良好的界面设计非常重要，因为与系统的其他特性相比，系统界面容易给用户留下更深刻的印象。毕竟，用户往往会从系统的可用性角度来审视一个系统，而不是从它如何巧妙地执行了其内部任务这个角度。从用户的视角来说，他们可能会根据系统界面在具有竟争性系统之间做出选择。因此，系统界面的设计可能成为判定一个软件工程项目是否成功的最终决定因素。
由于这些原因，人机界面在软件开发项目的需求分析阶段已经成为一个很重要的关注点，它发展为软件工程的一个子领域。事实上，有些人主张人机界面的研究是一个完全独立的领域。
对人机界面设计的研究主要来自于称为人体工程学(ergonomic)和知行学(cognetic)的工程领域，人体工程学处理协调人类体能的设计系统，;知行学处理协调人类精神能力的设计系统。这两个学科中，人体工程学更好理解一些，主要是因为人类已经跟机器打了儿个世纪的交道。这些例子有:古代工具、武器和运输系统。这些历史大部分是不证自明的，但是有时人体工程学的应用与直觉是相反的。一个经常被提到的例子就是打字机键盘(现在已经衍生为电脑键盘)的设计，其中键被有意排列，以降低打字员的速度，这样早期机器上使用的分层机械系统就不会卡住。
相反，与机器的精神交互是一个相对新的现象。因此知行学在富有成效的研究和洞察力启发方面拥有更高的潜力。通常这些研究成果更具有它们的精妙之处。比如，从表面上看人类的良好习惯有助于提高效率，但有些习惯也会导致一些错误，即使界面设计本意上是要解决问题的。考虑一下用户要求操作系统删除一个文件的过程，为了防.止误删，大部分系统都会要求用户确认一个请求，这可能会通过一个“你是否真的想删除这个文件”的信息加以确认。乍一看，!这个确认信息好像解决了误删的问题，但是使用了这个系统一段时间后，用户会养成习惯，自动回答这个要求为“是”的信息。这样，这个删除文件的任务就从包含删除命令和对问题思考后的响应的两步过程，变成了“删除一是”的一步处理过程，这就意味着当用户意识到提交了错误的删除要求时，这个请求其实已经被确认，文件也己经被删除。
当人们需要使用几个应用软件包时，习惯的形成也可能会带来问题。这些软件包的界面可能相似，但还是有些不同的。相似的用户操作可能会导致不同的系统响应，或类似的系统响应可能需要不同的用户操作。所以在这种情况下，在某种应用软件上养成的操作习惯可能会在其他应用软件上导致错误的发生。
另外一个与人机界面设计研究有关的人类特质就是人类注意力的狭隘性，也就是当集中度增加时，人类注意力往往变得更加专注。随着人类越来越专注于手头上的工作，打破这种专注也越来越困难。1972年.一架商务飞机因为飞行员太过专注于降落器的问题(实际上，是在处理改变降落齿轮指示灯的过程中)，尽管当时在驾驶舱里的警报已经很响了，飞机还是笔直地撞向地面，造成空难的发生。
个人计算机的界面中经常会出现一些小状况。比如，大小写灯是为了显示键盘处在大写键锁定模式下(即“大写锁定”键被按了)。但是，如果有人不小心按了大小写按键，直到
奇异的字符出现在屏幕_匕用户才会注意到灯的变化。即使如此，用户依然会迷茫一会才会发现问题的原因。从某种意义上来说，用户看不到大小写灯的变化是很正常的，因为键盘的指示灯不在用户的视线范围之内。但是，通常用户不能注意到直接放置在他们视线中的指示灯。比如，用户会专注于他们的工作而无法发现显示器上光标的形状，即使观察光标是他们的工作之一。
还有另外一个在界面设计阶段必须预先考虑的人类特质就是并行处理多个事情时有限的思考能力。在195年《心理评论》的一篇文章中，George https://www.doczj.com/doc/231326363.html,ler的研究表明，人类大脑在同一时间最多处理7个细节问题。因此，界面被设计成:当决定需要时，界面_L要呈现所有相关的信息，而不是依赖于人类用户的记忆，这是非常重要的。特别地，要求人类记住先
前屏幕图像中的精确细节，这是很糟糕的设计。更进一步地，如果界面需要用户在屏幕图像间广泛地导航，用户会变得很迷惑。因此，屏幕图像的内容和安排成为一个重要的设计问题。
尽管人体工程学和知行学的应用使得人机界面设计折射出独特的韵味。但这个领域还是围绕着很多软件工程中更加传统的主题。特别地，搜索度量在界面设计领域和更传统的软件工程领域中具有同样的重要性。界面可以度量的特性包括了解一个界面所需的时间、在界面上完成任务所需的时间、用户界面出错的概率、一段时间不用后用户使用界面的熟练程度，甚至是一些诸如用户对界面喜好程度的主观特性。
moms模型最初在1954年提出，它是人机界面设计领域里度量搜索的范例。这个模型的基础方法论是从用户的目标角度(如删除文档中的某个字)、操作(如点击鼠标按键)、方法(如双击鼠标，然后按删除键)和选择规律(实现相同目标的两种方法间的选择)分析任务。实际上这个就是GOMS缩写的起源—goals(目标)、operators(操作)、methods(方法)以及selection rules(选择规律)。简言之，GOMS就是一种把用户使用一个界面的动作分析成基本步骤序列(按键、移动鼠标和作出决定)的方法论。每个基本步骤的性能都被赋予一个精确的时间段，这样通过把任务中每个步骤赋予的时间相加，从完成相似任务每个界面所需的时间这个角度来看，GMOS提供了一种比较不同的提议界面的方法。
理解类似于GMDS的技术细节不是我们当前研究的目的，我们事例的要点是在人类行为(移动手、作出决定等)特性中找到了GMQS。事实上GMQS的发展起初只被认为是心理学主题。这样GMGS重新强调了人类特性在人机界面设计领域中，以及在那些从传统软件工程延伸的主题中所起的作用。
在可预见的未来，人机界面设计肯定是一个活跃的研究领域。处理当今GUI的许多问题依然没有得到解决，大量附加问题潜存于三维界面的使用中(这样的3D界面己经出现)。实际上，由于这些界面承诺包含语音和与三维视觉的触摸交流，所以潜在问题的范围是巨大的。
Good interface design is very important, because compared with other characteristics, the system to give users leave system interface more deep impression. After all, users from will often system usability perspective on a system, not from how it ingeniously carried out its internal task this Angle. From the user's perspective they may according to system interface in a competition to choose between sexual system. Therefore, the system interface design can be convicted a software project success final decision factors.
For these reasons, man-machine interface in a software development project needs the analysis phase has become a very important concerns for software engineering, and it a branch area. In fact, some people claim that the man-machine interface research is a completely independent field.
For the man-machine interface design research mainly from called ergonomics (ergonomic) and knowledge cognetic) learn (engineering fields, ergonomic coordinate human physicalability design system,; Macmillan learn coordinate ability of design system of the human spirit. The two subjects, better understanding of human body engineering, mainly because human beings have some with machine hit son a century of occasions. These examples are: ancient tools, weapons and transportation systems. These historical most is self-evident, but sometimes the human body engineering application and intuition is the opposite. One example is often mentioned typewriter keyboard (now for computer keyboard) derivatives, including key
was deliberately designed to reduce the typist arranged to speed so early machines using stratified mechanical system won't stuck.
Instead, and machine spirit interaction is a relatively new phenomenon. So learn knowledge in fruitful research and insight has higher potential inspired. Usually these research results with them more subtle place. For example, from apparently look human good habits help to improve efficiency, but some habits can also lead to some mistakes, even interface design is intended to solve the problem. Consider user requirements operating system delete a file process, in order to prevent. Stop mistaken delete, most of the system would require users to confirm a request, this may be through a "if you really want to delete the file" to confirm the information. At first glance,! This confirmation as solved the problem, but mistaken delete using this system after period of time, the user habit, automatic answer the requirement for "is" information. So, this deleting files from the task of containing the delete command and the response of the problem after thinking two step process, became "delete one is" step process, this means that when users realize submitted a wrong delete requirement, the request had actually been verified, file also has been deleted.
When people need to use several application package, habit formation may also cause problems. These packages interface may be similar, but there are still some different. Similar user operations may lead to different kinds of system response, or similar system response may need different user operation. So in this case, in certain application software on the operation habit may develop in other applications on the occurrence of mistakes.
Another and human-computer interface design research relevant human trait is the human attention narrowness, namely when concentration increases, human attention tend to become more focused. As the human more and more focused on the task at hand, breaking such concentration is also more and more difficult. 1972. A plane commercial aircraft because pilots too focused on landing device problems (in fact, in dealing with change is in the process of landing gear indicator), although in the cockpit at the alarm is ringing, plane or straight hits the ground, causing the crash happened.
Personal computer interface we often appear a few small status. For example, case-sensitive lamp is to show the keyboard in capitals Keys locked mode (namely caps lock "button is pressed the). But, if someone accidentally pressed the case until the keys, Bizarre characters appear in screen Bi users will notice -- to light changes. Even so, the user will still be confused for a moment Find the cause of the problem. In a sense, the user see case lamp change is very normal, because the keyboard
Indicator light is not user sight. But, usually the user can't noticed in my sights directly placed in their instructions
The lamp. For example, users can focus on their work and couldn't find the shape, even display glazing mark is they observed the cursor .One of the work.
Another in interface design stage must anticipate the human trait is parallel processing multiple things limited thinking. In the psychological review 195 years in an article, George A.M iller research shows that, the human brain can handle most at the same time details. 7 Therefore, the interface is designed to: when deciding, interface _L will be revealed all the relevant information, not to rely on human user memory, this is very important. Specifically, requirements of screen image human remember previous precise details, this is a very bad design. Furthermore, if interface between screen image the user needs extensive navigation, the user will become confused. Therefore, the content of screen image and arrange to become an important design problem. Although ergonomics and macmillan learn application makes the man-machine interface design reflects the unique flavor. But the field or around a lot of software engineering more traditional themes. Specifically, search metric in interface design field and more traditional software project has the same importance in the field. Interface measurable properties including understand an interface of time required to interface, needed to complete the task in time, the user interface of the probability of error, for a period of time after the user interface without proficiency, even some such as user interface preferences degree of subjective characteristics.
Moms model first in 1954, it is put forward in the field of human-computer interface design examples of measuring search. This model from user goals based methodology Angle (such as delete the document a word), operation (such as click the mouse button), methods (such as: double-click the mouse, and then click on the delete button) and choose law (fulfill the same goals between two methods of choice) analysis task. In fact this is the origin of GOMS abbreviations goals (goal), -- operators (operation), the methods (methods) and selection
No (choose law). In short, GOMS is a kind of put customers use an interface action analysis into basic steps to move the mouse buttons, sequences (with the methodology of decision). The performance of each basic steps is endowed with a precise time periods, so every step through the task given the time from complete similar tasks in addition, the time required each interface GMOS this perspective, provide a more different proposal interface methods.
Understanding is similar to the technical details of GMDS not we the aim of the present study, we cases in point are human behavior (mobile hands, a decision etc) found GMQS characteristics. In fact GMQS development at first only considered psychological theme. Such GMGS to emphasize the human characteristics in interface design in the field, and in those from the theme of traditional software engineering extensions, the role of.
In the foreseeable future, man-machine interface design must be an active field of research. Deal with many problems of today's GUI is still not resolved, a large number of additional problem imply the use of 3D interface in the 3D
interface (which appear already). In fact, because these interface commitment with 3d vision includes voice and touch of communications, so the potential range of problems are enormous.
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
Statistical hypothesis testing Adriana Albu，Loredana Ungureanu Politehnica University Timisoara,adrianaa@aut.utt.ro Politehnica University Timisoara,loredanau@aut.utt.ro Abstract In this article,we present a Bayesian statistical hypothesis testing inspection, testing theory and the process Mentioned hypothesis testing in the real world and the importance of, and successful test of the Notes. Key words Bayesian hypothesis testing; Bayesian inference;Test of significance Introduction A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether from a controlled experiment or an observational study (not controlled). In statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold probability, the significance level. The phrase "test of significance" was coined by Ronald Fisher: "Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance, and when such tests are available we may discover whether a second sample is or is not significantly different from the first."[1] Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, in contrast to exploratory data analysis. In frequency probability,these decisions are almost always made using null-hypothesis tests. These are tests that answer the question Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of observing a value for the test statistic that is at [] least as extreme as the value that was actually observed?) 2 More formally, they represent answers to the question, posed before undertaking an experiment,of what outcomes of the experiment would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified probability of an incorrect rejection. One use of hypothesis testing is deciding whether experimental results contain enough information to cast doubt on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of frequentist statistical inference. The Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability.[3][4]Other approaches to reaching a decision based on data are available via decision theory and optimal decisions. The critical region of a hypothesis test is the set of all outcomes which cause the null hypothesis to be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The critical region is usually denoted by the letter C. One-sample tests are appropriate when a sample is being compared to the population from a hypothesis. The population characteristics are known from theory or are calculated from the population.
吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title（Times New Roman ，三号） 学生学号：08810219 学生姓名：袁庚文 专业班级：信息与计算科学0802 指导教师：赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期：2012.2.27～2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献（学术期刊网上的），译成中文，与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前，同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为：上边距：3.5厘米，下边距：2.5厘米，左边距：3.5厘米，右边距：2厘米，页眉：2.5厘米，页脚：2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”，每段落首行缩进2字；或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字，字体：宋体，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距1.3，间距：前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意：各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1．第一级标题（如：第1章绪论）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：三号，1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为11磅。 2．第二级标题（如：1.2 摘要与关键词）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：四号，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 3．第三级标题（如：1.2.1 摘要）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：小四，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格（半角）。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书（论文）撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。
例： 参考文献： [1]毛蕴诗. 跨国公司战略竞争与国际直接投资[M].广州: 中山大学出版社 [2]ALEXANDER N. International Retailing [M].Oxford:Blackwell Business,1997 .日本税法[M].战宪斌,郑林根,译.北京:法律出版社.信息技术与信息服务[M]//许厚泽,赵其国.信息技术与应用.,於方,蒋红强,等. 建立中国绿色GDP 核算体系:机遇、挑战与对策[C]//潘岳,绿色GDP 核算体系国际研讨会论文集. 北京:中国环境科学出版社, 2004:35-42. 黄祖洽.软凝聚态物理研究进展[J].北京师范大学学报:自然科学版,2005,41(1) :N, MYERS H. European Retail Expansion in South East Asia[J].European 1999,34(2): 45-50. 丁文祥.数字革命与竞争国际化[N]. 中国青年报, 2000-11-20 (15). 张志祥.间断动力系统的随机扰动及其在守恒律方程中的应用[D].北京:北京大学数学学院,1998. 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管 道与压力容器的LBB 分析[R].北京:清华大学核能技术设计研究院莫少强.数字式中文全文文献格式的设计与研究[J/OL].情报学报,1999,18(4):https://www.doczj.com/doc/231326363.html,/periodical/qbxb/qbxb990407.htm. 奚纪荣,邱志方.武略文韬:军事知识趣谈[M/OL].上海: 汉语大词典出版社, 2001: [13]杜莲.“9·11”事件影响英国出版news/20010929/200109290016.htm. 英文作者姓名全部 用大写字母
农村社会养老保险的现状、问题与对策研究社会保障对国家安定和经济发展具有重要作用，“城乡二元经济”现象日益凸现，农村社会保障问题客观上成为社会保障体系中极为重要的部分。建立和完善农村社会保障制度关系到农村乃至整个社会的经济发展，并且对我国和谐社会的构建至关重要。我国农村社会保障制度尚不完善，因此有必要加强对农村独立社会保障制度的构建，尤其对农村养老制度的改革，建立健全我国社会保障体系。从户籍制度上看，我国居民养老问题可分为城市居民养老和农村居民养老两部分。对于城市居民我国政府已有比较充足的政策与资金投人，使他们在物质和精神方面都能得到较好地照顾，基本实现了社会化养老。而农村居民的养老问题却日益突出，成为摆在我国政府面前的一个紧迫而又棘手的问题。 一、我国农村社会养老保险的现状 关于农村养老，许多地区还没有建立农村社会养老体系，已建立的地区也存在很多缺陷，运行中出现了很多问题，所以完善农村社会养老保险体系的必要性与紧迫性日益体现出来。 （一）人口老龄化加快 随着城市化步伐的加快和农村劳动力的输出，越来越多的农村青壮年人口进入城市，年龄结构出现“两头大，中间小”的局面。中国农村进入老龄社会的步伐日渐加快。第五次人口普查显示：中国65岁以上的人中农村为5938万，占老龄总人口的67.4%.在这种严峻的现实面前，农村社会养老保险的徘徊显得极其不协调。 （二）农村社会养老保险覆盖面太小 中国拥有世界上数量最多的老年人口，且大多在农村。据统计，未纳入社会保障的农村人口还很多，截止2000年底，全国7400多万农村居民参加了保险，占全部农村居民的11.18%，占成年农村居民的11.59%.另外，据国家统计局统计，我国进城务工者已从改革开放之初的不到200万人增加到2003年的1.14亿人。而基本方案中没有体现出对留在农村的农民和进城务工的农民给予区别对待。进城务工的农民既没被纳入到农村养老保险体系中，也没被纳入到城市养老保险体系中，处于法律保护的空白地带。所以很有必要考虑这个特殊群体的养老保险问题。
软件专业毕业论文外文文献中英文翻译 Object landscapes and lifetimes Tech nically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, in herita nee, and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as importa nt. The rema in der of this sect ion will cover these issues. One of the most importa nt factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object con trolled? There are differe nt philosophies at work here. C++ takes the approach that con trol of efficie ncy is the most importa nt issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocatio n and release, and con trol of these can be very valuable in some situati ons. However, you sacrifice flexibility because you must know the exact qua ntity, lifetime, and type of objects while you're writing the program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided desig n, warehouse man ageme nt, or air-traffic con trol, this is too restrictive. The sec ond approach is to create objects dyn amically in a pool of memory called the heap. In this approach, you don't know un til run-time how many objects you n eed, what their lifetime is, or what their exact type is. Those are determined at the spur of the moment while the program is runnin g. If you n eed a new object, you simply make it on the heap at the point that you n eed it. Because the storage is man aged dyn amically, at run-time, the amount of time required to allocate storage on the heap is sig ni fica ntly Ion ger tha n the time to create storage on the stack. (Creat ing storage on the stack is ofte n a si ngle assembly in structio n to move the stack poin ter dow n, and ano ther to move it back up.) The dyn amic approach makes the gen erally logical assumpti on that objects tend to be complicated, so the extra overhead of finding storage and releas ing that storage will not have an importa nt impact on the creati on of an object .In additi on, the greater flexibility is esse ntial to solve the gen eral program ming problem. Java uses the sec ond approach, exclusive". Every time you want to create an object, you use the new keyword to build a dyn amic in sta nee of that object. There's ano ther issue, however, and that's the lifetime of an object. With Ian guages that allow objects to be created on the stack, the compiler determines how long the object lasts and can automatically destroy it. However, if you create it on the heap the compiler has no kno wledge of its lifetime. In a Ianguage like C++, you must determine programmatically when to destroy the
本科毕业论文（设计）文献综述和外文翻译 撰写要求与格式规范 一、毕业论文（设计）文献综述 （一）毕业论文（设计）文献综述的内容要求 1．封面：由学院统一设计，普通A4纸打印即可。 2.正文 综述正文部分需要阐述所选课题在相应学科领域中的发展进程和研究方向，特别是近年来的发展趋势和最新成果。通过与中外研究成果的比较和评论，说明自己的选题是符合当前的研究方向并有所进展，或采用了当前的最新技术并有所改进，目的是使读者进一步了解本课题的意义。文中的用语、图纸、表格、插图应规范、准确，量和单位的使用必须符合国家标准规定，引用他人资料要有标注。 文献综述字数在5000字以上。 正文前须附500字左右中文摘要，末尾须附参考文献。 参考文献的著录按在文献综述中出现的先后顺序编号。 期刊类文献书写方法:[序号]作者（不超过3人，多者用等表示）.题（篇）名[J].刊名,出版年,卷次（期次）:起止页次.
图书类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页次. 论文集类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.篇名[C].论文集名.出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页次. 学位论文类书写方法:[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地:单位名称,年份. 电子文献类书写方法:[序号]主要责任者. 题名:其他题名信息[文献类型标志/文献载体标志 ]出版地:出版者,出版年（更新或修改日期）[引用日期].获取和访问途径. 参考文献篇数应符合学院毕业论文（设计）工作的要求。 （二）毕业论文（设计）文献综述撰写与装订的格式规范 第一部分：封面 1.封面：由学院统一设计，“本科生毕业论文（设计）”根据作业实际明确为“论文”或“设计”，其它文本、表格遇此类情况同样处理。 第二部分：文献综述主题 1.中文摘要与关键词 摘要标题（五号，宋体，顶格，加粗）
毕业论文（设计）外文翻译 题目：中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 系部名称：经济管理系专业班级:会计082班 学生姓名：任民学号： 200880444228 指导教师：冯银波教师职称:讲师 年月日
译文： 中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 国际商业管理杂志 2009.10 摘要：本文把重点集中于中国上市公司的融资活动，运用西方融资理论，从非制度性因素方面，如融资成本、企业资产类型和质量、盈利能力、行业因素、股权结构因素、财务管理水平和社会文化，分析了中国上市公司倾向于股权融资的原因，并得出结论，股权融资偏好是上市公司根据中国融资环境的一种合理的选择。最后，针对公司的股权融资偏好提出了一些简明的建议。 关键词：股权融资，非制度性因素，融资成本 一、前言 中国上市公司偏好于股权融资，根据中国证券报的数据显示，1997年上市公司在资本市场的融资金额为95.87亿美元，其中股票融资的比例是72.5％，，在1998年和1999年比例分别为72.6％和72.3％，另一方面，债券融资的比例分别是17.8％，24.9％和25.1％。在这三年，股票融资的比例，在比中国发达的资本市场中却在下跌。以美国为例，当美国企业需要的资金在资本市场上，于股权融资相比他们宁愿选择债券融资。统计数据显示，从1970年到1985年，美日企业债券融资占了境外融资的91.7％，比股权融资高很多。阎达五等发现，大约中国3/4的上市公司偏好于股权融资。许多研究的学者认为，上市公司按以下顺序进行外部融资：第一个是股票基金，第二个是可转换债券，三是短期债务，最后一个是长期负债。许多研究人员通常分析我国上市公司偏好股权是由于我们国家的经济改革所带来的制度性因素。他们认为，上市公司的融资活动违背了西方古典融资理论只是因为那些制度性原因。例如，优序融资理论认为，当企业需要资金时，他们首先应该转向内部资金（折旧和留存收益），然后再进行债权融资，最后的选择是股票融资。在这篇文章中，笔者认为，这是因为具体的金融环境激活了企业的这种偏好，并结合了非制度性因素和西方金融理论，尝试解释股权融资偏好的原因。
长江大学工程技术学院 毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 外 文 题 目 Matlab Based Interactive Simulation Program for 2D Multisegment Mechanical Systems 译 文 题 目 二维多段机械系统基于Matlab 的 交互式仿真程序 系 部 化学工程系 专 业 班 级 化工60801 学 生 姓 名 李泽辉 指 导 教 师 张 铭 辅 导 教 师 张 铭 完 成 日 期 2012.4.15 顶层配置在管路等，要求设备，所有设要求，对调整使案，编是指机确保机组中资料试
外文翻译 二维多段机械系统基于Matlab 的交互式仿真程序 Henryk Josiński, Adam ?witoński, Karol J?drasiak 著；李泽辉 译 摘要：本文介绍了多段机械系统设计原则，代表的是一个模型的一部分的设计系统，然后扩展 形成的几个部分和模型算法的分类与整合的过程，以及简化步骤的过程叫多段系统。本文还介绍了设计过程的二维多段机械系统的数字模型，和使用Matlab 的软件包来实现仿真。本文还讨论测试运行了一个实验，以及几种算法的计算，实现了每个单一步骤的整合。 1 简介 科学家创造了物理模型和数学模型来表示人类在运动中的各种形式。数学模型 使创建数字模型和进行计算机仿真成为可能。模型试验，可以使人们不必真正的实 验就可以虚拟的进行力和力矩的分解。 本文研究的目的是建立一个简单的多段运动模型，以增加模型的连续性和如何 避免不连续为原则。这是创建一个人类运动模型系统的冰山一角。其使用matlab 程 序包创建的数字模型，可以仿真人类运动。 文献中关于这一主题的内容很广泛。运动的模式和力矩的分解在这些文献中都 有涉猎。动态的平面人体运动模型，提出了解决了迭代矩阵的方法。还值得一提的 是这类项目的参考书目，布鲁贝克等人提出了一个模型——人腿模型，这个以人的 物理运动为基础的平面模型仿真了人腿——一个单一的扭簧和冲击碰撞模型。人腿 模型虽然简单，但是它展示人类的步态在水平地面上的运动特征。布鲁贝克等人还 介绍，在人腿模型的双足行走的基础上，从生物力学的角度而言，符合人体步行的 特征。这个模型具有一个躯干，双腿膝盖和脚踝。它能够合理的表现出人多样的步 态风格。一个仿真人类运动的数学模型反应出了人的部分运动状态。 图1. 力的分解 2 力的分解
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译 院（系部）电气工程与自动化 专业名称电子信息工程 年级班级 04级7班 学生姓名 指导老师
Infrared Remote Control System Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique,drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos etc.characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage.Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application. The purpose that design this system is transmit cu stomer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish
本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译基本规范 一、要求 1、与毕业论文分开单独成文。 2、两篇文献。 二、基本格式 1、文献应以英、美等国家公开发表的文献为主（Journals from English speaking countries）。 2、毕业论文翻译是相对独立的，其中应该包括题目、作者（可以不翻译）、译文的出处（杂志的名称）（5号宋体、写在文稿左上角）、关键词、摘要、前言、正文、总结等几个部分。 3、文献翻译的字体、字号、序号等应与毕业论文格式要求完全一致。 4、文中所有的图表、致谢及参考文献均可以略去，但在文献翻译的末页标注：图表、致谢及参考文献已略去(见原文)。（空一行，字体同正文） 5、原文中出现的专用名词及人名、地名、参考文献可不翻译，并同原文一样在正文中标明出处。 二、毕业论文（设计）外文翻译 （一）毕业论文（设计）外文翻译的内容要求 外文翻译内容必须与所选课题相关，外文原文不少于6000个印刷符号。译文末尾要用外文注明外文原文出处。 原文出处：期刊类文献书写方法：[序号]作者（不超过3人，多者用等或et al表示）.题（篇）名[J].刊名（版本）,出版年，卷次（期次）：起止页次. 原文出处：图书类文献书写方法：[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地：出版者,出版年.起止页次. 原文出处：论文集类文献书写方法：[序号]作者.篇名[A].编著者.论文集名[C]. 出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页次。 要求有外文原文复印件。 （二）毕业论文（设计）外文翻译的撰写与装订的格式规范 第一部分：封面
1.封面格式:见“毕业论文（设计）外文翻译封面”。普通A4纸打印即可。 第二部分：外文翻译主题 1.标题 一级标题，三号字，宋体，顶格，加粗 二级标题，四号字，宋体，顶格，加粗 三级标题，小四号字，宋体，顶格，加粗 2.正文 小四号字，宋体。 第三部分：版面要求 论文开本大小：210mm×297mm（A4纸） 版芯要求：左边距：25mm，右边距：25mm，上边距：30mm，下边距：25mm，页眉边距：23mm，页脚边 距：18mm 字符间距：标准 行距：1.25倍 页眉页角：页眉的奇数页书写—浙江师范大学学士学位论文外文翻译。页眉的偶数页书写—外文翻译 题目。在每页底部居中加页码。（宋体、五号、居中） 装订顺序是：封皮、中文翻译、英文原文复印件。
Real-time interactive optical micromanipulation of a mixture of high- and low-index particles Peter John Rodrigo, Vincent Ricardo Daria and Jesper Glückstad Optics and Plasma Research Department, Ris? National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark jesper.gluckstad@risoe.dk http://www.risoe.dk/ofd/competence/ppo.htm Abstract: We demonstrate real-time interactive optical micromanipulation of a colloidal mixture consisting of particles with both lower (n L < n0) and higher (n H > n0) refractive indices than that of the suspending medium (n0). Spherical high- and low-index particles are trapped in the transverse plane by an array of confining optical potentials created by trapping beams with top-hat and annular cross-sectional intensity profiles, respectively. The applied method offers extensive reconfigurability in the spatial distribution and individual geometry of the optical traps. We experimentally demonstrate this unique feature by simultaneously trapping and independently manipulating various sizes of spherical soda lime micro- shells (n L≈ 1.2) and polystyrene micro-beads (n H = 1.57) suspended in water (n0 = 1.33). ?2004 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (140.7010) Trapping, (170.4520) Optical confinement and manipulation and (230.6120) Spatial Light Modulators. References and links 1. A. Ashkin, “Optical trapping and manipulation of neutral particles using lasers,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 4853-4860 (1997). 2. K. Svoboda and S. M. Block, “Biological applications of optical forces,” Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 23, 247-285 (1994). 3. D. G. Grier, “A revolution in optical manipulation,” Nature 424, 810-816 (2003). 4. M. P. MacDonald, G. C. Spalding and K. Dholakia, “Microfluidic sorting in an optical lattice,” Nature 426, 421-424 (2003). 5. J. Glückstad, “Microfluidics: Sorting particles with light,” Nature Materials 3, 9-10 (2004). 6. A. Ashkin, “Acceleration and trapping of particles by radiation-pressure,”Phys. Rev. Lett. 24, 156-159 (1970). 7. A. Ashkin, J. M. Dziedzic, J. E. Bjorkholm and S. Chu, “Observation of a single-beam gradient force optical trap for dielectric particles,” Opt. Lett. 11, 288-290 (1986). 8. K. Sasaki, M. Koshioka, H. Misawa, N. Kitamura, and H. Masuhara, “Optical trapping of a metal particle and a water droplet by a scanning laser beam,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 807-809 (1992). 9. K. T. Gahagan and G. A. Swartzlander, “Trapping of low-index microparticles in an optical vortex,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 15, 524-533 (1998). 10. K. T. Gahagan and G. A. Swartzlander, “Simultaneous trapping of low-index and high-index microparticles observed with an optical-vortex trap,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 16, 533 (1999). 11. M. P. MacDonald, L. Paterson, W. Sibbett, K. Dholakia, P. Bryant, “Trapping and manipulation of low-index particles in a two-dimensional interferometric optical trap,” Opt. Lett. 26, 863-865 (2001). 12. R. L. Eriksen, V. R. Daria and J. Glückstad, “Fully dynamic multiple-beam optical tweezers,” Opt. Express 10, 597-602 (2002), https://www.doczj.com/doc/231326363.html,/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-14-597. 13. P. J. Rodrigo, R. L. Eriksen, V. R. Daria and J. Glückstad, “Interactive light-driven and parallel manipulation of inhomogeneous particles,” Opt. Express 10, 1550-1556 (2002), https://www.doczj.com/doc/231326363.html,/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-26-1550. 14. V. Daria, P. J. Rodrigo and J. Glückstad, “Dynamic array of dark optical traps,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 323-325 (2004). 15. J. Glückstad and P. C. Mogensen, “Optimal phase contrast in common-path interferometry,” Appl. Opt. 40, 268-282 (2001). 16. S. Maruo, K. Ikuta and H. Korogi, “Submicron manipulation tools driven by light in a liquid,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 133-135 (2003). #3781 - $15.00 US Received 4 February 2004; revised 29 March 2004; accepted 29 March 2004 (C) 2004 OSA 5 April 2004 / Vol. 12, No. 7 / OPTICS EXPRESS 1417