第一章名词
一、名词的分类：
名词就其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。
专有名词：Beijing Smith the United Nations
个体名词：man, expert, factory
可数名词
集合名词：audience（观众），c lass, family 普通名词：
物质名词：water, coal, rice
不可数名词
抽象名词：surprise, honour, help
二、可数名词的复数形式
1．一般情况，直接加-s。port（港口）→ports；technique（技术）—techniques 2．以s, x, ch, sh结尾发[s]、[∫]、[t∫]、[dЗ]音的词，加—es
bus—buses, box—boxes, bush—bushes
branch—branches，stomach—stomachs（stomach词尾发k，故复数直接加-s）
3．辅音字母+ y，变y为i，加-es university—universities
y前为元音字母，直接加-s boy—boys
4．以O结尾加-es hero—heroes
O前为元音字母，及部分外来词直接加-s
zoo—zoos radio—radio piano—pianos photo—photos
5．以f或fe结尾，变f或fe为v，再加-es leaf—leaves wife—wives
※以下f结尾单词直接加-s belief—beliefs（信念）roof—roofs（屋顶）proof—proofs（证据）safe—safes（保险柜）
chief—chiefs（首领）gulf—gulfs（海湾）
6．不规则名词
man—men, woman—women, foot—feet, tooth—teeth,
goose—geese, mouse—mice, child—children, ox—oxen
注1：有些可数名词的单复数相同，要根据上下文的意义来确定其单数还是复数，例如：
sheep 羊fish 鱼deer 鹿
means手段，方法works工厂，作品series系列
注2：在些可数名词，只有单数形式，但表示复数意义。如果作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。
如：cattle 牛people 人民police 警察
注3：集合名词既可看作单数（作为整体），也可看作复数（作为集体的各个成员）。
例如：audience（观众）class（班级）family（家庭）group（小
组）
Her family is well-known in the region. 她家在该地区是名门望族。
His family are quarrelling severely about the property.
她的家人正在为分财产激烈地争吵。
改错：1. Every possible means have been tried to cure the boy of his illness.
A B C D
2. Fish always sells well in the markets because fish contains rich protein, which can build you up.
A B C D
3. Is it the police who is searching the house for a wanted criminal（罪犯）?
A B C D
三、不可数名词
物质名词、抽象名词均属不可数名词。前面不能加不定冠词a / an，词尾也不能加—s。
请牢记下列典型的不可数名词。
news 消息information 信息advice 忠告，建议progress 进步，进展knowledge 知识weather天气fun 乐趣equipment 设备
English 英语furniture 家具wealth 财富damage 损坏
traffic 交通，车辆及行人baggage / luggage 行李clothing 衣服，衣着
※word 消息，信息work 工作homework 家庭作业housework 家务
改错：
1．What a fun it is to be bathed in sunlight on the beach in summer.
A B C D
2．At the thought of gaining such great wealths by printing works of famous writers, he was full of A B C D
joy.
3．What pleasant surprise it is to bring me such a nice gift !
A B C D
4．I feel it great honour to be invited to give advice on your teaching papers.
A B C D
5．Word of his sudden death came as shock to us.
A B C D
说明1：部分抽象名词可与a（an）连用，此时词义发生变化，表示某种事或人。这
些词有：surprise, pleasure, shock, honour, help, success等。
当这类词在句中作表语（例3），作宾补（例4）及在介词as之后，词义发生
变化，通常要加a / an。
说明2：paper表示“纸”不可数。表示“报纸、论文、书面作文、试卷、文件、有价证券”为可数名词。
四、名词的所有格
名词的所有格通常在名词后加—’s构成，用于表示所属关系。用于以下情况：
1）表示有生命的名词
my brother’s car children’s books（儿童读物）students’ rooms 2）表示国家、城市、地域的名词
C hina’s population Beijing’s weather
3）表示天体、时间、距离、金钱的名词
the moon’s surface ten years’ hard work十年的辛劳
today’s newspapers 20 dollars’ worth of a stamp 一张价值20美元的邮票
其他无生命的名词通常用“of + 名词”的短语表示所属关系。
the object of the sentence 句子的宾语
the title of the film 影片的名字
五、名词的作用
1）名词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语。
Mr. Li holds an important position in the government office.
主语宾语
We elected him monitor of our class.
宾语宾补
2）名词还作其他名词的前置定语，用于更准确说明某物的用途，性质，组成材料等。
a tea cup 茶杯 a car number 车牌号 a shoe shop 鞋店 a stone bridge 石桥
※※名词作定语必须用单数。man, woman作定语，用单数还是复数由被修饰的
名词的单复数决定。sport作定语，单复数形式均可。
a man teacher 一个男教师ten women doctors 十个女医生
a sport（s）shirt 运动衫the arms race 武器竞赛（特例）
选：It is said that the Air Force about $80 million a year. Really a problem, isn’t it ?
A．bird hit cost B．birds hit costs C．bird hits cost D．bird hit costs 本题题义：空军每年因飞鸟撞击飞机造成的损失达大约八千万美元。考查的是名词作定语。名词作定语必须用单数，故可考虑的答案为A、C。又因一年内鸟击飞机事件多次发生，故选C。
六、学习名词，特别要注意的问题
1）准确把握词义，重视近义词的辩析
选：One of the advantage of living on the top floor of a high rise is that you can get a good .（2001年上海高考题）
A．sight B．scene C．view D．look
辩析：sight 1.看见 2.视力 3.视野 4.风景
scene 1.（事件发生的）现场2.场面; 情景3.景色4.（拍电影）场景，（舞台）布置
view 1.眺望2.视野 3.风景，景色。
look 1.看 2.神色,表情looks =appearance外貌
本句意为：住在高层建筑顶层的优越之一，是能清楚眺望到一切。故本题答案为C。
近年来高考试卷非常重视对名词的考查，是重点热点之一。
2）正确掌握名词前冠词的使用规则
选：1. Summer in ________ south of France are for ________ most part dry and sunny.
A. /; a
B. the, /
C. /, /
D. the, the
2．Most animals have little connection with animals of different kind unless they kill them for food.
A．the ；a B．不填；a C．the ；the D．不填；the
名词练习
1.He is a man of ________ and he has_______ interesting_______ in his life.
A. much experience; a lot of; experiences
B. many experiences; much;
experience
C. many experience; much; experience
D. many experiences; a lot of;
experience
2.Perhaps we need to clear away these books to make _______ for our new
students.
A. place
B. area
C. room
D. space
3.If you are driving to the airport, can you give me a _______?
A. hand
B. seat
C. drive
D. lift
4.Being able to speak another language fluently is a great ______ when you are
looking for a job.
A. chance
B. importance
C. assistant
D. advantage
5.The _______ of building the Great Theater ______ only one year.
A. job; spent
B. work; spent
C. position, took
D. works, took
6.He had run away from home and gone to _______ when he was 16 years old.
A. the sea
B. a sea
C. seas
D. sea
7.Only one third of the people present at the meeting were _________ the new
rules.
A. in favour of
B. in agreement of
C. in for
D. wit the side of
8.Everybody thinks little of the film. In fact, there is no ______ of it being tried
out in the film festival.
A. sign
B. use
C. possibility
D. doubt
9.Can your ________ with you---- money , jewellery, cameras and so on.
A. gifts
B. suitcase
C. bags
D. valuables
10.Students should be encouraged to finish their homework_______.
A. of themselves
B. of their own
C. for their own
D. on their own
11.When he is angry, his _______ stands up on end.
A. head
B. uniform
C. hair
D. skin
12.His letter was so confusing that I could hardly make any ______ of it.
A. explanation
B. meaning
C. sense
D. guess
13.---Is Mr Smith in? --- No, he’s asked for _______ leave.
A. a two week’s
B. a two-week
C. a two-week’s
D. a two weeks
14.-----______ car crashed into a tree yesterday. They must have been driving too
fast.
---- Every boy and every girl _____ to drive that fast.
A. Tom and Jane’s; wish
B. Tom’s and Jane’s ;wishes
C. Tom and Jane’s ; likes
D. Tom’s and Jane’s ; want
15.________ Mr Wang has! He almost never remembers where he leaves his
keys.
A. What a poor memory
B. What poor memory
C. How good a memory
D. How poor memory
16.The _____ change of weather may have some _____ his health.
A. sudden; caused
B. sudden; effect on
C. suddenly; bad results to
D. suddenly; effect on
17.Because prices of food and clothing and almost everything else in that country
have steadily gone up the buying _______ of the dollar has gone down.
A. energy
B. force
C. power
D. strength
18._______ of English is helpful if you are devoted to _______ English literature.
A. A good knowledge; study
B. A good knowledge ; studying
C. Good knowledge; study
D. Good knowledge; studying
19.---Few children are as bright as he is, and also, he works very hard.
--- It’s no _______ that he always gets the first place in any examination.
A. doubt
B. problem
C. question
D. wonder
20.Mary’s handwriting is better than_______ in her class.
A. anyone else
B. anyone else’s
C. anyone’s else
D. other students
21.It really doesn’t make any _____ whether to buy a laptop computer or a
desktop computer.
A. choice
B. decision
C. difference
D. sense
22.Many students signed up for the _____ race in the sports meeting to be held
next week.
A. 800-meter-long
B. 800-meters-long
C. 800 meter length
D. 800
meters length
23.His behaviour at the party last night seemed rather______. Many of us were
quite surprised.
A. out of practice
B. out of place
C. out of politeness
D. out of pity
24.These football players had no strict ______ until they joined our club.
A. practice
B. education
C. training
D. exercise
25.If it was not an accident, he must have done it ________.
A. on purpose
B. in common
C. on occasion
D. in time
26.We must keep our room clean. Dirt and disease go _______.
A. from time to time
B. hand in hand
C. step by step
D. one after
another
27._____ is known to us all, _____ feed on grass while horses on grain.
A. It , cattle
B. This; cattles
C. What ; cattles
D. As; cattle
28.______ everyone can hear the speaker there is no______ in turning up the
radio.
A. Now that; point
B. Even if; point
C. Now that, need
D. Even if; need
29.Shelly had prepared carefully for her English examination so that she could be
sure of passing it on her first _______.
A. intention
B. attempt
C. purpose
D. desire
30.No one has yet succeeded in explaining the ______ of how life began.
A. cause
B. problem
C. reason
D. puzzle
31.Jack tried hard to get a gold medal in this Winter Olympic Games but he had
no ______.
A. luck
B. time
C. fate
D. entrance
32.The young man owes his success to many people , his parents _______.
A. after all
B. by chance
C. on purpose
D. in particular
33.I should like to try that coat on, for I don’t know if it is my _______.
A. shape
B. model
C. design
D. size
34.It is important for us to employ a word or phrase to the _______ in language
studies.
A. situation
B. expression
C. condition
D. translation
35.Flight BA 123 to Vienna is now boarding at _______.
A. Gate 21
B. 21st Gate
C. the Gate 21
D. 21 Gate
36.----Shall we take a walk before dinner?
----- Oh, yes, ______ is my favourite time of a day.
A. the early evenings
B. in the early evening
C. the early of the evening
D. early evening
37.Being poor, she had to borrow a new _______ so as to attend the party.
A. cloth
B. clothes
C. clothing
D. dress
38.Popular music is liked by many people, but it is not to everyone’s _______.
A. manners
B. smell
C. taste
D. thought
39.Such good ______ should be made of one’s spare time to study another
foreign language. A. chance B. choice C. decision D. use 40.She thought the painting was of little ______ , so she let him have it for only
$15.
A. cost
B. important
C. price
D. value
41.There are three _______ in our clinic.
A. woman doctor
B. woman doctors
C. women doctor
D. women doctors
42.I tried every ______ to make him give up smoking.
A. mean
B. ways
C. meaning
D. means
43.______ will conquer nature.
A. The man
B. Man
C. Any man
D. The men
44.Y esterday I was invited to the dinner at _______.
A. Turners
B. the Turners
C. Turners’
D. the Turners’
45.Jess went to a _______ for some shoes.
A. shoes’ store
B. shoe store
C. shoe’s store
D. shoes store
46.Standing on top of the mountain, you’ll get a wonderful _______.
A. joy
B. seeing
C. view
D. nature
47.He was chosen _____ of the company.
A. manager
B. a manager
C. the manager
D. as a manager
48.---What can I do for you? --- I’d like to have a ______ of China Daily.
A. piece
B. sheet
C. lot
D. copy
49.______it is to listen to music!
A. How fun
B. How a fun
C. What a fun
D. What fun
50.What the expert has said and done will be _______ to the department
managers.
A. value
B. benefit
C. of valuable
D. of benefit
1-5 ACDDD 6-10 DACDD 11-15 CCBCA 16-20 BCBDB 21-25 CABCA 26-30 BDABA 31-35 ADDAA 36-40 DDCDD 41-45 DDBDB 6-50 CADDD
第二章主谓一致
句子的谓语动词和句子的主语应在数方面保持一致。主谓一致的基本原则是：主语是单数，谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数，谓语动词用复数形式。句子的主语有以下几种类型：
1．带后置定语型。其谓语动词的形式依主语的单复数而定，与后置定语无关。
（together）with …
except / but …
S + besides … V
rather than …
as well as …
A library together with a lot of books has been given to our school as a gift.
Two pilots as well as all the passengers were killed in this plane crash.
两个飞行员连同所有旅客都死于这次空难。
2．部分—整体型。其谓语的单复数，由整体部分决定。
70 percent
two-thirds
part of the / one’s + n +V
half （整体）
all
the rest
1）About 70% of the surface of the earth is covered by water.
2）Part of the books are worth reading, but the rest（of them）are of no value.
※注：all单独作主语时，All指人谓语用复数
．．．．．．．。All指物或事情谓语用单数
．．．．．．．．．．。
1）All are eager to reach an agreement. 所有的人都急于达成协议。
2）All is going well. 一切都进展顺利。
3．定语仅能修饰单数名词型，其谓语动词用单数。
Each / Every
Either / Neither
Another + n（单数）+ V
Many a
More than one
More than one graduate wants to go to work in Western China.
不止一个毕业生要求去中国西部工作。
Many a day has passed since the boy was lost. 那个男孩失踪已有许多天。
4．就近一致型。下列连词连接两个主语时，及there be句型有多个并列主语，谓语应与最靠近的主语保持一致。
A or
B 1）Either you or I am to meet them at the station.
Either A or B 不是你就是我要去车站接他们。
Neither A nor B 2）Not only the teacher but also his students object to the plan. Not only A but also B 3）There is an air-conditioner and two computers in his office. There be A, B and C 在他办公室有一台空调和二台电脑。
5．需记住的其他规则
Either
1）Neither of + n 作主语，谓语用单数。
Each
None of + n（复数）作主语，谓语用单数或复数均可。
None of + n（单数）作主语，谓语用单数。
Either of the answers is right. 两个答案中有一个是对的。
None of the cars was / were damaged. 这些车都没有受损。
None of the food has gone bad. 食物没有变质。
2）a number of + n（复数）作主语，谓语用复数。
the number of + n（复数）作主语，谓语用单数。
A large number of students are from the south. 很多学生是南方人。
The number of students in our school has gone up to 3000.
我校学生数已上升到3000人。
3）关系代词作主语，定语从句谓语动词的形式取决于其先行词的单复数。
He is one of the few persons who have a good knowledge of Italian.
他是精通意大利语的少数人之一。
在以上句子中，persons是who的先行词，从句谓语动词用复数。
（比较）He is the only one of the boys who was given a prize.
他是这些孩子中唯一受到奖励的。
当one之前有the only修饰时，one是who的先行词，从句谓语动词用单数。
4）单个动名词，不定式或主语从句作主语，谓语动词用单数。
两个并列的动名词，不定式或主语从句作主语，谓语动词用复数。
When and where to hold the meeting isn’t decided yet.（一个不定式作主语）
What I say and what I think are none of your business.
我说什么，想什么与你无关。（两个并列主语从句作主语）
5）each, any, every, no构成的复合代词都当作单数看待。
Someone is asking you on the phone. 有人在打电话找你。
注：复合代词作主语，反意疑问句的主语通常用they，也可用he。
Everyone was present at the meeting, weren’t they / wasn’t he ?
Someone has known the news, haven’t they / hasn’t he ?
6）以“s”结尾的书刊名、国名、机构名和学科名作主语，谓语用单数。
The United Nations was set up in 1942. 联合国建于1942年。
The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer. 《坎特伯雷故事集》是乔叟写的。Economics is my major. 经济学是我的主修课程。
7）某些形容词或分词和定冠词the连用表示某类人作主语，谓语用复数。
The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.
病人得到医治，失踪的也已找回来了。
8）由and连接两个单数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。
English and Chinese are quite different languages.
若and并列的主语在意义上指同一个人，同一概念或对立统一的事物，谓语动词用单数。
The manager and secretary is as busy as a bee all day. 那位经理兼秘书整天忙忙碌碌。（两个名词共用一个冠词，指同一个人）
War and peace is a contant theme in history. 战争与和平是历史永恒的主题。（对立统一的一对事物）
9）单复数同形的名词如deer, means；集合名词如family作主语，如何决定谓语动词的单复数，请见第四章冠词。
Exercise 1 主谓一致
1．I, who your friend, will try my best to help you.
A．be B．am C．is D．are
2．The United States must look out of the rights of citizens.
A．its B．their C．ours D．us
3．So far as I know, more than one person connected with the accident.
A．is B．has C．are D．have
4．Maths as well as physics always me to much trouble.
A．causes B．puts C．cause D．put
5．Not only you and I but Peter, the top student in our grade, not able to solve the problem.
A．are B．were C．is D．am
6．There one or two things that I have to mention.
A．is B．are C．has D．have
7．Either I or my accountant（会计）to blame for the loss ?
A．Is B．Are C．Am D．Does
8．So far 70% of the poor in this area out of poverty（贫困）with the help of the local government.
A．has got B．are getting C．have got D．had got
9．Collecting stamps as a hobby increasingly popular during the past ten years.
A．became B．becomes C．has become D．have become
10．Whether or not the new plan will produce any positive（积极的）results to be seen.
A．remain B．is remained C．remains D．have remained
11．Too much work and too little rest bad health.
A．lead to B．leads to C．result in D．result from
12．He is the only one of those speakers who ideas perfectly clear.
A．make their B．makes his C．express their D．express
13．Every possible means tried, but without much result.
A．has been B．have been C．are D．is
14．Ten minutes an hour when one is waiting for a phone call.
A．seem B．look C．seems D．looks
15．All we have seen and heard our memory.
A．is deeply impressed on B．great impress
C．are strongly impressed in D．highly impresses
1-5 BAABC 6-10 AACCC 11-15 BBACA
第三章代词
一、人称代词的用法
1．人称代词的主格在句中作主语
He is always thinking more of others than of himself.
2．人称代词的宾格作动词和介词的宾语
Y ou can’t trust him.
Who else wants to go for a picnic besides him ?
注1．主格，宾格均可作表语，在口语中用宾格较多
If I were she, I would act on the doctor’s advice.
—— Who is knocking at the door ?
——It’s me.
※注2．作主语的人称代词孤立地使用在无谓语动词的句中，常用宾格
—— I want an apple.
—— Me, too.
“What ! Me to say sorry to him ? No!”
注3．两个或两个以上的人称代词并列时，其顺序是：
单数按2，3，1人称排列；复数按1，2，3人称排列。
Y ou, she（Mary）and I must attend today’s meeting.
※I and Tom are to blame.该责备的是我和汤姆（在承认错误或自我批评时，说话人一般把自己放在他人之前讲。）
二、it的用法
1．代替已提到的事物或上文提及的情况
He bought a magazine and lent it to me.
Her mother has died. It is a terrible shock to her. 她母亲死了。这对她打击很大。
2．用于It+be+n/adj句型中，说明天气、时间、距离等
It is freezing cold today.
It is f ive minutes’ ride from here to the station.
3．（未指明但谈话双方都明白的）那件事；那种情况。
-------- Do you like it here?
------- Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is nice.
4．代替性别尚不明的婴儿和小孩
She was holding a baby in her arms and it was crying.
5．作形式主语或形式宾语，代替作主语或宾语的不定式，动名词或从句
It was kind of you to send me a present.（it作形式主语）
I make it a rule to walk two miles a day.我通常一天步行二英里。（it作形式宾语）
I take it that you don’t agree with me.我的理解是，你和我看法不同。（it作形式宾语）
☆注：少数动词，如take（理解），hate，dislike，不能直接带宾语从句，须在动词和宾语从句之间，加形式宾语it。
5．It is/was … that …. 构成强调句，强调句中某一部分
It was I that/who told him about it.（强调主语I）
三、物主代词
1．形容词性物主代词只能作名词的前置定语，不能单独使用
Those people are my schoolmates.
2．名词性物主代词单独使用，在句中作主语，表语和宾语
作主语Y our bike is black. Mine（Mine = My bike）is red.
作表语This fault is yours, not hers. 这是你的过错，不是她的错。
作宾语There is something wrong with my bike. May I use yours ?
3．名词性物主代词与of连用构成双重所有格
1）表示部分概念
Y esterday I came across an old friend of mine（= one of my old friends）in the street.
2）表示强调
We show great interest in this invention of yours（= your invention）
Be sure not to believe that daughter of hers（her daughter）千万别信她的那个女儿。
四、反身代词
1．作动词或介词的宾语
She has been teaching herself English. 她一直在自学英语。
2．作表语
I am not quite myself today. 我今天身体不太好。
3．作主语或宾语的同位语，译“亲自”；“本人，自己”
The mayor himself will look into the matter. 市长将亲自调查这件事。
Y ou’d better ask the patient himself about his trouble.
关于病人的病情，你最好问他自己。
4．反身代词的重要短语
I gave the room a good cleaning all by myself. by oneself = alone /on my own 独自一人
I will be myself in no time. be oneself 身体或大脑正常
Please make yourself at home. 请不要受拘束
help oneself to sth. 自行取用，随意拿取
Help yourself to apples.
No one was there, so she helped herself to all the money on the table.
He came to himself a few minutes later. come to oneself 苏醒
It is better to think for yourself. think for onself 独立思考，自己作出决定
I’d be grateful (thankful) if you keep this information to yourself.
keep sth. to oneself 不把某事告诉别人
五、相互代词
each other一般指两者；one another一般指三者或三者以上。但现在可以通用，不加区别。在句中仅作宾语，不能作主语。
We should care for each other and help each other.
They often stay at one another’s houses. 他们经常住在彼此的家里。
六、不定代词
1．some和any
some及复合代词someone, something用于肯定句。
any及复合代词用于否定句、疑问句和条件句。
Some of the milk has gone bad.
I haven’t any money on me.
If anything unusual happens, let me know. 若发生异常情况，请告诉我。
注1．若表示请求，建议，尽管是疑问句，用some，不用any。
Would you like some more coffee ?
Shall I bring some food to the party ?
注2．any及复合代词也可用于肯定句，表示三者
．．．．中任何一个。
．．或三者以上
I think any of his movies would interest you.
—— Which would you like, tea, coffee or wine ?
—— Any will do. 随便哪一个都行。
2．each和every
each用于强调两个
．．．．．．．．．．．．．。既可作定语，也可作主语和宾语。
．．或两个以上的人或事物中每一个
Each of the boys has his strong and weak points.
There is a bookstore on each side of the street.
every（形容词）用于表示三个或三个以上的人或事物中每一个
．．．．．。
．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．。在句中只能作定语
I have read every book he lent me.
请注意以下不定代词的特殊用法或固定搭配
① I have read it in some magazine.
some修饰单数可数名词，相当于a certain
② She is something like his mother. 她有点像她的母亲。
③ He is something of an expert at computers. 他是一个出色的电脑专家。
④ She is nothing but a dancer. 她只不过是一个跳舞的。
（nothing but = only）
⑤ He was anything but pleased at the news.听到这个消息他一点不高兴。
（anything but = not … at all）
3．both, either, neither和all, any, none
both两者，双方；neither（两者）都不，（两者中）无一；either（两者之中）任何一个；
all（三者或三者以上）全体人员，所有东西。none（三者或三者以上）都不。any（三者或三者以上中）任何一个。
作用：1）作主语
Both of his students are from Beijing.
Either of the teams has the chance of winning.
Neither of his novels is satisfactory.
None of us have（has）ever been abroad. None of the money was paid to me.
2）作名词的定语
He spent all his money.
Both sides are eager to reach an agreement.
There is a post office on either side of the street.
Neither seat is occupied. 两个位子都空着。
3）both, all, each作主语同位语，位于be动词/ 助动词和行为动词中间。
作宾语同位语，置于宾语之后。
They are both（all）tired of reading.
We each have different opinions about it.
I will invite you both = I will invite both of you.
选择：—— Have you any money ? I need some badly.
—— Sorry. at all.
A. Nothing
B. No one
C. None
D. A little
注 1.指带没有上文中提到的人或物，用none.
2.none 不能做定语。下句是典型病句:
Luckily, none passengers were injured in the car accident.
3. no one 仅指人；no one, nothing 等不定代词不能接“of + n.”结构
Everyone of us likes it.
判断下列句子是否正确。如果有错，请改正。
1．The Parkers bought a new house, but they will need a lot of decoration before they move in.
A B C D 2．Some people make more money than we teachers, but few gain as much satisfaction from
A B C
D
3．Between you and I, we have nothing in common.
A B C D
4．Y ou have to hurry up if you want to buy something cheap because there is hardly something
A B C
left.
D
5．The men and women who pushed the frontier（边境）Westward across America probably
A
never thought of them as brave pioneers.
B C D
6．My wife and I reached the agreement that everything is more important for us than building
A B C D
a solid bank account.
7．There are two buses to Baihai Park. Y ou can take each of them.
A B C D
8．Believe it or not. There is such no thing which will happen here.
A B C D
9．His refusal came as none surprise. I expected it.
A B C D
10．When each the pop star stepped into the hall, all the people present burst into cheers.
A B C D
另外，替代上述之事用that, this, it；替代下文要说的事，用this：
Her mother was ill. That / This is why she couldn’t come.
The problem is this：he is suffering from cancer.
4．one和that
1）one替代上文提到的同种类的人或事物，但非同一个人或物。
one = a + 单数名词。
—— What do you think of the watches ?
——Excellent. I’m going to buy one. = I going to buy a watch like them.
其复数形式为ones。The white coats match the hat than the blue ones. 白色上衣比蓝色上衣更配这顶帽子。
one
．．．．．．．．。若其有形容修饰，需加“a”；若其后有限制性后置定语，需加“the”。
．．．只能替代可数名词
例1：This hat is too small for me. Can you change it for a bigger one ?
例2：This picture is the one my mother wants to have very much.
2）that替代上文提到的同种类的事物。
that = the + 单数名词，常用that of …结构。
例1：My seat was next to that of the mayor.（that = the seat）
例2：The air of a suburb is clearer than that of a city. 郊外的空气比都市的干净。
that可替代可数名词（例1），也可替代不可数名词（例2）。其复数形式为those。
Our rules are quite different from those of other organizations.
one和that作“替代”的用法，是高考的一个重点热点。
5．疑问代词who, what, which
1）which既可指人，也可指物。表示在一定范围内“哪一个”。
Which of these ideas costs the least ? 在这些办法中，哪一个花费最小？
Which do you prefer, classical music or popular music ?
2）who（谁），what（什么）则用于无选择范围的情况。
Who are you talking about ?
What is your hobby ? 你的业余爱好是什么？
6．部分否定
1）everyone, everything可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句。
—— Is everyone here ?
—— Y es, except Li Ming.
2）not与both, all, everyone, everything及副词always, entirely / wholly（全部地）连用，表示部分否定，译“并非…都是”
Not everyone is kind. = Everyone is not kind. 并非所有人都善良。
All your answers are not correct.
I don’t wholly agree with you. 我并不完全同意你的看法。
选择：I agree with most of what you said, but I don’t agree with .
A. everything
B. anything
C. something
D. nothing 答案A
7．other, the other, the others, the rest, another
1）other (adj) 其他的，仅作定语，修饰复数名词。no / some / any / many other可修饰单数或复数名词
Can we settle this problem in other ways ? Y ou have no other choice but to wait.
I have many other questions to ask. Please come to my home some other time.
2）another同类中另一个
Would you like another cup of tea ?
Give me another chance, please.
I need another three dollars = I need three more dollars.
我还需要三美元。
3）others泛指其他人，别人或其他东西，常与some对照使用，表示“有的…有的…”
It is like her to think of others. Some people believe in God; others don’t.
4）the other 表示两者的另一个。
He has two sons. One is thin and the other is fat.
5）the others / the rest 表示除去一部分其余的人或物。the others代替可数名词；the rest可代替可数或不可数名词。
Some of the boys went swimming, while the others lay on the beach, bathed in sunlight.
一些男孩去游泳，其余的躺在沙滩上沐日光浴。
用other, the other, the others, the rest, another填空：
1）I don’t know pop music. So I can h ardly tell one song from .
2）Y ou might as well paint side of the wall white.
3）Perhaps he came here for reasons.
4）Some of the equipment is made in China; is introduced from Japan.
5）We must try to meet the needs of .
Exercise 代词
1. Shanghai is really a fascinating city and we’ve decided to stay for ______ two weeks.
A. another
B. other
C. the other
D. other’s
2. ---Do you like ______ here?
---Oh, yes, the air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice.
A. this
B. these
C. that
D. it
3. I like _____ in the autumn when the climate is clear and bright.
A．it B．that C．this D．one
4. We considered _____ logical（符合逻辑的）that not all plans can be put into practice.
A．that B．quite C．it D．very
5. --- Are the new rules working ?
--- Y es, ______ books are stolen.
A．Few B．Some C．Less D．None
6. --- Have you any money with you ? I need some badly
--- Sorry, but _____ .
A．not B．nothing C．none D．quite a little
7. --- How much tea is left in the pot ?
--- ______.
A．None B．Nothing C．Not some D．No one
8. ---Y ou have no difficulty finding the answer to the question?
---_______.
A. Not a little
B. No problem
C. None at all
D. Neither
9. --- Do you have_____ ready for tonight’s party ?
--- No. I still have to send all the letters of invitation.
A．anything B．something C．everything D．nothing
10. --- Do you mind if Peter join you in your work ?
--- Y es, I do. I will be glad to work with _____ Peter.
A．anyone but B．no one except C．all besides D．everyone and
11. --- Where do you think I should put this pot of flowers ?
--- Put it on _____ side of the meeting hall.
A．every B．any C．each D．either
12. As is expected, cities like Cario and Jakarta probably would _____ have a population of
20 million by 2010.
A．both B．each C．every D．either
13. Y ou should learn to think for yourself; nothing taught by others can have the same
effect on you as ______ learned by yourself.
A．what B．it C．that D．the one
14. --- Why don’t we take a little break ?
--- Didn’t we just have _____ .
A．it B．that C．one D．this
15. If this dictionary isn’t yours, ______ can it be ?
A．what else B．who else C．which elses’ D．who else’s
16. New English-Chinese dictionary has been republished many times, more up to date
than the last edition.
A．every B．either C．each D．any
17. They couldn’t have dinner in a restaurant because_____ of them ____ money.
A．all, didn’t have B．everyone, had no
C．none, had any D．no one, had any
18. Most of the equipment is made in China; _____ imported from Japan.
A．others B．the others C．the rest D．the other
19. It is one thing to enjoy listening to good music, but it is quite _____ to perform
skillfully yourself.
A．another B．other thing C．others D．the other
20．The man is so familiar to me. I must have met him one day _____ .
A．or the other B．or another C．or else D．or something
21. One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and _____ .
A．the other is white B．another white
英语语法大全 初中英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词 或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间 接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如： He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：
巫不民族学校2013-2014学年度第二学期 八年级英语复习资料2014.6.24 1.in front of在....前面注意区别：in the front of e.g. I was afraid to speak in front of my classmates. 2.ask sb. for sth.向...寻求... ask sb to do sth e.g. have you ever asked your teacher for help? 3.do sth by doing sth.通过（做）...（方式）做... e.g. I learning English by studying grammar. 4.too...to do..太...而不能做... e.g. I’m too tired to do well. 5.watch sb. do sth.看...做过了... e.g. I can watch the actors say the words. 6.see sb. doing sth.看见...正在做.... see sb do sth 看见...做过了.... e.g. Today after school I saw my mother cooking in kitchen. 7.get excited变得兴奋、激动 e.g. When we excited about something and then end up runing. 8.end up doing sth结束（做）.... e.g. I spend two days ending up doing work. 9.finish doing sth. 完成（做）... e.g. I spend a lot of time finishing my homework. 10.end up with 以....为结束（告终） e.g. The dream ends up with the voice of alarm. 11.make mistakes in sth.在...（上）犯错 e.g. I often make mistakes in study. 12.be afraid to do sth害怕做.... e.g. The man who is not afraid to fail can be successful. 13.be afraid that +句子害怕... e.g. I’m afraid that he won’t come back tomorrow. 14.challenge sb. to 跟....挑战做.... 15.....one of ....之一 e.g. Studying grammar is one of the best ways to learn English. 16.make up of ...由...构成... e.g. The English words made up of twenty-six letters. 17.impress sb with sth 给...留下印象 e.g. I impressed my teacher with my honesty. 19.deal with 处理、应付 e.g. How do you deal with your problems in life ？ 20.have an influence on/in 对...有影响 e.g. The weather will have a bad influence on the local people. 21.regard...as..把...视、看作... e.g. I usually regard problems as challenges. https://www.doczj.com/doc/139509560.html,ed to do过去常常做....(现在不做了) e.g. I used to be afraid of the dog. 23.be use to doing =get used to doing 习惯于做.... e.g. I’m used to reading books. 24.be used to do ...被用于做... 25.be used for doing被用于做.... e.g. A pen is used to write. e.g. A pen is used for writing. 26.sth be used by sb. ....被....使用 e.g. My motorbike is used by my brother. 27.be afraid of 害怕.... e.g. I can’t be afraid of swimming. 28.be sure of 对...有把握 e.g. I’m sure of becoming a English teacher. 29.be sure to do 肯定能做.... e.g. I’m sure to change my life. 30.be sure that+句子确信、肯定.. e.g. I am sure that he will make mistakes in study. 31.be interested in对...感兴趣interesting修饰物品 e.g. He is interested in the history book. 32.be terrified of害怕... e.g. Everyone is terrified of death. 33.be afraid to do =be afraid of doing 害怕做..... e.g. He is afraid to stay at home alone. e.g. He is afraid of staying at home alone. 34.spend time in doing sth花费时间、金钱做.... 35.spend time on sth花费时间、金钱在....上 e.g. I usually spend much time on study, but I still can not study well. e.g. She often spend much time in doing her homework. 36.not...any more..不再... e.g. Jim isn’t mad at me anynore. 37.in the last few years在过去的几年里（常用于现在完成时） e.g. Have you ever been changed in the last few years? 38.worry about =be worried about 担心、忧... e.g. Will you be worried about me? 39.make sb do sth让...做... 40.It’s much more difficult to do ....做....困难得多 e.g. It’s much more difficult to study grammar.
六年级语法总复习 一、词汇 （一）一般过去时态 一般过去时态表示在过去的某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用。例如yesterday, last weekend ,last Saturday ,等连用。基本句型：主语+动词的过去式+其他。例句——What did you do last weekend?你上周做什么了？ ——I played football last weekend.我踢足球了。 ★规则动词过去式的构成 ⒈一般在动词原形末尾加-ed。例如：play—played ⒉词尾是e的动词直接加-d。例如：dance—danced ⒊末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed。例如stop（停止）--stopped ⒋结尾是“辅音字母+y”的动词，变“y”为“i”，再加-ed，例如：study--studied ★一些不规则变化的动词过去式 am/is—was are—were go—went swim—swam fly—flew do—did have—had say—said see—saw take—took come—came become—became get—got draw—drew hurt—hurt read—read tell—told will—would eat—ate take—took make—made drink—drank sleep(睡觉)—slept cut（切）--cut sit(坐)—sat begin(开始)—began think—thought find—found run(跑)---ran buy—bought win—won give(给)—gave sing—sang leave—left hear（听）--heart wear—wore （二）一般现在时态 一般现在时态表示包括现在时间在内的一段时间内经常发生的动作或存在的状态，表示习惯性或客观存在的事实和真理。常与often ,always ,usually ,sometimes ,every day等连用。基本句型分为两种情况： ●主语（非第三人称）+动词原形+其他。例句：——What do you usually do on the weekend?——I usually do my homework on the weekend. ●主语（第三人称）+动词的第三人称单数形式+其他。例句： ——What does Sarah usually do on the weekend?萨拉通常在周末干什么？ ——She usually does her homework on the weekend.她通常在周末做她的家庭作业。 ★动词第三人称单数形式的变化规则 ⒈一般直接在动词词尾加-s.例如：play—plays ⒉以s ,x ,ch,sh结尾的动词加-es。例如：watch—watches ⒊以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，变y为i，再加es,例如：fly—flies ⒋个别不规则变化动词，需单独记忆，例如：do—does go—goes （三）现在进行时态 现在进行时态表示说话人现在正在进行的动作。基本句型：主语+be+动词的-ing+其他。 例如:——What are you doing ?你在干什么？ ——I am doing my homework..我正在做作业。 ★动词现在分词的变化规则 ⒈一般直接在词尾加ing ，例如;wash—washing ⒉以不发音e字母结尾的动词，去掉e ,再加ing.例如：make—making ⒊末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，要双写最后一个辅音字母再加ing.例如swim—swimming （四）一般将来时态 一般将来时态表示将来某一时间或某一段时间内发生的动作或存在的状态。常与表示将来的时间如tomorrow ,next weeken ,this afternoon 等连用。我们通常用will,be going to+动词原形来表示一般将来时态。
初中英语语法大全汇总 （一） 一.词类( ) 名词英文名称(缩写为n.) 表示人或事物的名称例词等 冠词英文名称(缩写为.) 用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人和或事物。例词a() 代词英文名称(缩写为) 用来代替名词、形容词或是数词例词 形容词英文名称(缩写为.) 用以修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征 例词. 数词英文名称(缩写为.) 表示数量或是顺序。例词 动词英文名称(缩写为v.) 表示动作或状态。例词() 副词英文名称(缩写为.) 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词。例词 介词英文单词(缩写为.) 表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系。例词. 连词英文单词(缩写为.) 用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句。例词. 感叹词英文单词(缩写为.) 表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感。例词. 二.名词() 1.总的说来,名词分专有名词和普通名词两类。 专有名词: 表示具体的人,事物,地点或机构的专有名称。 中国亚洲北京。 专有名词的第一个字母要大写。 普通名词: 表示某些人,某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如: 老师茶改革 普通名词又可进一步分为四类 1) 个体名称: 表示单个的人和事物。 马汽车房间苹果风扇照片 2) 集体名称: 表示一群人或一些事物的名称。 人们家庭军队政府集团 3) 物质名词:表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。 火钢空气水牛奶 4)抽象名词:表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念。 劳动健康生活友情耐力 2.名词按其所表现的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。 可数名词( )有复数形式,如: a 不可数名词( )一般没有复数形式. 抽象名词, 物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词。 沙糖 有少数名词即可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词,但含义不同。 玻璃玻璃杯纸报纸,文件 名词的功能 名词在句中作主语, 宾语,介词宾语,宾语补助语,表语以及名词短语作状语。
英语语法大全 初中英语语法学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .
10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。 如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)
【学英语必看】 《英语语法手册》 在实用英语备受青睐的现在，大家在学习英语和准备各种考试时，总是把 听说读写放在首位，诚然，学习语言重在实践。但是，请不要忽视语法的作用，特别是在阅读和写作中，他能帮助你分析清楚句子结构，准确抓住句子的要点，更能帮你写出复杂而优美的长句。 以下为你整理《英语语法手册》全集，不需背诵记忆，只要静下心阅读一遍，就能有所收获！ 宝宝更希望你能把他们融在平时的阅读写作里. [英语语法手册]关于词类和句子成分 根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的功用将词分为若干类，叫做词类。一个 句子由各个功用不同的部分所构成，这些部分叫做句子成分。 学一个词，要学它的发音、拼法、意义，也要记它的词类；更重要的是要 了解它和其他词的关系，及其在句中作什么句子成分。如China is in East Asia(中国位于东亚)一句中的China这个单词所属的词类是名词，在句子中作主语。 词类(parts of speech) 英语的词通常分为十大类： 1）名词(noun，缩写为n.)是人和事物的名称，如pen(钢笔)，English(英语)，life(生活)。 2)代词(pronoun，缩写为pron.)是用来代替名词的词，如we(我们)，his(他的)，all(全部)。 3)形容词(adjective，缩写为adj.)用来修饰名词，如great(伟大的)，honest(诚实的)，difficult(困难的)。 4)数词(numeral，缩写为num.)是表示"多少"和"第几"的词，如four(四)，eighteen(十八)，first(第一)，eighth(十八)，hundred(一百)。
语法知识是在掌握一定量的单词和短语的基础上才能获得的。因此，单词的形态变化是语法学习的基础之基础。而九种基本时态和含有不复杂的状语从句及宾语从句的复合句是初中生学习的重点也是语法学习的难点。 总之，语法部分是英语学习的重点和难点。语法知识掌握得好，将大大加快英语学习的进程。本文帮大家归纳了词法、九种基本时态以及初中生需要掌握五种基本从句，希望对广大中学生有所帮助。 1词法 ▊ 1.名词 1.1 名词的可数与不可数 可数名词指表示的人或事物可以用数来计量，它有单数与复数两种形式。不可数名词指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目，来统计，都成为不可数名词。 不可数名词前一般不能用冠词a、an来表示数量，没有复数形式。要表示“一个……”这一概念，就须加a piece of这一类短语。要注意许多名词在汉语里看来是可数名词，在英语里却不可数。如：chalk，paper，bread，rice，grass，news等。 1.2 名词复数的规则变化 A.一般情况下加-s。 B.以s, x, ch, sh, 结尾的加-es C.以辅音字母加y结尾的改y为i再加-es D.以f，fe结尾的，去掉f或fe，变成v再加-es 1.3 名词的所有格 A.单数名词词尾加’s，复数名词词尾若没有s，也要加’s。 如：the worker's bike，the Children’ s ball
B.表示几个人共有一样东西，只需在最后一个人的名字后加’ s若表示各自所有，则需在各个名字后’ s。 如：This is Lucy and Licy’ s room. These are Kate's and jack’ s rooms. C. 如果是通过在词尾加—s构成的复数形式的名词，只加’。 如:the students’ books，the girls’ blouses (另外：名词+of+名词名词是有生命的，我们就用’s结构来表示所有关系。如果名词所表示的事物是无生命的，我们就要用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系。) ▊ 2.代词 人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，指示代词，不定代词 2.1 人称代词 第一人称单数 I me my mine myself 复数we us our ours ourselves 第二人称 单数you you your yours yourself 复数you you your yours yourselves 第三人称 单数he him his his himself
小学英语语法知识点汇总！ 01 人称代词 主格：I we you she he it they 宾格：me us you her him it them 形容词性物主代词：my our your her his its their 名词性物主代词：mine ours yours hers his its theirs 02 形容词和副词的比较 (1) 一般在形容词或副词后+er older ,taller, longer, stronger (2) 多音节词前+more more interesting, etc. (3) 双写最后一个字母，再+er bigger fatter, etc. (4) 把y变i，再+er heavier, earlier (5) 不规则变化： well-better, much/many-more, etc. 03 可数词的复数形式 Most nouns + s abook –books
Nouns ending in aconsonant +y - y+ ies a story—stories Nouns ending in s,sh, ch or x + es a glass—glasses a watch-watches Nouns ending in o+s or +es a piano—pianos a mango—mangoes Nouns ending in for fe - f or fe +ves a knife –knives a shelf-shelves 04 不可数名词（单复数不变） bread, rice, water ,juice等。 05 缩略形式 I’m= I a，you’re = you are，she’s= she is，he’s = he is it’s= it is，who’s =who is，can’t =can not，isn’t=is not等。 06 a/an a book, a peach an egg，an hour 07 Preposition on, in ,in front of, between, next to, near, beside, at,behind. 表示时间：at six o’clock, at Christmas, at breakfast
人教版七年级（上册）英语知识点 第一块国际音标 国际音标是一种工具，其作用是标记英语字母和单词的读音。 1、20个元音 单元音： ／i:／Ee、／з:／her ／u:／do ／I／it ／?／about ／u／book ／ɑ:／are ／／or ／?／any ／／us ／／off ／e／at 双元音： ／／Ii ／／out ／／ear ／／Aa，／／Oo ／／air ／／boy ／／sure 2、28辅音： 成对的清浊辅音： ／p／map ／t／it ／k／book ／f／off ／θ／math ／s／yes ／b／club ／d／dad ／g／big ／v／have ／e／this ／z／zoo ／／fish ／／watch ／tr／tree ／ts／its ／／usually ／／orange ／dr／dress ／dz／beds 其他辅音： ／m／am ／n／and ／／English ／l／like ／h／hello ／r／red ／w／what ／j／yes 3、国际音标拼读规则： 辅见元，碰一碰。／l／在前，发本音；音节后面卷下舌。 ／p／、／t／、／k／、／tr ／清辅音，／s／后读成浊辅音。 本块词汇: speak说讲start开始school学校 s trict严格的out外面club俱乐部usually通常 dress化妆about关于大约us我们her她的ear耳朵English英语sure当然可以air空气or或者any一些boy男孩orange橙子,桔子map地图tree树math数学 off离开watch观看手表do做 like喜欢 beds床what什么hello喂是的red红色的yes是的 book书its它的 zoo动物园fish鱼dad爸爸big大的have有this这it它 Starter unit1-3 一、文化常识 1、英语文化区域，熟人之间见面，常要互相问好。早上用语Good morning ! 下午用语Good afternoon ! 晚上用语Good evening ! 例如：
第一章名词 一、名词的分类： 名词就其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。 专有名词：Beijing Smith the United Nations 个体名词：man, expert, factory 可数名词 集合名词：audience（观众），c lass, family 普通名词： 物质名词：water, coal, rice 不可数名词 抽象名词：surprise, honour, help 二、可数名词的复数形式 1．一般情况，直接加-s。port（港口）→ports；technique（技术）—techniques 2．以s, x, ch, sh结尾发[s]、[∫]、[t∫]、[dЗ]音的词，加—es bus—buses, box—boxes, bush—bushes branch—branches，stomach—stomachs（stomach词尾发k，故复数直接加-s） 3．辅音字母+ y，变y为i，加-es university—universities y前为元音字母，直接加-s boy—boys 4．以O结尾加-es hero—heroes O前为元音字母，及部分外来词直接加-s zoo—zoos radio—radio piano—pianos photo—photos 5．以f或fe结尾，变f或fe为v，再加-es leaf—leaves wife—wives ※以下f结尾单词直接加-s belief—beliefs（信念）roof—roofs（屋顶）proof—proofs（证据）safe—safes（保险柜） chief—chiefs（首领）gulf—gulfs（海湾） 6．不规则名词 man—men, woman—women, foot—feet, tooth—teeth, goose—geese, mouse—mice, child—children, ox—oxen 注1：有些可数名词的单复数相同，要根据上下文的意义来确定其单数还是复数，例如： sheep 羊fish 鱼deer 鹿 means手段，方法works工厂，作品series系列 注2：在些可数名词，只有单数形式，但表示复数意义。如果作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。
1) leave的用法 1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”。例如： When did you leave Shanghai? 你什么时候离开上海的？ 2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地”。例如： Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London. 下周五，爱丽斯要去伦敦了。 3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。例如：Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing? 你为什么要离开上海去北京？ 2) 情态动词should“应该”学会使用
should作为情态动词用，常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等，有“竟会”的意思，例如： How should I know? 我怎么知道？ Why should you be so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚？ should有时表示应当做或发生的事，例如： We should help each other.我们应当互相帮助。 我们在使用时要注意以下几点： 1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。例如： You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。 2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。例如： You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感觉不舒服，你最好去看医生。
3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如： We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。 She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。 3) What...? 与Which...? 1. what 与which 都是疑问代词，都可以指人或事物，但是what仅用来询问职业。如： What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的？ 该句相当于： What does your father do? What is your father's job? Which 指代的是特定范围内的某一个人。如：
初中英语语法大全 语法网络图 一．名词 I. 名词的种类： II. 1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下： leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, 2.
III. 名词的所有格： 名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of 加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。 1. ’s 2. ’s
3. of所有格的用法： 用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 二．冠词 冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。 I. That boy is rather a Lei Feng. II.
III. 三．代词： I. 代词可以分为以下七大类： II. 不定代词用法注意点： 1. one, some与any: 1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask.
英语语法知识汇总-五年级 英语语法知识汇总 一、词类： 1、名词 这里强调两点：不可数名词都默认为单数，所以总是用is 名词复数如何加后缀：
2、人称代词和物主代词 人称代词：有主格和宾格之分。一般动词前用主格，动词后用宾格。 3、指示代词
4、冠词 有a、an、the。a和an的区别：an用于元音音素（一般就是元音字母a、e、i、o、u）前，a用于辅音音素前。 二、否定句： be动词（am、is、are）+not、 情态动词can+ not、 助动词（do、does）+ not 如何将一个肯定的陈述句改为否定句： 1、看句中有无be动词，如有，直接在be动词后+ not。 2、看句中有无情态动词，如有，直接在情态动词后+ not。 3、如上述二者都没有，就应用助动词+ not。分四个步骤： （1）肯定陈述句中本来是没有助动词的，要加上去，位置在主语（某人或某物）后，动词前。 （2）确定助动词用do、does，根据句中动词，动词是原形的助动词就用d o，动词是第三人称单数的助动词就用does， （3）在助动词后加not。 （4）原句中动词假如发生变化就要恢复成原形。
强调一点，有some的要考虑是否要用any。 三、一般疑问句。 如何将一个肯定的陈述句改为一般疑问句： 1、看句中有无be动词，如有，把be动词提到句首即可。 2、看句中有无情态动词，如有，把情态动词提到句首即可。 3、如上述二者都没有，就应把助动提到句首。分四个步骤： （1）肯定陈述句中本来是没有助动词的，要加上去，位置在主语（某人或某物）后，动词前。 I do like you. （2）确定助动词用do还是does，根据句中动词，动词是原形的助动词就用do，动词是第三人称单数的助动词就用does He does like you. （3）把助动词后提到句首。 Does he like you? （4）原句中动词假如发生变化就要恢复成原形。 强调一点，有some的要考虑是否要用any。 四、特殊疑问句。 表示疑问，有疑问词（在开头），回答有很多种可能。
《高中英语语法大全》(word下载版) 本文件内容丰富，讲解详细，层次分明，重点突出，包括高中英语中非常详尽的知识点、易错点、易混点、常考点等，是高中学生和老师非常实用而而且管用语法大全。适合不同层次的高中学生使用。 《高中英语语法大全》第01章名词 一、概说 名词是表示人、事物、抽象概念等名称的词，如boy 男孩，mother 母亲，news 消息，progress 进步，computer 计算机，Tom 汤姆，Paris 巴黎，Japan 日本，furniture 家具，等。 名词根据其词汇意义，通常分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词主要指人、地方、组织、机构等的专有的名称，专有名词的第一个字母通常大写，如Mary 玛丽，Mr Green 格林先生，Beijing 北京，等；普通名词通常指人、物、概念等的一般名称。根据普通名词的语法性质，它又可以细为个体名词、物质名词、集合名词和抽象名词四类：个体名词表示人或物的个体，如girl 女孩，pen 钢笔，等；物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物，如wood 木头，meat 肉，等；集合名词表示若干个体组成的集合体，如：family 家庭，crowd 人群，等；抽象名词表示性质、行为、状态、感情等抽象概念，如work 工作，happiness 幸福，等。 二、名词的数 1.名词复数的构成方法 (1)在一般情况下，加词尾 -s： book / books 书 pen / pens 钢笔 face / faces 脸 (2)以 s, x, z, sh, ch 等结尾的名词，通常加词尾 -es： bus / buses 公共汽车 box / boxes 盒子 dish / dishes 盘子 注：有些以 ch 结尾的名词，由于其发音不是 [k] 而是 [tf]，那么其复数形式应加词尾–s，如stomach / stomachs 胃。 (3)以y 结尾的名词，其复数构成要分两种情况：以―辅音字母+y‖结尾的名词，将 y 改为 ies；以―元音字母＋y‖结尾的名词，直接加词尾s： city / cities 城市 boy / boys 男孩 key / keys 钥匙
资料收集于网络，如有侵权请联系网站删除 1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2 （比较级and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助向…要…（直接接想要的东西）eg : ask you for my book 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾eg : At the end of the day 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么eg :she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕…… eg : I'm afraed to go out at night I'm afraid of dog 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气eg : Don't be angry with me 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开 29 be bad for 对什么有害eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于 31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事be busy with sth 忙于…… 32 be careful 当心；小心 33 be different from…… 和什么不一样 34 be famous for 以……著名
六年级语法总复习 亠、词汇 （一）一般过去时态 一般过去时态表示在过去的某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用。例如 yesterday, last weeke nd ,last Saturday , 等连用。基本句型：主语+动词的过去式+其他。例句---------- What did you do last weekend? 你上周做什么了？ ---- I played football last weeke nd. 我踢足球了。 ★规则动词过去式的构成 1. 一般在动词原形末尾加-ed。例如：play —played 2. 词尾是e的动词直接加-d。例如：dance —da need 3. 末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed。例如stop （停止）--stopped 4. 结尾是“辅音字母+y ”的动词，变“ y”为“ i”，再加-ed，例如：study-studied ★ 一些不规则变化的动词过去式 am/is —was are —were go -—went swim -— swam fly —flew do —did have —had say —-said see—sawtake —took come —came become —became get—got draw —drew hurt — -hurt read —read tell —told will —would eat — ate take —took make —made drink —drank sleep （睡 觉）—slept cut （切）--cut sit（坐）—sat begin（开始）—began th ink —thought find —found run（跑）---ra n buy —bought win -— won give（给）—gave sing —sang leave —left hear （听）--heart wear ——wore （二）一般现在时态 一般现在时态表示包括现在时间在内的一段时间内经常发生的动作或存在的状态，表示习惯性或客观存在 的事实和真理。常与ofte n ,always ,usually ‘sometimes ,every day等连用。基本句型分为两种情况： ?主语（非第三人称）+ 动词原形+ 其他。例句：----What do you usually do on the weeke nd? --------------- I usually do my homework on the weeke nd. ?主语（第三人称）+动词的第三人称单数形式+其他。例句： ---- What does Sarah usually do on the weeke nd? 萨拉通常在周末干什么？ ---- She usually does her homework on the weeke nd. 她通常在周末做她的家庭作业。 ★动词第三人称单数形式的变化规则 1 一般直接在动词词尾加-s.例如：play —plays 2. 以s ,x ,ch,sh 结尾的动词加-es。例如：watch —watches 3. 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，变y为i，再加es,例如：fly —flies 4. 个别不规则变化动词，需单独记忆，例如：do —does go —goes （三）现在进行时态