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【机械专业文献翻译】冲压变形

【机械专业文献翻译】冲压变形
【机械专业文献翻译】冲压变形

附录1 外文译文

冲压变形

冲压变形工艺可完成多种工序,其基本工序可分为分离工序和变形工序两大类。

分离工序是使坯料的一部分与另一部分相互分离的工艺方法,主要有落料、冲孔、切边、剖切、修整等。其中有以冲孔、落料应用最广。变形工序是使坯料的一部分相对另一部分产生位移而不破裂的工艺方法,主要有拉深、弯曲、局部成形、胀形、翻边、缩径、校形、旋压等。

从本质上看,冲压成形就是毛坯的变形区在外力的作用下产生相应的塑性变形,所以变形区的应力状态和变形性质是决定冲压成形性质的基本因素。因此,根据变形区应力状态和变形特点进行的冲压成形分类,可以把成形性质相同的成形方法概括成同一个类型并进行系统化的研究。

绝大多数冲压成形时毛坯变形区均处于平面应力状态。通常认为在板材表面上不受外力的作用,即使有外力作用,其数值也是较小的,所以可以认为垂直于板面方向的应力为零,使板材毛坯产生塑性变形的是作用于板面方向上相互垂直的两个主应力。由于板厚较小,通常都近似地认为这两个主应力在厚度方向上是均匀分布的。基于这样的分析,可以把各种形式冲压成形中的毛坯变形区的受力状态与变形特点,在平面应力的应力坐标系中(冲压应力图)与相应的两向应变坐标系中(冲压应变图)以应力与应变坐标决定的位置来表示。也就是说,冲压应力图与冲压应变图中的不同位置都代表着不同的受力情况与变形特点(1)冲压毛坯变形区受两向拉应力作用时,可以分为两种情况:即σ

γ>σ>0σt=0和σ

θ>σγ>0,σt=0。再这两种情况下,绝对值最大的应力都是拉应力。以下对这两种情况进行分析。

1)当σγ>σθ>0且σt=0时,安全量理论可以写出如下应力与应变的关系式:

(1-1) εγ/(σγ-σm)=εθ/(σθ-σm)=εt/(σt -σm)=k

式中ε

γ,εθ,εt——分别是轴对称冲压成形时的径向主应变、切向主应变和厚度方向上的主应变;

σγ,σθ,σt——分别是轴对称冲压成形时的径向主应力、切向主应力和厚度方向上的主应力;

σm——平均应力,σm=(σγ+σθ+σt)/3;

k——常数。在平面应力状态,式(1—1)具有如下形式:

γ/(2σγ-σθ)=3εθ/(2σθ-σt)=3εt/[-(σt+σθ)]=k (1—2)因为σ

γ>σθ>0,所以必定有2σγ-σθ>0与εθ>0。这个结果表明:在两向拉应力的平面应力状态时,如果绝对值最大拉应力是σ

γ,则在这个方向上的主应变一定是正应变,即是伸长变形。

又因为σ

γ>σθ>0,所以必定有-(σt+σθ)<0与εt<0,即在板料厚度方向上的应变是负的,即为压缩变形,厚度变薄。

在σ

θ方向上的变形取决于σγ与σθ的数值:当σγ=2σθ时,εθ=0;当σγ>2σθ时,εθ<0;当σγ<2σθ时,εθ>0。

σθ的变化范围是σγ>=σθ>=0 。在双向等拉力状态时,σγ=σθ,有式

(1—2)得ε

γ=εθ>0 及εt <0 ;在受单向拉应力状态时,σθ=0,有式

(2—2)可得,ε

θ=-εγ/2。

根据上面的分析可知,这种变形情况处于冲压应变图中的AON范围内(见图1—1);而在冲压应力图中则处于GOH范围内(见图1—2)。

(1)当σ

θ>σγ>0且σt=0时,有式(1—2)可知:因为σθ>σγ>0,所以1)定有2σθ>σγ>0与εθ>0。这个结果表明:对于两向拉应力的平面应力状

态,当σ

θ的绝对值最大时,则在这个方向上的应变一定时正的,即一定是伸长变形。

又因为σ

γ>σθ>0,所以必定有-(σt+σθ)<0与εt<0,即在板料厚度方向上的应变是负的,即为压缩变形,厚度变薄。

在σ

θ方向上的变形取决于σγ与σθ的数值:当σθ=2σγ时,εγ0;当σθ>σγ,εγ<0;当σθ<2σγ时,εγ>0。

σγ的变化范围是σθ>= σγ>=0 。当σγ=σθ时,εγ=εθ>0,也就是在双向等拉力状态下,在两个拉应力方向上产生数值相同的伸长变形;在受单向拉

应力状态时,当σ

γ=0时,εγ=-εθ/2,也就是说,在受单向拉应力状态下其变形性质与一般的简单拉伸是完全一样的。

这种变形与受力情况,处于冲压应变图中的AOC范围内(见图1—1);而在冲压应力图中则处于AOH范围内(见图1—2)。

上述两种冲压情况,仅在最大应力的方向上不同,而两个应力的性质以及它们引起的变形都是一样的。因此,对于各向同性的均质材料,这两种变形是完全相同的。

(1)冲压毛坯变形区受两向压应力的作用,这种变形也分两种情况分析,即σγ<σθ<

σt=0和σθ<σγ<0,σt=0。

1)当σγ<σθ<0且σt=0时,有式(1—2)可知:因为σγ<σθ<0,一定有2σγ-σθ<0与εγ<0。这个结果表明:在两向压应力的平面应力状态时,如果绝

对值最大拉应力是σ

γ<0,则在这个方向上的主应变一定是负应变,即是压缩变形。

又因为σ

γ<σθ<0,所以必定有-(σt+σθ)>0与εt>0,即在板料厚度方向上的应变是正的,板料增厚。

在σ

θ方向上的变形取决于σγ与σθ的数值:当σγ=2σθ时,εθ=0;当σγ>2σθ时,εθ<0;当σγ<2σθ时,εθ>0。

这时σ

θ的变化范围是σγ与0之间。当σγ=σθ时,是双向等压力状态时,故有ε

γ=εθ<0;当σθ=0时,是受单向压应力状态,所以εθ=-εγ/2。这种变形情况处于冲压应变图中的EOG范围内(见图1—1);而在冲压应力图中则处于COD范围内(见图1—2)。

2) 当σθ<σγ<0且σt=0时,有式(1—2)可知:因为σθ<σγ<0,所以

一定有2σ

θσγ<0与εθ<0。这个结果表明:对于两向压应力的平面应力状态,如果绝对值最大是σ

θ,则在这个方向上的应变一定时负的,即一定是压缩变形。

又因为σ

γ<σθ<0,所以必定有-(σt+σθ)>0与εt>0,即在板料厚度方向上的应变是正的,即为压缩变形,板厚增大。

在σ

θ方向上的变形取决于σγ与σθ的数值:当σθ=2σγ时,εγ=0;当σθ>2σγ,εγ<0;当σθ<2σγ时,εγ>0。

这时,σ

γ的数值只能在σθ<= σγ<=0 之间变化。当σγ=σθ时,是双向等压力状态,所以ε

γ=εθ<0;当σγ=0时,是受单向压应力状态,所以有εγ=-

εθ/2>0。这种变形与受力情况,处于冲压应变图中的GOL范围内(见图1—1);

而在冲压应力图中则处于DOE范围内(见图1—2)。

(1)冲压毛坯变形区受两个异号应力的作用,而且拉应力的绝对值大于压应力的绝对

值。这种变形共有两种情况,分别作如下分析。

1)当σγ>0,σθ<0及|σγ|>|σθ|时,由式(1—2)可知:因为σγ>0,σθ<0及|σγ|>|σθ|,所以一定有2σγ-σθ>0及εγ>0。这个结果表明:在异号的平面应力状态时,如果绝对值最大应力是拉应力,则在这个绝对值最大的拉应力方向上应变一定是正应变,即是伸长变形。

又因为σγ>0,σθ<0及|σγ|>|σθ|,所以必定有εθ<0,即在板料厚度方向上的应变是负的,是压缩变形。

这时σ

θ的变化范围只能在σθ=-σγ与σθ=0的范围内。当σθ=-σγ时,εγ>0εθ<0且|εγ|=|εθ|;当σθ=0时,εγ>0,εθ<0,而且εθ=-εγ/2,这是受单向拉的应力状态。这种变形情况处于冲压应变图中的MON范围内(见图1—1);而在冲压应力图中则处于FOG范围内(见图1—2)。

2)当σθ>0,σγ<0,σt=0及|σθ|>|σγ|时,由式(1—2)可知:用与前项

相同的方法分析可得ε

θ>0。即在异号应力作用的平面应力状态下,如果绝对值最大应力是拉应力σ

θ,则在这个方向上的应变是正的,是伸长变形;而在压应力σ

γ方向上的应变是负的(εγ<=0),是压缩变形。

这时σ

γ的变化范围只能在σγ=-σθ与σγ=0的范围内。当σγ=-σθ时,εθ>0,εγ<0且|εγ|=|εθ|;当σγ=0时,εθ>0,εγ<0,而且εγ=-εθ/2。这种变形情况处于冲压应变图中的COD范围内(见图1—1);而在冲压应力图中则处于AOB范围内(见图1—2)。

虽然这两种情况的表示方法不同,但从变形的本质看是一样的。

(1)冲压毛坯变形区受两个方向上的异号应力的作用,而且压应力的绝对值大于拉应力

的绝对值。以下对这种变形的两种情况分别进行分析。

1)当σγ>0,σθ<0而且|σθ|>|σγ|时,由式(1—2)可知:因为σγ>0,σ

θ<0及|σθ|>|σγ|,所以一定有2σθ- σγ<0及εθ<0。这个结果表明:在异号的平面应力状态时,如果绝对值最大应力是压应力σ

θ,则在这个方向上应变是负的,即是压缩变形。

又因为σ

γ>0,σθ<0,必定有2σγ- σθ<0及εγ>0,即在拉应力方向上的应变是正的,是伸长变形。

这时σ

γ的变化范围只能在σγ=-σθ与σγ=0的范围内。当σγ=-σθ时,εγ>0εθ<0且εγ=-εθ;当σγ=0时,εγ>0,εθ<0,而且εγ=-εθ/2。这种变形情况处于冲压应变图中的DOF范围内(见图1—1);而在冲压应力图中则处于BOC范围内(见图1—2)。

2)当σθ>0,σγ<0,σt=0及|σγ|>|σθ|时,由式(1—2)可知:用与前项

相同的方法分析可得ε

γ<σγ0。即在异号应力作用的平面应力状态下,如果绝对值最大应力是压应力σ

γ,则在这个方向上的应变是负的,是压缩变形;而在拉应力σ

θ方向上的应变是正的,是伸长变形。

这时σ

θ的数值只能介于σθ=-σγ与σθ=0的范围内。当σθ=-σγ时,εθ>0,εγ<0且εθ=-εγ;当σθ=0时,εθ>0,εγ<0,而且εθ=-εγ/2。这种变形情况处于冲压应变图中的DOE范围内(见图1—1);而在冲压应力图中则

处于BOC范围内(见图1—2)。

这四种变形与相应的冲压成形方法之间是相对的,它们之间的对应关系,用文字标注在图1—1与图1—2上。

上述分析的四种变形情况,相当于所有的平面应力状态,也就是说这四种变形情况可以把全部的冲压变形毫无遗漏地概括为两大类别,即伸长类与压缩类。

当作用于冲压毛坯变形区内的拉应力的绝对值最大时,在这个方向上的变形一定是伸长变形,称这种变形为伸长类变形。根据上述分析,伸长类变形在冲压应变图中占有五个区间,即MON、AON、AOB、BOC及COD;而在冲压应力图中则占有四个区间FOG、GOH、AOH及AOB。

当作用于冲压毛坯变形区内的压应力的绝对值最大时,在这个方向上的变形一定是压缩变形,称这种变形为压缩类变形。根据上述分析,压缩类变形在冲压应变图中占有五个区间,即LOM、HOL、GOH、FOG与DOF;而在冲压应力图中则占有四个区间EOF、DOE、COD、BOC。

MD与FB分别是冲压应变图与冲压应力图中两类变形的分界线。分界线的右上方是伸长类变形,而分界线的左下方是压缩变形。

由于塑性变形过程中材料所受的应力和由此应力所引起的应变之间存在着相互对应的关系,所以冲压应力图与冲压应变图也一定存在着一定的对应关系。每一个冲压变形都可以在冲压应力图上和冲压应变图上找到它固定的位置。根据冲压毛坯变形区内的应力状态或变形情况,利用冲压变形图或冲压应力图中的分界线(MD或FB)就可以容易地判断该冲压变形的性质与特点。

概括以上分析结果,把各种应力状态在冲压应变图和冲压应力图中所处的位置以及两个图的对应关系列于表1—1。从表1—1中的关系可知,冲压应力图与冲压应变图中各区间所处的几何位置并不一样,但它们在两个图中的顺序是相同的。最重要是一点是:伸长类与压缩类变形的分界线,在两个图里都是与坐标轴成45°角的一条斜线。表1—2中列出了伸长类变形与压缩类变形在冲压成形工艺方面的特点。

从表1—2可以清楚地看出,由于每一类别的冲压成形方法,其毛坯变形区的受力与变形特点相同,而与变形有关的一些规律也都是一样的,所以有可能在对各种具体的冲压成形方法进行研究之外,开展综合性的体系化研究工作。体系化研究方法的特点是对每一类别冲压成形方法的共性规律进行研究工作,体系化研究的结果对每一个属于该类别的成形方法都是适用的。这种体系化的研究工作,在板材冲压性能、冲压成形极限等方面,已有一定程度的开展。应用体系化方法研究冲压成形极限的内容可用图1—3予以说明。

应力状态冲压应变

图中位置冲压应变

图中位置

在绝对值最大

的应力方向上变形

类别

应力应变

双向受拉σθ>0,σγ>0 σγ> σ

θ

AON GOH + + 伸长类

表1—1 冲压应力状态与冲压变形状态的对照

表1—2 伸长类成形与压缩类成形的对比项目伸长类成形压缩类成形

变形区质量问题的表

现形式变形程度过大引起变形区

产生破裂现象

压力作用下失稳起皱

成形极限1.主要取决于板材的塑

性,与厚度无关

2.可用伸长率及成形极

限DLF判断

1.主要取决于传力区的

承载能力

2.取决于抗失稳能力

3.与板厚有关

变形区板厚的变化减薄增厚

提高成形极限的方法

1.改善板材塑性

2.使变形均匀化,降低局

部变形程度

3.工序间热处理

1.采用多道工序成形

2.改变传力区与变形区

的力学关系

3.采用防起皱措施

σθ>σγAOC AOH + + 伸长类

双向受压σθ<0,σγ<0 σγ< σ

θ

EOG COD ——压缩类σθ<σγGOL DOE ——压缩类

异号应力σγ>0,σθ<0 |σγ|>|σ

θ|

MON FOG + + 伸长类|σθ|>|σ

γ|

LOM EOF ——压缩类

异号应力σθ>0,σγ<0 |σθ|>|σ

γ|

COD AOB + + 伸长类|σγ|> |σ

θ|

DOE BOC ——压缩类

冲压模具专业词汇中英文翻译

Counter bored hole 沉孔 Chamfer 倒斜角 Fillet 倒圆角 padding block垫块 stepping bar垫条 upper die base上模座 lower die base下模座 upper supporting blank上承板 upper padding plate blank上垫板 spare dies模具备品 spring 弹簧 bolt螺栓 document folder活页夹 file folder资料夹 to put file in order整理资料 spare tools location手工备品仓 first count初盘人 first check初盘复棹人 second count 复盘人 second check复盘复核人 equipment设备 waste materials废料 work in progress product在制品 casing = containerization装箱 quantity of physical inventory second count 复盘点数量 Quantity of customs count 会计师盘,点数量 the first page第一联 filed by accounting department for reference会计部存查 end-user/using unit(department)使用单位 Summary of year-end physical inventory bills 年终盘点截止单据汇总表 bill name单据名称 This sheet and physical inventory list will be sent to accounting department together (Those of NHK will be sent to financial department) 本表请与盘点清册一起送会计部-(NHK厂区送财会部) Application status records of year-end physical inventory List and physical inventory card 年终盘点卡与清册使用-状况明细表 blank and waste sheet NO. 空白与作废单号

机械专业术语英文翻译

陶瓷 ceramics 合成纤维 synthetic fibre 电化学腐蚀 electrochemical corrosion 车架 automotive chassis 悬架 suspension 转向器 redirector 变速器 speed changer 板料冲压 sheet metal parts 孔加工 spot facing machining 车间 workshop 工程技术人员 engineer 气动夹紧 pneuma lock 数学模型 mathematical model 画法几何 descriptive geometry 机械制图 Mechanical drawing 投影 projection 视图 view 剖视图 profile chart 标准件 standard component 零件图 part drawing 装配图 assembly drawing 尺寸标注 size marking

技术要求 technical requirements 刚度 rigidity 内力 internal force 位移 displacement 截面 section 疲劳极限 fatigue limit 断裂 fracture 塑性变形 plastic distortion 脆性材料 brittleness material 刚度准则 rigidity criterion 垫圈 washer 垫片 spacer 直齿圆柱齿轮 straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮 helical-spur gear 直齿锥齿轮 straight bevel gear 运动简图 kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条 pinion and rack 蜗杆蜗轮 worm and worm gear 虚约束 passive constraint 曲柄 crank 摇杆 racker 凸轮 cams

毕业论文英文参考文献与译文

Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of

机械专业外文翻译(中英文翻译)

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参考文献 一、翻译理论与实践相关书目 谢天振主编. 《当代国外翻译理论导读》. 天津:南开大学出版社,2008. Jeremy Munday. 《翻译学导论——理论与实践》Introducing Translation Studies---Theories and Applications. 李德凤等译. 北京:商务印书馆,2007. 包惠南、包昂. 《中国文化与汉英翻译》. 北京:外文出版社, 2004. 包惠南. 《文化语境与语言翻译》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司. 2001. 毕继万. 《世界文化史故事大系——英国卷》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2003. 蔡基刚. 《英汉汉英段落翻译与实践》. 上海:复旦大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚. 《英汉写作对比研究》. 上海:复旦大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚. 《英语写作与抽象名词表达》. 上海:复旦大学出版社, 2003. 曹雪芹、高鄂. 《红楼梦》. 陈定安. 《英汉比较与翻译》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 1991. 陈福康. 《中国译学理论史稿》(修订本). 上海:上海外语教育出版社. 2000. 陈生保. 《英汉翻译津指》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 陈廷祐. 《英文汉译技巧》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 2001. 陈望道. 《修辞学发凡》. 上海:上海教育出版社, 1979. 陈文伯. 《英汉翻译技法与练习》. 北京:世界知识出版社. 1998. 陈中绳、吴娟. 《英汉新词新义佳译》. 上海:上海翻译出版公司. 1990. 陈忠诚. 《词语翻译丛谈》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 1983. 程希岚. 《修辞学新编》. 吉林:吉林人民出版社, 1984. 程镇球. 《翻译论文集》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 2002. 程镇球. 《翻译问题探索》. 北京:商务印书馆, 1980. 崔刚. 《广告英语》. 北京:北京理工大学出版社, 1993. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译技巧》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 1990. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译讲评》. 北京:对外贸易教育出版社. 1989. 邓炎昌、刘润清. 《语言与文化——英汉语言文化对比》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1989. 丁树德. 《英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导》. 天津:天津大学出版社, 1996. 杜承南等,《中国当代翻译百论》. 重庆:重庆大学出版社, 1994. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集(1894-1948)》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集(1949-1983)》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. . 范勇主编. 《新编汉英翻译教程》. 天津:南开大学出版社. 2006. 方梦之、马秉义(编选). 《汉译英实践与技巧》. 北京:旅游教育出版社. 1996. 方梦之. 《英语汉译实践与技巧》. 天津:天津科技翻译出版公司. 1994. 方梦之主编. 《译学辞典》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社. 2004. 冯翠华. 《英语修辞大全》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1995. 冯庆华. 《文体与翻译》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2002. 冯庆华主编. 《文体翻译论》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社. 2002. 冯胜利. 《汉语的韵律、词法与句法》. 北京:北京大学出版社, 1997. 冯志杰. 《汉英科技翻译指要》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 耿占春. 《隐喻》. 北京:东方出版社, 1993.

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