学号：201007010122
HEBEI UNITED UNIVERSITY 毕业设计说明书中英文摘要
G RADUATE D ESIGN A BSTRACT
设计题目：年产110万吨焦化厂硫铵工段设设计
学生姓名：张忆一
专业班级：10化工1班
学院：化学工程学院
指导教师：高筠教授
2014年6月6日
摘要
本设计为焦油加工厂硫铵工段的工艺设计。首先，设计中简要的介绍了我国煤化工发展现状及前景，之后阐述了荒煤气中氨回收的作用和意义，本设计还讲到了我国现阶段钢铁企业回收氨的现状。之后介绍了焦化厂氨回收工艺和当前氨回收技术状况。之后着重介绍了硫酸铵生产的方法，生产硫铵的方法及途径很多，除了焦化厂中回收氨硫铵工艺，还有如以合成氨为原料生产硫酸铵的工艺等等。另外，最新开发的硫铵生产工艺为硫铵提供了新的来源，将副产的亚硫酸铵产品用过量的硫酸分解，吸吸再用气氨中和过量的硫酸，制得合格的液体硫酸铵。液体硫酸铵经浓缩、冷却结晶分离，即可得到固体硫酸铵。
在工艺流程选择中，首先介绍了硫铵的性质及用途，然后从化学原理及硫胺生成的结晶原理两方面介绍了硫酸铵生产工艺原理。之后讲了硫酸铵结晶的影响因素及控制，优质硫酸铵要求结晶颗粒大，色泽好，强度高，这主要起决于硫酸铵在母液中成长的速率及形成的结晶形壮，对硫酸铵结晶有影响的因素很多，主要有：母液酸度和浓度、母液中的杂质、母液的搅拌等。接着着重介绍了硫铵生产工艺流程，包括鼓泡式饱和器法制取硫铵，喷淋式饱和器法制取硫铵，酸洗法制取硫铵。
通过各种制取硫铵的工艺的比较，本设计选择了喷淋式饱和器法制取硫铵。喷淋包和器分为上下两段，上段为吸收室，下段为结晶室。由上个工段来的煤气进入喷淋包和器的上段，分成两路沿包和器水平方向流动。每股煤气均经过数个喷头，用含游离酸的母液喷洒，以吸收煤气中的氨。两股煤气汇合后从切线方向进入饱和器中心旋风分离部分，除去夹带的酸雾滴，从上部中心出口管离开到下一个工段。
饱和器的上段与下段以降液管连通，喷洒吸收氨后的母液从降液管流至结晶室底部，不断搅拌母液，使硫铵晶核长大。带有小颗粒的母液上升至结晶室上部，大部分至母液循环泵，少部分至母液加热器，用蒸汽加热使母液温度升高。一方面溶解母液中的小颗粒结晶，减少晶核数量，另一方面保持饱和器内的水平衡（或用煤气预热器维持水平衡），混合后的两部分母液进入大的母液循环泵，送经饱和器的上段进行循环、喷洒。饱和器的上段设满流管，保持液面并封住煤气，使其不能进入下段，母液在上段与下段之间不断循环，使母液中的晶核不断长大，沉降在结晶室底部，用结晶泵抽至结晶槽，经离心分离，干燥后得成品硫铵。
本设计结合喷淋式饱和器法支取硫酸铵工艺对年产110万吨焦化厂硫铵工段设计。本设计内容包括:生产原理、工艺流程、计算及设备的选型、工艺布置、操作规程、成本估算等。本工艺采用主要设备：蒸氨塔，喷淋式饱和器，煤气预热
器，沸腾床干燥器等。
首先根据实际的生产要求对氨水蒸馏塔部分进行物料衡算和热量衡算，生产110万吨焦炭所需的干煤量为137.50t ，每小时消耗干煤量156.39t ，剩余氨水量为16391.63kg/h ，可求的剩余氨水的组成，确定剩余氨水含氨量50.0=f x ％。氨在蒸馏塔中的回收率为98%，分凝器后氨汽操作温度为98℃，操作压力为115kPa ，在此条件下确定氨水分凝器后的成品氨汽组成及含氨浓度%92.11=p x 。由最小回流比求得实际回流比，在进行塔的物料衡算，得到蒸氨塔的物料平衡图。接着进行蒸氨塔的热量衡算，输入的热量包括氨水带入的热量、回流液带入的热量、直接蒸汽带入的热量，输出的热量塔顶氨汽带走的热量、废水带走的热量、化学反应吸收的热量。然后计算蒸馏塔的塔板数，由前计算得的R,x R 等值求出操作线方程，通过逐板计算法计算塔板数为12，塔径为1400mm ，塔高取9.05m 。
然后对氨气分凝器进行物料衡算和热量衡算，求其传热面积78.92m 2，选用 F=81m 2埋入式分凝器1台。接着对饱和器进行热量衡算和物料衡算。焦炉煤气量为53954.55Nm 3/h ，首先是氨的平衡，输入的氨量包括焦炉煤气带入量和直接入饱和器的氨汽带入量，输出的热量包括焦炉煤气带出量和生成硫酸铵所消耗的氨量。硫铵产量为1739.14kg/h ，100％硫酸耗量为1292.05kg/h ，折合成78％的硫酸为1656.47kg/h 。之后是水平衡，输入的水量包括煤气带入的水量、直接入饱和器的氨汽带入的水量、硫酸带入的水量、离心机洗水量、冲洗饱和器和除酸器带入的水量，输出的水量包括离心机后硫铵带走的水量、煤气应从饱和器的走水。当母液酸度为6％时，饱和其中母液温度为52℃。最后通过热量衡算得到煤气经预热后的温度为65.79℃。饱和器内筒截面积为6.94m 2，内筒直径取3000mm ，外筒直径取4000mm 。
然后是煤气预热器的热量衡算和物料衡算。热平衡中，输入的热量包括煤气带入的热量和加热蒸汽带入的热量，输出热量包括煤气带出的热量和散热损失。预热器所需的加热面积为77.06m 2，选用规格为2m 96F =的预热器。
沸腾床硫铵干燥器的热量衡算和物料衡算，计算沸腾床最低流态化速度为0.141m/s,干燥器总截面积为0.342m 2。干燥器溢流高度是控制沸腾床层高度及物料停留时间的重要参数，基于传热原理，可以通过对固定床高度的计算来确定沸腾床的高度，沸腾床高度（即溢流口高度）取400mm 。
最后是其他设备的选型，离心机选用的卧式单击活塞推料离心机型号为
WH-800B 。结晶槽选用常压碳素钢和低合金钢容器系列中90°无折边锥形底平盖容器系列(JB1423—74系列)，其公称容积 Vn = 8 m3 ，计算容积 V 计 = 7.86 m3。
硫铵高位槽公称容积V N= 25 m3，公称直径D N=2000mm，长度L = 5800mm。母液循环泵选用耐腐蚀泵，型号为100Fz-40流量100 m3/h.扬程40m。旋风分离器选用XLP/A—10.6型旋风分离器处理风量11100 m3/h，外形尺寸φ1060× 4545。本设计还绘制了生产工艺流程图、饱和器装配图、车间平面布置图，并撰写了设计说明书。
关键词: 煤化工；硫铵生产工艺；喷淋式饱和器
Abstract
This design for tar processing factory of ammonium sulfate section process design.First of all, the design is briefly introduced in the coal chemical industry development present situation and prospects in our country, then expounds the function and significance of the ammonia in the waste gas recovery, this design also talked about the current situation of China's iron and steel enterprises at present stage recovery of ammonia.After introduced the coking plant of ammonia recovery process and ammonia recovery technology of the current situation.Then emphatically introduces the method of ammonium sulfate production, the production method and way of ammonium sulfate, ammonium in addition to the recovery of ammonia and sulfur in the coking plant technology, and such as taking ammonia as raw material to produce ammonium sulfate process, and so on.In addition, the latest development of ammonium sulfate production technology provides a new source of ammonium sulfate, by-product ammonium sulfite products with excess sulfuric acid decomposition, absorbing excess gas ammonia neutralization of sulfuric acid, ammonium sulfate was qualified liquid.Liquid by cooling crystallization separation, enrichment, ammonium sulfate can be solid ammonium sulfate.
In process selection, first introduced the properties and USES of ammonium sulfate, and then from the chemical principle and two aspects of the crystallization of thiamine generating principle of ammonium sulfate production process principle are introduced.After talked about the influence factors and control of ammonium sulfate crystallization, high quality ammonium sulfate requires crystal particles, good color, high strength, the main fact in formation rate and growing up in mother liquor of ammonium sulfate crystal shape and a number of factors which have influence on ammonium sulfate crystallization, mainly include: mother liquor acidity and concentration, the impurity in the mother liquor, mixing of mother liquor etc.Then emphatically introduces the ammonium sulfate production process, including bubbling saturator legal system in ammonium sulfate, spray-type saturator of ammonium sulfate, pickling legal system for ammonium sulfate.
Through a variety of preparing ammonium sulfate process of comparison, this design chose the spray-type saturator legal system for ammonium sulfate.Spray package and device is divided into two segments, for absorption in the upper chamber, the room for
crystallization.By the last section of gas into a spray of package and section, all is divided into two bags and horizontal direction.Gas per share have been a number of nozzle, the use of free acid mother liquor spraying, to absorb the gas of ammonia.Two strands of the gas from the tangent direction after convergence part into the heart of the saturator cyclone separation, remove the entrained acid fog drop, away from the upper center outlet pipe to the next section.
Saturator in the upper and under paragraphs to downcomer connected, the mother liquor after spraying the absorption of ammonia from downcomer flow to crystal at the bottom of the chamber, stirring constantly mother liquor, the ammonium sulfate crystal nucleus to grow up.With small particles of mother liquid crystal rose to the upper chamber, most to mother liquor circulating pump, a few to mother liquor heaters, mother liquor with steam heating temperature.On the one hand, dissolve the small particles crystallization mother liquor, reduce the number of crystal nucleus, on the other hand, keep the balance of the water in the saturator (or use the gas heater to maintain water balance), after mixing the two parts of mother liquor into the big mother liquid circulating pump, let off period on circulation, spraying saturator.The saturator in full flow tube, maintain the liquid level and sealed gas, make its can't into the next section, mother liquor in the cycle between and under paragraphs, make the crystal nucleus of mother liquor grown, settlement in crystal at the bottom of the chamber, with crystal pumped to the crystallizer, the centrifugal separation, drying after finished product ammonium sulfate.
This design combines spray-type saturator method of withdrawal, ammonium sulfate process of annual output of 1.1 million tons of coking plant ammonium sulfate section design.This design content includes: the production principle, process flow, calculation and equipment selection, process layout, operation procedure, cost estimation, etc.This process is the main equipment: steamed ammonia tower, spray-type saturator, gas preheater, bullate bed dryer, etc.
First according to the requirements of the actual production of ammonia distillation tower parts for material balance and heat balance, dry coal quantity required for the production of 1.1 million tons of coke is 137.50 t, 156.39 t dry coal consumption per hour, the amount of residual ammonia is 16391.63 kg/h, ask for the composition of residual ammonia, determine the residual ammonia ammonia content %.Ammonia recovery rate of 98%, in the distillation tower dephlegmator ammonia vapor after the operating temperature is 98 ℃, the operating pressure of 115
kpa, in this condition to determine ammonia condenser after the finished product of ammonia stripper and ammonia concentration.The actual reflux ratio obtained by minimum reflux ratio and tower of material balance, get steamed ammonia mass balance of the tower.Then steamed ammonia tower heat balance, heat input, including ammonia into heat, backflow into the quantity of heat, steam directly into heat and the heat output of ammonia stripper tower top take away heat, the waste water quantity of heat, chemical reaction heat absorption.Then calculate distillation column plate number, by the former calculation of R,
x and operating line equation, the
R
equivalent plate number by plate count method calculation of 12, the tower diameter is 1400 mm, height of 9.05 m.
And then to the ammonia condenser for material balance and heat balance, its heat transfer area of 78.92 m2, choose F = 81 m2 embedded dephlegmator 1.Then the saturator heat balance and material balance.Amount of coke oven gas is 53954.55 Nm3/ h, the first is the balance of ammonia, the input amount of ammonia, including coke oven gas into the quantity and amount of ammonia vapor into directly into the saturator, heat output, including coke oven gas out of the amount of ammonia consumption amount and generate ammonium sulfate.ammonium sulfate production of 1739.14 kg/h, 100% sulfuric acid consumption is 1292.05 kg/h, converted into 78% of sulfuric acid is 1656.47 kg/h.Followed by water balance, the input of water gas is included into the water, directly into the saturator of ammonia gas into water, acid into water, centrifuge washing water, washing saturator, and in addition to the acid into the water and the output of ammonium sulfate away after water including centrifuge, the amount of water and gas from saturator slice.When the mother liquor acidity is 6%, saturated with mother liquor for 52 ℃ temperature.The gas is obtained by heat balance after preheating temperature of 65.79 ℃.Within the saturator tube cross-sectional area is 6.94 m2, inner tube diameter is 3000 mm, outer tube diameter 4000 mm.
And then the gas preheater heat balance and material balance.In thermal equilibrium, heat input, including gas into heat and heat steam into heat, heat output, including the gas out of the heat and heat loss.Preheater the heating area of 77.06 m2, with specifications for the preheater.
Sulfur ammonium bullate bed dryer heat balance and material balance, calculate the bullate bed minimum fluidization velocity of 0.141 m/s, dryer a total area of 0.342 m2.Dryer overflow height is to control the bullate bed layer height and stay time of important material parameters, based on the heat transfer principle, the calculation of
中文译文 产品设计，语义和情绪反应 摘要 本文探讨了人体工程学理论与语义和情感容的设计问题。其目的是要找到以下问题的答案：如何设计产品引发人心中的幸福；怎样的产品属性能够帮助你们沟通积极的情绪，最后，如何通过产品唤起某种情绪。换言之，这是对“意义”——可以成为一个产品，旨在与用户在情感层面上进行“沟通”的调查。 1、介绍 当代生活是促进社会和技术变革的代名词。同样，产品设计通过材料技术，生产技术，信息处理技术等工序的发展而正在迅速转变。在技术方面正在发生变化的速度和规模超出任何期望。数字革命的对象是逐步转向与我们互动成更小，更聪明的黑盒子，使我们很难理解这一机制或工作方法（博尔茨2000年）。 因此，在设计时比以前不同的框架，参照社会变革，资源和能源节约，新出现的环境问题，以及客户导向的趋势（大平1995年，琼斯1997年）。因此，无论是通过广告和营销推动战略，或潮流，时尚和社会活动，从消费产品的用户的期望也已改变。功能性，吸引力，易于被使用中，可负担性，可回收性和安全性，预计所有已经存在于一个产品属性。用户希望有更多的日常用品。最近设计的趋势表明了用户对激励对象的倾向，提高他们的生活，帮助触发情绪，甚至唤起梦想（詹森1999年，阿莱西2000年）。詹森预计，梦会快到了，下面的数据为基础的社会，所谓的信息社会（1999年）。他还说，作为信息和智力正成为电脑和高科技，社会领域将放在一个人的能力还没有被自动然而新的价值：情绪。功能是越来越多的产品中理所当然的，同时用户也可以实现在寻找一个完全不同的欣赏水平。想象，神话和仪式（即情感的语言）会对我们的行为产生影响，从我们的购买决定，我们与他人（詹森1999年）的沟通。此外，哈立德（2001：196）指出这是决定购买，可瞬间的，因此客户的需求可以被创建，速度非常快，而其他需要长期建立了'。 因此，情感和'影响'一般，都收到了最后一个（Velásquez1998）几年越来越多的关注。'影响'是指消费者的心理反应产品的符号学的容。情绪和影响途径，可以研究在许多不同的层次，都提供不同的见解。正如Velásquez指出，一些模型已经被提出来的领域和多种环境。一些例子，他给包括情绪来创建逼真的品质和性格（贝茨1994年，克莱恩和布隆伯格1999年，埃利奥特1992年，赖利1996）系统合成剂，大约在叙事情感（艾略特等人在Velásquez1998年）。原因，在情绪处理系统，依靠调解社会互动（Breazeal 在Velásquez1998年），该模型和体系结构，行为和学习情绪的影响（Ca?mero1997年，
密级：立体停车库的PLC控制系统设计 Design of PLC Control System for Parking Garage 学院： 专业班级： 学号： 学生姓名： 指导教师： 2018年6月
摘要 随着我国国民经济的不断发展及城市现代化要求，汽车在我国越来越普及，而这将导致大中等城市“停车难”问题日益凸显。在现有的土地资源条件下，多层的机械式立体停车库可以很好的提高现有土地资源的利用率，充分发挥土地资源的空间优势，使得汽车的存放数量得以优化，从而快速有效地解决大中等城市“停车难”问题。本论文以一个三层三行三列二十一车位的升降横移式自动化立体停车库为主要研究对象，在深入分析了立体停车库运行原理的基础上，采用可编程控制器（PLC）为主要控制单元对该立体停车库控制系统进行设计。论文研究的主要内容为： 1、针对机械式立体停车库类型、国内外发展现状以及我国行业发展中存在的问题等进行研究。 2、选定以三层三行三列6+6+9结构二十一车位升降横移式立体停车库为研究模型，研究该立体停车库的总体结构设计及车库运行原理等。 3、对升降横移式立体停车库的硬件系统进行设计。内容包括：主回路设计，手动控制系统设计，PLC外围硬件设计，绘制了车库主电路图，手动控制电路图和PLC外围电路接线图等。 4、对升降横移式立体停车库的软件系统进行设计。内容包括：PLC总体介绍，PLC编程语言的选择，设计了程序主框架流程图，各基本功能程序流程图，按要求编写了梯形图程序等。 5、采用S7-200仿真软件对升降横移式立体停车库进行在线仿真与调试。 本论文重点对升降横移式立体停车库总体结构和控制系统的硬件、软件系统进行设计。设计过程采用模块化设计思路，结构灵活，通过对PLC软件系统设计及优化，使得本立体停车库具备智能化控制的功能，实现了立体停车库停车位能够安全、稳定、准确、快速的移动至人车交接处进行存取车操作。该立体停车库充分发挥土地资源的空间优势，大大提升了土地资源的空间利用率，是应对大中等城市停车难问题的有效解决方案。 关键词：立体停车库；升降横移式；PLC；控制系统设计 Abstract
外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华
外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。
毕业论文摘要格式 论文摘要是文章的内容不加诠释和评论的简短陈述。为了国际交流,还应有外文(多用英文)摘要。摘要是在文章全文完成之后提炼出来的,具有短、精、完整三大特点。摘要应具有独立性的自含性、即不阅读原文的全文.就能获得必要的信息。摘要中有数据、有结论、是一篇完整的短文.可以独立使用,也可以引用,还可以用于工艺推广。其内容应该包含与报告论文同等量的主要信息.以供读者确定有无必要阅读原论文全文,也可提供给文摘第二次文献采用。摘要一般应说明研究工作目的、实验方法、结果和最终结论等.而重点是结果和结论。中文摘要一般不宜超过300字,外文摘要不宜超过250个实词。除了实在迫不得已,摘要中不用图、表、化学结构式、非公知公用的符号和术语。摘要可用另页置于题名页(页上无正文)之前,学术论文的摘要一般置于题名和作者之后,论文正文之前。 论文摘要又称概要、内容提要。摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。其基本要素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论。具体地讲就是研究工作的主要对象和范围,采用的手段和方法,得出的结果和重要的结论,有时也包括具有情报价值的其它重要的信息。摘要应具有独立性和自明性,并且拥
有与文献同等量的主要信息,即不阅读全文,就能获得必要的信息。摘要不容赘言,故需逐字推敲。内容必须完整、具体、使人一目了然。英文摘要虽以中文摘要为基础,但要考虑到不能阅读中文的读者的需求,实质性的内容不能遗漏。为此,我国的科技期刊近年来陆续采用结构式摘要,明确写出目的、方法、结果和结论四部分。 a.目的(Objective):简明指出此项工作的目的,研究的范围。 b.方法(Methods):简要说明研究课题的基本做法,包括对象(分组及每组例数、对照例数或动物只数等)、材料和方法(包括所用药品剂量,重复次数等)。统计方法特殊者需注明。 c.结果(Results):简要列出主要结果(需注明单位)、数据、统计学意义(P值)等,并说明其价值和局限性。 d.结论(Conclusion):简要说明从该项研究结果取得的正确观点、理论意义或实用价值、推广前景。 中、英文摘要前需标明中、英文文题,作者姓名(至多3名)及作者单位(邮政编码)。英文摘要应隔行打字,以便修改。 2摘要的写作注意事项 1)摘要中应排除本学科领域已成为常识的内容;切忌把应在引言中出现的内容写入摘要;一般也不要对论文内容作诠释和评论(尤其是自我评价)。
Computer-Aided Design 40 (2008) 812–827 https://www.doczj.com/doc/217305348.html,/locate/cad Reverse innovative design — an integrated product design methodology XiuziYe a,b,. , Hongzheng Liu a, Lei Chena, Zhiyang Chenc, XiangPanc, Sanyuan Zhanga a Collegeof Computer Science/StateKeyLabof CAD&CG, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou,PR China bSolidWorks Corporation, 300 BakerAvenue, Concord,MA 01742, USA cCollegeof Software Engineering, Zhejiang UniversityofTechnology, 310014, Hangzhou,PR China Received24 August 2006; accepted7July 2007 Abstract Today’sproductdesignerisbeingaskedtodevelophighquality,innovativeproductsatanever increasingpace.Tomeetthisneed,an intensive search is underway for advanced design methodologies that facilitate the acquisition of design knowledge and creative ideas for later reuse. Additionally, designers are embracing a wide range of 3D digital design applications, such as 3D digitization, 3D CAD and CAID, reverse engineering(RE),CAEanalysisandrapid prototyping(RP).Inthispaper,we proposeareverse engineeringinnovativedesign methodologycalled Reverse Innovative Design (RID). The RID methodologyfacilitates design and knowledge reuse by leveraging 3D digital design applications. The core of our RID methodology is the definition and construction of feature-based parametric solid models from scanned data. The solid model is constructed with feature datato allow for design modification and iteration. Sucha constructionis well suited fordownstream analysis and rapid prototyping. In this paper, we will review the commercial availability and technological developments of some relevant 3D digital design applications.We will then introduce threeRE modelling strategies: an autosurfacingstrategy for organic shapes;a solid modelling strategy with feature recognition and surface fitting for analytical models; and a curve-based modelling strategy for accurate reverse modelling. Freeform shapes are appearing with more frequency i n product development. Since their “natural” parameters are hard to define and extract, we propose constructionofafeatureskeleton based upon industrialorregional standardsorby user interaction. Globaland local product definition parameters
摘要 本毕业设计选取的题目是东天山小区2-1楼工程造价与施工组织设计。本工程负一层为半地下车库，地上六层，外加一阁楼层，建筑高度26.15m，建筑面积9119.7m2，结构形式为砖混结构。本毕业设计由工程造价、施工组织设计、工程项目管理、专题设计等四个部分组成。 第一部分工程造价。通过福莱一点通软件计算工程量，综合分析现行建筑市场的人工、材料、机械等市场价格，编制设计任务书规定范围的工程量定额报价和工程量清单报价。 第二部分施工组织设计。根据工程特点划分施工段，确定合理的施工顺序，选择主要分部分项工程施工方法和主要施工机械，根据工期要求编制合理施工进度计划表，并绘制施工平面图，以及采取有效的质量、安全等保证措施，例如安全文明施工措施、季节性施工措施等。 第三部分工程项目管理。包括工程进度、质量、造价三大控制以及工期索赔和项目管理机构设计。根据工期要求，在工程进度调整条件下，绘制调整后进度计划表并依据索赔程序，编制工期索赔文件。另外根据工程特点，确定本工程的质量、进度、造价等控制要点，进行项目管理机构设计。 第四部分专题设计。根据工程特点进行外脚手架计算和模板设计。并绘制脚手架设计图和模板设计图。 关键词：工程量计算；工程造价；施工方案；脚手架设计
Abstract The graduation design subject is Easten sky mountain district 2-1# building project cost and the construction organization design.The -1 layer of the project is a underground garage,there are 6 layers overground and a attic, the building is 26.15 meters tall and it’s construction area is 9119.7 square meters, the structure form is brick and concrete structure. the graduation design consists of four parts which are construction cost ,the construction organization design, project management and scaffolding template special design The first part is construction cost .The cost of construction project is calculated by Fly. Analysis the current price of labor, materials, machinery in the construction market and work out the Fixed price and the detailed list of engineering quantity price.choose construction measures of main component project and major machine, The second part is construction organization design. Devide the construction period according to the features of the project, make sure a reasonable construction sequence, Prepare the reasonable construction progress schedule on the basis of construction time limit, draw the construction plan chart and make some measures to protect the quality and safety of the project like safety civilized construction measures and seasonal construction measures. The third part is project management. It includes progress,quality and cost control,claim for extension of time and project management institutions desigh. Draw adjusted progress schedule in the progress of the projects under the condition of adjustment, Draw the construction plan chart, and prepare period claim document depend on the claim program. Make sure the project quality, progress, cost and control points and desigh project management mechanism. The fourth part is project design.Desigh the scaffold and template according to engineering characteristics and draw their figures. Key words: Quantity calculation ;Construction cost ; Construction method;Scaffold design
附录：中英文翻译 英文部分： LOADS Loads that act on structures are usually classified as dead loads or live loads are fixed in location and constant in magnitude throughout the life of the the self-weight of a structure is the most important part of the structure and the unit weight of the density varies from about 90 to 120 pcf (14 to 19 KN/m)for lightweight concrete,and is about 145 pcf (23 KN/m)for normal calculating the dead load of structural concrete,usually a 5 pcf (1 KN/m)increment is included with the weight of the concrete to account for the presence of the reinforcement. Live loads are loads such as occupancy,snow,wind,or traffic loads,or seismic may be either fully or partially in place,or not present at may also change in location. Althought it is the responsibility of the engineer to calculate dead loads,live loads are usually specified by local,regional,or national codes and sources are the publications of the American National Standards Institute,the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials and,for wind loads,the recommendations of the ASCE Task Committee on Wind Forces. Specified live the loads usually include some allowance for overload,and may include measures such as posting of maximum loads will not be is oftern important to distinguish between the
英文原文 Modern product design ---Foreign language translation original text With the growing of economices and the developing of technologies, the essential definition of Industral Design has been deepening while its extension meaning enlarging,which resulted in the transformation and renovation of some original design theories and concepts. In the new IT epoch, the contents, methodologies, concepts etc. of design have taken a great change from what they were before.However,the method of comparison and analysis is always playing a plvotal role, during the whole process of maintaining the traditional quintessence and innovating novel conceptions. 1.1 Traditional Design Traditional industrial design and product development mainly involved to three fields,vis.Art, Engineering and Marketing. The designers, who worked in the art field, always had outstanding basic art skills and visual sketching expression capacity as well as plentiful knowledge on ergonomics and aesthetics . So they could easily solve the problems of products about art . Works in the area of the project engineer with strong technical background, they used the method of logical analysis, you can design a detailed, in line with the requirements of the drawings of a total production, manufacture use. They can you good solution to the technical aspects of products. However, they often overlook the aesthetics of products that do not pay attention to fashion and cost-effective products in the market. In the field of commercial marketing staff proficient in the knowledge economy, will use marketing theory to predict customer behavior, they focus on products in the market development trends, but do not understand aesthetic and technical aspects of the problem. In a traditional industrial product design process, the three areas of general staff in their respective areas of independent work. Product engineers solve the technical problems so that products with the necessary functional and capable of producing manufactured, the product is "useful." Designers are using aesthetics,
要 随着时代的发展，人们对纺织品的要求也已经不再仅仅局限于实用。激烈的国际竞争逼使纺织企业采用高新 技术重视绿色工艺，开发环保产品则已成为新世纪市场竞争的新焦点。欧共体的Eco-label 倡导的是全生态的概念，欧盟委员会（2002/371/EC ）生态标准中，在纺织纤维中列出腈纶纤维的考核指标：原料纤维中丙烯腈的残留量应低于1.5mg/kg 。 丙烯腈是一种有毒物质，且有致癌作用。其极毒，对温血动物的毒性约为氰化氢的1/30。丙烯腈不仅蒸气有毒，而且附着于皮肤上也易经皮肤中毒。长时间吸入稀丙烯腈蒸气，则能引起恶心、呕吐、头痛、疲倦和不适等症状。由此可见，丙烯腈直接危害着人们的健康。 本文依照欧盟（2002/371/EC ）生态标准对腈纶纤维中丙烯腈残留量的控制，通过试验论证，确立了采用顶空固相微萃取和色质联用技术（HS —SPME —GC/MS ），由此建立腈纶纤维中丙烯腈残留量的测定方法。该方法具有操作简单，便捷，灵敏度高，准确性好的优点，而且仪器价格适中，便于推广。本文实验所使用的方法检测限低于0.5mg/kg ，回收率在86.2～ 关键词：腈纶，丙烯腈，残留量，气相色谱/质谱
competition, developing environmentally safe products has already become the new focus of the market competition in the new century. What Eco-label of European Community is advocated is all ecological concept , in the ecological standard of EU Committee (2002/371 / EC ), list the examination index of the fibre of the acrylic fibres in the dope-dyed fiber: The residue amount of the acrylonitrile should be lower than 1.5mg/kg in the raw materials fibre. The acrylonitrile is a kind of noxious substance extremely poisonous , the toxicity to the warm-blooded animal is about 1/30 of the hydrogen cyanide. Not only the vapour is poisonous for the acrylonitrile , but also adhere to the skin book of changes skin is poisonned. Suck the vapour of the rare acrylonitrile for a long time, can cause such symptoms as the nausea , vomitting , have a headache , tired and uncomfortable ,etc. . Therefore, the acrylonitrile is endangering people's health directly. Describe the HS-SPME-GC/MS procedure of determination method for acrylonitrile residue in acrylic fibre according to the limit control of European (2002/371/EC). The method provided very good linearity data. This method is easy to operate, highly sensitive and lower cost, easy to be extend. The limits of detection were below 0.5mg/kg, Acerage recovery between 86.2~98.6%.
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译 院（系部）电气工程与自动化学院 专业名称电气工程及其自动化 年级班级电气05-5班 学生姓名辛玉龙 指导老师封海潮 2009年6月10日
可编程序控制器 可编程序控制器或可编程逻辑控制器（PLC），是一个具有编程能力且完成一定控制功能的设备。 PLC是1968年被美国通用汽车公司的一组工程师设想出来。可编程控制器起初被设计用于基于程序的灵敏性控制和执行逻辑指令。人们意识到它的主要优点是被用于梯形图编程语言，简化了维修并且减少了其余部分的清查。而且，PLC提供了更短的安装时间并通过程序实现比硬接线更加快捷的传输。 当前，世界上已有50多个不同的可编程控制器的生产厂家，因为有如此多的PLC在使用，所以涵盖市场上所有类型的设备是不可能的，幸运的是，根本就没有必要去理解每一个可用的PLC。所有的机器都有许多的相同之处。 1 可编程控制器的组成 所有的可编程控制器都有输入输出接口、存储器编程方法、中央处理器、电源。 输入接口为机器提供一个连接，或使过程被控制。 输入接口是模块且是可扩展的，当控制任务增加时，可以通过扩展模块来接收更多的输入。输入数量的多少是由CPU和存储容量来限制的。输入接口的功能与输出接口相反，它将信号从CPU输出，且将其转换成被外部设备螺线圈、电机启动器等设备来产生控制动作。输出接口本质上也是一个模块，所以当需要时，可以加入输出扩展功能。 PLC的编程语言有多种形式，大多数PLC语言都是基本梯形逻辑，它比继电器逻辑更加先进。流程图程序语言也被用于一些PLC中，流程图是图形语言，它显示出一个过程中的变量相互之间的关系。 编程设备或程序终端允许用户用程序的形式来键入指令，并存入存储器。 程序是由用户编写且存储于PLC的存储器当中，是在特定处理条件下用来产生正确的控制信号的所需动作的表现形式。这样一个程序包括允许
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译原文：
DESIGN and ENVIRONMENT Product design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human. In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products. Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product. Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores. Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface. Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.
毕业设计（论文） 新民本主义： 传统民本思想与现代民主理念的契合（字体:黑体小一） 专业年级 学生学号 学生姓名 指导老师 评阅人 二○○年月 中国·南京
摘要 （“摘要”两字的字体为黑体三号,居中。） 正文字体均为：宋体小四号，行距为倍 （不低于400字） 关键词：民本；民主；新民本主义 （“关键词”三字字体为黑体，内容(3-5)个，宋体小四号。各关键词之间用；）注意：摘要和关键词只能单独一页.
Abstract （“Abstract”一词用Times New Roman字体三号,加黑,居中。） Thought of people as the center is the marrow of our traditional culture and the core of the theory of managing state affairs. It germinates in the early state of antiquity society and is based on patriarchal clan system. It is also a kind of value seeking for the realization of the ethic reason and moral justice. Its basic thinking is that the monarch is defined by people and conversely people are defined by the monarch. At first appearance, its purpose is to value people’s suffering,fate and interest on the ruler’s position. However, its real intention is to fool the people so as to strengthen and consolidate the ruler’s rule. The theory of “people-oriented concept” includes nine topics such as “the theory of people is being the root of the monarch’s rule”, “the theory of people is being more valuable than the monarch”, “the theory of the monarch is being people’s servant”and so on. People –oriented means “value the people ”in essence, which sees “people”as its foundation of politics rule, ranking official, and administration. （正文字体为：Times New Roman字体，小四号，且行距为单倍或倍。） Key words：people- oriented concept；democracy；new people-basisism （“K ey words”一词用Times New Roman字体小四号,加黑。） 注意：英文摘要和关键词只能单独一页.
毕业论文“英、中文摘要、关键词”样式abstract this paper begins with a brief introduction to chomsky’s methodology of idealization in linguistic research. although the idealization in physical research from which chomsky’s idealization deprives can still keep natural laws’ validity, the author points out chomsky’s idealization is not accessible. the key point lies in the exclusion of social factors in his research. then the author demonstrates the reason why chomsky’s exclusion of social factors is not accessible from two aspects: (1) language is a concrete system of signs. (2)language is a social institution. only in the context of society are these features significant and integrate, can language bear its form and forward its development and keep up the interaction with the society. therefore instead of “being idealized” out of linguistic research, social factors should be regarded as the base of the research. otherwise the object of the research will be totally changed and the research itself will be misguided. as for what factors can be temporarily idealized without changing language’s fundamental features? this is a question worth our further study in the future. 摘要：本文从chomsky在语言学研究过程中所采用的理想化模式入手，认为chomsky为了使研究变得简单，便将与语言关系紧密的社会因素摒除在研究范围之外，这是一种不可取的理想模式。接下来本文从两个主要方面阐述了理想化模式不可取的原因：一是语言作为一种符号系统，只有在社会的环境下才能具有完整的意义。二是语言作为一种社会结构，无论是它的产生还是发展过程，都在不断地和社会发生着相互作用。故而只要是研究语言学，我们就不能将社会因素“理想化”。至于什么因素可以暂时不予考虑，这仍有待进一步的研究。 1 / 1