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英语医学科技论文写作中的常见错误(I)
样的错
种各
多各
国内英语医学科技论文，尤其是尚未经过编辑加工的稿件中几乎都存在许
误，下面是基于我们学校学报的作者来稿，总结的在在编辑工作中常见的一些错误。
。
医学英语写作中用词方而的一些问题
1. 动词搭配不当，词不达意
如“,and mean survival days of the mice were improved (P<0.05). ”一句，谓语动词跟
主语就
搭配不当。习惯上，我们不讲“时间(the mean survival days)"得到“改善(improve)" ，只讲
时间“延长”或“缩短”了。因此，应把句中的谓语动词improved 改为prolonged.
2. 把及物动词当不及物动词用
The alcohol acetylates easily 一句，acetylate 是及物动词，它的对象是alcohol ，但这里用的是
主动态，缺了宾语，应改为被动态才合acetylate的用法。故此句应改为The alcohol is acetylated easily.又如The esters hydrolyze with great difficulty. 同理，应改写为The esters are hydrolyzed with great difficulty.
Acetylate vt.加乙酰基于
Hydrolyze v. 水解
3. 把不及物动词当及物动词用
英语中很多动词可既做不及物动词，又做及物动词用，但却不是所有的动词都有这样的特
。我们先看几个误用的例子: 点，而且有时同一个词的及物和不及物用法会有意义上的差别
①It has already been known that the meniscal( 半月板的)arteries are originated from the 5 genicular( 膝的) branches of the popliteal artery (腘动脉) and descending branch of the femoral artery.
Originate 作“起源”解时是不及物动词，没有被动态，所以此句需变被动为主动语
a re 。
态，即去掉
②However, the controversy for its diagnostic value has been continued.
(continued ——continuing)
continue 在这里是不及物动词，不能用被动语态。此句除词法错误外，从含义上讲
也不应该用被动语态。
另外，常常在一些作者的文稿中见到在appear,exist , happen , occur 等不及物动词后而带有宾语。
4. 选词不当
①A very similar phenotype （表型）is found in patients with keratin （角蛋白）K16 gene variations.
②Ras oncogene and p53 gene hotspot variations in colorectal cancers.
“基因突变”是一个比较定型的专业名词，“突变”一般用mutation 表达。
③在作者的来稿中，常常能见到这样的句子: , observed with/under electron microscopy 或, 明was observed by electron microscope 。这几种表达是错误的。microscopy 和microscope 虽然只一字母之差，但前者指一种技术，后者指一种仪器。正
确的表达如下：
用显微镜检查或观
察. ?be examined / observed with /using/ ?microscope;
到: , be examined observed under /in ?microscope;
在显微镜下检查或观
察
察: , examined /observed by /using ?microscopy.
使用显微镜技术检查或观
例如:
Virus target cells in the bursa, thymus, spleen, and bone marrow were examined by
transmission electron microscopy.
Sloughing of the tracheal epithelium was visible by light microscopy.
Specimens were embedded and examined using transmission electron microscopy and x ray microanalysis.
5.复合名词(名词连缀)组合不当
当名词用作定语时，实际上没有了数的概念而起着形容词的作用，不能用复数，所以不可以说mice peritoneal macrophages，而应该说mouse peritoneal macrophage（小鼠腹腔巨噬
细胞）。另外，有些名词如rate 的定语是不能用形容词的，因为这类名词词组所表示的是
某种事物的类别，而不是它的性质，所以我们通常不说pregnant rate 而用pregnancy rate。
在医学领域里，复合名词的使用越来越多，合成词中的词序错误也很常见，如应将
emission fluorescence intensity 荧光强度改为fluorescence emission intensity ，将epithelium cell malignancies 改为epithelial malignancies 。对于不常阅读相关专业英文文献的作者，要准确
使用这种专业术语几乎是不可能的，所以，广泛的阅读和平时的积累才是最终的解决办法。
如果平时阅读和积累不够的话，写论文时相关的文献一定要细读。
6.主语与表语搭配不当
如Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator is an important method to treat ventricular tachycardia in patients with structural heart diseases. “仪器”不是“方法”。另外，用不定式
短语作method 的定语也不妥。修改:①在is 前加therapy 或改method 为means ;②改to treat 为for treating.
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator 植入式复律除颤器
7.abundant 和rich
很多人常常在表达“ A 中富含B”或“A 中B 物质很丰富”这类句意时出错，而错误往
往是主语跟状语成分的倒置，如:
细胞浆(A) 中含有丰富的游离核糖体(B) 。
有人把它译成”Free ribosomes (B) is rich in the cytoplasm (A). ”。
实际上，这种句子的含义是;A 在某方而是很富有的。它的表达形式是:A is rich in B. 因此，上句应改为”The cytoplasm is rich in free ribosomes." 。又如:
This fish is rich in oil. 这种鱼含油量大。
abundant 虽也为“大量的”、“丰富的”之意，但在某些句子里用法与rich 是相反的。如前而的例句
"Free ribosomes is abundant in the cytoplasm." 是讲得通的。又如”In the pseudopod and cytoplasm projections, microtubulin( 微管蛋白) was abundant and highly concentrated."是可以的;若用rich 取代abundant，则此句可以改为:
“The projections were rich in microtubulins, which were highly concentrated. ”
若用There be 句型表达则两词可以互换，如”there were abundant and highly concentrated microtubulins in the projections."
8.动词与介词搭配不当
动词与介词的搭配，由于绝大部分可从词典中查到，一般不太容易出错。错误常
常发生在一个动词有多个介词搭配的时候，例如agree with与agree to / on ,根据其后续名词，
也很
实话，我
究竟选择哪一个介词，就不是那么好决断的了。关于动词与介词的搭配，说
多记不清楚，可以借助语料库。
9.名词与介词搭配不当
例句:The difficulty of doing research related to dehydration is that there is no good standard of determining the level of dehydration.
此句中，第一个of 应为in ,第一个of 应为for.
10.复杂介词based on..基于
11.对等翻译的例子比较常见，在医学论文中，尤其是在材料和方法部分表现得比较典型。
得
如:“将pCEA424/2CAT 大量扩增，以Hind III 和BamH I 酶切。在低熔点胶中回收纯化
到420 bp 的CEA 基因5'端转录调控序列
T RS 片段，克隆入pUC118 的多克隆位点中;再以
Hind III, EcoR I 酶切得到Hind III-EcoR ICEA 片段。”对这段话作者是这样翻译的: Amplified pCEA424/2CAT, digested with Hind III and BamH I ，purified in low melting point agarose to harvest a 420 by 5'TRS fragment of CEA, inserted into the polyclone sites of
pUC118, digested with Hind III ，EcoR I to harvest Hind III -EcoR I CEA fragment.
整
关系混乱不清。经分析这段译文专业词汇选择还是比较得当的，但逻辑关系和动宾
理，以下面的方式表达为好:
pCEA424/2CAT was amplified in a large number, digested with Hind III and BamH I ，and purified in low meltingpoint agarose to harvest a 420 by 5'TRS fragment of CEA, which was then inserted into polyclone sites of pUC118. The recombinant was digested with Hind III and EcoR I to harvest Hind III-EcoR ICEA fragments.
12.“对称结构”不对称
False-positive responses were found in 4 (10%) of the control group, and 8 (38%) in the HT group.(假阳性反应，在对照组有4(10%) 例，高血压组8(38%) 例。
对应，应改为:False positive responses were found in 4 (10%) 上句两相同状语结构未保持
of the control group, and in 8 (38%) of the HT group.
13.词义或符号的重复
①Each group was further randomly subdivided into 2 groups of 10 animals for the hemodynamic and hormonal( 激素的) studies.
②,and then put into hot water bathes of 93 。C for 45 seconds,
?
③Compared with ultrasonic examination, CTSP could find more foci than the former could.
下划线部分纯属多余，因为compared with , 已经有了这层意思，而且the former
指代不清。
14.结构混乱，因果关系不清楚
When the ST response to exercise is normal or borderline, diagnostic criterion of SBP recovery ratio is used, it can increase sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the exercise test.( 当运动试验ST 段反应正常或可疑时，使用这个指标能提高运动试验的敏感度、特异度和准确度。) 这种英文表达方式既繁复，语义还不清楚，而且代词it 所指也不明确。根据中文可改
:When the ST response to exercise is normal or borderline, using the diagnostic criterion for
为
SBP recovery ratio can increase sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the exercise test.
15.逻辑错误
如:So it should be careful to use methylene blue for patients with pulmonary hypertension during NO inhalation therapy.( 因此，对正在接受一氧化氮吸入治疗的肺高压病人，应慎用亚
甲蓝。)
在这里作者可能想用it 作形式卞语来代替t o use，但却是不合逻辑的，因为“To use is careful" 讲不通。倒是可以说c arefully use 二。因此，这个句子应改为:Therefore, methylene
blue should be administered carefully for pulmonary hypertension patients receiving NO-inhalation therapy.
16.动名词后接of 短语，并在动名词前加上一个不适当的the
如:In view of these findings, comparison between results before and after synaptic blockade
is necessary for 些studying 可the effects of transmitters or drugs.
有动作动名词能起名词作用，可以作介词的宾语，但又不完全等同于名词，因为
它还
的含义，可以带自己的宾语。既然有动作含义，前加the，后加of 都是错误的。
17.赘词性错误
。
有的句子要去掉一个或几个词才更精练，而有些句子要去掉一个或几个词才能成立
①The data of many foreign authors have suggested that there exists a close relationship between hepatitis C virus infection and development of primary hepatic carcinoma.
②Of 12 cases being subjected to Southern blot hybridization, HBV DNA was detected in 7
by this technique, in 10 by PCR and in 7 with both methods of DNA extraction, ?过去分词subjected 本身就有被动含义，而加了being 后反而成了现在分词subjecting
得
的被动态了。另外，“Of+ 总数”放在句首作状语，分句的主语应该是分数，这样
才显
对称。因此，例②除了去掉being 之外，对整个句子的结构及用词也应作适当调整: Of the
12 patients subjected to Southern blot hybridization, 7 were detected having HB V DNA by this technique, 10 by PCR and 7 by both of the methods for DNA extraction ?
18.错将b oth 当two 用
Both 表示“两者都”，用法比较复杂，而two 仅表示“2”这个数的概念，一般来讲，
把
b oth 当two 用的情况。
错
不应该发生棍淆。但是，从作者的来稿中常常能见到
①We found no statistical difference in<50- or>50-year-old patients in the frequency of the diagnosis of breast cancer when comparing the both types of biopsies.
②Functional respiratory test showed both patients with a slight restrictive pattern, one patient with very severe restriction and six patients with low DLCO.
③The majority (495, or 86.3%) had a normal genetic sonogram (absence of abnormal ultrasound markers); 51(9%) had one marker present, and 27 (4.7%) had both or more markers present.
以上三例纯粹表达数的概念，这三个both 都应改成two 。
19.一句中多种错误并存
一句中多种错误并存的例子，在作者的初稿中屡见不鲜，限于篇幅，这里仅举两例: 例1 ; The results suggest that EGF/TGF-EGF-R autocrine cycle is related to the advance of colorectal cancer.(结果提示EGF/TGF-EGF-R 自分泌环在大肠癌的发展中起一定作用。) 错误所在:
①to be related to 的因果关系应为前果后因，而该句用反了;
②is 改为may 或might be 语气较婉转些;
③advance前以用零冠词为宜;
④advance 应换成development;
⑤根据句意以把to be related to 换成may play a role in , 为妥。
故此句应改为:The results suggest that EGF/TGF-R autocrine cycle may play a role in development of colorectal carcinoma.
20.The mechanism of enhancing immune function might be correlated with elements which
CMS contains. (增强免疫功能的机制可能跟CMS 含有的元素有关。)
这也是典型的中式英语。其实，the enhancement of immune function 讲的就是它的机制，mechanism 的含义不言自明。因此，此句可改为The enhancement of immune function might be correlated to/with elements which CMS contains. 免疫功能的增强可能同CMS 的成分有关。
错误一:句子自接以阿拉伯数字开头
例:(误)152 elderly patients were included in our study.
(正)A total of 152 elderly patients were included in our study.
(正)One hundred and fifty-two patients were included in our study.
英文句子一般小以数字开始‘如确需使用数字.则可采取两种方式:如数字较大‘则可在数字前加 a total of;如数字较小.则可自接用英语将该数字写出避免使用阿拉伯数字。
典型的中式英语
21.这牛奶有酸味。
*This milk has a sour taste.
——This milk tastes sour/is sour to the taste.
22.他的身体很健康。
*His body is very healthy.
——He is in good/excellent health.
把汉语“某某人身体健康”译成英语时，不能用body 作主语，而要把它当成“某人健康”
的意思来译。
两年来他的身体一直不太好。
*His body has been not very healthy for the last two years.
——He has been in poor health for the last two years.
23.这种方法的缺点是不敏感。
*The disadvantage of the method is not sensitive.
——The disadvantage of the method is being not sensitive. 或The disadvantage of the method is its insensitivity.
24.手术从六点开始到十一点。
*The operation began from six o'clock to eleven.
——The operation lasted from six o'clock to eleven.
to begin 属瞬间动词，表示一过性动作，无延续性，因此不能接用from ...to ... ，也不能用进行时态。
25.他(被确诊)患有WPW 综合征。
*He was diagnosed as WPW syndrome. 主语和主补不相容或不对等。
——He was diagnosed as having WPW syndrom.
26.发病率由高到低依次为肘关节、肩关节、髓关节。
*The order of their morbidity from high to low was the elbow, the shoulder, and the
hip joints in turn.
——The morbidity/incidence was in the following decreasing order: the elbow>the shoulder>the hip joints
27.因此，有理由认为，异常SBP 恢复比的出现是由于运动负荷所致左心功能受损的缘故。
*Therefore, it is reasonable to hypothesize that an abnormal SBP recovery ratio appears to be due to exercise-induced impairment of left ventricular function.
——Therefore, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the appearance of an abnormal SBP recovery ratio is due to exercise-induced impairment of left ventricular function.
28.Surgical drainage specimens from the mass were bacterial culture-negative.
肿块的手术引流标木细菌培养阴性。
这个英文句子来自Medline ，很经典。但如叫我们把这句中文翻回去，大部分人
的译句就不会是这个样子。很可能会是:
1. Bacterial culture of surgical drainage specimens of the mass were negative.
2. Bacterial culture of surgical drainage specimens from the mass were negative.
3. Surgical drainage specimens from the mass were negative for bacterial culture.
4. The culture of surgical drainage specimens from the mass were negative for bacteria.
29. Anatomic relationship of the zygomatic branch and the zygomatic arch.
颧支与颧弓的位置关系。
这是一个图题，该题中要用of 就须将and 改为to 或with; 若后而坚持用and，则须改of 为between .这种表达的错误，一般人看不出来。
英语中的副词含义丰富、使用灵活，往往可以代替几个词，大大精简句子结构。掌握
副词的用法并不十分容易，需要不断地摸索体会其中奥妙。下面就副词的分类、作用及
句
。
中的位置简单作一介
绍
29.两肺呼吸音清晰
The respiration sounds of the two lungs were clear.
——Lung sounds were clear bilaterally.
30.我们用内窥镜和X 光检查了135 名消化性溃疡的病人。
We examined 135 patients with peptic ulcers with endoscope and X-ray.
——We examined 135 patients with peptic ulcers endoscopically and radiologically.
31.我们对,, 进行了组织学检查，发现,,
Histological examination was performed on 9 renal biopsies, and tuberculosis was found in 2 patients.
——Histologically, tuberculosis was found in the kidney in 2 out of 9 patients.( 或Histological examina tion revealed. ?)
32.在UC 治疗组，除高钾血症外，高磷血症、低钙血症、低钠血症都有了一定程度的改
大。
善，大剂量组比小剂量组变化更
In the UC-treated groups, there were improved hyperphosphoremia, hypocalcemia and hyponatremia in some degree except hyperpotassemia. There was bigger changes in the higher group than the lower one.
In the UC-treated groups, hyperphosphoremia, hypocalcemia and hyponatremia except hyperpotassemia were improved to some degree, especially in the higher dosage group than the lower one.
医学科技论文中词的增减与词性和句型
换
的转
汉英两种语言由于用词造句的规律不同，在表达同一个意思时往往需要增补一些
，不能
去
原文中没有的词;或者原文中有些词语从译文的角度来看是多余的，可以或必须删
。
觉
只字不漏地进行翻译，以免给读者生搬硬套的感
1 词的增加
5. 需要增词.完整地表述逻辑
①LC 制剂的纯化是/成为L C 研究的主要障碍。
The purification of LC preparation has been a main obstacle to its research. ——Difficulty in the purification of L.C. preparation has been a main obstacle to its research.
“制剂的纯化”本身并不能成为“障碍”，故按照字面一字不增地译成前一句子，
。
义
须加上difficulty 这层含
虽无语病，但逻辑上讲不通，必
②老年人吸烟时血压的升高
Enhanced elevation of blood pressure during cigarette smoking in the elderly
一般地说，人到了老年，血压都会比青壮年时高。
而这里的升高(吸烟引起的升高)指的是在正常升高情况下的再升高，不增加enhanced 一词就表达不了这层意思。
33.原文中隐含的意思，翻译时必须增补
①我们探讨了其功能意义。
The possible role of their function was discussed.
②他离职的缘由仅是这样:他深知无升迁的机会。
The reason for his leaving present employment is simple: he sees no chance of advancement.
这二个例句中，possible 和present 都是在汉语中字面上没有直接表述，而属于隐含的意思，英译时就必须加上，以完整、准确地表述汉语原意。
34.代词的增加
①乳腺癌仍是妇女的主要死因，早期常不易检出。
Cancer of breast, still a leading cause of death in women, too often escapes detection in its early stage.
②患者痊愈或症状明显减轻。
The patients were cured or significantly relieved of their symptoms.
③除以上因素外，初产年龄也有一定关系。
Besides the above mentioned factors, age at first birth was also involved in it.
例①的its、例②的their 和例③的it ,在汉语的句子中没有相应代词的表述，而在
英语句中为了语法的正确和逻辑的准确完整.这些代词是不能没有的。
6. 词的减少
30. 已由别的词表现出的含义.不必再重复表达
①对1992 年遭飓风Andrew 袭击后一野战医院医疗救治的分析
Analysis of medical treatment at a field hospital following hurricane Andrew, 1992
“遭, 袭击”从译文角度看，就是多余的，following 一词就能把它的意思尽述无
遗了。
31. 有些只用来表示范畴而无具体含义的词，象“情况”、“问题”、“一下”、“办
法”之类的范畴词不必翻译
①免疫反应细胞体的分布情况见图 1
For the distribution of immunoreactive cell bodies ，see Fig 1.
或The distribution of immunoreactive cell bodies is shown in Fig 1.
②如果发生这种情况，就会在数分钟内死亡。
Should this happen, death would follow in a few minutes.
③分组情况如下:
The groups were as follows:. ?
。
上三句中的“情况”一字均为范畴词，不必译出
④可用中西医结合的办法治疗某些癌症。
Some cases of cancer are amenable to the treatment by integration of traditional Chinese and Western medicine.
32. 汉语表达中的委婉语、客套话或谦词等可视具体情况进行删减
3 词性和句型的转换
3.1 词性的转换
35.动名转换汉语的动词多，英语句子只能有一个限定动词，造英语句子就需要运用
转译技巧，把其余动词转译成名词(或非限定形式)。
??
有些句子并非因为汉语句中的动词数目多而需转换，而是因为直译的困难，或为句子
的简练而需要转换，如:
①1992 年又增加了百分之七。
这句话可以译成:"In 1992, a further increase of 7 percent has taken place. ”此句汉语
为无主句(主语在前文中)，而英语句中无主语是不成的，除非是祈使句。
汁也是如不运用转译技巧，而把“又”译成again，把“增加”当成谓语，那么绞尽脑
写不出一个句子来的。
7. 把汉语的动词转换成英语的介词或介词词组
与汉语相比，英语用介词较多，而且有一些英语介词木身就是由动词演变而来的，具
译。如: 有动词的特征。因此在汉译英时，汉语的一些动词可用英语的介词或介词词组来翻
②子宫严重撕裂，无法恢复。
The uterus was stretched beyond recovery.
③自杀基因在肿瘤细胞中的靶向表达可保护正常组织不受自杀基因的影响。
Targeting expression of suicide gene in tumor cells can protect normal tissues against influence of the gene.
④病人仍有危险。
The patient is still in danger.
⑤我们全体赞成他的建议。
We were all in.favor of his suggestion.
33. 句型的转换
3.2 汉语的动宾结构可以译成英语的系表结构
③免疫应答呈补体依赖性。
The immune response was dependent on the complement activation.
3.3 汉语的系表结构也可以转译成英语的动宾结构或被动态
①教师布置的作业是让学生写一份正规的病历。
结构译成:
这句话按照汉语思维一般会按原
The assignment by teacher is to ask the students to write a standard medical history. 这样的译句显得生硬
，汉语味很重。但如果把句型转换一下，把它译成以实意动词作谓语的
句子便流畅自然得多:For assignment the teacher asked the students to write a standard medical record.
高中英语汉译英 1稍等一会儿，我会帮助你的。 请尽早做出决定,不然你会坐失良机.(or) 2他们作了自我介绍。(introduce) 3请去查询下班火车什么时候开。(find out) 4昨天下午2时到4时你在做什么？(过去进行时) 5我正在吃晚饭，电话铃响了。 6不仅我，而且汤姆和玛丽都喜欢游泳。(be fond of) 7他今天感到身体好多了。(a lot) 8礼堂里早已挤满了高中学生。(be full of) 9我在街上走时，看到了一些古老的建筑物。(while) 10我走近花园时，几个男孩子在爬树。(用过去进行时) 11请脱下你的旧上衣，穿上这件新的。(take off, put on) 12这件事是什么时候发生的？（happen） 13他去办公室查询课程表.(ask abut) 14当我们到达车站时，火车已开出了。(过去完成时) 15他服药后，开始感到好些了.(过去完成时) 16 我观看体育节目你有意见吗? (mind) :介意做某事 17我还没有读完那本有关伦敦的书.(finish) finish doing:完成做某事 18 他没有跟我说一声就离开了山村。(without) 19我告诉她我已把餐具洗好了。(过去完成时) wash up 20汤姆上楼去他的卧室时，他的姐姐已把他的上衣改短了一英寸。(过去完成时) 21我和汤姆都盼望早日见到您。(look forward to). 22全世界的人都在电视上观看奥运会.(all over the world) 23我听说这场比赛将延期。(put off). 24这里要讲英语.(被动) 25这座体育馆将于明年建成.(被动语态) 26过马路时要小心.(be careful) 27这次车祸是什么引起的?(cause) 28她总是乐于助人.(be ready to). 29这个女孩由于不遵守交通规则，在车祸中受了伤。(被动). 30到时候会通知你的.（被动语态） 31我根本不喜欢这个铜的框架。(not…at all) not…at all:一点都不 32他把玫瑰栽在花园中间.(in the middle) 33他不知道她为什么在练习中有这么多的错误.(wonder) 34他告诉我一切都会好的。(过去将来时). 35谁也不知道我们什么时候举行下次会议. 36在新学校里有这么多的东西要学。 37当老师进来的时候，我们正在愉快地交谈。 38我们一读完初中就进入高中。 39我的老师比我想象的要年轻得多。 40晚饭后，我总是在厨房里洗碗碟. 41我们将在明天下午举行班会.(用被动语态) 42 老师看见他的学生们在教室里做功课。(…doing…) 43她说鲁宾逊先生将不得不为那张画付高价. 44我的母亲说我们将在北京逗留两个星期。(过去将来时)
Unit 4 Translation 1、接受这份工作就得经常在周末上班，但约翰并不在意。 To take this job would involve working on weekends frequently, but John didn’t mind 2、众所周知，肺癌至少部分地是由于吸烟过多而引起的。 It is well know that lung cancer is caused at least in part by smoking too much. 3、我祖父母说，发明电视的那个人曾住在他们那个地段。 My grandparents said that the man who invented television had once lived in their neighborhood. 4、我提议咱们会后马上去办公室找史斯密教授，邀请他参加我们的英语晚会。 I propose that we go to find Prof. Smith in his office right after the meeting and invite him to our English evening 5、她因那病开过两次刀，身体十分虚弱，几乎站不起来。 Having been operated on twice for the disease, she was so weakened that she could barely stand up 6、教育家们认为，伴随着电视机长大的一代人，在电视机前花的时间太多，以致没有足够的时间学习了。Educators think that the generation growing up with television spend so much of their time in front of the TV that they do not have enough time to study. 7、我真希望你能拿出一个比这更好的解决办法来。 I do hope that you can come up with a better solution than this. 8、乍一看，这幅画并不好，但经过仔细观察，我们才发现它的的确观察，我们才发现它的确是一幅杰作。 At first glance the picture didn’t l ook very good, but after examining it carefully we found that it was indeed a masterpiece. Unit 5 Translation 1、史密斯医生从窗口望出去，突然看到一个年轻人正向他的诊所奔来。 Looking out of the window, Dr. Smith caught sight of a young man running towards his clinic. 2、艾米过去除了咖啡什么都不喝。 Amy used to drink nothing but coffee. 3、迈拉得知丈夫在事故中受了伤便哭了起来。 Myra broke into tears when she learned that her husband had got injured in an accident. 4、我们好几天没有看见怀特小姐了。她是病倒了还还是怎么了？ W haven’t seen Miss White for quite a few days. Has she fallen ill of somethi ng? 5、研究所所长亲自查明一切都没有问题。 The director of the research institute came in person to make sure that everything was all right. 6、伦尼今天早晨上学又迟到了。他应该早一点起床的。肯定是昨晚睡得太迟了。 Lennie was late for school again this morning. He ought to /should have got up earlier. He must have stayed up too late last night 7、嗨，你不应该把那些孩子赶跑。他们是来帮忙的，不是来捣蛋的。 Say you oughtn’t to have driven away those kids. They came to lend you a hand, not to make trouble. 8、对护士来说，坚持这项规定是很重要的。 It is important for nurses to stick to this rule. Unit 6 Translation 1、据报道，那条铁路曾因洪水而停止修建。 It was reported that the building of the railway had been held up by a flood. 2、罢工结果，资方接受了工人的要求。 The strike resulted in the management accepting the workers’ demands. 3、煤矿工人们决定为争取更好的工作条件举行罢工。 The coalminers decided to go on strike for better working conditions 4、我很想买下这本英文词典，遗憾的是我身上带的钱不够。
1.当时，那位出租车司机别无选择，只能求助于游客。（choice） At that time the taxi driver had no choice but to turn to the tourist/traveller (for help). 2.我没有想到汤姆会被选为学生会主席。（occur） If never occurred / didn’t occur to me that Tom would/should be elected/made chairman of the Student’s Union. 3.如果方便的话，请帮我从邮局取回包裹。（convenient） If (it is) convenient, please fetch me the parcel from the post office/please go to the post office and fetch me the parcel. 4.应该鼓励学生将课堂上所学的知识运用到实践中去。（apply） Students should be encouraged/We should encourage students to apply what they have learned in class to practice . 5.如果队员之间不加强配合，我校篮球队就不可能在决赛中战胜对手。（unless） Our school basketball team will not beat the opponents in the final match/final(s) unless the team members strengthen their cooperation / cooperate well with each other. 1．请尽早做出决定，不然你会坐失良机。（or） Please make up your mind/make your decision as early as possible /you can , or you’ll miss the good/golden chance/opportunity . 2．那些未曾去过那个小村庄的人很难描绘出它的美丽。（It…） It’s very hard for those who haven’t been to the small village to describe its beauty . 3．勤洗手是避免疾病传染的有效方法之一。（infect） Washing hands often/frequently /regularly is one of the effective ways to avoid being infected by disease (s). 4．这条铁路横贯平原，把那个偏远山城与海港连接了起来。（remote） The railway crosses/goes across/runs across the plain and connects /, connection the remote mountain (ous ) city with the sea port . 5．这部有关第一次世界大战的历史小说引人入胜，我简直爱不释手。（so…that） The historical novel about/describing World War I / the First World War is so attractive that I can’t bear (to do …)/stand parting with it / putting it down (back , aside )/ leaving it aside . 1．我们盼望能参加下星期举行的艺术节开幕式(look forward to) We are looking forward to taking part in the opening ceremony of the art to be held next week. 2．多参加些体育锻炼，你就不那么容易感冒了。(If…) If you take more PE exercises, you will not catch a cold so easily. 3．因为缺少实践，他没有通过驾驶考试。(The reason why) The reason why he didn't pass the driving test was lack of practice/ that he lacked practice. 4．直到被送入手术间时，他才明白遵守交通规则的重要性。(not…until…) He didn't know the importance of obeying the traffic rules until he was sent into the room of operation. 5．虽然她孤身一人，无亲无故，但邻居们都向她伸出了援助之手。(offer) Though she is single and has no friends or relatives, all the neighbors offer her help/ a helping hand /to help her. 1. 小组讨论有助于更好地理解课文。 (help)
第一单元 1. The plant does not grow well in soils other than the one in which it has been developed. 2. Research findings show that we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we may have done during the day. 3 .Some people tend to justify their failure by blaming others for not trying their best. 4. We remain tree to our commitment: Whatever we promised to do; we would do it. 5. Even Beethoven's father discounted the possibility that his son would one day become the greatest musician in the world. The same is true of Edison, who seemed to his teacher to be quite dull. 6. They were accused by authorities of threatening the state security. 第二单元 1 ．If the characters in this comedy had been more humorous，it would have attracted a larger audience．‘ 2. She has never lost faith in her own ability, so it is a possibility for her to become a successful actress. 3 ．I never had formal training，I just learned as I went along? 4. As their products find their way into the international
牛津译林版七年级下英语期末考试专题练习—汉译英 1.我正在写信推荐李雷获得“最佳学生”称号。 2.这个孩子不会写字。 3.你上周收到你妹妹的来信了吗？ 4.他经常为穷人募捐。 5.如果你尽最大努力，你会擅长写作的。 6 昨天早晨消防员花了半小时扑灭了火。 7.那个小姑娘害怕独自一人游过那条河吗？ 8.一个叫Tom的工程师帮我检查了那个坏的电脑。 9.在这个村庄里，有些家庭种麦子，然而其他的养奶牛。 10.认真听老师讲，你就会了解更多关于怎样自我保护了。 11.金鱼安静且容易照料。 12.我任何地方都找不到我的钢笔。 13.她很聪明能重复我说的话。 14.我的鹦鹉是我一个特别的老朋友。 15.只要你喜欢，饲养蛇也没什么问题。 16.我的手表可能坏了。 17.每天早晨醒来的时候我都能听见鸟儿在唱歌。 18.看见灌木丛中有一只小兔子，Millie很是惊讶。 19.当时王老师正忙于在网上查找信息。 20.我们花了整整一个下午打扫教室。 21.Mike 像往常一样让座了吗？
22.我现在不害怕独自待在家里。 23.记住要保持我们的教室干净。 24.基蒂为这次旅行准备了大量的水和食物。 25.你们没有必要担心这些孩子的能力。 26.闭着眼睛做眼保健操对我们有好处。 27.你不能让猫靠近鱼。 28.如果不带地图的话，我们有可能会迷路。 29.你可以在高压锅(the pressure cooker)上浇点水以使它冷却。 30. 你应该多花点时间考虑怎样学好你的功课。 31．在阳光下读书对你的眼睛有害。 32．不要给金鱼喂太多的食物。 33．我认为乌龟是很容易照顾的。 34．我想教那个小女孩说话。 35．我的狗会做很多精彩的把戏。 36. 这双鞋子看上去很漂亮，我想试穿一下。 37.两个星期前我收到我叔叔的来信。 38.善良的人总是先想到别人。 39.你要保守秘密，否则这会使他不高兴。 40.当我朋友不高兴时，我会尽力帮助他们。 41. 她害怕蛇，因为蛇可能会咬她。 42. 大多数时间，她只想睡在我的膝盖上。 43.她用木头为狗搭起一个小房子
Unit 1 1、这种植物只有在培育它的土壤中才能够很好的成长 The plant does not grow well in soils other than the one in which it has been developed. 2、研究结果表明，无论我们白天做了什么事情，晚上都会做大约两个小时的梦Research findings show that we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we may have done during the day. 3、有些人往往责怪别人没有尽最大的努力，以此来为自己的失败辩护 Some people tend to justify their failure by blaming others for not trying their best. 4、我们忠于自己的承诺：凡是答应做的，我们都会做到 We remain true to our commitment: Whatever we promised to do, we would do it. 5、连贝多芬的父亲都不敢相信自己儿子日后有一天可能成为世界上最伟大的音乐家。爱迪 生也同样如此，他的老师觉得他似乎过于迟钝 Even Beethoven’s father discounted the possibility that his son would one day become the greatest musician in the world. The same is true of Edison, who seemed to his teacher to be quite dull. 6、当局控告他们威胁国家安全 They were accused by the authorities of threatening the state security. Unit 2 1、要是这部喜剧中的人物更幽默些的话，就会吸引更多的观众 If the characters in this comedy had been more humorous, it would have attracted a larger audience. 2、她从未对自己的能力失去信心，因此它有可能成为一名成功的演员 She never lost faith in her own ability, so it is a possibility for her to become a successful actress. 3、我从未接受过正式的培训，我只是边干边学 I never had formal training, I just learned as I went along. 4、随着产品进入国际市场，他们的品牌知名度越来越高了 As their products find their way into the international market, their brand is gaining in popularity. 5、她可以编造一个故事，说自己被窃贼打昏，所有的钱都没了，但她怀疑自己是否能让这 故事听起来可信 She could make up a story by saying she was knocked unconscious by thieves and that all her money was gone, but she doubted whether she could make it sound believable. 6、谁都不清楚他是否故意推迟了这次访问，可是这引起了对他更多的批评 No one was certain whether he postponed the visit on purpose, but this brought more criticism of him. Unit 3 1、据报道有七八位官员收受贿赂，市长决定亲自出马调查这件事 Seven or eight officials are reported to have taken bribes and the mayor has decided to l ook into the affair in person. 2、这些工人后悔当时接受管理部门的意见重新回去工作。现在他们再次面临失业的危险了These workers regret yielding to the management’s advice and going back to work. Now they are again faced with the threat of losing their jobs. 3、你只需填写一张表格就可取的会员资格，它可以使你在买东西的时享受打折的优惠
掌握大量的词汇对于达到一门外语的流利程度是至关重要的。一个非官方的但却是经常被引用的有关剑桥初级证书英语考试（Cambridge First Certificate Examination）的数字表明，词汇量少于三千五百词的学生不大有可能在这项考试中成功。最近的研究也表明，其母语为英语的受教育至18岁或18岁以上的人至少认识一万六千个英语词。除非你已经会讲一种像西班牙语或德语这样的语言，要获得大的英语词汇是没有捷径可走的：你就得依靠勤奋和专注。当然，你可以从上下文猜出你阅读中遇到的一些生词的意思，但往往你得查词典才能搞清它们确切意思。一个切实可行的学习新词的方法或许就是大量阅读，最好是读那些你觉得有趣或刺激的故事。反复阅读同一本书常常是很有好处的：你每读一次都会学到不同的生词，而熟悉的背景又有助于将这些新词牢牢地印在你的脑海中。 Mastering a large number of words is essential to achieving fluency in a foreign language. An unofficial, but often quoted, figure for the Cambridge First Certificate examination suggests that students with a vocabulary of less than 3,500 words are unlikely to be successful in the exam. Current research also suggests that native English speakers who have been educated up to 18 years old or beyond know at least 16,000 English words. And unless you already speak a language like Spanish or German, there are no shortcuts to a large vocabulary in English: you just have to rely on diligence and dedication. Of course you can figure out from the context the meanings of some new words you come across in your reading, but more often than not you have to look them up in a dictionary in order to be clear about their accurate meanings. A practicable way to pick up new words is, perhaps, to read a lot, preferably stories that you find interesting or exciting. It often pays to read the same book over and over again: each time you read it you will learn different new words, and the familiar context helps to fix them in your mind.
七年级英语汉译英专项练习（二） 63、大家都在公园里玩得很开心。 Everyone in the park now. 64、瞧！那些孩子们在拍照。 Look! The children . 65、我很惊讶他们会说英语！ I am they can English. 66、你们在谈论什么？ What they ? 67、为了提高英语我们必须每天早晨练习。 We have to practice English improve it. 68、Tony 正在到处寻找他的钥匙。 Tony his key here and there. 69、你的朋友长什么样子？ What your friend ? 70、Ms Clark 总是穿白色运动鞋。 Ms Clark always white . 71、她中等身材，头发很长。 She of build and hair. 72、Mike是一个戴眼镜的高个子男孩。 Mike is a tall boy . 73、谁是你们篮球队队长？ Who is your basketball team? 74、Mary有点文静。 Mary is quiet. 75、我们英语老师喜欢在课上讲笑话。 Our English teacher loves in Class. 76、她从不停止说话。 She never . 77、当他在上学路上碰见老师时，他总是停下来问好！ He always “hello” to them when he meets his teachers on the way to school. 78、放学后请记住打扫教室！ Remember the classroom after school, please. 79、没人知道。 to the question.
第1单元：（此单元无汉语） 1. No matter how experienced a speaker you are, and how well you have prepared your speech, you will have difficulty making a speech at such a noisy reception. 2. Just as all his sister’s friends cared about him, Jimmy cared about them. 3. Car manufacturers stamp a vehicle identification number at several places on new cars to help track down stolen vehicles. 4. If you dare tell on me when the teacher gets back I won’t say a word to you any more. 5. Some elderly people prefer to live on their own while the great majority choose to live with their children. 6. Here is something that needs to be reckoned with: how to get the necessary finances to establish the company. 第2单元： 1、被告是位年仅30岁的女子，她坚称自己无罪。 The defendant, a woman of only 30, kept insisting on her own innocence. 2、总体看来，枣、豆类以及一些多叶的绿色蔬菜是最好的铁质来源。 All tings considered, dates, beans and some leafy green vegetables are the best sources of iron. 3、正餐时不供应饮料，饮料会影响消化。 No beverages are served with meals because they interfere with digestion. 4、考虑到那个地区受欢迎的程度，提前订宾馆是明智的。 Taking the popularity of the region into consideration, it is advisable to book hotels in advance. 5、服药后若有呕吐感，请立即停止服用并尽快咨询医生。 If you have a feeling of wanting to throw up after taking this drug, stop taking it immediately and consult your doctors as soon as possible. 6、总结这次讨论时，他说双方都会好好考虑怎样以最有效的方法来解决这一问题。 Summing up the discussion, he said both parties should consider the most effective way to solve the problem. 第3单元 1、在思维方面，与他的行为一样，他是非常传统的。 In his thinking, as in his behavior, he is very traditional. 2、教室一旦同意接受新的教学计划，他们就得面对新计划所带给他们的压力。 Once the teachers agree to accept the new teaching program, they have to face the strain it puts on them. 3、从长远看，大学毕业后继续深造而不是直接参加工作是值得的。 In the long run, it is worthwhile to pursue one’s study after graduating from university instead of going to work directly. 4、由于这所学校的办学宗旨是品德第一，所以道德观和学习成绩受到同样的重视。 As the school operates on the Character First principle, moral values and academic achievements are stressed equally. 5、据说，原定于这个月召开的会议将推迟到下个月召开。 It is said that the meeting, which is scheduled to be held this month, will be put off till next month.
Unit 1 1、take place __________ 2、beauty n. __________ 3、harvest n. & vt. & vi. __________ 4、celebration n. __________ 5、hunter n. __________ 6、starve vi. & vt. __________ 7、origin n. __________ 8、religious adj__________ 9、△seasonal adj. __________ 10、ancestor n. __________ 11、Obon n. __________ 12、grave n. __________ 13、incense n. __________ 14、in memory of __________ 15、Mexico n. __________ 16、feast n. __________ 17、△skull n. __________ 18、bone n. __________ 19、△Halloween n. __________ 20、belief n. __________ 21、dress up __________ 22、trick n. vt. __________ 23、play a trick on __________ 24、poet n. __________ 25、△Columbus Day __________ 26、arrival n. ；__________ 27、Christopher Columbus__________ 28、gain vt__________ 29、independence n. __________ 30、independent adj. __________ 31、gather vt. & vi.&n__________. 32、agriculture n. __________ 33、agricultural adj. __________ 34、award n.vt. __________ 35、△produce n. __________ 36、rooster n.__________ 37、admire vt. __________ 38、energetic adj. __________ 39、look forward to __________ 40、△carnival n. __________ 41、△lunar adj. __________ 42、Easter n.__________ 43、△parade n. __________ 44、day and night __________ 45、clothing n. __________
七年级英语上册预备篇第一单元试卷班级姓名 一．汉译英(10分) 1.晚上_____________ 2.你好吗__________________ 3.我很好。______________ 4.早晨_______________ 5.下午__________ 6. I am的缩写形式_______ 7. 谢谢________________ 8.健康的，美好的 9. 光盘10. 英国广播公司二．单项选择。（30分） ( )1.选出字母e发音和其他单词不同的一项：A.Helen B. evening C. he D. she ( )2.选出字母a发音和其他单词不同的一项：A.Dale B. Frank C. Grace D. age ( ) morning ,class ! ----_______________ ’m fine . B. Thank you ! ! D. Good morning , teacher ! ( )4.晚饭后，你散步时遇到了你的一个朋友，你应说_________来打招呼。
A Good morning ! afternoon ! evening ! night ( ) are you ----I’m fine ,thanks. How are you ----_________ do you do are you , good ! ’m OK . ( )6.当你想问对方的身体状况时，应说： “_______”。 A．How are you ’s your name morning 7．下列字母______与字母Ii含有相同的元音音素。 A．Rr B．Gg C．Yy 8．下列各组字母中不含元音字母的是______。 A．a c d f B．g h k m C．j i n r D．l m n o
高考英语重点句型汉译英100题 高考英语重点句型汉译英强化训练 1.他的叔叔过去住在乡下，现在住在城里。(used) 2. 他一点也不喜欢喝咖啡，宁可喝茶。(prefer) 3. 对学生来说，学会一门外语是多么重要啊!(how) 4. 这件大衣值多少钱？(cost) 5. 他把他的一生献给了宇宙飞船的研究。(devote) 6. 你最好现在不要把坏消息告诉他。(had better) 7. 他是一位有经验的驾驶员，他习惯于在各种各样的天气情况下开车。(used) 8. 今晚你应该复习功课，而不应该看电视。(instead) 9. 没有什么能阻止这孩子冒险爬那棵高树。(prevent) 10. 妈妈很少晚上一个人出去，是吗？(seldom) 11. 尽量用英语表达自己，别害怕犯错误。(afraid) 12. 到去年底，中国的人口是多少？(population) 13. 从广州到纽约的路是多么长啊！(it) 14. 当我一到达机场时，飞机就起飞了。(Hardly) 15. 这男孩洗完了脸，似乎才几秒钟。(seem) 16. 如果你不努力学习，你不会取得成功。(unless) 17. 无论你做什么，应尽最大努力。(Whatever) 18. 不管这项任务多么困难，我们要尽最大的努力准时完成。(However) 19. 虽然他是孩子，他知道怎样生活和学习。(as) 20. 既然天好，我把所有的窗都打开了。(Now that) 21. 这里的气候与昆明的气候一样好。(as…as) 22. 她再也不像过去那样讲和笑。(no longer) 23. 我们对世界了解得越多，我们将取得更大的成功。(the more…the more) 24. 只要我们不失去信心，我们会找到办法克服困难的方法。(As long as) 25. 无论谁做这事都没有什么区别。(whoever) 26. 一旦她开始跳舞，她就忘记了时间。(Once) 27. 这座山是那么高以至于我不能爬到山顶上。(…so…that) 28. 只要你一直练习说英语，不多久你肯定会掌握它。(On condition that) 29. 长江是中国最长的河流，去年夏天我们去参观过。(visit) 30. 你见到过写昨天我们讨论过的那篇作文的女孩吗？(whose) 31.众所周知，指南针首先是中国制造的。(As) 32. 我们需要更多的练习是十分清楚的。(practice) 33. 你没听李老师的报告真是太遗憾了。(miss) 34. 碰巧我那天晚上有空。(happen) 35. 据提议试验应该在低温下做。(suggest) 36. 他已经做的事情与我们无关。(nothing) 37. 她问我花了多长时间建成这座大桥。(take)
基本句型汉译英练习主谓宾结构（一） 说明： 此结构是由主语+谓语+宾语够成。其中的谓语动词须是及物的动词或及物的动词词组。宾语须是名词或相当于名词的成分。 翻译练习： 昨晚我写了一封信。 今天下午我想同你谈谈。 这本书他读过多次了。 他们成功地完成了计划。 你们必须在两周内看完这些书。 那位先生能流利地说三种语言。 我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。 Jim 还不会自己穿衣服。 我们大家都相信Jack 是一个诚实男孩。 他不知道说什麽好。 他每天早晨洗冷水澡。 我开窗户你在意吗？ 参考答案： 1.I wrote a letter last night.
2.I want to talk with you this afternoon. 3.He has read this book many times. 4.They have carried out the plan successfully. 5.You must finish reading these books in two weeks. 6.That gentlemen can speak three languages fluently. 7.I received a letter from my pen friend in Australia. 8.Jim cannot dress himself. 9.All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. 10.He did not know what to say. 11.He takes a cold bath every morning. 12.Do you mind my opening the window? 主谓宾结构（二） 说明： 此结构中的谓语动词常常是动词词组,分两种情况:1.及物动词+副词，2.不及物动词+介词。 1.含有away, out, forward, up 等副词的动词词组是可拆分的。如， They carried out the plan successfully.我们还可以说， They carried the plan out successfully. 但我们只能说 As the plan was practical, they carried it out successfully. 动副词组都可以这样用，如，point out（指出）, carry out（执行）, put forward（提出）, work out（做出，算出）, find out（找出）, give up（放弃）, give away（赠送，分发）,pick up（拣起）, put up（挂上）, 等。 2. 而含有介词at, for, from, into, of, with, to 等的动介词组是不可拆分的。如，look after（照顾）, look at（瞧）, look for（寻找）, belong to（属于）, refer to（参考，提及）, think of（考虑，评价）, send for（派人去请）, care for（喜欢）,suffer from（受…之苦）, deal with(对付，应付), object to（反对）, pay for（付…的钱）,等。即我们只能说think of it,不能说think it of. in 在动词词组中用作副词，表示“在里面”，“往里进”，“在家”等意思。如，get in(收割),hand in（提交，交进）。 用作介词，表示“在…地点”，“在…范围”，“在…方面”。如，persist in(坚持)，succeed