2014 初升高英语语法衔接
一、名词1．名词的分类2．名词的数3．名词所有格二、代词 1. 人称代词主格、宾格形式及其主要用法；2. 名词性物主代词与形容词性物主代词的形式、区别及其主要用法；
3 反身代词的形式、意义及其主要用法；
4 常见不定代词的一般用法；5. 指示代词的一般用法6. 疑问代词的基本用法。三、冠词1.不定冠词的用法2 .定冠词的用法3.不用冠词的情况四、数词 1. 基数词2. 序数词3. 其他关于数的表示法五、形容词和副词1. 形容词 2. 副词 3. 形容词和副词的比较级、最高级六、动词时态 1.一般现在时的构成和用法2. 一般过去时的构成和用法3. 一般将来时的构成和用法4. 过去将来时的构成和用法5. 现在完成时的构成和用法6. 过去完成时的构成和用法7. 将来完成时的构成和用法8. 现在进行时的构成和用法9. 过去进行时的构成和用法10. 现在完成进行时的构成和用法
七、动词语态1. 被动语态的构成和用法 2. 被动语态使用中应注意的问题八、非谓语动词
1. 不定式的用法
2. 动名词
3. 分词（现在分词和过去分词）九、主谓一致1. 语法一致原则2. 意义一致原则3. 就近一致原则十、情态动词1. can, could, be able to 2. may, might 3. must, have to
4. should, ought to
5. need, dare
6. shall, will, would
7. 其他情态动词的用法十一、名词性从句1. 主语从句2. 表语从句 3. 宾语从句4. 同位语从句
十二、定语从句 1. 关系代词引导的定语从句 2. 关系副词引导的定语从句 3. 非限制性定语从句十三、状语从句 1. 时间状语从句 2. 条件状语从句3. 地点状语从句4. 原因状语从句5. 目的和结果状语从句 6. 让步状语从句7. 比较状语从句8. 方式状语从句
第1讲名词
名词是表示人、事物和抽象概念等的词。名词的可数与否、名词单复数形式的变化与谓语动词的一致、名词的修饰语、名词的辨析、固定搭配、名词作定语等是名词学习及测试的重点初高中衔接相关知识
在初中阶段对名词的考查主要表现在名词的单复数、名词所有格方面，其考查题型以单项选择、完形填空为主；而在高中阶段除了考查名词的单复数、名词所有格外，更注重考查名词在语境中所表达的含义，层次更深一些，主要出现在选择题中。一、名词的分类类别意义表示人、地方、事物、机构、专有名词组织等特有的名称的词。首字母大写，冠词、介词除外可数名普通名词不可数名词抽象名词词个体名词集体名词物质名词表示某类人或事物的个体的词表示若干个体组成的集体的词，指一群人或一些事物表示无法分为个体的实物的词，指构成各种物体的物质或材料表示动作、状态、品质、性质、行为、感情等抽象概念的词例词Liu Xiang, Mr. Smith, Linda, Japan, the Great Wall, Monday, Teachers’Day Bank of China teacher, pen, country, man, boy, panda people, family, police, class, team, staff, army water, milk, air, wood, glass, paper, tea, advice, furniture, traffic, weather, snow knowledge, health, strength,courage, information, homework, friendship
【注意】（1）family, class 等词作为一个整体时视为单数，强调其家庭/族成员或班级成员时视为复数；（2）部分有生命的集体名词本身就是复数的概念：①police 指警察、警官的总称，本身表示复数。The police(主语)+谓语动词复数②people 指人们、人民，本身表示复数。(The)…people+谓语动词复数people 指民族，有单、复数变化 e.g. fifty-six peoples 五十六个民族二、名词的数1、可数名词：有单、复数形式，可以用书来计算的名词，包括个体名词和集体名词。（1）规则名词复数形式的构成及变化：（2）可数名词复数形式的不规则变化：
①固定形式：man-men foot-feet mouse-mice child-children woman-women ox-oxen 公牛German-Germans tooth-teeth
human-humans
walkman-walkmans
policeman-policemen
goose-geese policewoman-policewomen phenomenon-phenomena 现象②单复数同形：Chinese, fish 鱼肉, ship, deer, people, Japanese, means, Swiss, works 工厂, series, species 物种；种类, yuan 元, jiao 角, fen 分, li 里, jin 斤, mu 亩, Portuguese 葡萄牙人③部分集合名词既可作单数（整体），也可作复数（成员）family, class, group, public, union, team, audience, army, committee, faculty （3）复合名词的复数情况：①如有主体名词，将主体名词变为复数passer-by→three passers-by 过路人 e.g. a girl student→two girl students a
a brother-in-law→four brothers-in-law 姐夫
②如没有主体名词，则在词末加-s e.g. a grown-up→many grown-ups 成年人③man, woman 作定语，构成复合名词时，两部分都要变成复数e.g. two men doctors three women teachers
④通常只用于复数的名词： A. 表示成双成对的：glasses, pants, trousers, scissors, jeans, clothes, socks, chopsticks, shorts, compasses B. 表示较多数量的：savings, stairs, surroundings, wages, circumstances, belongings 财产, remains 遗体；遗物, suburbs, arms 武器（4）特殊的复数形式：①the+集体名词“全体??”表示一类人或是整体，具有复数意义e.g. the police, the French ②双重含义的复数名词：A. fish——作“鱼”的条数时，单复数同形为fish；作“鱼”的种类时，复数为fishes 作“鱼肉”时，为不可数名词，fish B. people——人民，单复数同形民族，复数为peoples C. works——工作，不可数名词工厂，单复数同形e.g. a chemical works 著作，可数e.g. a work by Lu Xun two chemical works
two works by Lu Xun
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类似的词还有：forces 军队irons 脚镣手铐customs 海关letters 文学spirits 酒精；情绪manners 礼貌goods 货物looks 外表times 时代greens 青菜drinks 饮料sands 沙滩，沙地waters 水域brains 智力pains 努力regards 问候
（5）以s 结尾，表示单数，没有复数意义的词：economics, the United States/Nations, maths, news, physics, politics 2、不可数名词：无复数形式，也不能由不定冠词a/an 限定；包括物质名词和抽象名词（1）专有名词：BBC 英国广播公司Mark Twain 马克·吐温（2）物质名词：wind, gas, light, bread, sand, rice, sugar （3）抽象名词：happiness, music, fun, progress, weather, housework （4）部分名词的两重性：既可作可数名词，又可作不可数名
词work（著作/工作）glass（眼镜、玻璃杯/玻璃）hair beer/coffee/tea room（房间/空间）chicken （小鸡/鸡肉）experience（经历/经验）exercise（练习/锻炼）wood（森林/木头）fire （火灾/火）paper（论文、文件、报纸、卷子/纸）food（各种各样的食品/食物）fruit（水果种类/水果总称）beer/tea/coffee cloth（油布、桌布/布料）difficulty（难事/困难）success（成功的人/成功）（5）常见易错的不可数名词：air, news, advice, furniture, traffic, information, weather, luck, clothing, progress, equipment, fire, fun, grass, money, meat, waste, wealth, population, time （6）抽象名词表示具体事物时，为可数名词，可被a/an 修饰，有复数形式。表示“某种人或事”：honor 令人感到荣耀的人或事death 死者pleasure 令人感到高兴的人或事success/failure 成功/失败的人或事surprise 令人感到惊讶的人或事worry 令人感到烦恼的人或事beauty 美丽的人或事pity 遗憾的人或事 E.g. Mary is a great honor to our class. What a surprise you gave us all. 3、可数和不可数名词的不定量的表示：（1）利用单位词：“数词或冠词+量词+of+不可数名词”量词有单复数形式，of 只能加原形a bottle of, a pair of, a piece of, a drop of water, a bar of chocolate, a loaf of bread, an article of furniture, a bowl of rice, a kilo of salt, a grain of sand, “数词或冠词+量词+of+可数名词复数”a bag of eggs, a box of books, five head of sheep （2）利用“few, a few, many, a number of, a large number of=large numbers of”修饰可数名词（3）利用“little, a little, a bit of, much, a great deal of, a large amount of”修饰不可数名词“some, any, most, a lot of=lots of, plenty of”既修饰可数名词，也修饰不可数名词三、名词所有格名词所有格：英语中名词可在词尾加-’s 作定语，修饰另一个名词，表示所有格关系the West Lake 西湖
名词所有格有三种构成形式：’s 所有格、of 所有格、双重所有格1、’s 所有格（1）’s 所有格形式的构成1）一般情况，在名词词尾加-’s e.g. my brother’s bag 2) 如果名词已经有复数词尾“-s”，则只加-’e.g. the teachers’office 3) 如果名词是复数，但不带词尾“-s”，则加-’s e.g. Women’s Day 4) 复合名词及作整体的名词词组，在最后一个名词词尾加-’s e.g. my father-in-law’s friend e ach other’s addresses somebody else’s opinion
5) 如果几个词共同拥有的所有关系时，则只在最后一个名词后面加上-’s e.g. Tom and Jim’s father 6) 如果表示几个各自的所有关系时，则每个名词后面都要加上-’s Lucy’s rooms e.g. Lily’s and
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注意：the Smith’s 史密斯的家the Smiths 史密斯一家人the Smiths’史密斯一家的住处（5）“基数词+连字符+单数名词”可作前置定语，表示时间、距离等。当表达同一含
义时，可与名词所有格形式相互转换用连字符“-”时，year, meter, minute 等时间或距离的名词用单数a ten minutes’ride=a ten-minute ride a seven-year-old girl=a girl of seven
2、of 所有格：“of+名词”一般适用于无生命的名词（1）表示无生命的名词的所有关系（词序与汉语相反）“??的” e.g. the gate of our school （2）某些表示人、事、动物、机构、组织的名词，可以用of 属格代替’s 属格the guests’arrival=the arrival of the guests 客人的到达
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区别比较：a photo of Jack’s 一张杰克所拥有的照片 a photo of Jack 杰克的一张照片one of my sister’s friends =a friend of my sister’s 我妹妹的一个朋友（强调多个中的一个）a friend of my sister 我妹妹的朋友（强调是朋友关系，不是其他关系）my sister’s friend 表示我妹妹唯一的一个朋友或刚刚谈及的那个朋友
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典型例题：
1．--- Where have you been, Tim? --- I’ve been to ______. A. the Henry house B. the Henry family
C. The Henry’s home A. food B. lunch
D. Henry’s D. dinner C. the third time D. once
2．In England, if ____ is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper. C. breakfast 3．You looked for it twice, but you haven’t found it. Why not try ____ . A. three times --- Certainly. A. some bottles of waters C. some bottle of water A. tooth A. cakes B. feet B. meat B. some bottles of water D. some bottle of waters D. ear D. pears D. full name B. a third time 4．--- They are thirsty. Will you please give them ______ ?
5．Mike hurt one of his ______ in the accident yesterday. C. hand 6．There is some _______ on the plate. C. potato 7．In England, the last name is the _______ . A. family name A. Germen B. middle C. given name 8．They are going to fly _______ to Beijing. B. Germany C. Germanys B. boy; watch C. teeth D. Germans D. boys; watch 9．The______ has two _______ . A. boys; watches A. tooth A. idea C. boy; watches 10．The little baby has two _______ already. B. tooths D. teeths 11．What’s your _______ for being late again? B. key C. excuse D. news 12．--- It’s dangerous here. We’d better go out quickly. --- But I think we should let _______ go out first. A. woman and children C. woman and child --- Thanks. A.ENTRANCE C.THIS SIDE UP A. Children’s Day C. Childrens Day B.BUSINES S HOURS D.NO SMOKING B. Childrens’s Day D. Children Day B. women and child D. women and children
13．--- You can see Mr. Smith if there is a sign ―_______ ‖on the door of his shop.
14．Are they going to have a picnic on _______ ?
15．Where are the students? Are they in _______ ? A. the Room 406 【练习答案】1.D 2.B 3.B 4.B 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.C 11.C 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.B B. Room 406 C. the 406 Room D. 406 Room
第2讲
词
冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义。用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词（the Definite Article）另一种是不定冠词，（the Indefinite Article），还有一种是零冠词（the Zero Article）。
? 初高中衔接相关知识
在初中阶段对冠词的考查相对而言要简单些，只要掌握其中的规律即可；而到了高中，就要根据语境中的具体情况具体分析。因此，一定要在熟练掌握冠词用法的基础之上，注意特殊情况，灵活运用。一、不定冠词的用法不定冠词a(an)与数词one 同源，是“一个”的意思，表示泛指。a 用于辅音音素前，一般读作/? /，而an 则用于元音音素前，一般读作/ ?n /。1. 表示“一个”，意为one；指某人或某物，意为a certain。如：A Mr. Ling is waiting for you. 2. 代表一类人或物。A knife is a tool for cutting with. 3. 词组或成语。二、定冠词的用法定冠词the 与指示代词this, that 同源，有“那（这）个”的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。1. 特指双方都明白的人或物：Take the medicine 2. 上文提到过的人或事：He bought a house. I’ve been to the house. 3. 指世上独一无二的事物：the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth 4. 与单数可数名词连用表示一类事物，如：the dollar 美元；the fox 狐狸；5. 与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人；the living 生者6. 用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only, very, same 等前面：Where do you live? I live on the second floor.
That’s the very thing I’ve been looking for. 7. 用在某些普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级等专有名词前：the People’s Republic of China 8. 用在表示乐器的名词之前：She plays the piano.
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如果乐器是中文拼音是定冠词the 省略掉，如：play erhu
9. 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人：the Greens 格林一家10. 用在惯用语中：in the day, in the morning, in the rain, in the middle of, by the way, on the whole 三、零冠词，即不用冠词的情况1. 专有名词前。如：England, Mary 2. 泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时。如：They are teachers. 3. 名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, whose, some, any, no, each, every
等代词时，不用冠词。例如：That is my cap. I have some questions. Go down this street.
4. 在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前。如：We go to school from Monday to Friday.
5. 在称呼或表示官衔、职位的名词前，如：The guards took the American to General Lee.
6.在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，如：have breakfast, play chess
7. 当两个或两个以上名词并用时，如：I can’t write without pen or pencil.
8. 当by 与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，如：by bus, by train
9. 有些个体名词school, college, prison, market, hospital, bed, table, class, town, church, court 等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名
词的深层含义。例如：go to hospital 去医院看病，go to the hospital 去医院（并不是去看病，而是有其他目的）四、冠词与形容词+名词结构1. 两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。例如：He raises a black and a white cat. 他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。The black and the white cats are hers. 这只黑猫和这只白猫都是她的。2. 若后一个形容词无冠词，则指一个物体。例如：He raises a black and white cat. 他养了一只花猫（黑白相间的）。
【演练】1. This morning I had ________ egg and a bottle of milk for my breakfast. A. an B. a C. the D./ 2. ---What’s the matter with you? ---I caught ________ bad cold and had to stay in ________. A. a;/ B. a; the C. a; a D. the; the 3. ---Have you seen _______ pen? I left it here this morning.
---Is it ________ black one? I think I saw it somewhere. A. a; the B. the; the C. the; a D. a; a 4. _______ sun is shining brightly. A. A B. An C. The D. / 5. There is _______ ―h‖in the word hour. A. a B. the C. an D./ 6. Did you enjoy your stay in Xian? Yes. I had _______ wonderful time.
A. a
B. an
C. the A. A; the A. the B./ B. A; an C. a
D. / C. The; an D. The; the D. an D./ 7. ______ sun is bigger than _______ earth. 8. There is _______ apple and some pears on the table. 9. David has _______ cat. It’s very nice. A. a B. an C. the A. a; an B. a; a 10. I’m reading _______ novel. It is _______ interesting story. C. the; the D. /; an 【练习答案】1.A 2.A 3.D 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.D 8.D 9.A 10.A
第3讲
代
词
代词是用来指代人或事物，代替名词以及起名词作用的短语、分句和句子的词。代词可分为九类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词、不定代词和连接代词。
? 初高中衔接相关知识
在初中阶段代词这部分，学生应主要掌握人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词等几类；而在高中阶段，学生还需掌握it, such, no, any, one, some 以及all 等词的用法。
? 【注意事项】
（一）指代必须准确无误
如果在使用代词时指代不清楚，就会引起他人的误解、费解，甚至不理解。例如：While carrying the paint can from the garage to the house, Mary was afraid that some of it might spill on her new skirt. 当玛丽从车库把油漆罐搬到屋里时，她担心油漆会溅到她的新裙子上。
（二）使用人称代词、反身代词、物主代词这三类代词时，我们要注意他们在句中的人称、单复数、性和格的一致性。
人称代词主要有主格和宾格两种形式。主格，如：I, we, he, they, she, it, you 等，在句子中
充当主语；宾格，如：me, us, him, them, her, it, you 等，在句子中充当宾语。
（三）反身代词的作用
1. 构成规则：（1）第一、二人称的反身代词是形容词性物主代词+ self (selves) 如：myself, yourself(yourselves)等；第三人称的反身代词是宾格+self(selves) 如：（2）herself, itself, themselves 等
2. 反身代词在句子中作宾语。当它作介词by 的宾语时，表示强调。如：The prisoner killed himself by taking poison.
3. 反身代词在句子中作同位语，用来加强名词或代词的语气，强调某人亲自、本人；此时放在名词、代词之后，或句子末尾。如：The students will clean the classroom themselves.
（四）物主代词
1. 形容词性物主代词只能作定语。room.
2. 名词性物主代词在句中充当主语、宾语、表语。相当于名词，=形容词性物主代词+ 名词如：We each bought a new book. Yours is about management and mine is about the American history. 如：My brother often does his homework in his
（五）不定代词
主要不定代词：each, both, all, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any；另外还有由some, any, no 和every 构成的合成代词，somebody, anything 如：nothing 等。1．all 在谈到两个以上的人或事物时，或是不可数的事物时，我们都可以用all，在句中充当主语、宾语、定语和同位语。另外，all 指不可数的事物时可以作表语。如：This is all he knew about it. （作表语）这就是他了解有关这件事的一切。They were all covered with dust. （作同位语）他们身上尽是尘土。2. each 和every each 和every 都是“每一个”的意思，但在句子里各自强调的侧重点不同。（1）every 从每一个个体着眼而强调“整体”；形容词，只能作定语；（2）each 把一些东西一个一个地加以考虑，强调“各个”；既是形容词也是代词，可以作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。（3）every 可用于：every other / (every+数词) + 名词的结构中，“每隔??”如：表示every other day 每隔一天every three days 每三年every other line 每隔一行every ten miles 每隔
十英里
each 1)可单独使用2)可做代名词、形容词3)着重“个别”的每一个人或物The teacher gave a toy to each child. Each ball has a different colour.
every 1)不可单独使用2)仅作形容词3)着重“全体”，毫无例外一个人或物
4)用于两者或两者以上中4)用于三者或三者以上每
当我们说each child, each student 或each teacher 时，我们想到的是一个人的情况。而当我们说every child 和every student 时，我们想到的是全体的情况，every 的意思与all 接近，表示他们都如此。Every student loves the English teacher. = All students love the English teacher. Every child likes playing. = All children like playing.
3. one 作不定代词时，有复数形式ones，代替前面刚提到的人或事物以避免重复，有自己的定语或冠词；还可以用来泛指人。如：This problem is a difficult one.
I don’t like colored envelopes. I like white ones. Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. （泛指）4. some 与any “一些”
（1）作定语时，some 多用于肯定句，any 多用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。（2）表示请求、建议、反问或是希望得到肯定回答的疑问句中，常用some 而不用any。（3）some 可与数词连用，表示“大约”如：Some hundred teachers have moved into new houses. The bridge was built about two hundred years ago. 5. few, a few; little, a little 的用法（1）few, a few 用于可数名词；little, a little 用于不可数名词（2）few, little 表示否定，“几乎没有”few, a little 表示肯定，；a “几个，一些或一点点”6. no 与none 均表示否定意义
（1）no = not any 意在强调“连一个、一点都不”，只作形容词，一般与名词连用；（2）none 则相当于名词，可独立在句中充当成分，也可与介词短语连用，表示在某一范围内“任何一个也不”。
7. other, the other, another, others, the others 的区别。用法不定特定单数代名词复数单数形容词复数
another 另一个the other 另一个
others the others 物
another (boy) the other (boy)
other (boys) the other (boys) 其余那些男孩
别人，其他人另一个（男孩）其他男孩其余那些人、另一个男孩
1）other 可以作形容词用，后面可以跟单数或复数名词，意思是“其他的、别的”。Where are his other books? I haven't any other books except this one. 2）other 也可以用作代词，与冠词the 连用构成“the other”，表示两个人或物中的“另一个”。常与one 搭配构成“one ..., the other ...”句型。He has two brothers. One is 10 years old , the other is 5 years old. She held a ruler in one hand and an exercise-book in the other. 3）other 作代词用时，可以有复数“others”，泛指“另外的人或物”。常与some 搭配构成“some ...., others ...”句型。
Some went to the cinema, others went swimming. This coat is too large. Show me some others, please. 4）“the others”表示特指某范围内的“其他的人或物”。We got home by 4 o'clock, but the others didn't get back until 8 o'clock. In our class only Tom is English, the others are Chinese. 5）another 可以作形容词用，修饰后面的名词，意为“另一个”还可以跟代词one. ，You can see another ship in the sea, can't you? Mary doesn't want to buy this skirt. Would you please show her another one? 6）another 也可以作代词用，表示“另一个”。I'm still hungry after I've had this cake. Please give me another. 5. all 和both 的用法。1）all 指三者以上，或不可数的东西。谓语动词既可以用单数，也可以用作复数。在句中作主语、表语、宾语、同位语和定语。All of us like Mr Pope. 我们都喜欢Pope 先生。（作主语）= We all like Mr Pope. (作同位语) All the water has been used up. (作主语) That's all for today. (作表语) Why not
eat all (of) the fish? (作宾语) All the leaders are here. (作定语) 2）both 作代词。①与其他名词或代词并列出现，表示―两个都‖。Lucy and Lily both agree with us. They both passed on their sticks at the same time. How are your parents? They're both fine. ②与“of +代词（或名词）”连用，表示“两者都”。Both of them came to see Mary. Both of the books are very interesting. ③单独使用，表示“两者（都）。”Michael has two sons. Both are clever. I don't know which book is the better, I shall read both. 3）both 用作形容词，放在名词之前，修饰该名词，表示“两者都”。Both his younger sisters are our classmates. There are tall trees on both sides of the street.
六、相互代词表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词。相互代词有each other 和one another 两种形式。在当代英语中，each other 和one another 没有什么区别。相互代词可在句中作宾语，定语。作定语用时，相互代词用所有格形式。We should learn from each other / one another. （作宾语）Do you often write to each other / one another? （作宾语）We often borrow each other's / one another's books. （作定语）The students corrected each other's / one another's mistakes in their homework. （作定语）七、疑问代词疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what 和which 等。疑问代词用于特殊疑问句中，一般都放在句首，并在句子中作为某一句子成分。例如：Who is going to come here tomorrow? （作主语）What is that? (作表语) (作定语) Whose umbrella is this? 八.关系代词关系代词是一种引导从句并起连接主句和从句作用的代词。关系代词有who, whose, whom, that, which. 它们在句中可用作主语,表语,宾语,定语. 在主句中,它们还代表着从句所修饰的那个名词或代词。例如：I hate people who talk much but do little. I’m looking at the photograph which you sent me with your letter. With the money that he had saved, he went on with his studies. Do you know the lady who is interviewing our headmaster? 【演练】 1. Tom, Please pass ________ the glasses. I want to read the newspapers. A. you B. me C. him D. her 2. The English novel is quite easy for you. There are ______ new words in it. A. a little B. little C. a few D. few 3. ---You want ________ sandwich? ---Yes, I usually eat a lot when I’m hungry. A. other B. another others than _______. C. others D. the other 4. The doctors and nurses are doing their best to fight SARS. They think more of
Whom are you waiting for? (作宾语)
A. they
B. them
C. themselves
D. theirs 5. ---Which do you prefer, a bottle of orange or a bottle of milk? ---______________, thanks. I’d like a cup of tea. A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None 6. ---Oh! I came in a hurry and forgot to bring food. ---Never mind. You can have ________. A. us B. ours C. you D. yours 7. ---Can I come this evening or tomorrow morning? ---_______ is OK. I’m free today and tomorrow. A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None 8. ---How are you going to improve _______ this term? ---Work harder than last term. A. ourselves B. myself C. himself D. yourself 9. ---Could you tell me _______ she is looking for? ---Her cousin, Susan. A. that B. whose C. who D. which 10. ---Is _______ here? ---No. Li Lei and Han Mei have asked for leave.
A. everybody
B. somebody
C. anybody
D. nobody 11. Paul has _______ friends except me, and sometimes he feels lonely. A. many B. some C. few D. more 12. If you want to book a round-trip ticket, you’ll have to pay ______ $ 30. A. more B. other C. the other D. another 13. ---Do you live by yourself, Mr Wang? ---Yes. I have two sons. But ______ of them lives with me. They are now studying in America? A. neither B. both C. none D. either 14. ---Have you sent your parents an E-mail telling them you arrived safe? ---No. _______ of them can use a computer. A. None A. you;
it A. another B. Both C. Neither D. All C. your; it D. your; that 15. Who taught _______ English last term? Was _____ Mr. Smith? B. you; he B. other 16. ---That woman has a bag in her right hand. Wh at’s in her _____ hand? C. one D. the other
17. We decided to go for a field trip with some friends of _______. A. us B. our C. ours D. ourselves 18. ---Is there a bus to the zoo? ---I’m afraid there’s _______ bus to the zoo. A. no B. any C. some D. none 19. You forgot your dictionary? You may have _______. A. me B. my C. mine D. myself 20. This is ______ classroom. Where is _______? A. our; them 【练习答案】1.B 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.A 11.C 12.D 13.A 14.C 15.A 16.B 17.C 18.A 19.C 20.C B. us; they C. our; theirs D. ours; theirs
第4讲
叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
数
词
表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词。数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词
? 初高中衔接相关知识
数次在中学语法中占有很重要的地位，在初中阶段要求学生掌握基数词、序数词、分数、小数以及时刻的表达和运用，数次通常在选择题和词性转换题型中出现。而在高中的学习要求中，除了上述的用法外，还要求掌握年代表示法、年龄表示法以及不定数量词“多”的表示法，高中阶段一般用选择题的方式来进行考查。1. 倍数表示法（1）主语+ 谓语+ 倍数（或分数）+ as + adj. + as I have three times as many as you. （2）主语+ 谓语+ 倍数（或分数）+ the size（amount, length…）of…，如：The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. 2. 分数表示法构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1 时，分母序数词用复数，如：1/3 one-third；2/3 two thirds 20 世纪90 年代如：
3. 年代表示法
4. 年龄表示法
in the 1990s / in the 1990’s
（1）表示“整岁”，直接用基数词或year, age 。例如：He is a twenty-year-old man. = He is aged twenty. = He is at age twenty. = He is at the age of twenty.
（2）“在某人几十多岁”用表示，“in one’s + 基数词复数”形式，还可以借助early, middle, late 来表达得更明确一些。例如：He is in his seventies. The girl is in her early twenties. He is in his middle teens. 他今年十四五岁。She is in her late twenties. 她今年二十八九岁。（3）表示“快满多少岁”用进行时或将来时。例如：He is getting on for eighteen. =He is going on eighteen years old. =He will be eighteen years old. =It will be his eighteenth birthday. 他快满十八岁了。（4）“不满多少岁”可用副词barely, nearly, almost, quite, yet, just 等表示。例如：She is barely/nearly/almost seventeen.=She is not quite/yet seventeen.=She is just under
seventeen. （5）表示“差多久满多少岁”用介词off。例如：He is five months off nineteen. She is three years off fifty. （6）“超过多少岁”用介词past He is past fifty. He is a man past middle age. The baby is two months past two years old. 3. 不定数量词“多”的表示法被修饰名词的数dozens of scores of many, a good(great) many, many a(修饰单修饰可数名词数可数名词) hundreds of thousands of, thousands upon thousands of millions of billions of 修饰不可数名词修饰可数名词或不可数名词much, a great(good) deal of, a large amount of, large amounts of a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, large quantities of 许多；大量英语表达汉语意思几十；许多许多许多；大量数以百计成千上万数百万亿万许多；大量例如：
?
典型例题：1. About _____ of the workers in that factory _______ young people. A. third-fifths; are B. three-fifths; are C. three-five; is D. three-fifth;
is 2. What a table! I’ve never seen such a thing before. It is _____ it is long. A. half not as wide as as not half 3. During World War II, a Jewish(犹太) lady was protected by a local family in Shanghai in her ____. A. fifties B. fifty C. fiftieth D. the fiftieth B. wide not as half as C. not half as wide as D. as wide
4. ______ the students in this primary school is about three thousand; ______ of them are girls. A.
A number of; two third C. A number of; two thirds B. The number of; two thirds D. The number of; two third
第5 讲：时态和语态考点集汇，讲解和训练
一. 动词的时态
时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。英语动词有16 种时态，但是常用的只有9 种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现
在完成时、过去进行时、过去将来时，现在完成进行时。下面分别进行介绍。1. 一般现在时的用法1) 表示经常性，习惯性的动作；表示现在的状态、特征或真理而不表示具体的特定行为。句子中常用often，usually，every day 等时间状语。例如：He goes to school every day。（经常性动作）He is very happy.（现在的状态）The earth moves around the sun.〈真理〉2) 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时态的形式表示将来。If you come this afternoon，we'll have a meeting. When I graduate，I'll go to the countryside. 3) 有时这个时态表示按计划，规定要发生的动作，（句中都带有时间状语）但限于少数动词如begin，come，leave，go，arrive, start，stop，return，open，close 等。The meeting begins at seven. The train starts at nine in the morning．4) 表示状态和感觉的动词，如be，like，hate．think, remember, find，sound 等常用一般现在时。例如：I like English very much. The story sounds very interesting. 5) 书报的标题。小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。2. 一般过去时的用法1) 表示过去某时间发生的事、存在的状态或过去反复发生的动作。He saw Mr. Wang yesterday. He worked in a factory in 1988. 2) 表示过去经常发生的动作，也可用“used to”和“would＋动词原形”。例如：I used to smoke. During the vacation I would swim in the sea．注意：used to 表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。“to be used 另外to＋名词（动
名词）”表示“习惯于??’。例如：’I am used to the climate here．He is used to swimming in winter. 3. 一般将来时的用法一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态。其表达形式除了“will 或shall + 动词原形”外，还有以下几种形式。1) ―be going to＋动词原形‖，表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。例如：It is going to rain. We are going to have a meeting today. 2) go, come, start, move, leave, arrive, stay 等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作。I’m leaving for Beijing. Next week I’m staying in the country for days. 3) “be to + 动词原形”表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见。Are we to go on with this work ? The boy is to go to school tomorrow. 4) “be about to＋动词原形”表示即刻发生的动作，意为：be ready to do sth．后面一般不跟时间状语。例如：We are about to leave. I’m about to start out. 5) 某些词，如come，go，leave，arrive，start，get，stay 等的一般现在时也可表示将来。The meeting starts at five o'clock．He gets off at the next stop. 4. 现在进行时1) 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作，由“be ＋现在分词”构成，另外“系动
5.
6.
7.
词十介词或副词”也表示进行时的意义。例如：What are you doing? The bridge is under construction. 2) 表示感觉，愿望和状态的某些动词如：have, be, hear, see, like 等词一般不用进行时。3) 非持续性动词一般不用进行时态，但当用于进行时态时所表达的意义是：a) 逐渐地。b) 反复进行的动作。例如：a) I’m beginning to understand it. (我慢慢开始明白了。) b) The monkey is jumping up and down there. (那只猴子在那一直上上下下跳个不停。) 4) 有的句子用一般现在时态和进行时态均可，但用进行时态往往带有感情色彩。比较：The Changjiang River flows to the east. (长江向东流。客观现实) The Changjiang River is flowing to the east. (长江滚滚东流。赞叹) Tom often lies to our teachers. (“汤姆经常对老师撒谎。”表汤姆的习惯) Tom is always lying to our teacher. (“汤姆老是对老师撒谎。”表说话者厌恶的态度) 过去进行时的用法1) 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正进行的动作，由“was（were）十现在分词”构成。例如：In 1980 he was studying in a university. He was reading a novel when I came in. 2) 用一般过去时态和过去进行时态有行为完成与否的差别。比较：Yesterday my sister wrote a letter. (写了一封信) Yesterday my sister was writing a letter. (这封信或许还没有写完) 现在完成时的用法现在完成时由“have＋过去分词”构成。其使用有两种情况：1) 现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成，而对现在有影响。句中没有具体时间状语。He has gone to Wuhan.（说话人认为他不在该地）He has been to Wuhan.（说话人认为他在该地）2) 现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去，持续到现在，也许还会持续下去。常用for 和since 表示一段时间的状语或so far，now，today，this week（month，year）等表示包括现在时间在内的状语。例如：He has studied English for 5 years. He has studied English since 1985. Now I have finished the work．注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如：come，go，die，marry，buy 等的完成时不能与for，since 等表示一段时间的词连用。3) 现在完成时还可用在时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来某时完成的动作。例如：I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework. If it has stopped snowing in the morning，we'll go to the park．过去完成时的用法1) 过去完成时由“had＋过去分词”构成。过去完成时的动词表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作状态。句中常用by，before，until，when
等词引导的时间状语。例如：By the end of last year we had bui1t five new houses.
8.
9.
I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university. 2) 过去完成时的动词还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去。例如：Before he slept，he had worked for 12 hours. 过去将来时的用法过去将来时表示从过去的某时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时由“should 或would + 动词原形”构成。第一人称用should，其他人称用would。例如：They were sure that they would succeed. 现在完成进行时的用法现在完成进行时由“have（has）+ been＋现在分词”构成，表示现在以前一直在进行的动作。有些词，如work，study，live，teach 等用现在完成进行时与用现在完成时意思
差不多。例如：
I have worked here for three years. I have been working here for three years. 但多数动词在这两种时态中表示不同意思。例如：I have written a letter．（己写完）I have been wring a letter.（还在写）注意：表示短暂动作的动词，如finish，marry，get up，come，go 等不能用这种时态。
二. 动词的语态
1. 当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语的形式叫主动语态。当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语要用被动语态。被动语态由助动词be＋过去分词构成，时态通过be 表现出来。例如：1) 一般现在时：You are required to do this．2) 一般过去时：The story was told by her. 3) —般将来时：The problem will be discussed tomorrow．4) 现在进行时：The road is being widened. 5) 过去进行时：The new tool was being made. 6) 现在完成时：The novel has been read. 7) 过去完成时：He said that the work had been finished．8) 过去将来时：He said that the trees would be planted soon. 一些特殊的被动语态结构：1) 带情态动词的被动结构：The problem must be solved soon. 2) 带不定式的被动结构：The room is going to be painted. The homework needs to be done with care．3) 短语动词的被动结构：例l）The baby is looked after carefully．
2.
用于这类被动结构的短语动词要把它们作为整体看待，即要把它们看作单字及物动词。这类结构有以下几种：a) （不及物）动词＋介词：agree to，ask for，call for，laugh at，listen to，look after，operate on，send for，talk about．think of 等。b) （及物）动词＋副词：bring about，carry out，find out，give up，hand in，make out，pass on，point out，put away，put off，take up, think
3.
4.
over，turn down，turn out，wipe out，work out 等。c) 动词＋副词＋介词：away with，do face up to，give in to，look down upon, make up for, put up with 等。例２）They will be taken (good) care of. Attention must be paid to your pronunciation. 用于这类被动结构的短语动词最多见的是“动词＋名词＋介词”这一结构。catch 如：sight of，keep an eye on，make use of，make a fool of，attention to，put an end to，pay set fire / light to，take care of, take hold of，take notice of 等。例2) 与例1) 的不同点在于，它们用于被动态时能有两种形式。第一种形式是把“动词十名词＋介词”作为整体看待。第二种形式是把其中的“动词＋名词”作为“动词＋宾语”的结构处理。4) 带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改成主语，宾语补足语保留在谓语后面。例如：We always keep the classroom clean．(比较：The classroom is always kept clean.）5) 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示，例如：据说?? It is said that? 希望?? It is hoped that? 据推测说?? It is supposed that? 必须承认?? It must be admitted that? 必须指出?? It must be pointed out that? 众所周知?? It is well known that? 有人会说?? It will be said that? 大家认为?? It is generally considered that? 有人相信?? It is believed that? 表示被动含义的主动动词1) 系动词没有被动形式,但有些系动词常表示被动意义。常见的有look, taste, sound, smell, prove, feel 等, 例如: Your reason sounds reasonable.? Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth.
2) 一些与can’t 或won’t 连用的动词。常用的有: lock, shut, open, act 等, 例如: The door won’t open. It can’t move. 3) 一些与well, easily, perfectly 等连用的动词, 如: sell, wash, clean, burn, cook 等, 例如: The book sells well.? These clothes wash easily. 4) 用在“主语+ 不及物动词+ 主语补语”句型中的一些不及物动词, 例如: This material has worn thin.? The dust has blown into the house. 表示被动含义的主动结构1) 在动名词结构中be worth, want (=need), need, require 后所用的动名词, 必须用主动结构表被动意义。These young seedlings will require / need looking after (= need to be looked after) carefully. Your hair wants / needs cutting (needs to be cut). 2) 在不定式结构中a) 作定语:不定式结构常表示动宾关系, 即用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这
3)
种情形最常出现在―There + be + 主语+ 修饰主语的不定式‖和―及物动词+ 宾语(或双宾语) + 修饰宾语的不定式‖结构中, 特别是―主语+ have + 宾语+ 修饰宾语的不定式‖结构中。Give him some books to read.? He has a family to support. There is a lot of work to do. 当然, 这里的不定式在个别情形下也可用被动形式, 含义区别不大,例如: There is so much work to do / to be done. Give me the names of the people to contact / to be contacted. b) 在―主语+ be + 形容词+ 不定式‖句型中, 有时主语是不定式结构的逻辑宾语, 这是应用主动形式表示被动含义。适合于此结构的形容词比较多, 最常用的有amusing, cheap, dangerous, difficult, easy, important, nice, pleasant 等, 例如: That question is difficult to answer.? Chicken’s legs are nice to eat. c) 在be to 结构中的一些不定式:这种结构中的不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响, 下列动词仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义: Who is to blame for starting the fire？The house is to let. A lot remains to do. 在特殊结构中a) ―be + under +名词‖结构:这种结构表示某事―在进行中‖。例如: The building is under construction.? The whole matter is under discussion (= is being discussed). 经常这样用的名词还有repair (修理), treatment (治疗), question (质问)等。b) ―be worthy of +名词‖结构: 在这一结构中, 名词和句子的主语有被动含义, 如: a man worthy of support
nothing worthy of praise 此结构后通常用表示行为的名词, 而不用动名词的被动形式。
巩固训练
【历届高考题选】1. My aunt ________ to see us. She’ll be here soon. A. comes B. is coming C. had come D. has come 2. When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun ________ . A. was shining B. shone C. has shone D. will shine 3. I __________ Xiao Li since she was a little girl. A. knew B. know C. have known D. am knowing 4. I ____________ you were here. A. don’t know B. not know C. didn’t know D. wasn’t know 5. Because of my poor English, I’m afraid I can’t make myself ____________. A. understand B. to understand C. understanding D. understood 6. Tom ___________ a letter to his parents last night. A. writes B. wrote C. write D. has written 7. I ________ my homework now. A. finish B. finished C. have finished D. had finished 8. You may leave the classroom when you _______ writing. A. will finish B. are finished C. have finished D. had finished 9. They haven’t see each other ________ at least three months.
A. since
B. during
C. for
D. in 10. The foreign guests _________ here almost a week. A. have arrived B. have been C. have reached D. have got 11. He suddenly remembered that he ______ his key at home. A. had forgotten B. has left C. has forgotten D. had left 12. He was made _______. A. go B. gone C. going D. to go 13. By 11 o’clock yesterday, we _______ at the airport. A. had arrived B. have arrived C. shall arrive D. arrive 14. He was too excited ___________. A. speak B. to speak C. not to speak D. speaking 15. He often ________ to see his grandfather. A. going B. to go C. has gone D. goes 16. Let’s get in the wheat before the sun ____________. A. will set B. was set C. set D. sets 17. Coal can _______ to produce electricity for agriculture and industry. A. have used B. be used C. use D. used 18. I ________ English for five years now. A. was studying B. have been studying C. studied D. am studied 19. He often _____ his clothes on Sunday. A. washing B. washes C. has washed D. wash 20. I ________ at the station last night. A. got B. arrives C. arrived D. reach 21. We will start as soon as our team leader _____. A. comes B. will come C. come D. is coming 22. You ca n see the house _______ for years. A. isn’t painted B. hasn’t painted C. hasn’t been painted D. hadn’t painted 23. It ____________ when they left the station. A. has rained B. is raining C. rains D. was raining 24. Some new oilfields ________ since 1976. A. were opened up B. has opened up C. have been opened up D. had been opened up 25. The article _______ Chinese by comrade Li. A. is going to translate into B. is going to be translated into C. was going to be translated with D. will translate in 26. By the time he was twelve, Edison _________ to make a living by himself. A. would begin B. has begun C. had begun D. was begun 27. I’ll begin the dictation when you _____ ready. A. shall be B. will be C. are D. have been 28. Don’t get off the bus until it _____________. A. has stopped B. stopped C. will stop D. shall stop 29. ―Would you like to play chess wit h me?‖―Sorry, I have to finish my homework before my mother ____ back. A. comes B. will come C. shall come D. has come
30. The things talked about in this report _______ over a year ago. A. had taken place B. took place C. have taken place D. were taken place 31. ―Why does Lingling look so unhappy?‖―She has __________ by her classmates.‖A. laughed B. laughed at C. been laughed D. been laughed at 32. —―Will you go to the museum tomorrow?‖—―I will if I ______ no visitors.‖A. have B. will have C. shall have D. am having 33. I’ll go with you as soon as I ______ my work. A. will finish B. shall finish C. finish D. finished 34. This is a photo of the
power station that ______in my hometown. A. has set up B. has been set up C. was set up D. is set up 35. Both my brothers work at the power station that _______in my hometown. A. has set up B. has been set up C. was set up D. is set up 36. Doctors _____ in every part of the world. A. need B. are needing C. are needed D. will need 37. Great changes _____ in the city, and a lot of factories _______. A. have been taken place; have been set up B. have taken place; have been set up C. have taken place; have set up D. were taken place; were set up 38. Do you think Sam will call his old teacher as soon as he _____ in town? A. will be arrived B. is arrived C. arrives D. will arrive 39. I promise that the matter will ________. A. be taken care B. be taken care of C. take care D. take care of 40. That dinner was the most expensive meal we ________. A. would have B. have had C. had never had D. had ever had 41. He _____ his leg when he _____ in a football match against another school. A. broke; played B. was breaking; was playing C. broke; was playing D. was breaking; played 42. No permission has ______ for anybody to enter the building. A. been given B. given C. to give D. be giving 43. —Where _______ the recorder? I can’t see it anywhere. —I ______ it right here. But now it’s gone. A. did you put; have put B. have you put; put C. had you put; was putting D. were putting; have put 44. Hello! I ______ you _____ in London. How long have you been here? A. don't know; were B. hadn’t known; are C. haven’t known; are D. didn’t know;were 45. —When ______again? —When he _______, I’ll let you know. A. he comes; comes B. will he come; will come C. he comes; will come D. will he come; comes 46. They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was at least ten years since I ______ a good drink. A. had enjoyed B. was enjoying C. enjoyed D. had been
enjoying 47. That suit ______ over 60 dollars. A. had costed B. costed C. is costed D. cost 48. I _______ ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer. A. gave B. was given C. was giving D. had given 49. My brother _____ while he _____ his bicycle and hurt himself. A. fell; was riding B. fell; were riding C. had fallen; rode D. had fallen; was riding 50. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests ______ when he _____ at the party. A. left; had arrived B. left; arrived C. had left; had arrived D. had left; arrived 51. The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as she ______. A. will arrive B. arrives C. is going to arrive D. is arriving 52. —Come on in, Peter. I want to show you something. —Oh, how nice of you! I ______ you ______ to bring me a gift. A. never think; are going B. never thought; were going] C. didn’t think; were going D. hadn’t thought; were going 53. The police found that house ______ and a lot of things ______. A. has broken into; has been stolen B. had broken into; had been stolen C. has been broken into; stolen D. had been broken into; stolen 54. When I was at college I ______ three foreign languages, but I ______ all except a few words of each. A. spoke; had forgotten B. spoke; have forgotten C. had spoken; had forgotten D. had spoken; have forgotten 55. —Have you moved into the new house? — Not yet, The room _______. A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painted 56. The students ______ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _____ in the office. A. had written; left B. were writing; has left C. had written; had left D. were writing; had left 57. When Jack arrived he learned Mary _____ for almost an hour. A. had gone B. had set off C. had left D. had been away 58. — Do you know our town at all? — No, this is the first time I ______ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 59. — We could have walked to the station; it was so near. — Yes. A taxi ______ at all necessary. A. wasn’t B. hadn’t been C. wouldn’t been D. won’t be 60. If city noises _____ from increasing, people ______ shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now. A. are not kept; will have to B. are not kept;
have C. do not keep; will have to D. do not keep; have to 61. Tom _____ into the house when no one _______ A. slipped; was looking B. had slipped; looked
C. slipped; had looked
D. was slipping; looked 62. We were all surprised when he made it clear that he _____ office soon. A. leaves B. would leave C. left D. had left 63. In some parts of the world, tea ____ with milk and sugar. A. is severing B. is served C. serves D. served 64. The pen I ______ I _______ is on my desk, right under my nose. A. think; lost B. thought; had lost C. think; had lost D. thought; have lost 65. — Can I join your club, Dad? — You can when you _____ a bit older. A. get B. will get C. are getting D. will have got 66. — Do you like the material? — Yes, it _______ very soft. A. is feeling B. felt C. fee ls D. is felt 67. I don’t really work here; I _____ until the new secretary arrives. A. just help out B. have just helped C. am just helping out D. will just help out 68. —I’m sorry to keep you waiting. — Oh, not at all. I ______ here only a few minutes.
A. have been
B. had been
C. was
D. will be 69. I need one more stamp before my collection _______. A. had completed B. completes C. has been completed D. is completed 70. —Your phone number again? I ______ quite catch it. —It’s 9568442. A. didn’t B. couldn’t C. don’t D. can’t Key: 1—10. BACCD BCCCB 11-20. DDABD DBBBC 21—30. ACDCB CCAAB 31—40. DACBB CBCBD 41—50. CABDD ADBAD 51—60. BBDBA DDBAA 61—70. ABBBA CCADA
第6讲
非谓语动词
所谓非谓语动词，顾名思义也就是不能单独用作谓语的动词（但与助动词结合可构成“进行时态、系表结构、完成时态、被动语态等谓语形式”，非谓语动词在英语句子结构中用法）非常广泛、灵活，可充当主语、表语、宾语、补语、定语、状语等。现在笔者向同学们作分类介绍：
动词不定式
一、不定式作主语 1. 一般置于句首：
To see one time is better than to hear one hundred times. 2. 常见用it 代替它作形式主语，而把不定式或不定式结构移到句尾：It's our duty to serve the people．3. 在含有不定式作主语的疑问句或感叹句中，一般只用it 作形式主语。常见：Is it a good idea to plant some flowers there？不可以说：*Is to plant some flowers there a good idea？二、不定式作表语连系动词be，seem，appear，get，remain 等常用不定式作表语，如果主语部分有实义动词do 时，表语常可用不带to 的不定式。例如：My idea is to have a trip on Sunday．The only thing I can do now is wait at home. 三、不定式作动词宾语1. 动词＋不定式：The girl asked to see the headmaster．常见的跟带to 的不定式结构作宾语的动词有：agree，aim，arrange，ask，choose，decide，demand，pretend，expect，hope，learn，long，manage，offer，pretend，promise，refuse，wish，want，hate 等。但help 后的不定式常可省掉的，如：They helped（to）do the cleaning this morning. 2. 动词十疑问词（why 除外）＋不定式：We must find out what to do next. 常见能跟“疑问词十不定式”结构作宾语的动词有：decide，find out，forget，know，learn，remember，see，think，understand，wonder 等。3. 形式宾语it 十宾语补足语十
不定式I felt it my duty to report it to the headmaster．有时也用：形式宾语it＋宾语补足语＋for＋名词＋不定式：All these noises made it impossible for me to go on with the work. 后接以上结构的常用动词有：feel，find，make，think，count 等。四、不定式作介词宾语一般说来，不定式不用作介词宾语。但在以下两种情况则可以。1. 在介词but／except 之后接不定式作宾语。如果but／except 前有实义动词do，but ／except 后的不定式通常不带to；如果but／except 前没有实义动词do，but／except 后的不定式—般要带to。试比较：They could do nothing but wait for the teacher to arrive. He seldom comes except to ask for help.
2. 介词＋疑问词（why 除外）＋带to 的不定式They are talking about where to spend their holiday. Everyone has his own idea of how to do it. 五、不定式作宾语补足语这类结构常见的有：1. 动词＋宾语＋带to 的不定式They warned us not to go out at night. 后接“宾语＋带to 的不定式”的动词常见的有：advise，allow，ask，command，encourage，forbid，force，invite，require，order，persuade，cause，call on，wait for，show, how，teach／teach how，tell／tell how 等。2. 动词十宾语＋不带to 的不定式：Did you notice anyone take away my raincoat？后接“宾语十不带to 的不定式”的动词常见的有：feel，see，hear，let，have，make，
watch，listen to, notice，observe 等。注意：1) feel 十宾语＋to be 的不定式时，to 不可省略。2) let 变为被动态，而后面要接to 的不定式时，to 可保留也可省略。3) have，notice，watch 不用于被动语态。4) see，hear，make，listen to, notice，observe 变为被动态时，后面须要改接带to 的不定式：That made us wait for five years. ＞＞＞We were made to wait for five hours. 六、不定式作定语不定式作定语时，通常放在被修饰的名词之后，往往表示将要发生的行为。I have no wish to become a sailor. 1. 不定式与所修饰的名词之间的逻辑关系1) 动宾关系：Do you have anything else to say？（anything 是to say 的逻辑宾语）I have a lot of things to do. (to do 与a lot of things 之间存在逻辑动宾关系。) 2) 说明修饰的名词的内容：She has a wish to go back to her home village.（不定式说明wish 的具体内容）3) 主谓关系：The next man to come is Mr.．Green（the next man 是to come 的逻辑主语）2. “不及物动词不定式＋介词”作后置定语如果作定语的不定式是一个不及物动词，有时需要加上一个适当的介词才能同所修饰的名词发生联系：They had no house to live in．There is nothing （for us）to worry about. 当不定式修饰time，place 或way 时，后面一般都省掉介词，例如：They had no place to live.（一般不加in）There is still plenty of time to finish the work. This is the way to wash my teeth．3. 不定式用在the first，the second 以及the last，the only 等后，或用在最高级后作定语。He loves parties；He is always the first to come and the last to leave. She was the last one to hand in her paper．七、不定式作状语1. 表示目的：He was running to catch the bus. 不定式作目的状语时，前后常加in order 或so as。如：He came here in order to learn from you. I went early so as not to miss the train. 注意：to 或in order to 引起的状语可放在句首或句尾：而so as to 引起的状语只能放在句中或句尾。 2. 表示结果：They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet. 不定式作结果状语时，常与以下结构搭配：1) so?as to “如此?以致??”Would you be so kind as to lend me your dictionary？2) such?as to“如此??以致¨?·”
He is such a fool as to think that he'll be a king. 3) enough to “足以??”This sea fish looks almost good enough to eat. He didn't jump high enough to win a prize. 4) too?to? “太?而不（以致不）?”He was too young to understand all that. 但要注意，在以下句子中的too?to 并无否定意义：不定式也不表示结果：I shall be only too pleased to get home．（only too =very）
They were too anxious to leave. （too＝very）It's too kind of you to have told me that.（不定式作主语）You are too ready to quarrel with others.（不定式作ready 的状语）5) 不定式前用only 表示不愿得到的或出乎意料的结果。试比较He went to the Internet bar to see his friend.（表目的）He went to the Internet bar only to see his teacher.（表结果） 3. 表示原因：We jumped with joy to hear the news. 从上可看出，表示目的、结果、原因的不定式结构形式相似，区别在于词汇意思不同，试比较：The woman wept to obtain sympathy.（目的：为获得同情）The woman wept to become all tears.（结果：泪流满面）The woman wept to hear the bad news.（原因：因闻此坏消息）八、不定式的复合结构1. for＋名词或代词宾格＋带to 的不定式如果不定式结构的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，可以用for 引起的短语来表示：It will be a mistake for us not to help them。We'd better find some work for the students to do．2. of＋名词或代词＋带to 的不定式在it 作先行词的句中，如果表语是形容词，而这个形容词又用来表不定式逻辑主语的人或动物的性格特征或行为表现等，这时，不定式的逻辑主语常用of 引起的短语表示：It's kind of you to think so much of us. （=You are so kind to think so much of us.）常见能用于这类结构的形容词有：brave，clever，cruel，foolish，good，honest，horrible，kind，Lazy，nice，polite，rude，selfish，silly，stupid，wise 等。
九、不定式的否定式在不定式前面加not，never 等构成其否定式，如果该不定式前不带to，则直接在动词原形前面加not，never 等。例如：They got up early so as not to miss the early bus They decided not to accept their invitation. You'd better not go to the party tonight. They are believed not to have done such a thing. 十、不定式的完成式1. 形式：（以do 为例）to have done（主动形式），to have been done（被动形式）；2. 用法：不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，常用不定式的完成式：
十一、1. 2.
十二、1. 2.
He is said to have written a new book about Europe. 不定式的完成式主要用于以下几种情况：1) 和seem，happen，appear，be said，be believed，be thought 等连用，构成复合谓语：She seemed to have heard about it already．2) 用在作表语的形容词glad，sorry，lucky 等后面作状语：3) 用在pretend，expect，mean，would like 等动词后面作宾语：I meant to have told you about it，but I forgot to do so. 不定式的进行式形式：（以do 为例）to be doing 用法：如果谓语动词表示的动作（或情况）发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，这时不定式就要用进行式：He seems to be enjoying himself. 不定式的进行式主要可以用于：1) 构成复合谓语：They are said to be building another bridge across the river．2) 在某些动词后构成复合宾语：We didn't expect you to be waiting for us here. 3) 在某些动词后作宾语：You don't need to be worrying about her. She is safe at home. 不定式的被动式形式：（以do 为例）to be done（一般式），to have been done（完成式）；用法：当不定式的逻辑主语是用不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式：She asked to be sent to work in the country．这种形式可以用来做主语、宾语、定语、状语，并可构成复合宾语或复合谓语。但须注意的是，在某些结构中不定式虽然表示被动的含义，用的却是主动形式：We still have many difficulties to smooth away．They found the sentence hard to understand. 在以上句子中，虽然不定式与最近的名词（代词）有动宾关系，但与句子中另一个名词（代词）却可能有主谓关系，运或许是用主动形式的原因。如果不存在这种主谓关系，这不定式仍常用被动式：Let me show you the room to be used as teachers’reading room.
巩固训练
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The girl seemed very interested in watching me ________ the experiment. A. to do B. do C. in doing D. for doing We wish you ________ how disappointed we were when we heard the news.. A. realize B . realizing C. to realize D. will realize What ________ you to make such a decision? A. made B. let C. had D. caused Bob’s par4ents want Bob ________ all the rules at school. A. obey B. to obey C. obeying D. will obey many parents closed their children ________own decisions. A. to make their B. making the C. made their D. will make
6. 7. 8. 9.
10. 11.
12.
13.
14. 15.
their Will you attend the meeting ________ next month? A. to hold B. being held C. to be held D. will be held We won’t ________ him be treated in that way. A. make B. permit C. have D. let We didn’t expect ct you ________ for us here. A. waiting B. to be waiting C. to have waited D. waited He is believed________ a new book. A. having already written B. already writing C. to write already D. to have already written Most of the officials think the best man ________ the position is Professor Johnson. A. holding B. to hold C. having held D. will hold It is important ________ to turn off the light when you leave the room. A. remember B . to remember C. of remembering D. remembering It is great honor ________ present at this meeting. A. for us to be B. for us to C. of us to b e D. for your being It’s kind ________ so much of us. A. for you to think B.for you thinking C. of you to think D. of you thinking What I would suggest is ________ the job right away. A. to start B. starts C. of staring D. for staring It’s a new dictionary, he seems ________ this book the other day. A. to buy B. buying C. to have bought D. to have been bought KEY: BCDBA CDCDB BACAC
动名词
一、动名词作主语1. 一般置于句首：Reading English is easier than speaking it. 2. 有时也可以用it 作形式主语，而把动名词放在谓语动词之后。It will be nice seeing them again. 这类句子结构常见的还有：1) It’s no use…；It is no use crying over spilt milk. 2) It's no good…；It is no good feeling self——satisfied over your first success．3) Is it any good…？Is it any good trying to exp1ain？4) It's a waste of time…；It's a waste of time arguing about it. 3. 动名词还可以在There is no?句子结构中做主语：There is no asking him to come now．He is busy．这种句子中的动名词常带有宾语，其句型含义相当于It is impossible to do? 二、动名词作表语连系动词常与动名词连用，一起构成复合谓语：Our task is building China into a powerfu1 modern socialist country.
郑州信息工程职业学院 2017—2018学年下学期期末考试 2017级国际学院计网专业 《大学英语语法》试卷A 说明 一、本试卷共有六道大题，总分为100分，考试时间为100分钟。 二、严格按照要求填写好自己的姓名、学号和座位号等信息。 三、请仔细阅读以下注意事项： 1.在试卷的有效位置作答。 2.监考人员宣布考试开始时，考生方可答题。 3.监考老师宣布考试结束时，考生应立即停止作答，将试卷、答题卡反扣在桌面上，待监考老师确认数量无误后，方可离开。 4.若有答题卡时，一定要对准题号将“答案”填写在答题卡上。 PartⅠChoose the best one from the four choices given. (10×2′=20 scores) 1.They are_________. A . woman teachers B. women teachers C. women teacher D. woman teacher 2.Would you like _______, please? A. two glass of water B. two glasses of water C. two glass of waters D. two glasses of waters 3.About_________ of the students in their school are boys. A. one-three B. one third C. one three D. one thirds 4. How_________ the song sounds! A. pleasure B. pleasant C. pleased D. pleasantly 5. _________, he is very good at numbers. A. A little boy as he was B. A little boy he is C. As he was a little boy D. A little boy as he is 6.I _________ from the scientist you mentioned so far. A. don’t hear B. didn’t hear C. haven’t heard D. hadn’t heard 7.By this time next year, we _________ all the land into rice fields. A. had turned B. have turned C. will have turned D. have been turning 8.This novel_________ well. A. will be sold B. is sold C. sells D. has been sold 9. We _________ about two thousand English words by the end of last term. A. learned B. have learned C. had learned D. would learn
英语基础语法知识（一） 第一节词类和句子成分 一、词类 能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词。根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作的分类叫词类（parts of speech）。 英语的词通常分为十大类，即名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词、介词、连词和感叹词。现分别叙述如下： （一）名词 名词(noun)是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。例如： foreigner外国人 soap 肥皂Newton牛顿 law 法律freedom自由peace和平 英语名词可分为两大类： < 1。普通名词(common noun)是某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如： teacher教师 market市场rice大米 magazine杂志sound声音production生产 2。专有名词(proper noun)是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。专有名词的第一个字母必须 大写。例如： Hemingway海明威 Russia 俄罗斯 New York 纽约 United Nations联合国 名词又可分为可数名词(countable noun)与不可数名词(uncountable noun)两种。可数名词有单、复数之分。绝大多数名词的复数形式的构成是在单数名词的后面加-s或-es。例如： shop→shops商店 bus→buses 公共汽车 library→libraries图书馆
toy→toys玩具leaf→leaves树叶 英语中有一些名词的复数形式是不规则的。例如： man→men男人tooth→teeth牙齿datum→data数据 有关名词复数形式构成的具体规则，请参阅有关的英语语法书。 （二）冠词 冠词(article)放在名词之前，帮助说明该名词所指的对象。冠词分为不定冠词(indefinite article)和定冠词(definite article)两种。 不定冠词为a/an，用在单数名词之前，表示某一类人或事物的“一个”。a用在以辅音开头的名词之前，an用在以元音开头的名词之前。例如： a hotel 一家旅馆 a chance 一次机会 a double room一个双人间 a useful book一本有用的书 an exhibition一次展览an honest man一个诚实的人 冠词只有一个，既the，表示某一类人或事物中特定的一个或一些。可用于单数或复数名词前，也可用于不可数名词前。例如： · the TV programs那些电视节目 the house那座房子 the Olympic Games奥运会 （三）代词 代词(pronoun)是用来指代人或事物的词。代词包括： 1。人称代词，如：I, you, they, it等； 2。物主代词，如：my, his, their, our, mine, hers等； 3。反身代词，如：myself, yourself, itself, ourselves, oneself等； 4。相互代词，如：each other, one another等； 5。指示代词，如：this, that, these, those, such, same等；
英语语法期末试卷 注意事项：1、课程编码：2、出卷人：3、考试形式：闭卷（开、闭） 4、本试卷共8 页，满分100 分，考试时间为100 分钟. 5、答题时请使用蓝、黑钢笔或圆珠笔. 注意：所有答题内容必须写在答题纸上 一、语法知识部分：（45 分） I、填空题(26分) 1、语言一般由____________, _____________, 和____________ 三部分组成. 2、学习词性的目的是弄清词汇在句中的起到的语法作用不同..英语的十大词性可 以划分三个范畴，第一范畴包括：___________, __________, _________, _________, 第二范畴包括_________, __________, ____________，第三范畴包括________, _________, ____________. 、限定词之所以重要是因为：它是构成 ______________ 的一个不可缺少的部分. 限定词的功能是对名词起：__________, _____________, ___________, 和___________等限定作用. 4. 副词在句中担当状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词或修饰整个句子.逻辑连接副词 在文章中起到_______________的作用. 5、英语谓语动词的三种语气是：1）__________；2）____________；3）___________. 6、就在句中充当的语法功能而言，非谓语动词有着不同的属性.动名词具有名词 的属性；分词具有形容词和_____________的属性, 动词不定式有着____________, __________, 和_________的属性.因此, 举例说，分词可以在句中充当:__________, __________, 宾语补足语和____________等句子成分. 动名词在句子中充当__________，___________，__________，和介词宾语等句子成分. 7、非谓语动词中，动词不定式和分词都可充当状语，二者的区别是：不定式通 常用作_________、_________和______状语, 而分词出现在句首时通常是__________、_________、__________和______状语, 出现在句尾时通常是
英语语法基础知识(适用于初高中衔接) 第一部分语法框架 词类：名词、动词、形容词、副词、冠词、数词、介词、代词、连词 语句子成分：主、谓、宾，定、状、补，同位、表 法主语+谓语 句简主语+谓语+宾语 法单主语+谓语+宾语（间宾）+宾语（直宾） 按句主语+谓语+宾语+宾补 结主语+系动词+表语 构并列句：简单句+并列连词+简单句 分定语从句 复合句：主句+从句状语从句 句名主语从句 子词宾语从句 结性 构从同位语从句 句表语从句 陈述句：肯定句/否定句 按疑一般疑问句：将be/情态动词/助动词do/does/did/have/has/had移到主语前构成 语问特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词(what/when/where/why/which/how…)+一般疑问句 气句选择疑问句：一般疑问句+or+一般疑问句（通常省去与前句相同的内容） 分反义疑问句：前肯后否；前否后肯 祈使句：用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等，以动词原形开头 What +名词+主语+谓语! 感 What+形容词+名词+主语+谓语! 叹 How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语! 句 How +形容词+ a +单数可数名词+主语+谓语! How +主语+谓语! 第二部分词类
第三部分句子成分及简单句 一、简单句的五大基本句型： 主语+ 谓语 名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 不及物动词 主语+ 谓语+ 宾语 名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 名词/代词/动名词/不定式 主语+ 谓语+ 宾语（间宾）+ 宾语（直宾）名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 代词+ 名词 主语+ 谓语+ 宾语+ 宾补 名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 代词+ 代词/名词/数词/非谓语动词/副词/形容词/介词短语 主语+ 系动词+ 表语 名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 系动词+ 代词+ 代词/名词/数词/非谓语动词/副词/形容词/介词短语 实例依次如下：She arrived (on time). 主谓(状) 她按时到了。 We will accept (their) invitation. 主谓(定)宾 我们将接受他们的邀请。 The company offered him a well-paid job. 主谓+直宾+间宾 那家公司给他提供了一份待遇丰厚的工作。 All of them consider him considerate. 主谓宾+宾补 他们大家都认为他很体贴。 This is an exciting result. 主系表 这是一个令人激动的结果。 二、句子八大成分：主语、谓语、宾语，定语、状语、补语，同位语、表语（主谓宾，定状补，同位表） 1、主语
西华大学课程考试试题卷（A 卷） 试卷编号： （ 2009至 2010学年第2学期） 课程名称：英语语法考试时间：110分钟 课程代码：5112470试卷总分：100分 考试形式：闭卷学生自带普通计算机器 : Part I Vocabulary and Structure (15%) ：Direction: In this part, there are 30 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four 名choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the 姓 sentence. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet. (15 points, 0.5 point each)线 Free theatre tickets will be sent to phones us first. 1. A. whoever B. whichever C. whomever D. whatever 2.They failed six times but they have made their minds to try. A . a seven time B. seven times C. seventh time D. the seventh time 3.This is bag for me to carry. ： A. too heavy B. a too heavy C. too heavy a D. too a heavy 号 4. The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader 学than. A. the domestic marketer has B. the domestic marketer does 订 C. that of the domestic marketer D. those of the domestic marketer 5. Will all those the proposal raise their hands? ： A. in relation to B. in contrast to C. in excess of D. in favor of 号 6. It is drizzling now. It for over a week. 班 学 A. has rained B. has been raining C. had rained D. rained 教 7. I asked if he my computer the next day. A . would come and repair B. will come and repair C. came and repaired D. comes and repairs 8. He had said little so far, responding only briefly when. 装 A . speaking B. spoken C. speaking D. spoken to 9. I shall receive my degree as soon as. A. I complete my courses B. my courses have been completed C. I will be completed my courses D. my courses will be completed 10. I felt that if I had come from a different background, there is every chance that I ：guilty. A. may have found B. would have been found 业 专 C. might be found D. would be found 级 11. The lecture bored me to death. I wish I it. 年 A. could not have attended B. did not attend C. have not attended D. had not attended 12. It is absolutely essential that all the applicants one by one. A. are interviewed B. be interviewed C. will be interviewed D. should interview
新课改背景下的初高中英语教学衔接的策略研究 开题报告 一、课题提出的背景 （一）现状需要 1.教学目标的差异 《新课标》要求初中英语教学在听、说、读、写方面达到五级要求。而高中英语教学需要达到八级，才能参加高考选拔性的考试。以词汇为例，初中阶段要求把握约1500个词汇，200—300个短语以及基本的语法知识。而高中则要达到3500个单词和300—400个习惯用语及固定搭配，语法结构也明显复杂起来。而且高中英语对学生口头和笔头的语言综合运用能力的要求明显提高。语言技能上，初中应侧重听说能力的培养，兼顾读写能力的训练。而目前一些初中学校，因受师资水平、学习环境、应试教育的残留思想与方法的影响，往往在教学过程中强调笔头上的应试，对学生语音、听力的培养有所忽视，从而导致学生听、说方面的基本技能差。而高中在兼顾听说能力训练的同时，侧重读写能力的培养，尤其是阅读能力的培养。由此，高中英语学习与测试的重点已从初中的基础知识转向语言能力的综合运用。 2.教学方法的差异 初中课堂教学容量较小，知识单一，教师讲解可能比较慢而细，甚至逐字翻译；而高中英语教师要求全英文授课，且课堂容量大，致使综合性强，侧重精讲精练。以语法、词汇学习为例，初中以讲解、归纳后记忆、操练和运用为主要形式；而高中则是在老师指导下，由学生通过积极尝试、自我探究、自主发现和
主动实践等方式，从语言现象中归纳出规律，然后进行运用。除此之外，因高中学习环境的重新组合及多样化，教师的课堂教学更富于指导性，学生学习更趋于自主化，因此，学生如仍沿用初中学法而不进行预习、复习、总结等自主规划或调整，只会使初高中间的落差越来越大。 3.学习方法和习惯的差异 很多初中学生学习依赖性太强，大多数是被动式地“跟着教师学”，没有养成良好的学习方法和习惯。他们习惯于老师对课文逐句详释，不习惯课文篇章理解和深层理解;习惯于老师教读生词，不习惯自己拼读；进入高中后，很多学生不会记笔记，不能及时有效地梳理整合知识点。有些学生力图将老师讲的一字不落地都记下来，有的甚至等老师暗示才知道哪些需做记录，自己难以判断主次和重难点，不懂得把握老师讲课的精髓，不会抓学习规律、知识体系，只是一味地盲目地学习。 4.学习的心理差异 初中生比较满足于表层的认知兴趣，而高中学生的心理发育已接近成熟，思维具有较高的概括性和抽象性，更渴望通过积极主动的思考来获取知识，通过自己的创造性思维来获得学习上的成功感和满足感。教师应根据这些变化规律，把握好学生的心理变化，适时改进自己的教学。否则就会给刚升入高中的学生造成巨大的心理压力：一时间对陌生的学习生活环境不适应；一定学习阶段中看不到明显的进步而持有放弃高中英语学习的心理等等。所以，这既是教师做好初高中衔接教学的障碍，也体现了教师做好初高中衔接教学的重要性和必要性。（二）研究的理论依据
［内容摘要］进入高中学生面临着不同的学习环境、身心状态、教材内容、学习方法和大不相同于初中时的学习节奏；教学方法和学习方法的不衔接，考试评估方向有别等诸多问题。我们的课题探究了如何处理好初、高中英语教学过程中的知识衔接问题和如何指导学生学习方法等非智力因素方面的转变。 ［关键词］高中英语教学衔接 一、问题的提出 作为一名高中英语英语教师，我们会频繁的听到学生对我们诉说：一上到高中，我连课堂上老师讲的是什么都不知道了；节奏上我跟不上，内容我也记不住，也不能理解。课后面对如此多的内容，我无从下手。 在高中教学的一线教师甚至有人的学习了高考考试说明之后指出：考试说明中列出的词汇有一半以上都是初中的词汇。但是在学习的过程中，学生体现出这样一个问题：词汇量严重不足或者是遗忘。在教学过程中有很多的词汇教师们都知道是初中就学过的，但是学生却一点儿也不认识。 对于这样的一种结果，作为高中英语教师，我们早有心理准备。因为我们深知初中和高中分别属于中学教育中两个具有不尽相同的教育规律和特点的阶段,在此期间,学生的生理,心 理特征均发生了变化,存在较大差异。进入高中学生面临着不同的学习环境、身心状态、教材内容、学习方法和大不相同于初中时的学习节奏。教学方法和学习方法的不衔接，考试评估方向有别等诸多问题，同时教师缺乏从初一到高三的大循环教学，初中和高中教师彼此不熟悉对方的教学情况。 尽管如此，在现实教学中，大部分的英语教师还是忽略了初高中英语教学的有效衔接。主要是因为：1.高中英语教学任务重，时间非常紧。高中英语教学常要赶进度是常见现象； 2.缺少系统的符合本校要求的一系列的材料，尤其是教学用的练习材料； 3.缺少一种重视初高中英语教学衔接的氛围。没有这一氛围，大部分教师更多时候只是抱怨学生初中基础不好不牢固。 因此，我们提出了这一研究课题，相信在课题有序的进行中能创造一种氛围，在这一氛围中能促使全体教师重视初高中英语教学的衔接，从而使学生能更加顺利地成功地过渡到高中英语学习。 二、本课题他人的研究 对初高中英语教学衔接进行研究不是一个很新的课题。这一课题在各地都很受重视。无论从哪一方面来看，都有着很多的经验可取。如教学策略衔接、学习方法衔接、知识的衔接等。理论可以学习，给验可以借鉴，知识衔接的归纳总结我们也可以取需使用。我们认为，他人对此所进行研究所取得的种种成果都是我们进行课题研究的有利基础。在这样一种情况下，我们可以更为顺利地结合我校实际进行研究，力图找到适合我校的一些做法。更重要的是让我校全英语教师都来重视这一问题，从而在教学工作中有效地引导学生从初中的英语学习顺利并成功的过渡到高中英语学习。 三、研究的主要问题 1.了解我县初中英语课堂教学、师资情况和我县英语教学现状。 2.根据实际情况提出初中、高中英语教学衔接的做法（对策）。 3.通过有效的教学方式的尝试，解决好初、高中英语教学衔接问题并推广应用。 4.认真分析研究初高中的学生、初高中的教材、教学目的要求、教学方法的异同点，寻求良好衔接的途径和方法。做好高中英语教学的承上启下工作，挖掘学生的知识潜能。 5.在教学过程中激发，保持，强化学生已有的良好英语学习信心、学习兴趣、学习方法、学习习惯，进一步发展符合高中英语学习规律的学习机制。达到语言技能、语言知识的运用。 四、研究的意义和价值
大学英语语法模拟试题 1. Mr. and Mrs. Burns feel more comfortable on a ship than they would be if they ______________any other way. A. would travel B. travelled C. are travelling D. have travelled 2. We______________ that Jim be there. A. hope B. wish C. expect D .ask 3. Lucy is glad she didn’t stay on the farm. She______________ bored. A. may be B. will be C. could be D. might have been 4. The dean of studies would have come to see you had it been possible, but he ______________so busy then. A. had been B. was C. were D. would be 5. They would certainly have come and helped us ______________time. A. did they have B. had they had C. had they have D would they have 6. If you were in better health, we______________ you to join in the work last week. A. would have allowed B. would allow C. should allow D. had allowed 7. She cried for her______________ lover. A. departed B. being departed C. departing D. having departed 8. ______________ in an important examination, one of the students in his class lost interest in his work A. Failing B. Failed C. Having been failed D. Having Failed 9. If it______________ tomorrow, I’ll stay at home. A. rained B. will rain C. had rained D. rains 10. “It’s getting very late.”“Yes, it’s time______________.” A. that we left B. we leave C. we’ll leave D. we have left a bus to go there, but he preferred to walk.
XI动词不定试 1.Charles Babbage is generally considered ________the first computer. A. to have invented B. inventing C. to invent D. having invented 2.Little Jim should love ________to the theatre this evening. A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking 3.— I usually go there by train. — Why not ________by boat for a change? A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going 4.John was made ________the truck for a week as a punishment. A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing 5.She reached the top of the hill and stopped ________on a big rock by the side of the path. A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest 6.She pretended________ me when I passed by. A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen 7.Though he had often made his sister ________, today he was made ________by his sister. A. cry; to cry B. crying; crying C. cry; crying D. to cry; cry 8.Tell him ________the window. A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. don’t’ shut 9.________her sick to think of the matter. A. That made B. That caused C. It made D. It caused 10.The woman’s job is ________after the disable children. A. look B. looks C. looked D. to look 11.She ________to ________everything. A. demanded; tell B. demanded; be told C. required; tell D. required; be told 12.It’s time ________our league meeting. A. to begin B. beginning C. that we begin D. that we’ll begin 13.That day I was the last one ________the experiment. A. made B. making C. to make D. having made 14.I’m hungry. Get me something ________. A. to be eaten B. to eat C. eating D. to be eating 15.Would you ________me to show you around the place? A. let B. like C. mind D. care 16.She is said ________the necklace. A. that she lost B. that she has lost C. to lose D. to have lost 17.What do you think is the best way ________the problem? A. to settling B. in which settling C. to settle D. settling 18.You are ________retell the story. A. ought B. ought to C. expecting D. expected to 19.I didn’t want the problem ________again. A. to raise B. to be raised C. being raised D. be raised 20.Have you had the nurse ________your son’s temperature?
英语语法期末试卷… 装……………………………………………… 订………………………………………… 线……………………………班级 学号姓名 密封线内不要答题 英语语法期末试卷 注意事项：1、课程编码：2、出卷人：3、考试形式：闭卷（开、闭） 4、本试卷共8 页，满分100 分，考试时间为100 分钟。 5、答题时请使用蓝、黑钢笔或圆珠笔。 注意：所有答题内容必须写在答题纸上 一、语法知识部分：（45 分） I、填空题(26分) 1、语言一般由____________, _____________, 和____________ 三部分组成。 2、学习词性的目的是弄清词汇在句中的起到的语法作用不同。。英语的十大词性 可以划分三个范畴，第一范畴包括：___________, __________, _________, _________, 第二范畴包括_________, __________, ____________，第三范畴 包括________, _________, ____________。 3、限定词之所以重要是因为：它是构成 ______________ 的一个不可缺少的部分。 限定词的功能是对名词起：__________, _____________, ___________, 和 ___________等限定作用。 4. 副词在句中担当状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词或修饰整个句子。逻辑连接副 词在文章中起到_______________的作用。 5、英语谓语动词的三种语气是：1）__________；2）____________；3）___________。 6、就在句中充当的语法功能而言，非谓语动词有着不同的属性。动名词具有名词 的属性；分词具有形容词和_____________的属性, 动词不定式有着 ____________, __________, 和_________的属性。因此, 举例说，分词可以在 句中充当:__________, __________, 宾语补足语和____________等句子成
初高中衔接英语语法专项练习题集（共14个专题 58页附答案） 目录 I名词和冠词 II代词和数词 III形容词和副词 IV时态 V主谓一致 VI状语从句 VII名词从句 VIII定语从句 IX被动语态和短语动词 X情态动词 XI动词不定试 XII分词 XIII动名词 XIV虚拟语气 I名词和冠词 1.Beyond ________ stars, the astronaut saw nothing but ________ space. A. the; X B. X; X C. X; the D. the; the 2.Alexander Graham Bell invented ________telephone in 1876. A. X B. a C. the D. one 3.________terrible weather we’re having these days! A. How a B. What a C. How D. What 4.—Where’s Jack? —I think he’s still in ________ bed, but he might just be in ________bathroom. A. X; X B. the; the C. the; X D. X; the 5.We have worked out the plan and now we must put it into ________. A. fact B. reality C. practice D. deed 6.Many people are still in ________ habit of writing silly things in ________public places. A. the; the B. X; X C. the; X D. X; the 7.He dropped the ________and broke it. A. cup of coffee B. coffee’s cup C. cup for coffee D. coffee cup 8.— How did the boss pay you?
小学英语语法入门（一） 接数字要大写首字母的单词 有些单词接数字时必须大写首字母，并且数字的首字母也要大写，这样的单词有lesson、grade、class、team、row、number等。如Lesson One第一课，Class Two, Grade Three三年级二班，Team Four第四组，Number Five第五号。但是它们不接数字时不大写首字母。 Be动词的一般用法 be动词包括am、is、are,其用法如下： 1. am只用于I的后面，如：I am a girl. I am ten. 2. is只用于she/he/it或其他单数第三人称后面，如： It is a big apple. A girl is in a bus.(a girl 一个女孩，单独一个人是单数第三人称) Mike is in Team Three.(Mike一个人名是单数第三人称) An apple is in a box.(an apple一个苹果，一个东西是单数第三人称) A book is in a desk.(a book 一本书，也是单数第三人称) 3. are只用于you、we、they或复数人称后面。如： You are Number Thirteen. They are in Grade Nine. We are at home. Mike and a girl are in a bus. (Mike and a girl Mike和一个女孩两个人是复数人称) Six boys are in Team Six.（Six boys六个男孩，多于两个人也是复数人称） A book and a box are on a desk.（A book and a box一本书和一个盒子，两个物是复数人称） Three pencils are in the pencil-box.（Three pencils三支铅笔，多于两个物也是复数人称） 如何变一般疑问句（一） 1. 提前原句中的be动词is、are，Be动词首字母要大写，原句首字母恢复小写，照抄剩余部分，然后加问号。 e.g. 1. Tom is in Grade One. Is Tom in Grade One? Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t. 2. This is an egg. Is this an egg? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.(an egg是物，所以用it来回答) 3. That is Rose. Is that Rose? Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t.（Rose是女孩，所以用she回答）
（20 09 至20 10 学年第 2 学期） 课程名称：英语语法考试时间：110 分钟 课程代码：5112470 试卷总分：100 分 考试形式：闭卷学生自带普通计算机器: Part I Vocabulary and Structure (15%) Direction: In this part, there are 30 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet. (15 points, 0.5 point each) 1. Free theatre tickets will be sent to phones us first. A. whoever B. whichever C. whomever D. whatever 2. They failed six times but they have made their minds to try . A. a seven time B. seven times C. seventh time D. the seventh time 3. This is bag for me to carry. A. too heavy B. a too heavy C. too heavy a D. too a heavy 4. The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than . A. the domestic marketer has B. the domestic marketer does C. that of the domestic marketer D. those of the domestic marketer 5. Will all those the proposal raise their hands? A. in relation to B. in contrast to C. in excess of D. in favor of 6. It is drizzling now. It for over a week. A. has rained B. has been raining C. had rained D. rained 7. I asked if he my computer the next day. A. would come and repair B. will come and repair C. came and repaired D. comes and repairs 8. He had said little so far, responding only briefly when . A. speaking B. spoken C. speaking D. spoken to 9. I shall receive my degree as soon as . A. I complete my courses B. my courses have been completed C. I will be completed my courses D. my courses will be completed 10. I felt that if I had come from a different background, there is every chance that I guilty. A. may have found B. would have been found C. might be found D. would be found 11. The lecture bored me to death. I wish I it. A. could not have attended B. did not attend C. have not attended D. had not attended 12. It is absolutely essential that all the applicants one by one. A. are interviewed B. be interviewed C. will be interviewed D. should interview 13. , we would go on a picnic. A. Would the weather be fine B. If the weather were fine C. Had the weather been fine D. Were the weather to be fine 14. The street is said in a fire more than 20 years ago. A. to be destroyed B. to have been destroyed