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GRE阅读真题大全

使用说明 (1)

GRE阅读(No. 2—No. 9) (2)

No. 2-1 (2)

SECTION A (2)

SECTION B (5)

No. 2-2 (9)

SECTION A (9)

SECTION B (12)

No. 2-3 (16)

SECTION A (16)

SECTION B (20)

No. 3-1 (23)

SECTION A (23)

SECTION B (27)

No. 3-2 (30)

SECTION A (30)

SECTION B (34)

No. 3-3 (38)

SECTION A (38)

SECTION B (41)

No. 4-1 (45)

SECTION A (45)

SECTION B (49)

No. 4-2 (52)

SECTION A (53)

SECTION B (56)

No. 4-3 (60)

SECTION A (60)

SECTION B (64)

No. 5-1 (68)

SECTION A (68)

SECTION B (71)

No. 5-2 (75)

SECTION A (75)

SECTION B (78)

No. 5-3 (82)

SECTION A (82)

SECTION B (86)

No. 6-1 (89)

SECTION B (93)

No. 6-2 (97)

SECTION A (97)

SECTION B (101)

No. 6-3 (105)

SECTION A (105)

SECTION B (108)

No. 7-1 (112)

SECTION A (112)

SECTION B (116)

No. 7-2 (120)

SECTION A (120)

SECTION B (123)

No. 7-3 (127)

SECTION A (127)

SECTION B (131)

No. 8-1 (135)

SECTION A (135)

SECTION B (139)

No. 8-2 (143)

SECTION A (143)

SECTION B (147)

No. 8-3 (150)

SECTION A (150)

SECTION B (154)

No. 9-1 (157)

SECTION A (157)

SECTION B (161)

No. 9-2 (165)

SECTION A (165)

SECTION B (169)

No. 9-3 (172)

SECTION A (172)

SECTION B (176)

No. 9-4 (180)

SECTION A (180)

SECTION B (184)

No. 9-5 (187)

SECTION A (187)

No. 9-6 (195)

SECTION A (195)

SECTION B (199)

GRE国内题全部阅读 (202)

1990年04月 (202)

SECTION A (202)

SECTION B (206)

1990年10月 (210)

SECTION A (210)

SECTION B (214)

1991年02月 (218)

SECTION A (218)

SECTION B (222)

1991年04月 (226)

SECTION A (226)

SECTION B (230)

1991年10月 (234)

SECTION A (234)

SECTION B (237)

1992年02月 (241)

SECTION A (241)

SECTION B (245)

1992年04月 (249)

SECTION A (249)

SECTION B (253)

1992年10月 (256)

SECTION A (256)

SECTION B (260)

1993年02月 (264)

SECTION A (264)

SECTION B (267)

1993年04月 (271)

SECTION A (271)

SECTION B (274)

SECTION C (278)

1993年10月 (282)

SECTION A (282)

SECTION B (286)

1994年02月 (289)

SECTION B (293)

1994年04月 (296)

SECTION A (296)

SECTION B (300)

1994年10月 (304)

SECTION A (304)

SECTION B (308)

1995年04月 (312)

SECTION A (312)

SECTION B (317)

1995年10月 (321)

SECTION A (321)

SECTION B (325)

1996年04月北美 (328)

SECTION A (328)

SECTION B (332)

1996年04月 (336)

SECTION A (336)

SECTION B (340)

1996年10月 (344)

SECTION A (344)

SECTION B (348)

1997年04月 (351)

SECTION A (351)

SECTION B (355)

1997年11月 (359)

SECTION A (359)

SECTION B (363)

1998年04月 (366)

SECTION A (366)

SECTION B (370)

1998年11月 (374)

SECTION A (374)

SECTION B (378)

1999年04月 (382)

SECTION A (382)

SECTION B (386)

使用说明

1、各题答案均隐藏在(D)选项后（放在这里主要是避免下一题答案也被显示从而影响做题）,

另外文件最后有全部答案（感谢PUMPKIN的辛勤劳动！），显示的方法是鼠标左键单击“常用”工具栏“显示/隐藏编辑标记”按钮（只有WORD才有此按钮，写字板没有）。

再次单击又被隐藏。见下图：

2、做题时请切换至“普通”视图，因为显示答案时页面变化小；在“页面”视图下，可以

欣赏到以当今世界一流技术精心打造的一流风姿！

3、本文件包括所有的GMAT阅读、GRE全部No题和99年之前全部国内题的阅读以及（28

＋1）套LSAT阅读，共计2772题，是无比宝贵的学习材料（也是馈赠亲友的最珍贵礼物，并值得永久收藏）。它不仅仅能够提高阅读能力，也是扩大词汇、研究语法的宝贵材料。GRE的难度突出表现在语言文字的艰深和意思的晦涩，而LSAT题对逻辑思维的要求很高，GMA T文字上的难度不如GRE，逻辑上次于LSAT（个人观点）。

4、文档中绿色单词或词组的后面有释义，看注释请按上述第1点操作。少数难题加注了我

个人的看法（一律被隐藏），未必正确，仅供参考。

5、一部分文档题目中的行号添加了超链接，按住Ctrl的同时用鼠标左键单击有超链接标志

的行号即可到达相应内容。但因为我时间紧，没有做完（对于没有超链接的题目，做题时可以用“查找”命令搜索。无论如何，比纸面的用起来肯定方便。在电脑上做题吧，如果你的WORD用的比较熟练，再在你的电脑上装几本电子词典，你会感到效率倍增，妙趣无穷！）；另外，由于WORD软件本身的缺陷，格式上可能未必有“GMAT&LSAT CR”

与“GMA T SC 885”那么完美统一。这些都有待于将来修正与完善。

GRE阅读(No. 2—No. 9)

No. 2-1

SECTION A

Extended debate concerning the exact point of origin of individual folktales told by

Afro-American slaves has unfortunately taken precedence over analysis of the tales’ meaning and function. Cultural continuities with Africa were not dependent on importation and perpetuation of specific folktales in their pristine form. It is in the place that tales occupied in the lives of the slaves and in the meaning slaves derived from them that the clearest resemblances to African tradition can be found. Afro-American slaves did not borrow tales indiscriminately from the Whites among whom they lived. Black people were most influenced by those Euro-American tales whose functional meaning and aesthetic appeal had the greatest similarity to the tales with deep roots in their ancestral homeland. Regardless of where slave tales came from, the essential point is that, with respect to language, delivery, details of characterization, and plot, slaves quickly made them their own.

17. The author claims that most studies of folktales told by Afro-American slaves are

inadequate because the studies

(A) fail to recognize any possible Euro-American influence on the folktales

(B) do not pay enough attention to the features of a folktale that best reveal an

African influence

(D) do not consider the fact that a folktale can be changed as it is retold many

times

(E) oversimplify the diverse and complex traditions of the slaves ancestral

homeland

18. The author’s main purpose is to

(A) create a new field of study

(B) discredit an existing field of study

(D) transplant scholarly techniques from one field of study to another

(E) restrict the scope of a burgeoning new field of study

19. The passage suggests that the author would regard which of the following areas

of inquiry as most likely to reveal the slaves’ cultural continuities with Africa?

(A) The means by which Blacks disseminated their folktales in

nineteenth-century America

(B) Specific regional differences in the styles of delivery used by the slaves in

telling folktales

raised by slave

(D) The specific way the slaves used folktales to impart moral teaching to their

children

(E) The complexities of plot that appear most frequently in the slaves’ tales

20. Which of the following techniques is used by the author in developing the

argument in the passage?

(A) Giving a cliché a new meaning

(B) Pointedly refusing to define key terms

(D) Concluding the passage with a restatement of the first point made in the

passage

(E) Juxtaposing statements of what is not the case and statements of what is the

case

T he energy contained in rock within the earth’s crust represents a nearly unlimited energy source, but until recently commercial retrieval has been limited to underground hot water and/or steam recovery systems. These systems have been developed in areas of recent volcanic activity, where high rates of heat flow cause visible eruption of water in the form of geysers and hot springs. In other areas, however, hot rock also exists near the surface but there is insufficient water present to produce eruptive phenomena. Thus a potential hot dry rock (HDR) reservoir exists whenever the amount of spontaneously produced geothermal fluid has been judged inadequate for existing commercial systems.

As a result of recent energy crisis, new concepts for creating HDR recovery systems—which involve drilling holes and connecting them to artificial reservoirs placed deep within the crust—are being developed. In all attempts to retrieve energy f rom HDR’s, artificial stimulation will be required to create either sufficient permeability or bounded flow paths to facilitate the removal of heat by circulation of a fluid over the surface of the rock.

The HDR resource base is generally defined to included crustal rock that is hotter than 150℃, is at depths less than ten kilometers, and can be drilled with presently available equipment. Although wells deeper than ten kilometers are technically feasible, prevailing economic factors will obviously determine the commercial feasibility of wells at such depths. Rock temperatures as low as 100℃may be useful for space heating; however, for producing electricity, temperatures greater than 200℃are desirable.

The geothermal gradient, which specifically determines the depth of drilling required to reach a desired temperature, is a major factor in the recoverability of geothermal resources. Temperature gradient maps generated from oil and gas well temperature-depth records kept by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists suggest that tappable high-temperature gradients are distributed all across the United States. (There are many areas, however, for which no temperature gradient records exist.)

Indications are that the HDR resource base is very large. If an average geothermal temperature gradient of 22℃per kilometer of depth is used, a staggering 13,000,000

quadrillion B.T.U.’s of total energy are calculated to be contained in crustal rock to a

ten-kilometer depth in the United States. If we conservatively estimate that only about 0.2 percent is recoverable, we find a total of all the coal remaining in the United States. The remaining problem is to balance the economics of deeper, hotter, more costly wells and shallower, cooler, less expensive wells against the value of the final product, electricity and/or heat.

21. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) alert readers to the existence of HDR’s as an available energy source

(B) document the challengers that have been surmounted in the effort to recover

energy from HDR’s

alternative

(D) encourage the use of new techniques for the recovery of energy from

underground hot water and steam

(E) urge consumers to demand quicker development of HDR resources for the

production of energy

22. The passage would be most likely to appear in a

(A) petrological research report focused on the history of temperature-depth

records in the United States

(B) congressional report urging the conservation of oil and natural gas reserves in

the United States

energy sources

(D) consumer report describing the extent and accessibility of remaining coal

resources

(E) pamphlet designed to introduce homeowners to the advantages of HDR

space-heating systems

23. According the passage, an average geothermal gradient of 22℃per kilometer of

depth can be used to

(A) balance the economics of HDR energy retrieval against that of underground

hot water or steam recovery systems

(B) determine the amount of energy that will used for space heating in the United

States

(D) revise the estimates on the extent of remaining coal resources in the United

States

(E) estimate the total HDR resource base in the United States

24. It can be inferred from the passage that the availability of temperature-depth

records for any specific area in the United States depends primarily on the

(A) possibility that HDR’s may be found in that area

(B) existence of previous attempts to obtain oil or gas in that area

(D) failure of inhabitants to conserve oil gas reserves in that area

(E) use of coal as a substitute for oil or gas in that area

25. According to the passage, in all HDR recovery systems fluid will be necessary in

order to allow

(A) sufficient permeability

(B) artificial stimulation

(D) construction of reservoirs

(E) transfer of heat

26. According to the passage, if the average geothermal gradient in an area is 22℃

per kilometer of depth, which of the following can be reliably predicted?

I. The temperature at the base of a 10-kilometer well will be sufficient for the

production of electricity.

II. Drilling of wells deeper than 10 kilometers will be economically feasible.

III. Insufficient water is present to produce eruptive phenomena.

(A) I only

(B) II only

(D) II and III only

(E) I, II, and III

27. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage?

(A) Energy from Water Sources: The Feasibility of Commercial Systems

(B) Geothermal Energy Retrieval: V olcanic Activity and Hot Dry Rocks

(D) Tappable Energy for America’s Future: Hot Dry Rocks

(E) High Geothermal Gradients in the United States: Myth or Reality?

SECTION B

Four legal approaches may be followed in attempting to channel technological development in socially useful direction: specific directives, market incentive modifications, criminal prohibitions, and changes in decision-making structures. Specific directives involve the government’s identifying one or more factors controlling research, development, or implementation of a given technology. Directives affecting such factors may vary from administrative regulation of private activity to government ownership of a technological

operation. Market incentive modifications are deliberate alterations of the market within which private decisions regarding the development and implementation of technology are made. Such modifications may consist of imposing taxes to cover the costs to society of a given technology, granting subsidies to pay for social benefits of a technology, creating the right to sue to prevent certain technological development, or easing procedural rules to enable the recovery of damages to compensate for harm caused by destructive technological activity. Criminal prohibitions may modify technological activity in areas impinging on fundamental social values, or they may modify human behavior likely to result from technological applications—for example, the deactivation of automotive pollution control devices in order to improve vehicle performance. Alteration of decision-making structures includes all possible modifications in the authority, constitution, or responsibility of private and public entities deciding questions of technological development and implementation. Such alterations include the addition of public-interest members to corporate boards, the imposition by statute of duties on governmental decision-makers, and the extension of warranties in response to consumer action.

Effective use of these methods to control technology depends on whether or not the goal of regulation is the optimal allocation of resources. When the object is optimal resource allocation, that combination of legal methods should be used that most nearly yields the allocation that would exist if there were no external costs resulting from allocating resources through market activity. There are external costs when the price set by buyers and sellers of goods fails to include some costs, to anyone, that result from the production and use of the goods. Such costs are internalized when buyers pay them.

Air pollution from motor vehicles imposes external costs on all those exposed to it, in the form of soiling, materials damage, and disease: these externalities result from failure to place a price on air, thus making it a free good, common to all. Such externalities lead to nonoptimal resource allocation, because the private net product and the social net product of market activity are not often identical. If all externalities were internalized, transactions would occur until bargaining could no longer improve the situation, thus giving an optimal allocation of resources at a given time.

17. The passage is primarily concerned with describing

(A) objectives and legal method for directing technological development

(B) technical approaches to the problem of controlling market activity

(D) reasons for slowing the technological development in light of

environmentalist objections

(E) technological innovations making it possible to achieve optimum allocation of

resources

18. The author cites air pollution from motor vehicles in lines 54-56 in order to

(A) revise cost estimates calculated by including the costs of resources

(B) evaluate legal methods used to prevent technological developments

(D) refute hypotheses not made on the basis of monetary exchange values

(E) commend technological research undertaken for the common welfare

19. According to the passage, transactions between private buyers and sellers have

effects on society that generally

(A) are harmful when all factors are considered

(B) give rise to ever-increasing resource costs

(D) encompass more than the effects on the buyers and sellers alone

(E) are guided by legal controls on the development of technology

20. It can be inferred from the passage that the author does NOT favor which of the

following?

(A) Protecting the environment for future use

(B) Changing the balance of power between opposing interests in business

(D) Making prices reflect costs to everyone in society

(E) Causing technological development to cease

21. A gasoline-conservation tax on the purchase of large automobiles, with the

proceeds of the tax rebated to purchasers of small automobiles, is an example of

(A) a specific directive

(B) a market incentive modification

(D) an alteration of a decision-making structure

(E) an external cost

22. If there were no external costs, as they are described in the passage, which of the

following would be true?

(A) All technology-control methods would be effective.

(B) Some resource allocations would be illegal.

(D) Some decision-making structures would be altered.

(E) The availability of common goods would increase.

23. The author assumes that, in determining what would be an optimal allocation of

resources, it would be possible to

(A) assign monetary value to all damage resulting from the use of technology

(B) combine legal methods to yield the theoretical optimum

developments

(D) predict the costs of new technological developments

(E) derive an equation making costs depend on prices

24. On the basis of the passage, it can be inferred that the author would agree with

which of the following statements concerning technological development?

(A) The government should own technological operations.

(B) The effect of technological development cannot be controlled.

(D) The current state of technological development results in a good allocation of

resources.

(E) Applications of technological developments are criminally destructive.

The whole biosphere, like the individual organisms that live inside it, exists in a chemically dynamic state. In this homeostatic system, a great number of organic compounds are synthesized, transformed, and decomposed continuously; together, these processes constitute the major parts of the carbon cycle. For the smooth operation of this cycle, degradation is just as important as synthesis: the green plants produce great quantities of polymers, such as cellulose, and innumerable other compounds like alkaloids, terpenes, and flavonoids, that green plants cannot use as sources of energy during respiration. The release of the carbon in these compounds for recycling depends almost entirely on the action of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and certain types of fungi. Some bacteria and fungi possess the unique and extremely important biochemical asset of being able to catalyze the oxidation of numerous inert products, thereby initiating reaction sequences that produce carbon dioxide and so return much carbon to a form that actively enters into life cycles once again.

25. The passage contains information that would answer which of the following

questions about the carbon cycle?

I. What are some of the compounds that are broken down in the carbon cycle?

II. Why are some compounds that are involved in the carbon cycle less reactive than others?

III. What role do bacteria and fungi play in the carbon cycle?

(A) I only

(B) II only

(D) I and II only

(E) I and III only

26. The author implies that which of the following is the primary reason that

degradation is as important as synthesis to the smooth operation of the carbon

cycle?

(A) Most of the polymers and organic compounds found in the plant kingdom are

chemically unstable.

(B) The synthesis of some organic material deprives life processes of an energy

source.

in certain substances.

(D) Many organisms cannot use plants as a source of food, but can feed on

bacteria and fungi.

(E) Bacteria and fungi could not survive if some carbon compounds were not

degraded.

27. The author’s contention about the importance of bacteria and fungi in the

production of energy for life processes would be most clearly strengthened if

which of the following were found to be true?

(A) Both aerobes and anaerobes provide sources of energy through the

decomposition of organic material.

(B) Most compounds containing carbon are unavailable as energy sources except

to some bacteria and fungi.

oxidation.

(D) Many compounds remain inert, even in the presence of bacteria and fungi.

(E) Bacteria and fungi assist in the synthesis of many organic compounds.

No. 2-2

SECTION A

Even as the number of females processed through juvenile courts climbs steadily, an implicit consensus remains among scholars in criminal justice that male adolescents define the delinquency problem in the United States. We suggest two reasons why this view persists. First, female adolescents are accused primarily of victimless crimes, such as truancy, that do not involve clear-cut damage to persons or property. If committed by adults, these actions are not even considered prosecutable; if committed by juvenile males, they have traditionally been looked on leniently by the courts. Thus, ironically, the plight of female delinquents receives little scrutiny because they are accused of committing relatively minor offenses. Second, the courts have long justified so-called preventive intervention into the lives of young females viewed as antisocial with the rationale that women are especially vulnerable. Traditional stereotypes of women as the weaker and more dependent sex have led to earlier intervention and longer periods of misdirected supervision for female delinquents than for males.

17. Which of the following statements best expresses the irony pointed out by the

authors in lines 13-16 of the passage?

(A) Female delinquents tend to commit victimless crimes more frequently than

their male counterparts.

(B) The predicament of male delinquents receives more attention than that of

females because males are accused of more serious crimes.

more serious crimes.

(D) The juvenile justice system cannot correct its biases because it does not even

recognize them.

(E) Although the number of female delinquents is steadily increasing, the crimes

of which they are accused are not particularly serious.

18. It can be inferred from the passage that the authors believe traditional stereotypes

of women to be

(A) frequently challenged

(B) persistently inexplicable

(D) rapidly changing

(E) habitually disregarded

19. The passage suggests that scholars in criminal justice could be criticized for

which of the following?

(A) Underestimating the seriousness of juvenile crime

(B) Rationalizing the distinction made between juveniles and adults in the legal

system

(D) Focusing on those whose crimes have involved damage to persons or

property

(E) Failing to point out injustices in the correctional system

Scattered around the globe are more than one hundred regions of volcanic activity known as hot spots. Unlike most volcanoes, hot spots are rarely found along the boundaries of the continental and oceanic plates that comprise the Earth’s crust; most hot spots lie deep in the interior of plates and are anchored deep in the layers of the Earth’s surface. Hot spots are also distinguished from other volcanoes by their lavas, which contain greater amounts of alkali metals than do those from volcanoes at plate margins.

In some cases, plates moving past hot spots have left trails of extinct volcanoes in much the same way that wind passing over a chimney carries off puffs of smoke. It appears that the Hawaiian Islands were created in such a manner by a single source of lava, welling up from a hot spot, over which the Pacific Ocean plate passed on a course roughly from the east toward the northwest, carrying off a line of volcanoes of increasing age. Two other Pacific island chains—the Austral Ridge and the Tuamotu Ridge—parallel the configuration of the Hawaiian chain; they are also aligned from the east toward the northwest, with the most recent volcanic activity near their eastern terminuses.

That the Pacific plate and the other plates are moving is now beyond dispute; the relative motion of the plates has been reconstructed in detail. However, the relative motion of the plates with respect to the Earth’s interior cannot be determined easily. Hot spots provide the measuring instruments for resolving the question of whether two continental plates are moving in opposite directions or whether one is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. The

most compelling evidence that a continental plate is stationary is that, at some hot spots, lavas of several ages are superposed instead of being spread out in chronological sequence. Of course, reconstruction of plate motion from the tracks of hot-spot volcanoes assumes that hot spots are immobile, or nearly so. Several studies support such an assumption, including one that has shown that prominent hot spots throughout the world seem not to have moved during the past ten million years.

Beyond acting as frames of reference, hot spots apparently influence the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate comes to rest over a hot spot, material welling up from deeper layers forms a broad dome that, as it grows, develops deep fissures. In some instances, the continental plate may rupture entirely along some of the fissures so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus, just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continental plates, so hot-spot activity may suggest a theory to explain their mutability.

20. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) describe the way in which hot spots influence the extinction of volcanoes

(B) describe and explain the formation of the oceans and continents

(D) describe hot spots and explain how they appear to influence and record the

motion of plates

(E) describe the formation and orientation of island chains in the Pacific Ocean

21. According to the passage, hot spots differ from most volcanoes in that hot spots

(A) can only be found near islands

(B) are active whereas all other volcanoes are extinct

(D) can be found along the edges of the plates

(E) have greater amounts of alkali metals in their lavas

22. It can be inferred from the passage that evidence for the apparent course of the

Pacific plate has been provided by the

(A) contours of the continents

(B) dimensions of ocean hot spots

(D) pattern of fissures in the ocean floor

(E) configurations of several mid-ocean island chains

23. It can be inferred from the passage that the spreading out of lavas of different

ages at hot spots indicates that a

(A) hot spot is active

(B) continental plate has moved

(D) hot spot had been moving very rapidly

(E) volcano contains large concentrations of alkali metals

24. The passage suggests which of the following about the Hawaiian Islands, the

Austral Ridge, and the Tuamotu Ridge?

(A) The three chains of islands are moving eastward.

(B) All the islands in the three chains have stopped moving.

(D) The Hawaiian Islands are receding from the other two island chains at a

relatively rapid rate.

(E) The Austral Ridge and the Tuamotu Ridge chains have moved closer together

whereas the Hawaiian Islands have remained stationary.

25. Which of the following, if true, would best support the author’s statement that

hot-spot activity may explain the mutability of continental plates?

(A) Hot spots move more rapidly than the continental and oceanic plates.

(B) Hot spots are reliable indicators of the age of continental plates.

continental plates.

(D) The alignment of hot spots in the Pacific Ocean parallels the alignment of

Pacific Ocean islands.

(E) The coastlines of Africa and South America suggest that they may once have

constituted a single continent that ruptured along a line of hot spots.

26. The author’s argument that hot spots can be used to reconstruct the movement of

continental plates is weakened by the fact that

(A) hot spots are never found at the boundaries of plates

(B) only extinct volcanoes remain after a plate moves over a hot spot

(D) the immobility or near immobility of hot spots has not been conclusively

proven

(E) the changing configurations of islands make pinpointing the locations of hot

spots difficult

27. The author’s style can best be described as

(A) dramatic

(B) archaic

(D) objective

(E) humanistic

SECTION B

Although scientists observe that an organism’s behavior falls into rhythmic patterns, they disagree about how these patterns are affected when the organism is transported to a new environment. One experimenter, Brown, brought oysters from Connecticut waters to Illinois waters. She noted that the oysters initially opened their shells widest when it was high tide in Connecticut, but that after fourteen days their rhythms had adapted to the tide schedule in Illinois. Although she could not posit an unequivocal causal relationship between behavior and environmental change, Brown concluded that a change in tide schedule is one of several possible exogenous influences (those outside the organism) on the oysters’ rhythms. Another experimenter, Hamner, however, discovered that hamsters from California maintain their original rhythms even at the South Pole. He concluded that endogenous influences (those inside the organism) seem to affect an organism’s rhythmic behavior.

17. All of the following could be considered examples of exogenous influences on an

organism EXCEPT the influence of the

(A) level of a hormone on a field mouse’s readiness for mating

(B) temperature of a region on a bear’s hibernation

(D) humidity of an area on a cat’s shedding of its fur

(E) proximity of an owl on a lizard’s searching for food

18. Which of the following statements best describes the conclusion drawn by Brown

(lines 14-17)

(A) A change in tide schedule is the primary influence on an oyster’s rhythms.

(B) A change in tide schedule may be an important exogenous influence on an

oyster’s rhythms.

(D) Endogenous influences have no effect on an oyster’s rhythms.

(E) Endogenous influences are the only influences on an oyster’s rhythms.

19. The passage suggests that Brown’s study was similar to Hamner’s in which of the

following ways?

I. Both experimenters discovered that a new environment had a significant

effect on an organism’s behavior rhythms.

II. Both experimenters observed an organism’s behavioral rhythms after the organism had been transported to a new environment.

III. Both experimenters knew an organism’s rhythmic patterns in its original environment.

(A) I only

(B) II only

(D) II and III only

(E) I, II, and III

20. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken Brown’s conclusion?

(A) The oyster gradually closed their shells after high tide in Illinois had passed.

(B) The oysters’ behavioral rhythms maintained their adaptation to the tide

schedule in Illinois throughout thirty days of observation.

widest when it was high tide in Connecticut.

(D) A scientist who brought Maryland oysters to Maine found that the oysters

opened their shells widest when it was high tide in Maine.

(E) In an experiment similar to Brown’s, a scientist was able to establish a clear

causal relationship between environmental change and behavioral rhythms.

Picture-taking is a technique both for annexing the objective world and for expressing the singular self. Photographs depict objective realities that already exist, though only the camera can disclose them. And they depict an individual photographer’s temperament, discovering itself through t he camera’s cropping of reality. That is, photography has two antithetical ideals: in the first, photography is about the world and the photographer is a mere observe who counts for little; but in the second, photography is the instrument of intrepid, questing subjectivity and the photographer is all.

These conflicting ideals arise from a fundamental uneasiness on the part of both photographers and viewers of photographs toward the aggressive component in “taking” a picture. Accordingly, the ideal of a photographer as observer is attractive because it implicitly denies that picture-taking is an aggressive act. The issue, of course, is not so clear-cut. What photographers do cannot be characterized as simply predatory or as simply, and essentially, benevolent. As a consequence, one ideal of picture-taking or the other is always being rediscovered and championed.

An important result of the coexistence of these two ideals is a recurrent ambivalence toward photography’s means. Whatever the claims that photography might make to be a form of personal expression on a par with painting, its originality is inextricably linked to the powers of a machine. The steady growth of these powers has made possible the extraordinary informativeness and imaginat ive formal beauty of many photographs, like Harold Edgerton’s high-speed photographs of a bullet hitting its target or of the swirls and eddies of a tennis stroke. But as cameras become more sophisticated, more automated, some photographers are tempted to disarm themselves or to suggest that they are not really armed, preferring to submit themselves to the limits imposed by premodern camera technology because a cruder, less high-powered machine is thought to give more interesting or emotive results, to leave more room for creative accident. For example, it has been virtually a point of honor for many photographers, including Walker Evans and Cartier-Bresson, to refuse to use modern equipment. These photographers have come to doubt the value of the camera as an instrument of “fast seeing.” Cartier-Bresson, in fact, claims that the modern camera may see too fast.

This ambivalence toward photographic means determines trends in taste. The cult of the future (of faster and faster seeing) alternates over time with the wish to return to a purer past—when images had a handmade quality. This nostalgia for some pristine state of the

photographic enterprise is currently widespread and underlies the present-day enthusiasm for daguerreotypes and the wok of forgotten nineteenth-century provincial photographers. Photographers and viewers of photographs, it seems, need periodically to resist their own knowingness.

21. According to the passage, interest among photographers in each of photography’s

two ideals can be described as

(A) rapidly changing

(B) cyclically recurring

(D) unimportant to the viewers of photographs

(E) unrelated to changes in technology

22. The author is primarily concerned with

(A) establishing new technical standards for contemporary photography

(B) analyzing the influence of photographic ideals on picture-taking

(D) describing how photographers’ individual temperaments are reflected in thei r

work

(E) explaining how the technical limitations imposed by certain photographers on

themselves affect their work

23. The passage states all of the following about photographs EXCEPT:

(A) They can display a cropped reality.

(B) The can convey information.

(D) They can possess great formal beauty.

(E) They can change the viewer’s sensibilities.

24. The author mentions the work of Harold Edgerton in order to provide an example

(A) how a controlle d ambivalence toward photography’s means can produce

outstanding pictures

(B) how the content of photographs has changed from the nineteenth century to

the twentieth

(D) the relationship between photographic originality and technology

(E) the primacy of formal beauty over emotional content

25. The passage suggests that photographers such as Walker Evans prefer

old-fashioned techniques and equipment because these photographers

(A) admire instruments of fast seeing

(B) need to feel armed by technology

(D) like the discipline that comes from self-imposed limitations

(E) dislike the dependence of photographic effectiveness on the powers of a

machine

26. According to the passage, the two antithetical ideals of photography differ

primarily in the

(A) value that each places on the beauty of the finished product

(B) emphasis that each places on the emotional impact of the finished product

(D) extent of the power that each requires of the photo grapher’s equipment

(E) way in which each defines the role of the photographer

27. Which of the following statements would be most likely to begin the paragraph

immediately following the passage?

(A) Photographers, as a result of their heightened awareness of time, are

constantly trying to capture events and actions that are fleeting.

(B) Thus the cult of the future, the worship of machines and speed, is firmly

established in spite of efforts to the contrary by some photographers.

photography cannot for any length of time pretend that it has no weapons.

(D) The point of honor involved in rejecting complex equipment is, however, of

no significance to the viewer of a photograph.

(E) Consequently the impulse to return to the past through images that suggest a

handwrought quality is nothing more that a passing fad.

No. 2-3

SECTION A

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SECTION B (93) No. 6-2 (97) SECTION A (97) SECTION B (101) No. 6-3 (105) SECTION A (105) SECTION B (108) No. 7-1 (112) SECTION A (112) SECTION B (116) No. 7-2 (120) SECTION A (120) SECTION B (123) No. 7-3 (127) SECTION A (127) SECTION B (131) No. 8-1 (135) SECTION A (135) SECTION B (139) No. 8-2 (143) SECTION A (143) SECTION B (147) No. 8-3 (150) SECTION A (150) SECTION B (154) No. 9-1 (157) SECTION A (157) SECTION B (161) No. 9-2 (165) SECTION A (165) SECTION B (169) No. 9-3 (172) SECTION A (172) SECTION B (176) No. 9-4 (180) SECTION A (180) SECTION B (184) No. 9-5 (187) SECTION A (187)

2019年GRE考试阅读理解练习试题及答案

2019年GRE考试阅读理解练习试题及答案 Although the passenger pigeons, now extinct, were abundant in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century America, archaeological studies at twelfth-century Cahokian sites in the present day United States examined household food trash and found that traces of passenger pigeon were quite rare. Given that the sites were close to a huge passenger pigeon roost documented by John James Audubon in the nineteenth century and that Cahokians consumed almost every other animal protein source available, (Q2)the archaeologists conducting the studies concluded the passenger pigeon population had once been very limited before increasing dramatically in post-Columbian America. Other archaeologists have criticized those conclusions on the grounds that passenger pigeon bones would not be likely to be preserved. But all the archaeological projects found plenty of bird bones- and even (Q1)tiny bones from fish. 1. The author of the passage mentions “tiny bones from fish” primarily in order to A. explain why traces of passenger pigeon are rare at Cahokian sites B. support a claim about the wide variety of animal proteins in the Cahokian diet C. provide evidence that confirms a theory about the extinction of the passenger pigeon

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GRE长阅读习题 Mary Barton, particularly in its early chapters, is a moving response to the suffering of the industrial worker in the England of the 1840’s. What is most impressive about the book is the intense and painstaking effort made by the author, Elizabeth Gaskell, to convey the experience of everyday life in working-class homes. Her method is partly documentary in nature: the novel includes such features as a carefully annotated reproduction of dialect, the exact details of food prices in an account of a tea party (tea party: n.茶话会), an itemized description of the furniture of the Bartons’ living room, and atranscription (a recording (as on magnetic tape) made especially for use in radio broadcasting) (again annotated) of the ballad “The Oldham Weaver.” The interest of this record is considerable, even though the method has a slightly distancing effect. As a member of the middle class, Gaskell could

GRE阅读真题之OG精选

GRE阅读真题之OG精选小编整理了GRE阅读真题，希望对大家有帮助，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 GRE阅读真题之OG OG-1 Passage 20 Sparva, unlike Treland’s other provinces, requires automobile insurers to pay for any medical treatment sought by someone who has been involved in an accident; in the other provinces, insurers pay for nonemergency treatment only if they preapprove the treatment. Clearly, Sparva’s less restrictive policy must be the explanation for the fact that altogether insurers there pay for far more treatments after accidents than insurers in other provinces, even though Sparva does not have the largest population. 1. Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument? A. Car insurance costs more in Sparva than in any other province. B. The cost of medical care in Sparva is higher than the national average. C. Different insurance companies have different standards for determining what constitutes emergency treatment. D. Fewer insurance companies operate in Sparva than in any other province. E. There are fewer traffic accidents annually in Sparva than in any of the provinces of comparable or greater population. GRE阅读真题之OG OG-1 Passage 21 Elements of the Philosophy of Newton, published by Voltaire in 1738, was an early attempt to popularize the scien tific ideas of Isaac Newton. In the book’s frontispiece, Voltaire is seen writing at his desk, and over him a shaft of light from heaven, the light of truth, passes through Newton to Voltaire’s collaborator Madame du Ch?telet; she reflects that light on to the inspired Voltaire. Voltaire’s book commanded a wide audience, according to Feingold, because “he was neither a mathematician nor a physicist, but a literary giant aloof from the academic disputes over Newtonian ideas.” In other words, Voltaire’s amateurism in science “was a source of his

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