——50年代篇
Great Leap Forward
The Great Leap Forward was the name given to the Second Five Year Plan, though the name is now generally limited to the first three years of this period.
Mao advocated that a further round of collectivisation was necessary in the Chinese countryside where the existing collectives would be merged into huge People's communes.
Mao saw grain and steel production as the key pillars of economic development. He forecast that within 15 years of the start of the Great Leap, China's steel production would surpass that of the UK.
It is now widely seen, both within China and outside, as a major economic disaster, effectively being a "Great Leap Backward" that would affect China in the years to come.
1. 开国大典founding ceremony (of a state); inauguration of a state
2.贪官corrupt official ，greedy officia，
【例】：A corrupt official who makes off with public money 卷款潜逃的贪官
3.三反运动（1951-1952）movement against three evils (corruption, waste and bureaucracy)【例】For example, the movement against the three evils, the movement against the five evils, the suppression of the counter-revolutionaries and the agrarian reform are shock movements. For another example, now it is our shock work to check floods.
如三反、五反、镇反、土改等，都是突击运动。又如现在要解决水害问题，也要搞突击。
【例】Their misdeeds are more serious than the crimes exposed in the days of the movements against the "three evils" and the "five evils".
犯罪的严重情况，不是过去“三反”、“五反”那个时候能比的。
4.户口本Household Register, permanent residence booklet, justification
【例】Adult is incognito now (registered permanent residence this getting on) possible, the program is more complex. Specific seek advice to police station of seat of registered permanent residence.
现在成年人改名(户口本上的)可以的，程序比较复杂。具体到户口所在地派出所咨询一下。
5.五年计划five-year plan
【例】We are working out our Sixth Five-Year Plan [1981-85] and have some tentative ideas regarding the Seventh [1986-90].
我国正在制订第六个五年计划，第七个五年计划也有了个设想。
6.人民公社people's commune
【例】The people's communes came into being in 1958.
人民公社诞生于一九五八年。
7.汉语拼音（拼音音译）pin yin, （中文标音字母）Chinese phonetic alphabet
【例】Pinyin is efficient in teaching the Chinese language and those who are familiar with it will be able to use pinyinised dictionaries to pick up new Chinese characters and terms.
汉语拼音是学习华文的有效工具，学会汉语拼音，人们便能够从附有汉语拼音的字典中学习更多的生字和词汇。
8.求同存异seek common ground while reserving differences; put aside minor differences so as to seek common ground; seek common ground among us, while keeping our differences; seek common ground on (major questions) while reserving differences on (minor points); seek common ground on major issues while leaving aside minor differences
【例】We should promote the growth of China-U.S. relations in the spirit of mutual respect, equality, mutual benefit, seeking common ground while putting aside difference, and developing cooperation.
我们应该本着相互尊重、平等互利、求同存异、发展合作的精神，推进中美关系。
9.抗美援朝the war to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea; the movement to resist U.S. agression and aid Korea
【例】We fought the War of Resistance Against Japan for eight years and the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea for three years. We have a tradition of defeating the enemy when we are outnumbered and weaker.
抗日战争打了八年，抗美援朝打了三年，我们有以少胜多、以弱胜强的传统。
10.民族区域自治national regional autonomy
【例】China has instituted a system of regional autonomy in minority areas.
中国在少数民族聚居地区实行民族区域自治。
11.和平共处五项原则he Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence （互相尊重主权和领土完整mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty; 互不侵犯mutual
non-aggression; 互不干涉内政non-interference in each other's internal affairs; 平等互利equality and mutual benefit; 和平共处peaceful coexistence）
【例】We must therefore take the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence as the norms for the new international political and economic order.
所以现在确实需要以和平共处五项原则作为新的国际政治、经济秩序的准则。
12. 万隆会议Bandung Conference
13. 反右派运动Anti-Rightist Movement
【例】We are not going to launch an anti-Rightist campaign again. But on no account should we give up serious criticism of erroneous trends.
我们今后不搞反右派运动，但是对于各种错误倾向决不能不进行严肃的批评。
14.大跃进Great Leap Forward
Twenty million Chinese perished of hunger under Mao's Great Leap Forward.
在毛泽东的大跃进时代，饿死了两千万人。
——60年代篇
Down to the Countryside Movement
The Down to the Countryside Movement (literally "Up to the mountains and down to the villages") was a policy instituted in the People's Republic of China in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
As a result of the anti-bourgeois thinking prevalent during the Cultural Revolution, Mao Zedong declared certain privileged urban youth would be sent to mountainous areas or farming villages, in order that they could learn from the workers and farmers there.
Essentially, Mao used the "up to the mountains and down to the villages" to quell unrest and remove the embarrassment of the early Cultural Revolution from sight.
As a result, many fresh high school graduates were forced out of the cities and effectively exiled to remote areas of China.
1.特赦special pardon; special amnesty
【例】The prisoners were set at liberty by the special amnesty of the President.
总统特赦了一批罪犯。
2.战犯war criminal
【例】Many war criminals were proceeded against following World War II.
第二次世界大战后许多战犯被提起公诉。
3.大字报（拼音直译）Dazibao;（字号大的海报）big-character poster；
【例】We all remember that in 1980, after the defeat of the Gang of Four, the National People's Congress adopted a resolution to delete from the Constitution the provision concerning the right of citizens to "speak out freely, air their views fully, hold great debates and put up big-character posters".
大家可以回想一下，粉碎“四人帮”以后，全国人大在一九八○年通过一个议案，取消宪法中的关于“大鸣、大放、大辩论、大字报”这一条。
4.三年自然灾害（三年自然灾害）Three Years of Natural Disasters （中国大饥荒）Great Chinese Famine
5.文化大革命（无产阶级文化大革命）the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution; the Great Cultural Revolution
【例】The "Cultural Revolution" was really a gross error.
“文化大革命”的确是一个大错误。
6. 红卫兵the Red Guards; Red Guard
【例】And whenever Mao denounced one of his former comrades, the Red Guard made it their mission to eradicate the offender.
任何时候毛对任何人（曾经一起打江山的老友）进行了谴责，“红卫兵”立即视之为其职责将“犯事者”彻底消灭。
7. 上山下乡go to the mountainous areas and the countryside; go and work in the countryside and mountainous areas; go to the mountainous and rural areas; settle in the rural areas [the countryside]; go on trips to hilly and rural areas
【例】For example, the issues of implementation of the Party's policies, of employment, and of the return to our cities of educated urban young people who work in the countryside and in mountainous areas are all social and political problems that should be solved mainly from an economic perspective.
比如落实政策问题，就业问题，上山下乡知识青年回城市问题，这些都是社会、政治问题，主要还是从经济角度来解决。
8. 中苏交恶（中国和前苏联关系破裂）Sino-Soviet split
9.统一战线united front
【例】Only by persevering in the united front can we persevere in the war;
只有坚持统一战线，才能坚持战争；
10.勒紧裤带tighten [pull in] one's belt
【例】Because of unemployment many people had to tighten their belts.
由于失业，许多人不得不勒紧裤带生活。
【例】As food was scarce, they had to pull in their belts.
由于食品缺乏，他们只好勒紧裤带。
——70年代篇
Ping Pong Diplomacy
The events leading up to the encounter began when Glenn Cowan missed his team bus one afternoon after his practice in Nagoya during the 31st World Table Tennis Championship.
As Cowan looked in vain for his team bus, a Chinese player waved to him to get on his Chinese team bus. Moments after his casual talking through an interpreter to the Chinese players, Zhuang
Zedong came up from his back seat to greet him and presented him with a silk-screen portrait of Huangshan Mountains. When it was time for them to get off the bus, hordes of photographers and journalists were waiting for them.
On April 10, 1971, nine American players, four officials, and two spouses stepped across a bridge from Hong Kong to the Chinese mainland.
1.实事求是seek (the) truth from facts; base on facts; be practical and realistic; be realistic and down-to-earth; call a pikestaff a pikestaff; call a spade a spade; come down to earth; do things in a down-to-earth manner; give due consideration to facts; in a matter-of-fact way;
in a practical and realistic way; use a practical approach
【例】Ideological line of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts
解放思想、实事求是的思想路线
2. 两个凡是two whatevers(“两个凡是”是指“凡是毛主席作出的决策，我们都坚决维护；凡是毛主席的指示，我们都始终不渝地遵循”)
【例】As you all know, there is a doctrine known as the "two whatevers".Hasn't it become famous?
大家知道，有一种议论，叫做“两个凡是”，不是很出名吗？
【例】I disapprove of the "two whatevers" because they don't represent Marxism-Leninism or Mao Zedong Thought.
我是不赞成“两个凡是”的。“两个凡是”不是马列主义、毛泽东思想。
3.高考college entrance examination
【例】After working in a factory for several years, he decided to dust off his middle school textbooks and sit for the college entrance examination.
在工厂里工作几年以后，他决定复习一下中学课本，参加高考。
4. 乒乓外交（20世纪70年代中国与美国之间改善外交关系的举措）Ping Pong Diplomacy 【例】Ping-pong diplomacy between Chairman Mao and Richard Nixon led to the resumption of ties between China and the United States.
毛主席和理查德·尼克松总统之间的“乒乓外交”使中国和美国恢复了外交关系。
5. 联合公报joint communique; joint declaration
【例】Both countries should cherish the three hard-won joint communiqu'es guiding the development of bilateral relations.
中美两国都应珍视来之不易的指导两国关系发展的三个联合公报。
6.批林批孔\"Criticize Lin Biao, Criticize Confucius\" Campaign
7.包产到户fix farm output quotas for each household; the fixing of farm output quotas for individual households with each on its own; fix farm output quotas on the household basis 【例】Now that more flexible policies have been introduced in the rural areas, the practice of fixing farm output quotas on a household basis has been adopted in some localities where it is suitable. It has proved quite effective and changed things rapidly for the better.
农村政策放宽以后，一些适宜搞包产到户的地方搞了包产到户，效果很好，变化很快。
8.杂交水稻hybrid rice
【例】The va"iriety of the most important grain crops has been renewed three to five times, each time resulting in increased yields of 10 percent or more. In the past decade the total area sown to hybrid rice has reached 160 million ha, with an increased output of 240 million tons;
主要粮食作物品种更新了3—5次，每次增产幅度均达到10％以上，仅杂交水稻一项，近10年就累计推广1.6亿公顷，增产稻谷2.4亿吨；
9.四人帮Gang of Four
【例】They brought harm to millions upon millions of people.
“四人帮”伤害了成千上万的人。
——80年代篇
Reform and Opening-up
The goal of Chinese economic reform, which refers to the program of economic reforms called "Socialism with Chinese characteristics", was to generate sufficient surplus value to finance the modernization of the mainland Chinese economy.
Economic reforms have helped lift millions of people out of poverty, bringing the poverty rate down from 53% of the population in the Mao era to 12% in 1981, and only 6% by 2001.
Generally, these reforms were not the results of a grand strategy, but as immediate responses to pressing problems.
Although it has been characterised by many in the West as a return to capitalism, Chinese officials have insisted that it is a form of socialism.