专业服务中华考生学子。职称英语题库下载：https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c12917417.html,/zcyy/
2010年职称英语考试综合类（B级）考试真题及答案解析
第一部分：词汇选项(第1-15题，每题1分。共15分)
下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1．Patricia stared at the other girls with resentment．
A．doubt
B．anger
C．love
D．surprise
2．I want to provide my boys with a decent education.
A．speeial
B．private
C．good
D．general
3．Her father was a quiet man with graceful manners.
A．polite
B．similar
C．usual
D．bad
4．There was a profound silence after his remark.
A．short
B．deep
C．proud
D．sudden
5．The document was compiled by the Department of Health. A．printed
B．attached
C．written
D．sent
6．In the process，the light energy converts to heat energy. A．change
B．reduces
C．leaves
D．drops
7．Many cities have restricted smoking in public places. A．limited
B．allowed
C．stopped
D．kept
8．The thief was finally captured two miles away from the village. A．killed
B．jailed
C．caught
专业服务中华考生学子。职称英语题库下载：https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c12917417.html,/zcyy/ D．found
9．If we leave now，we should miss the traffic．
A．mix
B．avoid
C．direct
D．stop
10．What are my chances of promotion if I stay here?
A．advancement
B．replacement
C．retirement
D．adveaisement
11．We've seen a marked shift in our approach to the social issues．A．great
B．clear
C．quick
D．regular
12.Such a database would be extremely costly to set up．
A．update
B．transfer
C．destroy
D．establish
13.The two banks have announced plans to merge next year．
A．combine
B．break
C．sell
D．close
14.I enjoyed the play-it had a clever plot and very funny dialogues.
A．humorous
B．Iong
C．original
D．boilng
15．He's spent years cultivating a knowledge of art．
A．denying
B．using
C．sharing
D．developing
第二部分：阅读判断(第16-22题，每题1分，共7分)
下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。
The Race into Space
American millionaire Dennis Tito will always be famous．He was the first tourist in space．"I spent sixty years on Earth and eight days in space and from my viewpoint，it was two separate lives，"Tito explained．He loved his time in space．"Being in space and looking back at earth is one of the most rewarding experiences a human being can have．"
This kind of experience isn't cheap．It cost $ 20 million．However，Tito achieved his dream．so he was happy．"For me it was a life dream．It was a dream that began when
专业服务中华考生学子。职称英语题库下载：https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c12917417.html,/zcyy/
I didn，t have any money，"he told reporters．
On 30 April 2002，Mark Shuttleworth became the world's second space tourist．Shuttleworth is a South African businessman．At the age of twenty-eight．he also paid $ 20 million for the eightday trip．
Both Tito and Shuttleworth bought their tickets from a company called Space Adventures．The company has around 100 people already on their waiting list for flights into space．The spaceship to take them doesn't exist yet．
Many of the customdrs are people who like adventure．They are the kind of people who also want to climb Mount Qomolangma．Other customers are people who love space．However，these people are worried．Because it's so expensive,only very rich people can go into space．They want space travel to be available to more people．That day may soon be here．Inter Orbital Systems(IOS)plans to send up to four tourists a week into space．The tours will depart from an island in Tonga．The company promises a package that includes forty-five days of astronaut training in Russia and California，seven days in space，and a vacation in Tonga．for $2 million．
However，space flight is still very dangerous．Bill Readdy is NASA's deputy assistant administrator for space flight．He says that the chances of dying are about 1 in 500．Because of this it may take time before space tourism really takes off．You might be able to go up，but will you come down?
16．Dennis Tito was the first tourist in space．
A．Right
B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
17．Mark Shuttleworth is an engineer from the United States．
A．Right
B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
18．Both Tito and Shuttleworth have climbed Mount Qomolangma．
A．Right
B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
19．Space Adventures has about 100 customers waiting for their travel into space．A．Right
B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
20．Space Adventures already has a spaceship．
A．Right
B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
21．IOS will send its tourists into space from Tonga．
A．Right
B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
22．Bill Readdy thinks space flight is very dangerous．
A．Right
B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
第三部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23-30题，每题1分，共8分)
下面的短文后有2项测试任务：
(1)第23-26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2-5段每段选择1个最佳标题；
专业服务中华考生学子。职称英语题库下载：https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c12917417.html,/zcyy/
(2)第27-30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。
Waste Not，Want Not
1 Bob and Clara Darlington，who own and run a farm in the North of England，have alwayslooked for new ways of making money out of the produce they grow．Their SUCCESS began when theyestablished a shop on their farm，so that people could come and buy fresh vegetables directly fromthem．
2 The business was an immediate SUCCESS，and soon scored top marks in a competition set upby the Farm Retail Association to find the best farm shop in the country．The Association's inspectorsfound the Darlingtons'shop offered excellent service and value for money as well as quality fruit andvegetable．
3 Clara Darlington is a trained chef and，in addition to a range of home-grown foods andother local produce，she began offering a variety of prepared meals which she had made herself inthe farmhouse kitchen．A small cafe alongside the farm shop was soon added，with everything thatvisitors could taste on the menu also being for sale in the shop．
4 Clara admits that starting the business was expensive，and she has worked very hard，butmaintains that if the product is good，the public recognize this and buy it．"I aim to offer the highestquality to our customers，whether they come in for a loaf of bread，or take a whole dinner-partymenu．I take it as a compliment(恭维)if people take home one of my dishes to serve to their family and friends and get away with pretending they made it themselves．"
5 So it was that the couple realized that they had a surplus of misshapen or damaged vegetables grown on the farm which were unsuitable for selling in the shop．Clara，not wishing to see themget thrown away，decided to turn them into soup．
6 The soup met with the immediate approval of customers to the shop and Clara now producesten different varieties．She spent much of the summer traveling up and down to London by rail，doing presentations of the soups．As a result，they are now served in first-class railway restaurant carsbelonging to three companies as well as being stocked by a number of high-class London stores．
23．Paragraph 2_______________．
24．Paragraph 3________________．
25．Paragraph 4______________．
26．Paragraph 5____________．
A．Time well spent is rewarded
B．Professional recognition is obtained
C．A necessary alternative to farming
D．Professional skills are exploited
E．Continuing investment in high standards
F．Ensuring that nothing gets wasted
27．Bob an Clara Darlington established a shop to____________．
28．Apart from quality fruit and vegetables，the couple____________．
29．Instead of throwing the damaged vegetables away，the couple__________．30．Clara spent much of the summer going to London to____________．
A．sell fresh vegetables
B．sell as much as possible
C．offer a variety of prepared meals
D．turn them into soup
E．fill a gap in the market
F．promote her soups
第四部分：阅读理解(第31-45题，每题3分，共45分)
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。
第1篇
Immigration and Problems
Hundreds of thousands of people supporting immigration rights in the US filled streets all over America in early 2006．Many held signs and American flags and asked to
专业服务中华考生学子。职称英语题库下载：https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c12917417.html,/zcyy/
be treated as citizens-notcriminals．Many of these supported legislation from Senator John McCain that would open a path tocitizenship to immigrants who were already in the country illegally．Proposed legislation from otherpoliticians called for stricter measures-including rounding up undocumented immigrants and send.ing them back to their home countries．
Canadian officials say that immigration applications continue to rise．Some want to keep thedoors open．They need the labor．About 400，000 immigrants were allowed into the country in 2005，according to the Canadian Government statistics．However，all this growth means that cities need toadapt．New comers don't always make a smooth transition into jobs for which they are skilled．So industries are using mentoring(辅导)programs to help new immigrants find proper jobs．
With the large numbers of undocumented African immigrants arriving in the Canary Islands andshowing no sign of abating(减少)，the Spanish Government has decided to get tough．There will beno more mass amnesties(特赦)for illegals，and anyone coming to Spain without permission will besent back，the government has announced．About 23，000 migrants(移民)landed on the islands in2006，and riots have erupted in some crowded reception centers．This has promoted local authoritiesto appeal to the United Nations for help．
France's new immigration and integration law gives the government new powers to encouragehigh-skilled migration．It takes effect in 2007．The new law authorizes the government will helpthese identified employers find immigrant workers with needed skills or qualifications．The selectedforeign employees will be granted"skills and talents"visas．valid for three years．But some peopleshow the concern that it'll cause brain drain in developing countries．
31．Many immigrants in the US took to the streets in early 2006，demanding that________．
A．John McCain be removed．
B．they be sent back home
C．they be treated as citizens
D．their culture be protected
32．The expression"rounding up"in paragraph 1 could be best replaced by_________．
A．encircling
B．separating
C．arresting
D．frightening
33．Canada is not very strict with immigration applications because___________．
A．it is a large country
B．it is suffering from labor shoaage
C．its population is decreasing
D．it is a multicultural country
34．To solve the immigration problem，the Spanish Government has decided___________．
A．to take tough measures against illegal immigration
B．to let immigrants freely enter the country
C．to integrate immigrants into the Spanish culture
D．to help immigrants find proper jobs
35．After France's new immigration and integration law takes effect，it will_________．
A．encourage overseas students to return home
B．bring damage to the unity of the country
C．arouse anger among French workers
D．make it hard for developing countries to keep talents
第2篇
The Iceman
On a September day in 1991，two Germans were climbing the mountains between Austria andItaly．High up on a mountain pass，they found the body of a man lying on the
专业服务中华考生学子。职称英语题库下载：https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c12917417.html,/zcyy/
ice．At that height(10，499 feet，or 3，200 meters)，the ice is usually permanent，but 1991 had been an especiallywarm year．The mountain ice had melted more than usual and so the body had come to the surface．
It was lying face downward．The skeleton(骨架)was in perfect condition，except for a woundin the head．There was still skin on the bones and the remains of some clothes．The hands were still holding the wooden handle of an ax and on the feet there were very simple leather and cloth boots．
Nearby was a pair of gloves made of tree bark(树皮)and a holder for arrows．
Who was this man?How and when had he died?Everybody had a different answer to thesequestions．Some people thought that it was from this century，perhaps the body of a soldier who diedin World War 1，since several soldiers had already been found in the area．A Swiss woman believedit might be her father，who had died in those mountains twenty years before and whose body hadnever been found．The scientists who rushed to look at the body thought it was probably much older，maybe even a thousand years old．
With modern dating techniques，the scientists soon learned that the Iceman was about 5．300 years old．Born in about 3300 B．C．，he lived during the Bronze Age in Europe．At first scientiststhought he was probably a hunter who had died from an accident in the high mountains．More recent evidence，however，tells a different story．A new kind of X-rav shows an arrowhcad still stuck in his shoulder．It left only a tiny hole in his skin，but it caused internal damage and bleeding．He a1．most certainly died from this wound，and not from the wound on the back of his head．This meansthat he was probabb；in some kind of a battle．It may have been part of a larger war。or he may havebeen fighting bandits．He may even have been a bandit himself．
By studying his clothes and tools，scientists have already learned a great deal from the Icemanabout the times he lived in．we may never know the full story of how he died，but he has give Us im．portant clues to the history of those distant times．
36．The body of the Iceman was found in the mountains mainly because_________．
A．he was lying on the ice
B．he was just on a mountain pass
C．the melted iee made him visible
D．two Germans were climbing the mountains
37．What can be inferred from paragraph 2?
A．The Iceman lived a poor life．
B．The Iceman could have died from the wound in the head．
C．The Iceman was struck dead from behind．
D．The Iceman was killed while working
38．All the following are assumptions once made about the Iceman EXCEPT_________．
A．he was a soldier in World War 1
B．he was a Swiss woman's long-lost father
C．he was born about a thousand years ago
D．he came from Italy
39．The scientists made the deduction that the Iceman_________．
A．was probably in some kind of a battle
B．had got a wound on the back of his head
C．had a tiny hole in his skin causing his death
D．was hit in the shoulder by an arrowhead
40．The word"bandits"in paragraph 4 could be best replaced by_________．
A．hunters
B．shooters
C．robbers
D．soldiers
第3篇
Britain's Solo Sailor
专业服务中华考生学子。职称英语题库下载：https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c12917417.html,/zcyy/
Ellen MacArthur started sailing when she was eight，going out on sailing trips with her aunt．
She loved it so much that she saved her money for three years to buy her first small sailing boat．When she was 18．she sailed alone around Britain and won the"Young Sailor of the Year"award．
But Ellen really became famous in 2001．Aged only 24，she was one of only two women who entered the Vendee Globe round the world solo race，which lasts 100 days．Despite many problems，she came second in the race out of 24 competitors and she was given a very warm welcome when she returned．
Ambition and determination have always been a big part of Ellen's personality．When she wasyounger，she lived in a kind of hut(棚屋)for three years while she was trying to get sponsorship tocompete in a transatlantic race．Then she took a one-way ticked to France，bought a tiny seven meter class mini yacht，slept under it while she was repairing it，and then she raced it 4，000 kilometers across the Atlantic in 1997，alone for 33 days．Ellen has had to learn many things，because sailing single-handed means that she has to beher own captain，electrician，sail maker，engineer，doctor，journalist，cameraman and cook．She also has to be very fit，and because of the dangers of sleeping for long periods of time she' in themiddle of the ocean，she has trained herself to sleep for about 20 minutes at a time．
And she needs courage．Once，In the middle of the ocean，she had to climb the mast(桅杆)of a boat to repair the sails-at four o'clock in the morning，with 100 kph winds blowing around her．It took her many hours to make the repairs．Ellen says。"1 was exhausted when I came down．It'shard to describe how it feels to be up there．It's like trying to hold onto a big pole，which for me isjust too big to get my alTOS around，with someone kicking you all the time and trying to shakeyou off．"
But in her diary，Ellen also describes moments which make it all worthwhile(值得的)："Abeautiful sunrise started the day，with black clouds slowly lit by the bright yellow sun．I have a verystrong feeling of pleasure，being out here on the ocean and having the chance to live this．I just feellucky to be here．"
41．In the Vendee Globe race，Ellen won________．
A．a gold medal
B．the"Best Women Sailor"award
C．the second place
D．the"Young Sailor of the Year"award
42．Ellen lived in a kind of hut for three years___________．
A．because she was interested in country life
B．because she was ambitious for the coming race
C．while she was learning how to repair sails
D．while she was trying to get financial support for a race
43．The word"solo"in the title could be best replaced by___________．A．self-starter
B．single-handed
C．one performer
D．seIf-made
44．According to paragraph 4，which of the following statements is NOT true? A．She has to be her own teacher．
B．She has trained herself to sleep for about 20 minutes at a time.
C．She has to be very fit．
D．She has to learn to repair sails．
45．How does Ellen feel about the Vendee Globe race?
A．It is surprising．
B．It is relaxing．
C．It is dangerous．
D．It is enjoyable．
专业服务中华考生学子。职称英语题库下载：https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c12917417.html,/zcyy/
第五部分：补全短文(第46-50题，每题2分，共10分)
下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。
Semco
At 21．Ricard0 Semler became boss of his father business in Brazil，Semco，which sold partsfor ships．Semler Junior worked like a madman，from 7：30 am，until midnight every day．One af-ternoon while touring a factory in New York he collapsed The doctor who treated him said
"There，s nothing wrong with you．But if you continue like this，you'11 find a new home in our hospital．"Semler got the message．He changed the way he worked．In fact，he changed the way his employees worked too．
He let his workers take more responsibility so that they would be the ones worrying when things went wrong．He allowed them to set their own salaries，and he cut all the jobs he thought were unnecessary．like receptionists and secretaries．____________(46)．"Everyone at Semco，even top managers，meets guests in reception does the photocopying，sends faxes，types letters and dials the phone．"
He eompletelv reorganized the office：instead of walls，they have plants at Semco，so bosses can't shut themselves away from everyone else．__________(47)．As for uniforms，some people wear suits and others wear T-shirts．
Semler says．"We have a sales manager named Rubin Agater who sits there reading the newspaper hour after hour．He doesn't even pretend to be busy．But when a Semco pump on the otherside of the world fails and millions of gallons of oil are about to spill into the sea．Rubin springs intoaction．_________(48)．That's when he earns his salary．No one cares if he doesn't look busy therest of the time．"
Semco has flexible working hours：the employees decide when they need to arrive at work．Theemployees also evaluate their bosses twice a year．__________(49)．
It sounds perfect．but does it work?The answer is in the numbers：in the last six years．
Semco's revenues have gone from$35 million to$212 million．The company has grown from eighthundred employees to 3，000．Why?
Semler says it's because of"peer pressure"．Peer pressure makes everyone work hard for every。one else．__________(50)．In other words，Ricardo Semler treats his workers like adults and expectsthem to act like adults．And they do．
A．This saved money and brought more equality to the company．
B．He knows everything there is to know about our pumps and how to fix them．
C．And the workers are free to decorate their workspace as they want．
D．Most managers spend their time making it difficult for workers to work．
E．If someone isn't doing his job well，the other workers will not allow the situation to contin'Ue．
F．Also．Semco lets its workers use the company's machines for their own projeets，and makesthem take holidays for at 1east thirty days a year．
第六部分：完形填空(第51-65题，每题1分，共15分)
阅读下面的短文，文中有15处空白，每处空白给出了4个选项，请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案，涂在答题卡相应的位置上。
The Case of the Disappearing Fingerprints
One useful anti-cancer drug can effectively erase the whorls and other characteristic marks thatgive people their distinctive fingerprints(指纹)．Losing them could become troublesome．A case___________(51)online in a letter by Annals of Oncology(肿瘤学)indicates how big a_______ (52)of losing fingerprints is．
Eng-Huat Tan．a Singapore-based medical doctor describes a 62-year old man who has usedcapecitabine to_________(53)his nasopharyngeal cancer(鼻咽癌)．After three years on the (54)，the patient decided to visit U．S．relatives last December．But he was stopped byU．S．customs officials__________(55)4 hours after entering the country when those officialscouldn't get fingerprints from the man．There were no___________(56)swirly marks appearing fromhis index finger．
"U．S．customs has been fingerprinting incoming foreign visitors for years，"Tan says．"unfortunately,for the Singaporean traveler，one potential__________(57)effect of his drug treatment is a smoothing of the tissue on the finger pads．_________(58)，no fingerprints．"
"It is uncertain when fingerprint_________(59)will begin to take place in patients who are taking capecitabine，"Tan points out．So he__________(60)any physicians who
专业服务中华考生学子。职称英语题库下载：https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c12917417.html,/zcyy/
prescribe the drug to provide their patients with a doctor's_________(61)pointing out that their medicine may causefingerprints to disappear．
Eventually，the Singapore traveler made it into the United States．I guess the name on his pass-port didn't raise any red flags．But he's also now got the explanatory doctor's note-and won't 1eavehome___________(62)it．
By the way，maybe the Food and Drug Administration(美国食品药物管理局)，_________(63)approved use of the drug 11 years ago，should consider updating its list of side effects________(64)with this medicine．The current list does note that patients may experience vomiting(呕吐)，stomach pain and some other side effects．But no where___________(65)it mention the po．tential for loss of fingerprints．51．A．released B．suggested C．accepted D．detected
52．A．problem B．gap C．sickness D．secret
53．A．cut B．treat C．find D．smooth
54．A．diet B．exercise C．recovery D．drug
55．A．in B．for C．at D．from
56．A．different B．strange C．interesting D．distinctive
57．A．good B．side C．normal D．main
58．A．However B．Meanwhile C．Hence D．Yet
59．A．chance B．mark C．loss D．danger
60．A．reports B．discourage C．cautions D．praise
61．A．note B．name C．book D．number
62．A．on B．out C．without D．off
63．A．who B．when C．which D．where
64．A．collected B．copied C．associated D．tested
65．A．must B．does C．can D．shouId
2010年全国职称英语综合类（B级）考试参考答案
第一题：词汇选项
1．B[解析]"Patricia生气地瞪着其他的女孩。"resentment：愤恨。如：He shows no resentment to anyone．他不怨恨任何人。anger：愤怒。最符合题意。如：I cannot control my anger．我无法控制自己的愤怒。doubt：怀疑。如：There is no doubt that we will be successful．毫无疑问我们会成功。love：爱。如：Love conquers all．爱能战胜一切。surprise：惊奇。如：What apleasant surprise!多惊喜的事情呀!
2．C[解析]"我想给儿子们提供体面的教育。"decent：体面的。如：decent clothes体面的服装。good：好的。最符合题意。如：good environment良好的环境。special：特别的。如：This is a special occasion．这是一个特殊的场合。private：隐私的。如：Fans are always curiousabout the singer's private life。歌迷总对歌星的私人生活感兴趣。general：普遍的。如：thegeneral readers一般的读者。
3．A [解析]"她的父亲话语不多，举止优雅。"graceful：优雅的。如：The dancer waslight and graceful．舞者的舞姿轻盈优美。polite：有礼貌的。最符合题意。如：a polite behavior 有礼貌的行为。similar：类似的。如：A word or phrase of similar meaning．意义相近的词或词组。usual：通常的。如：His speech followed the usual pattern．他按照通常的方式讲话。bad：坏的。如：a bad habit坏习惯。
4．B [解析]"他讲完后有一阵意味深长的沉默。"profound：意义深远的。如：what shehas to say is very profound．她说的话很有意义。proud：骄傲的。如：a proud winner，骄傲的胜利者。short：短暂的。如：a shortjourney．短暂的旅行。sudden：突然的。如：a sudden attack突袭。deep：深刻的。最符合题意。如：a deep impression深刻的印象。
5．C[解析]"这一文件由卫生部编辑。"compile：编辑。如：compile an encyclopedia 编辑一本百科全书。write：写。最符合题目。如：He has written many books．他写过很多书。print：印刷。如：print the final copy of your essay．打印作文的终稿。attach：系，贴。如：attach a label to theproduct．给商品贴上商标。send：送。如：He sent her some flowers．他给她送了些花。
6．A [解析]"在这个过程中，光能会转换成热能。"convert转换。如：convert iron tosteel 变铁为钢。change：改变。最符合题意。如：change from an empty space to a busy area 从空地变为繁华地区。reduce：减少。如：reduce the consumption of fuel减少燃料消耗。leave：留下。如：He left the book on the desk他把书留在桌上。drop：掉落。如：A bottle dropped on thefloor and smashed瓶子落在地上摔碎了。
7．A[解析]"许多城市限制在公共场合抽烟。"restrict：限制。如：The trees restrict ourview．这些树阻碍我们的视野。limit：限制。最符合题意。如：He must limit the number of cigarettes he smokes．他必须限制抽烟的数目。allow允许。如：Please allow me to express my warnlwelcome to our guests．请允许我向来客表示热烈的欢迎。stop停止。
专业服务中华考生学子。职称英语题库下载：https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c12917417.html,/zcyy/
如：Stop talking．别说话。keep保持。如：keep silence保持沉默。
8． C [解析]"贼最终在距村子两英里的地方被抓住。"capture：捕获。如：capture territoriesby force of arms争城夺地。catch：抓住。最符合题意。如：Early birds catch wolTas：早起的鸟儿有虫吃。kill：杀害。如：He was killed in a car accident．他丧命于一场车祸。find：发现。如：Have youfound your key?找到钥匙了么?jail：监禁。如：He was jailed last month．他在上月被监禁。
9．B[解析]"如果现在出发就能避免交通高峰。"miss：错过。如：I missed breakfastthis morning．今早我错过了吃早饭。direct：指挥。如：She directed the planning of the festival．她统管节日安排。stop：停止。如：Stop talking．别说话。mix：混合。如：Mix water and flour．将水和面粉混合。avoid：避免。最符合题意。如：Avoid making any noise．避免制造任何噪音。
10．A[解析]"如果我留下，能有多大可能得到提拔?"promotion：升职。如：May I offermv congratulations on your promotion?请允许我为您的晋升向您道贺。retirement：退休。如：Y0ur retirement is really a great disappointment to me．您退休了，真是令我非常失望。advertisement：广告。如：This advertisement will capture the attention of TV audiences．这广告将引起电视观众的注意。advancement：晋升。最符合题意。如：His advancement to the position of managerwas greeted with enthusiasm．他被提升为经理，大家都为之欢呼。replacement代替。如：Theyhave got a replacement for him．他们把他替换下来。
11．B [解析]"在解决这些社会问题上我们看到了明显的转变。"marked：明显的。如：marked increases明显的增长。clear：清晰的。最符合题意。如：a clear explanation清晰的解释。regular：规律的。如：regular heartbeats规律的心跳。Quick：迅速的。如：a quick answer迅速的回答。great：伟大的。如：a great career伟大的事业。
12．D[解析]"建立这样的数据库成本会非常高。"set up：建立。如：set up an organization 成立一个组织。transfer：转移。如：He was transferred to another department．他调到另一个部门了。destroy：破坏。如：The houses were destroyed in an earthquake．房屋在地震中毁坏。establish：成立。最符合题意。如：His grandfather established the family business in 1920．他的祖父在1920年成立了这个家族企业。update：更新。如：Have you updated the statistics in the report?你把报告中的数据更新了么?
13．A[解析]"两家银行已宣布了明年合并的计划。"merge：联合。如：Rover is to mergewith the BMW．罗孚公司要和宝马公司合并。combine：合并。最符合题意。如：combine theories with practical experiences将实践经验和理论相结合。sell：出售。如：How can you sell suchan old car?你怎样能将这辆老车卖出去?close：关闭。如：Close the
door please．请关门。break：打碎。如：break a vase打破花瓶。
14．A[解析]"我喜欢这出戏，它有巧妙的情节和风趣的对话。"fltony：有趣的。如：afunny story有趣的故事。long：长的。如：long hair长发。boring：枯燥的。如：a boring person 无聊的人。originall：最初的。如：Stick to the original plan．坚持原计划。humorous：幽默的。最符合题意。如：The film is at once Ilumorous antl nOVing．这部电影风趣又动人。
15．D [解析]"他花费多年培养对艺术的学识。"cultirate：培养。如：I will cultirate thehabit of lauglater．我要培养笑的习惯。share：分享。如：we useclto sJaare everything．我们通常分享一切。use：使用。如：Use your mind．动动脑子。deny：否定。如：Can you deny the truth ofhis statement?你能否认他的声明是真实的吗?develop：发展。最符合题意。如：develop a lovefor music培养对音乐的喜爱。
第二部分：阅读判断
16．A[解析]"丹尼斯·蒂托是第一位太空游客。"文章第l段介绍了美国富翁丹尼斯·蒂托作为第一位太空游客的经历。因此，本题的答案为A。
17．B [解析]"马克·沙特尔沃思是一位来自美国的工程师。"文章第3段指出马克·沙特尔沃思是一位南非商人。因此本题与文章内容不符。答案为B。
18．C[解析]"蒂托和沙特尔沃思都攀登过珠穆朗玛峰。"文章第4段第1句指出："蒂托和沙特尔沃思都是在一家称作太空探险的公司购买的太空旅行票。"而没有涉及攀登珠穆朗玛峰的信息。因此答案为C。
19．A[解析]"太空探险公司有大约100名顾客等待去太空旅行。"文章第4段第2句提到："这家公司已有一百多人在等待飞往太空的名单上登记。"本句与文章内容相符，因此，答案为A。
20．B [解析]"太空探险公司已经拥有一架宇宙飞船。"文章第4段最后指出："而携带他们的宇宙飞船目前并不存在。"因此，答案为B。
21．A[解析]"太空轨道传送公司将从汤加群岛送它的游客加入太空。"文章第6段谈到了太空轨道传送公司的计划并指出太空旅行将从汤加群岛的一个岛屿出发，因此答案为A。
22．A [解析]"贝尔·瑞迪认为太空航行是非常危险的。"文章最后一段提到贝尔·瑞迪指出太空旅行的死亡机遇是五百分之一。本题与文章内容相符。答案为A。
参考译文
造访太空
美国百万富翁丹尼斯·蒂托将永远闻名于世，因为他是第一位太空游客。他解释道："我在地球上度过了六十年，而在太空度过了八天。在我看来，这是两种完全不同的生活。"他热爱在太空的日子。"身处太空回看地球是一个人所能拥有的最有价值的经历之一。"
这种经历是昂贵的，他花费了2000万美元。但是，蒂托实现了他的梦想，因此非常快
2016职称英语考试真题及答案 第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题l分，共15分) 下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语有下划线，请为每处下划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1、Have you talked to her?lately? https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c12917417.html,stly B.finally C.shortly D.recently 2、 About?one quarter of?the workers in the country are employed in factories. A.third B.fourth C.tenth D.fifteenth 3、 The dentist has decided to?extract?her bad tooth. A.take out B.repair C.push in D.dig 4、 We shall keep the money in a?secure?place. A.clean
B.secret C.distant D.safe 5、 This table is strongand?durable. A.long-lasting B.extensive C.far reaching D.eternal 6、 He endured agonies before he finally?expired. A.fired B.resigned C.died D.retreated 7、 There are only five minutes left, but the?outcome?of the match is still in doubt. A.result B.judgement C.estimation D.event 8、 The great changes of the city?astonished?every visitor to that city A.attacked
2013年职称英语综合类B级真题及答案(基本完整版) 第1部分：词汇选项(第1~15题，每题1分，共15分)下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语有括号，请为每处括号部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1. Come out，or I’ll bust the door down. A shut B break C set D beat 2. The police will need to keep a wary eye on this area of town. A naked B blind C cautious D private 3. The rules are too rigid to allow for human error. A general B inflexible C complex D direct 4. It seemed incredible that he had been there a week already. A right B unbelievable C obvious D unclear 5. These animals migrate south annually in search of food. A explore B inhabit C prefer D travel 6. Rumors began to circulate about his financial problems. A send B hear C confirm D spread 7. She came across three children sleeping under a bridge. A found by chance B passed by C took a notice of D woke up 8. I have little information as regards her fitness for the post. A about B at C with D from 9. As a politician，he knows how to manipulate public opinion. A express B divide C influence D voice 10. He was tempted by the high salary offered by the company. A taught B kept C changed D attracted 11. He paused，waiting for her to digest the information. A withhold B exchange C understand D contact 12. Make sure the table is securely anchored. A repaired B cleared C booked D fixed 13. She gets aggressive when she is drunk.
2015年职称英语理工类C级考试真题及答案第一部分：词汇选项 1. The weather last summer was awful. A. bad B. fair C. dry D. hot 参考答案：A 2. The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison. A. message B. guilt C. obligation D. punishment 参考答案：D 3. My piano playing has improved significantly since I had a new teacher. A. definitely B. generally C. certainly D. greatly 参考答案：D 4. There is a need for radical changes in education.
A. revolutionary B. long-term C. short-term D. systematic 参考答案：A 5. It frustrates me that I‘m not able to put any of my ideas into practice. A. discourages B. shows C. surprises D. frightens 参考答案：A 6. I realized to my horror that I had forgotten the present. A. limit B. fear C. power D. fool 参考答案：B 7. He tried to assemble his thoughts. A. gather B. clear C. share D. spare
Section A Directions: There are 10 incomplete statements here. You are required to complete each statement by choosing the appropriate answer from the 4 choices marked A) , B) , C) and D) . You should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. 16. The classroom needs______. A) clean B) to clean C) to be cleaned D) being cleaned 17.There is a nice-looking car there. I wonder ______. A) whom it belongs to B) whom does it belong to C) it belongs to whom D) whom does it belong 18. Wordsworth was one of the greatest poets ______ lived in the 19th century. A) which B) who C) those D) that 19. the population is too large, we have to take measures to control the birth rate. A) Although B) Since C) If D) Until 20. It is requested that every student ______ a paper on sustainable development. A) writes B) wrote C) writing D) write 21 .He said, "I ______ a lot of new poems by the end of last year." A) h ad already learnt B) have already learnt C) would have already learnt D) already learnt 22. As Edison grew ______, he became more and more interested in science. A) elder B) the elder C) older D) the older 23. Only in this way ______ catch up with your brothers. A) do you can B) can you C) you can D) you do can 24.No one, except his two best friends, ______ where he is. A) know B) knows C) to know D) knowing 25. Mr. John has decided that he will ______ the branch company set up in the small town. A) take over B) hand in C) put in D) lead to Section B Directions: There are also 10 incomplete statements here. You should fill in each blank with the proper form of the word given in the brackets. Write .the word or words in the corresponding space on the Answer Sheet. 26. We started the attack when the enemy (cross) ______ the river. 27.My suggestion is that we (send) ______ a few people to help the other groups. 28.I am sorry to learn that you have made no (improve)______on the design at all. 29. I prefer (live) ______ in the country rather than in a city. 30. We had difficulty (carry) ______ out the plan. 31. Not(know) ______ her address, we couldn't get in touch with her. 32.Do you know the (high) ______ of St. Paul's Cathedral. 33. The great number of traffic accidents (emphasis) ______ the need for careful driving. 34. Many modern cars are equipped with an (automatically) ______ temperature control system. 35 .That one is no good; this one is even (bad) ______. Part ⅢReading Comprehension (40 minutes) Direction: This part is to test your reading ability. There are 5 tasks for you to fulfil. You should read the reading materials carefully and do the tasks as you are instructed. T ask 1 Direction:After reading the following passage, you will find 5 questions or unfinished statements, numbered 36 through 40. For each question or statement there are 4 choices marked A) , B) , C) or D) . You should make the correct choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a Single line through the center.
职称外语水平要求相关政策规定 根据浙人专[2007]80号（杭人专[2007]162号）、浙人专[2006]118号、浙人教[1997]146号、杭人专[2007]206号以及省人事厅关于职称外语等级考试有关问题的解答等精神，职称外语水平要求的相关政策规定如下： 一、申报专业技术资格应参加全国职称外语相应等级考 二、凡参加全国专业技术人员职称外语等级统一考试的人员由省人事考试办公室发放成绩通知书。其中：对达到全国通用标准分数线的，在申报对应级别的专业技术资格时有效；对达到省定标准分数线的，在2年内申报对应级别的专业技术资格时有效。 三、经考试、考核认定取得全国专业技术资格和职业资格证书，受聘职务是否需要具备外语要求，由聘用单位确定。 四、申报中小学教师（含实验、教学管理）、艺术系列和文学创作、群众文化、社区卫生专业技术资格，职称外语不作要求。
五、申报会计、经济、统计、审计、新闻、出版、农业技术、技校实习指导教师、广播电视播音、律师、公证员、图书资料、档案、电影放映专业技术资格，以及长期在野外从事林业、水利、采矿、测绘、勘探、铁路施工、公路施工、建筑施工等专业技术工作，年龄在40周岁以上人员申报专业技术资格时，职称外语成绩不作为必备条件，作为专家评审的参考依据。 六、凡申报体育教练员中、高级专业技术资格的人员，可参加我省单位组织的体育教练员职称外语考试。考试成绩 七、申报评审我市评审权限内的工程技术、技校教师等中级专业技术资格，年龄在40周岁及以上人员，职称外语成绩不作为必备条件，作为专家评审的参考依据。我市实行以考代评和考评结合的人员报考、评审专业技术资格时，职称外语不作要求（杭人专[2007]162号）。 八、参加浙江省外语水平等级考试，并取得英语二级、日语三级以上合格证书的人员，3年内晋升专业技术职务可免于参加全国职称外语相应等级考试（浙人教[1997]146号），具体对应关系：
全国职称英语考试历年真题及答案 理工类-A级 2003-2010 目录 1.2003年全国职称英语考试（理工类A级）真题及答案 (2) 2.2004年全国职称英语考试（理工类A级）真题及答案 (16) 3.2005年全国职称英语考试（理工类A级）真题及答案 (35) 4.2006年全国职称英语考试（理工类A级）真题及答案 (54) 5.2007年全国职称英语考试（理工类A级）真题及答案 (68) 6.2008年全国职称英语考试（理工类A级）真题及答案 (76) 7.2009年全国职称英语考试（理工类A级）真题及答案 (89) 8.2010年全国职称英语考试（理工类A级）真题及答案 (102)
2003年职称英语等级考试理工类A级试题及答案第一部分：词汇选项（第1—15题，每题1分，共15分） 下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语画有底横线，请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与画线部分意义最相近的词或短语。答案一律涂在答题卡相应的位置上。 1. The union representative put across her argument very effectively. A explained B invented C considered D accepted 2. He talks tough but has a tender heart. A heavy B strong C kind D wild 3. It is no use debating the relative merits of this policy. A making B taking C discussing D expecting 4. Our statistics show that we consume all that we are capable of producing. A waste B buy C use D sell 5. The fuel tanks had a capacity of 140 liters. A function B ability C power D volume 6. Our lives are intimately bound up with theirs. A tensely B nearly C carefully D closely 7. Her faith upheld her in times of sadness. A supported B excited C inspired D directed
2013年职称英语考试综合类B级试题及参考答案 一、词汇选项 https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c12917417.html,e out，or I’ll bust the door down. A shut B break C set D beat 2.The police will need to keep a wary eye on this area of town. A naked B blind C cautious D private 3.The rules are too rigid to allow for human error. A general B inflexible C complex D direct 4.It seemed incredible that he had been there a week already. A right B unbelievable C obvious D unclear 5.These animals migrate south annually in search of food. A explore B inhabit C prefer D travel 6.Rumors began to circulate about his financial problems. A send B hear C confirm D spread
7.She came across three children sleeping under a bridge. A found by chance B passed by C took a notice of D woke up 8.I have little information as regards her fitness for the post. A about B at C with D from 9.As a politician，he knows how to manipulate public opinion. A express B divide C influence D voice 10. He was tempted by the high salary offered by the company. A taught B kept C changed D attracted 11. He paused，waiting for her to digest the information. A withhold B exchange C understand D contact 12. Make sure the table is securely anchored. A repaired B cleared C booked D fixed 13. She gets aggressive when she is drunk. A offensive B worried
2014 年 12 月 B 级考试真题 Directions: This part is to test your listening ability. It consists of 4 sections. Section A Directions: This section is to test your ability to give proper responses. There are 7 recorded questions in it. After each question, there is a pause. The questions will be spoken two times . When you hear a question, you should decide on the correct answer from the 4 choices marked A), B), C) and D) given in your test paper. Then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Example: You will hear: A) I m not sure. B) You 're right. C) Yes, certainly. D) That 's interesting. From the question we learn that the speaker is asking the listener to leave a message. Therefore, C) Yes, certainly . is the correct answer. You should mark C) on the Answer Sheet. ［A ］［B ］［C ］［D ］ Now the test will begin. Section B Directions: This section is to test your ability to understand short dialogues. There are 7 recorded dialogues in it. After each dialogue, there is a recorded question. Both the dialogues and questions will be spoken two times. When you hear a question, you should decide on the correct answer from the 4 choices marked A), B), C) and D) given in your test paper. Then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Now listen to the dialogues. Part I Listening Comprehension (25 minutes) You will read: 1. A) How are you? C) Mind your step. 2. A) A good job. C) I know. 3. A) I 'm John Brown. C) She 'snot here. 4. A) Good idea. C) It 's over there. 5. A) Yes, of course. C) See you again. 6. A) Don 't mention it. C) Okay. 7. A) Never mind. C) Not too bad. B) Yes, I 'm looking for a gift. D) No hurry at all. B) Just call me. D) 20 dollars. B) At two o 'clock. D) Don 't worry. B) No, thanks. D) That 's all right. B) By train. D) It doesn 't matter. B) Let 's go. D) This way, please. B) Take care. D) Here you are.
2011年真题： 第1部分：词汇选项（第1—15题，每题1分，共15分） 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1.His shoes were shined to perfection. A. cleared B. polished C. washed D. Mended 2.She can be relied on in A. looked after C. turned on B.believedin D.depended on 3.Marsha confessed that she knew nothing of computer. A. admitted B. reported C. hoped D. answered 4.The test produced disappointing results. A. unsatisfactory B. indirect C. similar D. positive 5.My doctor said I should vary my diet more A, change B. prepare C. cook D. choose 6.Greene spent a brief time at Cambridge. A. hard C. short B. good D. long 7. The book took ten years of thorough research A. basic B. careful. C, social D. major 8. The high-speed trains can have a major impact on our lives. A. effor B. problem C. influence D. Concern 9.Eventually, she got a job and moved to London A. Certainly B. Luckily C. Naturally D. Finally 10.The love of money is the root of'all evil A. result B. end C. cause D. Force 11.We explored the possibility of expansion at the conference A. offered B. investigated
职称英语考试综合类B类试题及答案
职称英语考试综合类(B类)试题及答案 第1部分：词汇选项（第1～15题，每题1分，共15分） 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近选项。 1 She was close to success. A．fast B．quick C．near D．tight 2 The two girls look alike. A．beautiful B．similar C．pretty D．attractive 3 The boy is intelligent A．clever B．naughty C．difficult D．active
4 Everybody was glad to see Mary back A．sorry B．sad C．angry D．happy 5 What is your goal in life？ A．plan B．aim C．arrangement D．idea 6 Jack is a diligent student. A．hardworking B．ambitious C．lazy D．slow 7 Mary said mildly， that she was just curious A．gently B．shyly C．weakly
8 Practically all animals communicate through sounds. A．Clearly B．Almost C．Absolutely D．Basically 9 The story was very touching. A．inspiring B．boring C．moving D．absorbing 10 I wasn't qualified for the job really, but I got it anyhow. A．somehow B．anyway C．anywhere D．somewhere 11 She was a puzzle.
2014年12月B级考试真题 Part I Listening Comprehension (25 minutes) Directions: This part is to test your listening ability. It consists of 4 sections. Section A Directions:This section is to test your ability to give proper responses. There are 7 recorded questions in it. After each question, there is a pause. The questions will be spoken two times. When you hear a question, you should decide on the correct answer from the 4 choices marked A), B), C) and D) given in your test paper. Then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Example: You will hear: You will read:A) I m not sure. B) You’re right. C) Yes, certainly. D) That’s interesting. From the question we learn that the speaker is asking the listener to leave a message. Therefore, C) Yes, certainly. is the correct answer. You should mark C) on the Answer Sheet. ［A］［B］［C］［D］Now the test will begin. 1. A) How are you? B) Yes, I’m looking for a gift. C) Mind your step. D) No hurry at all. 2. A) A good job. B) Just call me. C) I know. D) 20 dollars. 3. A) I’m John Brown. B) At two o’clock. C) She’s not here. D) Don’t worry. 4. A) Good idea. B) No, thanks. C) It’s over there. D) That’s all right. 5. A) Yes, of course. B) By train. C) See you again. D) It doesn’t matter. 6. A) Don’t mention it. B) Let’s go. C) Okay. D) This way, please. 7. A) Never mind. B) Take care. C) Not too bad. D) Here you are. Section B Directions:This section is to test your ability to understand short dialogues. There are 7 recorded dialogues in it. After each dialogue, there is a recorded question. Both the dialogues and questions will be spoken two times.When you hear a question, you should decide on the correct answer from the 4 choices marked A), B), C) and D) given in your test paper. Then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Now listen to the dialogues.
2012年职称英语试题综合类（B级）试卷及答案 第一部分：词汇选项（第1—15题，每题-1分；共15分） 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1. We need to extract the relevant flnancial data. A. store B. obtain C. save D. review 2. His shoes were shined to perfection. A. cleared B. polished C. washed D. mended 3. She always finds fault with everything. . A. simplifies B. evaluates C. criticizes D. Examines 4. Anderson left the table, remarking that he had some work.to do A. doubting B. thinking C. saying D. Knowing 5. They converted the spare bedroom into an office. A. reduced B. moved C. reformed D. turned. 6. Mr. Henley has accelerated his sale of shares over the past year A. held B. increased C. expected D. offered 7. We have to act within the existing legal framework A. limit C. status B. procedure D. system 8. Jane said that she couldn't tolerate the long hours A. spend C. stand B. take D. last 9. At that time, we did not fully grasp the significance of what had happened A. give B. attach C. understand D. lose 10.The view from my bedroom window was absolutely spectacular. A. general C. strong B. traditional
2020职称英语综合类B级真题（补全短文） 第5部分补全短文(第46-50题，每题1分，共5分) 下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复原貌。 Saving a City's Public Art Avoiding traffic jams in Los Angeles may be impossible, but the city's colorful freeway murals(壁画)can brighten even the worst commute. Paintings that depict(描述)famous people and historical scenes cover office buildings and freeway walls all access the city. With a collection of more than 2,000 murals, Los Angeles is the unofficial mural capital of the world. But the combination of graffiti(涂鸦), pollution, and hot sun has left many L.A. murals in terrible condition. _____(46)in the past, experts say, little attention was given to caring for public art. Artists were even expected to maintain their own works, not an easy task with cars racing by along the freeway. _____(47)The work started in 2003. So far, 16 walls have been selected and more may be added later. Until about 1960, public murals in Los Angeles were rare. But in the 1960s and 1970s, young L.A. artists began to study early 20th-century Mexican mural painting_____(48) The most famous mural in the city is Judith Baca's "The Great Wall," a 13-foot-high(4-meter-high)painting that runs for half a mile (0.8 kilometer) in North Hollywood, _____(49)it took eight years to complete—400 underprivileged
职称外语等级考试 为加强专业技术人员外语学习，提高专业技术人员队伍的整体素质，增强专业技术人员在国际经济技术合作中的竞争能力，促进经济、社会发展和科技进步，1998年7月人事部发布了《关于专业技术人员职称外语等级统一考试的通知》，决定自1999年开始，实行全国专业技术人员职称外语等级统一考试。通知规定，凡专业技术职务试行条例中规定专业技术人员需具备一定外语水平的，在晋升专业技术职务时应参加相应级别的职称外语统一考试。职称外语统一考试由人事部统筹规划、指导并确定合格标准。考试考务工作的组织与实施由人事部人事考试中心负责。考试每年举行一次，时间一般安排在4月中旬，一般只在地级以上城市设立考点。一、考试等级划分和适用范围 考 试 等 级 A B C 适用范围高教、科研、卫生、工程 系列中申报高级专业技术 职务或其它系列中申报正 高级专业技术职务者。 申报高级国际商务师者。 卫生、工程系列中在县及县 以下所属单位工作的人员申 报高级专业技术职务者。 高教、科研、卫生、工程系 列中申报中级专业技术职务 者。 翻译系列中申报高级专业技 术职务者（限第二外语）。 高级专业技术职务未分正副 的系列（工程系列除外）申 报高级专业技术职务或其他 系列中申报副高级专业技术 职务者。 翻译系列中申报中级专业技 术职务（第二外语）或其他 系列申报高级专业技术职务 （第二外语）者。 卫生、工程系列中在县及县 以下所属单位工作的人员申 报中级专业技术职务或其他 系列申报中级专业技术职务 者。 职称外语统一考试的语种分为英语、日语、俄语、德语、法语、西班牙语。其中，英语 划分为综合、理工、卫生3个专业类别（原财经类的内容合并到综合类中），其他语种不分专业类别。考试题目均为客观题，全部在答题卡上作答。考试时间为2个小时。考生应考时可携带钢笔或圆珠笔（黑色或蓝色）、2B铅笔、橡皮、正规出版社出版发行的通用英汉词典，但不得携带与考试大纲中词汇内容相近或雷同的词汇汇编（词典）等出版物。二、报名时间及方法报名时间从上一年的10月开始（以当地人事考试部门公布的时间为准）。报考者由本人提出申请，经所在单位审核同意后，携带有关证明材料到当地人事考试管理机构办理报名手续。党中央、国务院各部门及直属单位的人员，按属地原则报名参加考试。三、考试结果各地、各部门可结合各地实际情况，制定本地区、本部门各专业、级别合格标准和成绩有效期。