制：3月份不作处理，4月份作现金增加、产品销售收入增加处理。权责发生制：3月份作债权增加、产品销售收入增加处理；4月份作现金增加、债权减少处理。） 第二章设置账户和复式记账原理 会计要素：对会计对象的简单分类叫会计要素。包括：资产、负债、所有者 权益、收入、费用和利润六个会计要素。
《会计学原理》课后练习答案 第一章总论 复习思考题 1、会计是以货币为主要计量单位，以提高经济效益为主要目标，运用专门的方法对企业、机关、事业单位和其他组织的经济活动进行全面、综合、系统的监督与核算，并随着经济日益发展，逐步开展预测、决策、控制和分析的一种经济活动。 特点：以货币为主要计量单位，全面、系统、综合、连续的核算，会计核算与会计监督相结合、提高经济效益。 2、会计在经济管理中功能，核算与监督 3、提高经济效益 4、会计所要核算和监督的内容。会计要反映一个组织的经济活动，只有在其可货币化的基础上才能予以反映，而可货币化的经济活动就只能是资金运动——社会资金运动。 5、略 6、设置科目—复式记账—填制和审核凭证—登记账簿—成本计算—财产清查—编制报表 7、略 8、它是对会计所处的时间和空间环境所做的合理假定，及对会计领域里某些无法证面加以论证的事物。根据客观的，正常的情况和趋势经过逐步的认识所做的合理的判断。 会计主体、会计假设、会计分期、持续经营 9、要求会计确认、计量、报告质量的保证—可靠性、及时性、相关性、重要性、实质重于形、可比性、可理解性、谨慎性 10、11略 第二章会计科目、会计账户和复试记账 复习思考题 1、略 2、资产=负债+所有者权益 3、会计要素概念——会计要素是对会计对象按其经济特征所作的进一步分类 4、等式两边同增同减等式一边一增一减 资产增加导致负债增加资产内部一增一减 资产增加导致所有者权益增加负债内部一增一减 资产减少导致负债减少所有者权益一增一减 资产减少导致所有者权益减少负债增减导致所有者权益增减 5、会计科目是对会计对象要素的具体内容进行分类核算的类目，而会计账户是通过会计科目开设的，具有一定结构，用来系统、连续、完整、综合的记载各项经济业务的一种工具。会计科目没有结构而会计账户有结构。会计科目是会计账户的名称。 6、资产类、负债类、所有者权益类、成本类、损益类（内容略） 7、用“借”和“贷”作为记账符号对每一项交易或事项所引起的资金运动，都要用相
Chapter 1 Accounting in Business Users of Acc. Information External users: creditors & investors Internal users Know the difference between FINICIAL ACCOUNTING & MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Know what is: GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) FASB (Financial Accounting Standards Board) SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) IASB (International Accounting Standards Board) IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards) Four assumptions Going concern Monetary unit Time period Business entity Four principles Cost Matching Revenue recognition Full disclosure Accounting Equation Assets = Liabilities + Equity Be proficient in 11 transactions from P11~13 Be proficient in 3 statements Income statement, Statement of Owner’s Equity & Balance Sheet
会计学原理知识整理-第一讲 第一章．总论 第一节．会计及其生产与发展 一．会计的含义与特点 1.从会计的工作来看，会计可以被认为是采用专门的方法，对一个单位的经济活动及其结果进行确认， 归集，分析，计量，分类，记录，汇总和报告，并进行控制（反映）与监督，预测与决策的一种管理方法 （1）会计是一种管理工具 （2）会计是一种提供信息的技艺 （3）会计是一个经济信息系统 （4）会计是一种管理活动 2.现代会计的特点： 1）以货币为主要计量单位（实物量和劳动量通常是会计货币量度的辅助量度） 2）以凭证为基本依据 3）以一套完整的专门技术方法为手段（包括核算方法和监督方法，会计核算方法是基本） 4）对经济活动的管理具有全面性，连续性和系统性 二．会计的发展 1.会计作为一门学科，是基于人类管理生活，生产需要而产生的，并随着经济关系和经济管理活动的日 趋复杂而得以不断发展和进步 第二节会计的只能与目标 一．会计的职能 1.会计职能包括核算（反映），监督（控制），预测和参与经济决策等方面 1）核算职能—会计核算是会计的首要职能 2）控制职能（包括事前控制、事中控制和事后控制） 3）预测和参与经济决策的职能 二．会计的目标（也是财务的目标） 1.会计的目标可分为两层： 1）向会计信息的使用者提供与一个单位的财务状况，经营成果和现金流量等有关的会计信息 2）反应管理层受托责任履行情况，帮助会计信息使用者作出经济决策 第四节会计基本假设与基础 一．会计基本假设（重点） 1.会计主体假设（是对空间的限定，概念详见书17页） 1）注意：法律主体可以成为会计主体但是会计主体不一定能成为法律主体 2）会计主体可以由一个法律主体，几个法律主体，几个法律主体组成的企业集团构成
同步测试题参考答案 第一章同步测试答案 一、单项选择题 1、C 2、B 3、C 4、D 5、A 6、B 7、A 8、C 9、A 10、C 11、A 12、A 13、B 14、C 15、D 二、多项选择题 1、A B 2、 A B D 3、A C D E 4、A B D E 5、B C D E 6、A B C D 7、A C D E 8、B C D E 9、C D E 10、A B C D E 第二章同步测试答案 一、单项选择题 1、C 2、D 3、C 4、A 5、C 6、B 7、C 8、C 9、B 10、A 11、A 12、D 13、B 14、D 15、C 二、多项选择题 1、D E 2、A D E 3、B C E 4、A B C 5、A B C D 6、A B D 7、A B D 8、A B C D E 9、C D E 10、B D E 11、A B C D E 12、C D E 13、A B C E 14、A D 15、A B 三、业务练习题 练习题一 （1）列出期初会计等式： 资产（176+8800+2000+4500+624+4800=20900） =负债（5000+900=5900）+所有者权益（15000） （2 练习题二 （1）在年度中既未增加投资，也未收回投资时， 本年度利润=（348000-215000）-（258000-190000）=65000 （2）在年度内增加投资20 000元时， 本年度利润=65000-20000=45000
（3）在年度内收回投资15 000元时， 本年度利润=65000+15000=80000 （4）在年度内收回投资32 000元，但又增加投资45 000元时， 本年度利润=65000+32000-45000=52000 练习题四 （1）这一经济业务的发生, 使该企业的负债——短期借款增加64 000元, 同时, 使该企业的资产——银行存款增加64 000元，属于“一项资产增加, 一项负债增加, 增加金额相等”类型的业务。 （2）这一经济业务的发生, 使该企业的资产——现金增加2 000元, 同时, 使该企业的另一项资产——银行存款减少2 000元，属于“一项资产增加, 另一项资产减少, 增减金额相等”类型的业务。 （3）这一经济业务的发生, 使该企业的资产——银行存款减少2 400元, 同时, 使该企业的负债——应付账款减少2 400元，属于“一项负债减少, 一项资产减少, 减少金额相等”类型的业务。 （4）这一经济业务的发生, 使该企业的资产——固定资产增加20 000元, 同时, 使该企业的所有者权益——实收资本增加20 000元，属于“一项资产增加, 一项
第一章总论 教学目的与要求： 本章主要介绍会计学的一些最基本的概念和知识，这些内容是学习会计学的基础。本章要求了解会计历史发展过程，对会计学科形成一个总体的印象。理解并掌握会计的定义、会计的对象、会计的职能和目标、会计的基本假设与一般原则、会计的基本程序和方法。 第一节会计的内容和特点 一、会计的内容 ●通常指会计所要核算、监督和分析的内容。 ●在会计学原理课程中指的是会计核算的内容。 ●不同的行业会计核算的内容有所不同。 会计核算是以货币为主要计量单位，对生产经营活动或者预算执行过程进行连续、系统、全面、综合地记录、计算，定期编制并提供财务会计报告等会计活动的全过程。 ●企业会计核算的主要内容 企业单位经营资金的运动。 ●行政、事业单位会计核算的主要内容 预算拨款和预算支出等行政事业单位预算资金的运动。 （三）行政事业单位的经济活动 行政、事业单位会计的主要内容 二、会计的特点 1、以货币为主要计量尺度，具有综合性。 2、会计核算具有完整性、连续性和系统性。 完整：对属于会计对象的全部经济活动都必须加以记录，不得遗漏其中 的任何一项。 连续：对各项经济活动应按发生的时间顺序不间断进行记录和核算。 系统：对各种经济活动，要分门别类的进行核算，并对会计资料进行加工整理，以取得系统的会计信息。
3、会计核算以凭证为依据，并严格遵循会计规范。 第二节会计的职能和会计目标 ●（一）会计的职能 ●会计在经济管理中所具有的功能。 ●会计的基本职能是核算和监督。 会计核算职能的特点 随着经济的发展，会计的职能在不断地扩展，在反映和监督职能的基础上，会计还具有分析经济情况、预测经济前景和参与经济决策等职能。 （二）会计的目标 向哪些人提供会计信息 使用者需要什么样的会计信息 企业提供的会计信息应当能够反映企业的财务状况、经营成果和现金流量，以满足会计信息使用者的需要。 如何提供这些会计信息？ ●一般使用者： ●财务报告；包含“通用”信息的会计报表。 ●特殊使用者，如税务机关： ●特殊报告，如按税法规定编制的特别报表及报告。 第三节会计的含义 什么是会计 会计的产生和发展 会计是社会生产发展到一定阶段的产物，随着社会生产的发展而发展。 一、会计的产生和发展 会计是在社会生产实践中由于管理经济的需要而产生并发展的。 会计发展的历史，可以分为：
新编《会计学原理》——会计基础（第15版）海波主编课后练习答案 第一章总论 复习思考题 1、会计是以货币为主要计量单位，以提高经济效益为主要目标，运用专门的方法对企业、机关、事业单位和其他组织的经济活动进行全面、综合、系统的监督与核算，并随着经济日益发展，逐步开展预测、决策、控制和分析的一种经济活动。 特点：以货币为主要计量单位，全面、系统、综合、连续的核算，会计核算与会计监督相结合、提高经济效益。 2、会计在经济管理中功能，核算与监督 3、提高经济效益 4、会计所要核算和监督的容。会计要反映一个组织的经济活动，只有在其可货币化的基础上才能予以反映，而可货币化的经济活动就只能是资金运动——社会资金运动。 5、略 6、设置科目—复式记账—填制和审核凭证—登记账簿—成本计算—财产清查—编制报表 7、略 8、它是对会计所处的时间和空间环境所做的合理假定，及对会计领域里某些无法证面加以论证的事物。根据客观的，正常的情况和趋势经过逐步的认识所做的合理的判断。 会计主体、会计假设、会计分期、持续经营 9、要求会计确认、计量、报告质量的保证—可靠性、及时性、相关性、重要性、实质重于形、可比性、可理解性、谨慎性 10、11略 第二章会计科目、会计账户和复试记账
复习思考题 1、略 2、资产=负债+所有者权益 3、会计要素概念——会计要素是对会计对象按其经济特征所作的进一步分类 4、等式两边同增同减等式一边一增一减 资产增加导致负债增加资产部一增一减 资产增加导致所有者权益增加负债部一增一减 资产减少导致负债减少所有者权益一增一减 资产减少导致所有者权益减少负债增减导致所有者权益增减 5、会计科目是对会计对象要素的具体容进行分类核算的类目，而会计账户是通过会计科目开设的，具有一定结构，用来系统、连续、完整、综合的记载各项经济业务的一种工具。会计科目没有结构而会计账户有结构。会计科目是会计账户的名称。 6、资产类、负债类、所有者权益类、成本类、损益类（容略） 7、用“借”和“贷”作为记账符号对每一项交易或事项所引起的资金运动，都要用相等金额，同时在两个或两个以上的有相互联系的账户中进行全面登记的一种方法。 8、总分类账是明细分类账的统驭账户，对明细分类账起控制作用；明细分类账是总分类账的从属账户，对总分类账去辅助和补充的作用，只有两者相互结合才能既概况又详细地反映同一经济业务的记账作用。 一级总账科目二级总账科目三级明细 原材料主要材料甲材料 乙材料 辅助材料润滑油 建筑材料 短期借款临时借款 应付账款应付丑厂货款 应付子公司货款 固定资产生产用房 机器设备运输工具 生产成本基本生产车间A产品生产成本 B产品生产成本 辅助生产车间 应收账款应收B公司货款 应收A单位货款 习题二
会计学原理复习知识要点 第一章总论 第一节会计的含义、职能与目标 一、会计的含义 （一）会计的概念: 会计是以货币作为主要计量尺度，对一定单位的经济业务进行确认、计量、记录、和汇总，向有关方面报告财务会计信息的一种经济管理活动。 以货币作为主要计量尺度——货币计量假设 一定单位——会计主体 确认、计量、记录和汇总——会计程序和方法 经济业务——会计的对象 提供财务信息——会计目标和职能 一种管理活动——会计的本质属性 二、会计的基本职能——核算职能与监督职能 1、核算职能的特点有哪些？； 2、监督职能的特点有哪些？； 3、两种职能之间的关系如何？ 三、会计的目标： （1）为什么提供会计信息[why]；（2）向哪些人提供会计信息 [who]；（3）什么是有用的会计信息 [what] 第二节会计对象和会计要素 一、会计对象（以货币表现的经济活动） 制造业： G——W……P……W’—— G’筹集资金——购进——生产——销售——收回资金 商品流通企业： G——W——G’筹集资金——购进——销售——收回资金 二、会计要素 六大会计要素：资产、负债、所有者权益、收入、费用、利润 （一）反映财务状况的要素——资产 1、资产的定义:是指过去的交易或事项形成并由企业拥有或者控制的，预期会给企业带来经济利益资源。 2、资产的特征：（1）为企业所拥有的或者控制的（2）能给企业带来经济利益（3）由过去的交易或事项形成 Q问题：下列各项属于资产吗？为什么？ 融资租入固定资产经营租入固定资产长期闲置固定资产合同或协议购买固定资产代销商品 3、资产的分类本课程涉及的资产的分类项目（主要项目）：（按资产流动性强弱划分）：流动资产和非流动资产（二）反映财务状况的要素——负债 1、负债的定义:是过去的交易或者事项形成的预期会导致经济利益流出企业的现时义务。 2、负债的特征：（1）是过去交易或事项形成的现时义务； （2）偿还义务的履行会导致经济利益的流出；（3）能够用货币计量。 3、负债的分类:按偿还期长短分为：流动负债和非流动负债 （三）反映财务状况的要素——所有者权益 1、所有者权益的定义:指企业资产扣除负债后由所有者享有的剩余权益。 2、所有者权益的特征（1）是所有者对企业净资产享有的权利； （2）不是一个独立要素，依赖于资产和负债的计量。 3、所有者权益的分类: 包括：实收资本（股本）、资本公积、盈余公积和未分配利润。 反映财务状况的会计要素之间的关系: 资产=负债＋所有者权益或：资产=权益 （四）反映经营成果的要素——收入 1、收入的定义:企业在日常活动中（如销售商品、提供劳务及让渡资产使用权）形成的、会导致所有者权益增加的、与投资者投入资本无关的经济利益的总流入。包括主营业务收入和其他业务收入。
"对财产物资的收发都有严密的手续,且在账簿中有连续的记载便于确定结存灵敏度的制度是" 所选答案：永续盘存制 正确答案：永续盘存制 问题2得4 分，满分4 分银行存款清查的方法是 所选答案：日记账和对账单核对 正确答案：日记账和对账单核对 问题3得4 分，满分4 分银行已付款入账，企业由于未收到相关凭证尚未入账的未达账项，会造成企业银行存款余额小于银行对账单余额。 所选答案：错 正确答案：错 问题4得4 分，满分4 分实地盘点一般适用的清查类别是（）。 所选答案：库存现金 存货 固定资产 正确答案：库存现金 存货 固定资产 问题5得4 分，满分4 分造成银行存款日记账余额与银行对账单金额不一致的原因一定是双方的记账错误。 所选答案：错 正确答案：错 问题6得4 分，满分4 分下列各项中，属于固定资产盘盈结果处理时的原始凭证的是 所选答案：实存账存对比表 正确答案：实存账存对比表
若银行和企业双方账目没有差错，经过调整后的银行存款余额表的金额表示企业可以动用的银行存款实有数额。 所选答案：对 正确答案：对 问题8得4 分，满分4 分通过“待处理财产损溢”科目可以在某种程度上判断企业的经营管理水平。 所选答案：对 正确答案：对 问题9得4 分，满分4 分编制银行存款余额调节表是用来调整企业银行存款账面余额的原始凭证。 所选答案：错 正确答案：错 问题10得4 分，满分4 分现金清查的方法是 所选答案：实地盘点法 正确答案：实地盘点法 问题11得4 分，满分4 分一般而言，单位撤销、合并时，要进行 所选答案：全面清查 正确答案：全面清查 问题12得4 分，满分4 分单位更换现金出纳和财产保管人员时进行的财产清查属于不定期清查。 所选答案：对 正确答案：对 问题13得4 分，满分4 分银行对账单与银行存款日记账账面余额不一致的原因可能是（）。 所选答案：未达账项 企业记账错误 银行记账错误
1 .什么是库存现金的清查P225-226 清查库存现金是通过实地盘点进行的，清查前，出纳员应将现金收付凭证全部登记入账。清查时出纳员要在场，现钞应逐张查点。一切借条、收据不准抵充现金，并查明库存现金是否查过限额，有无坐支现金的问题，然后将清查结果编制库存现金查点报告表，它既是盘存清单，又是实存账存对比表。 2?总账和明细账的平行登记规则是什么P53 概括为同时间登记、同方向登记和同金额登记 (1)同时间登记：对发生的每项经济业务，要根据同一会计凭证，一方面在有关的总分类账中进行总括登记，另一方面要在有关的明细分类账中进行明细登记。 (2)同方向登记：登记总分类账户及其所属的明细分类账户时，借贷记账方向必须一致。 (3)同金额登记：总分类账户的金额与记入其所属的一个或几个明细分类账户的金额合计数相等。 3.会计账簿的种类P186-187 (一)按用途分类(总账明细账序时账辅助账) (1)总账：按总分类账户开设的、用以分类核算与监督各项资产、负债、所有者权益、费用、成本和收入等总括核算资料的账簿。 (2)明细账：按明细分类账户开设的、用来分类登记某类经纪业务详细情况、提供明细核算资料的账簿。 ⑶序时账：又称日记账，按经济业务发生和完成时间的先后顺序进行登记的账簿。 (4)辅助账：也称备查簿，是对未能在序时账和分类账中反映和记录的事项进行补充登记的账簿，主要用来记录一些供日后查考的有关经济事项。 (二)按外表形式分类(订本账活页账卡片账) (1)订本账：是在启用前进行顺序编号并固定装订成册的账簿。 (2)活页账：是把账页装订在账夹内，可以随时增添或取出账页的账簿。 ⑶卡片账：是由专门格式、分散的卡片作为账页组成的账簿。 4?账户的用途和结构是什么，可以分为哪几类P154 账户的用途：指通过账户的记录能够提供什么核算资料。
新编《会计学原理》——会计基础（第15版）李海波主编课后练习答案 第一章总论 复习思考题 1、会计是以货币为主要计量单位，以提高经济效益为主要目标，运用专门的方法对企业、机关、事业单位和其他组织的经济活动进行全面、综合、系统的监督与核算，并随着经济日益发展，逐步开展预测、决策、控制和分析的一种经济活动。 特点：以货币为主要计量单位，全面、系统、综合、连续的核算，会计核算与会计监督相结合、提高经济效益。 2、会计在经济管理中功能，核算与监督 3、提高经济效益 4、会计所要核算和监督的内容。会计要反映一个组织的经济活动，只有在其可货币化的基础上才能予以反映，而可货币化的经济活动就只能是资金运动——社会资金运动。 5、略 6、设置科目—复式记账—填制和审核凭证—登记账簿—成本计算—财产清查—编制报表 7、略 8、它是对会计所处的时间和空间环境所做的合理假定，及对会计领域里某些无法证面加以论证的事物。根据客观的，正常的情况和趋势经过逐步的认识所做的合理的判断。 会计主体、会计假设、会计分期、持续经营 9、要求会计确认、计量、报告质量的保证—可靠性、及时性、相关性、重要性、实质重于形、可比性、可理解性、谨慎性 10、11略
第二章会计科目、会计账户和复试记账 复习思考题 1、略 2、资产=负债+所有者权益 3、会计要素概念——会计要素是对会计对象按其经济特征所作的进一步分类 4、等式两边同增同减等式一边一增一减 资产增加导致负债增加资产内部一增一减 资产增加导致所有者权益增加负债内部一增一减 资产减少导致负债减少所有者权益一增一减 资产减少导致所有者权益减少负债增减导致所有者权益增减 5、会计科目是对会计对象要素的具体内容进行分类核算的类目，而会计账户是通过会计科目开设的，具有一定结构，用来系统、连续、完整、综合的记载各项经济业务的一种工具。会计科目没有结构而会计账户有结构。会计科目是会计账户的名称。 6、资产类、负债类、所有者权益类、成本类、损益类（内容略） 7、用“借”和“贷”作为记账符号对每一项交易或事项所引起的资金运动，都要用相等金额，同时在两个或两个以上的有相互联系的账户中进行全面登记的一种方法。 8、总分类账是明细分类账的统驭账户，对明细分类账起控制作用；明细分类账是总分类账的从属账户，对总分类账去辅助和补充的作用，只有两者相互结合才能既概况又详细地反映同一经济业务的记账作用。 一级总账科目二级总账科目三级明细 原材料主要材料甲材料 乙材料 辅助材料润滑油 建筑材料 短期借款临时借款 应付账款应付丑厂货款 应付子公司货款 固定资产生产用房 机器设备运输工具 生产成本基本生产车间A产品生产成本 B产品生产成本 辅助生产车间 应收账款应收B公司货款
第一章总论 ★本章主要内容 1、会计的含义和特点， 2、会计的职能和目标 3、会计的对象 4、会计要素 5、会计的方法 ★本章的重点、难点内容 会计的含义、本质和基本特点，基本职能，工业企业，商业流通企业，行政事业单位的会计对象，会计要素含义及会计六要素含义，特征及其内容 ★讲授方法：常规方法 ★作业：教材P259-262 练习 第一节会计的含义 一、会计的产生和发展 （一）会计产生和发展过程 会计是为适应经济发展而产生和发展的。 1．人类早期——无计算。 2．原始社会——会计是生产职能的附带部分，处于萌芽时期，只是在生产的同时运用结绳记事、刻契记数方法记录生产活动和成果。 3．私有制出现——人们用货币计量，记录经济活动过程，会计从生产职能中分离出来，发展为独立职能。 4．西周时期——会计开始命名，官厅会计发展，有严格的会计机构，设立专职官员掌管钱粮税赋会计事务，建立“日成”、“月要”、“岁会”报告制度。 （二）会计核算方法的演进 随着经济的发展，会计核算经历了一个由简到繁，由低级到高级的演进过程，方法日趋完备，内容日益丰富。 1．原始社会末期，建立“盘点结算法”，采用盘存财产物资的方法进行记录 2．西汉时期，在“盘点结算法”的基础上发展为“三柱结算法”，结算本期财产物资增减变化及其结果。其计算公式为： 入－去= 余 │││ 本期收入－本期支出= 本期结存 3．唐宋时期，在“三柱结算法”基础上又进一步发展为“四柱结算法”，系统地反映经济活动全过程。其计算公式为： 即：旧管＋新收－开除＝实在 或旧管＋新收＝开除＋实在 ││││ 期初结存＋本期收入＝本期支出＋期末结存 4．明末清初，在以前“三柱结算法”和“四柱结算法”的单式记账方法基础上创建了复式记账方法“龙门账”。将日常发生的账项划分为“进”、“缴”、“存”、“该”四大类，“进”和“缴”为一线，“存”和“该”为另一线，实行双轨计算盈亏。其计算公式为： 进－缴＝存－该
(单选题)1: 会计等式也称为会计平衡公式，它是表明各会计要素之间基本关系的恒等式。其中资产＝负债＋（）。 A: 所有者权益 B: 收入 C: 费用 D: 成本 正确答案: (单选题)2: 借贷记账法下资产类账户的余额一般出现在（）。 A: 借方 B: 贷方 C: 中间位置 D: 随意位置 正确答案: (单选题)3: 差旅费报销单属于（）。 A: 记帐凭证 B: 自制原始凭证 C: 外来原始凭证 D: 累计凭证 正确答案: (单选题)4: 按用途和结构分，“预付帐款”账户属于（）账户。 A: 资产结算 B: 负债结算 C: 资产负债结算 D: 附加调整 正确答案: (单选题)5: 企业在1年内或超过一年的营业周期内变现或耗用的资产，包括现金及各种存款、交易性金融资产、应收及预付款、存货等的资产属于（）。 A: 固定资产 B: 流动资产 C: 可变资产 D: 不变资产 正确答案: (单选题)6: 对会计对象的不同经济内容所作的总括分类，反映各种经济业务的概括情况，是进行总分类核算的依据，所提供的是总括指标的会计科目是（）。 A: 总分类科目 B: 明细分类科目 C: 损益类科目 D: 成本类科目 正确答案:
(单选题)7: （）是财务报告的中心部分，是向外界传递会计信息的主要手段，同时也是会计人员的最终劳动成果。 A: 编制报表 B: 财务报表 C: 账户 D: 原始凭证 正确答案: (单选题)8: 借贷记账法下负债类账户的余额一般出现在（）。 A: 借方 B: 贷方 C: 中间位置 D: 随意位置 正确答案: (单选题)9: （）是一个信息控制系统，它的基本职能主要表现在两个方面，一是它的反映和评价职能，这一职能主要由财务会计和审计来完成；二是它的监督和控制职能 A: 会计 B: 会计科目 C: 会计账户 D: 会计分录 正确答案: (单选题)10: （）就是将固定资产成本系统地分配到各个会计期间，所分配的金额根据受益对象和期间分别计入生产成本或期间费用。 A: 折旧 B: 盘点 C: 余额查询 D: 对帐 正确答案: (单选题)11: 在借贷记帐法中，账户的哪一方记增加数，哪一方记减少数，是由（）决定的。 A: 记帐规则 B: 账户性质 C: 业务性质 D: 账户结构 正确答案: (单选题)12: ）是指在期末（通常为月末）计算存货的单位成本时，以期初的存货数量和本期购入的全部数量作为权数，除期初结存存货成本和本期购入存货成本之和，计算出存货的加权平均单位成本，据此确定发出存货成本和期末存货成本的一种存货计价方法。 A: 一次加权平均法
各位老师，大家好！ 现将《会计学原理》期末考试的题型和范围告诉大家，方便大家给学生复习。 题型： 一．单选题 10-12个，每个一分 二．判断题 10个，每个10分 三．业务题5-6题，共65分左右 四．名词解释5个，每个3分 名词解释的范围： 1. Accounting 2. double-entry accounting 3. business entity principle 4. going-concern principle 5. time period principle 6. matching principle 7. revenue recognition principle 8. consistency principle 9. balance sheet 10. income statement 11. asset 12. liability 13. equity 14. current asset 15. current liabilities 16. depreciation 17. comprehensive income 18. cash discount 19. bond 20. equity method 21. net realizable value 22. cash equivalent 业务题： 1. depreciation computation: straight-line method, units of production method, and double-declining-balance method. Accounting for acquisition of equipment. Accounting for disposal of equipment. Accounting for capital and revenue expenditures. Compute depreciation after incurrence of capital expenditure. 2. Accounting for bad debt with allowance method, including estimate of bad debt expense, occurrence of bad debt, recovery of bad debt. 3. accounting for current liabilities, including accounts payable, notes payable, unearned revenue, salary payable(书中涉及的美国税费的计算不要求掌握，题目会直接给出，只要掌握会计处理即可)，estimated warranty liabilities. 4. accounting for issuance of bonds, amortization of bond discount and premium and bond retirement before maturity.
基础会计学 第一章总论 我国最早记载会计活动得典籍就是《周礼》。 宋代“四柱清册”:旧管、新收、开除、实在。 １494年,卢卡·巴其阿勒,《算数、几何、比及比例概要》,阐述复式薄记得基本原理。 最初,会计就是一门艺术。1966年,美国会计界提出,会计就是一个“信息系统”。 我国会计界认为:管理活动论、信息系统论、 西方会计界认为:艺术论、信息系统论。 会计定义:旨在提高企业与各单位活动得经济效益、加强经济管理而建立得一个以提供财务信息为主得经济信息系统。 会计对企业得资金运动进行全面系统得核算与监督。 会计分财务会计与管理会计、 会计基本假设:对会计信息系统运行所依存得客观环境中与会计相关得因素进行抽象与概括。就是会计信息系统运行与发展得基本前提与制约条件。 会计基本假设分四种:会计主体假设、持续经营假设、会计分期假设、货币计量假设。 会计目标:(一)谁就是会计得使用者(二)会计信息使用者需要什么样得会计信息(三)会计如何提供这些信息。
我国会计目标:受托责任观、决策有用观、 会计信息质量特征:可靠性、相关性、明晰性、可比性、经济实质重于法律形式、充分披露与重要性、谨慎(稳健)性、及时性原则。 会计对象——会计要素—-会计科目——账户 会计对象就是价值增值运动,就是在市场经济下,在每一个会计主体范围内能够反映与控制得经济事务与经济行为、 会计要素包括资产、负债、所有者权益、收入、费用、利润、利得、损失。 资产:企业过去得交易或事项形成得、已拥有或控制得、预期会给企业带来经济利益得资源。 资产确认:(一)与其有关得经济利益很可能流入企业(二)其成本与价值能可靠计量 负债:企业过去得交易或事项中形成得、预期会导致经济利益流出企业得现时义务。 负债确认:(一)与其有关得经济利益很有可能流出企业(二)流出金额能可靠计量、 所有者权益＝股东权益:企业资产扣除负债后由所有者享有得剩余权益。 所有者权益=所有者投入资本+利得或损失＋留存收益 收入:企业日常活动中形成得,会导致所有者权益增加得,与所有者投入资本无关得经济利益总流入。 费用:企业日常活动中发生得,会导致所有者权益减少得,与所有者分配利润无关得经济利益总流出。 利润:企业在一定会计期间得经营成果。