中华女子学院2016——2017学年第1学期
《会计专业英语》课程试卷
（论文类）
论文题目Analysis on the effect of business tax reform value added tax on real estate
课程代码 1050042013
课程名称会计专业英语
学号 130404077
姓名史慧丹
院系管理学院会计系
专业会计
考试时间 2016年10月27日
考试成绩
Since the State Council made it clear, and strive to 12th Five-Year during the comprehensive completion of the camp changed to increase reform, camp changed to increase and then move forward. Real estate enterprises "camp changed to increase", is the history of China's tax reform, but also the history of real estate development in the history of major events, will give the vast number of real estate enterprises have brought unprecedented challenges and opportunities for development.
Firstly, the "camp to add" the development background and the real estate industry, it makes a brief overview of that the importance of the real estate industry in economic development, and tax on the real estate industry. Followed by an overview of the new tax policy,so that we clearly understand the V AT tax policy.
Finally,through the study of the new tax policy of the real estate industry, to explore the "camp changed to increase" the real estate industry to bring opportunities and challenges.
Key words:real estate, replacing business tax with value-added tax(V AT), tax burden, opportunity,challenge
1.Business tax, V AT instead of real estate industry (2)
2.The real estate industry "camp to increase" policy details (3)
2.1 the taxpayer (3)
2.2.scope (3)
3. The "Camp changed by" the impact on the real estate industry (4)
3.1 the real estate industry "camp changed by" objective (4)
3.2."camp to increase" brings to the real estate industry news (4)
3.3"Camp to increase" to the challenges posed by real estate companies (5)
4.The summary (7)
1.Business tax, VAT instead of real estate industry
Business tax reform value added tax (hereinafter "camp changed by") as 35 during the fiscal and taxation system reform in China "plays", is based on structural tax reductions to promote steady growth in adjusting the structure of "key points". 2011 year, approved by the State Council, finance and the State administration of taxation jointly issued a pilot plan to replace business tax V AT to 2016 years 1 month, Li keqiang chaired a symposium, decision 2016 year in full swing, "camp to increase" In order to significantly reduce corporate taxes further. According to statistics as of 2015 years 6 month country into "camp changed by" pilot of the taxpayer a total of 509 million.
The real estate industry is the "camp changed by" concern in the industry, Because the real estate industry plays an important role in the national economy, is an important industry of the national economy and improve people's lives. Investment, consumption, import and export of three is the engine of national economic growth, real estate constitutes investment, consumption, import and export, the three growth engines of the main driving forces. In addition, the economy in addition to the direct contribution to the growth of the real estate industry to promote economic growth, due to the intermediate links in the chain of real estate industry in the national economy, has a strong correlation effects. Can effect driven prior to building materials, metallurgy, machine-building, finance and other industries, through to after effects-led decoration, home appliances and related industries such as financial services, insurance, instrument development, prosperity can effectively drive many of the real estate industry to flourish.
Value added tax upon the full implementation of, all over the world 160 In a number of countries implementing V AT or similar taxes, China will be the V AT tax base the wide range of countries. Compared with the international standard V AT tax, China's value added tax system will be unique in the real estate industry, the sales tax will not only apply to B2B(business to business) or B2C(business to individuals) deal, will also apply to C2C(person to person) transactions These approaches in other sales
tax States there is no precedent. If our "camp changed by" well, other countries are likely to follow so as to expand the scope of the V AT taxable.
2.The real estate industry "camp to increase" policy details
2.1 the taxpayer
2.11. the People's Republic of China sales of real estate projects developed by enterprises in the territory, as a V AT taxpayer.
2.12.V AT taxpayers are divided into the general taxpayers and two small scale taxpayers category. Apply for V AT taxpayers years sales of more than 500 million (including the number) for the general taxpayers, taxpayers who did not exceed the required standards for small-scale taxpayers.
2.2.scope
2.21.in accordance with the sales services, provisions of the intangible assets or immovable property notes, the real estate industry mainly covers the following items:
(1) Developed by real estate sales real estate project sales real estate taxes;
(2) Real estate rental real estate projects developed by (such as shops, offices, apartments, etc), belonging to the rental tariff lines in the operating lease of real estate services and real estate leasing services (real estate sale and leaseback financing leasing is not included).
2.22.do not levy sales tax projects
(1) Real estate department or their designated institutions, Fund Management Center, developers and property management units collect residential special maintenance funds.
(2) In the process of reorganization, by way of merger, separation, sale, or exchange of, all or part of the physical assets and their associated debt, liabilities and labor be transferred to other units or individuals, involved in real estate, land use rights transfer.
3.The "Camp changed by" the impact on the real estate industry
3.1 the real estate industry "camp changed by" objective
"Camp changed by" the aim of the reform is to reduce the tax burden of enterprises as a whole, and make the tax more fair and equitable.
3.2."camp to increase" brings to the real estate industry news
3.21.The real estate industry "camp to increase" to improve the revenue chain, tax increases
Sales tax existed led to V AT deduction chain interrupted construction and installation included in the cost of input tax is not deductible, repeat causing some real estate Enterprise taxes; tax with V AT, the V AT chain is almost complete, contained in the class of service purchased by the taxpayer, such as tax deductible. From a static view, sales tax with V AT, originally belonging to the business tax revenue into sales tax revenue, an increase of sales tax revenue. From the perspective of dynamic, because prior to the final consumption of each link, tax itself, eliminate double taxation, promote Division, helps to improve economic efficiency, which will also bring in sales tax revenue growth.
3.22. Real estate enterprises ' overall tax burden is expected to decline
Real estate "camp changed by" belonging to the country's "structural tax reduction" part of the reform, the industry overall tax burden will decline. "Camp to increase" after tax and the 5% business tax rate compared to seemingly high, but taking into account the various deductible items, individual enterprise tax burdens are high or low is difficult to judge, general tax cost should be reduced.
3.23. real estate sales are expected to increase
Before enterprise pay business tax has led to some duplicate tax for real estate companies. Heavy tax burden to a certain extent affect the enthusiasm of consumers purchase or investment. "Camp to increase", the real estate tax on a chain link, costs during the construction and installation costs, and payment of value added tax is
deductible, if the input tax is large, corporate taxes are expected to decline. For small and medium sized real estate enterprises, if the annual taxable sales of 500 million Yuan, will be the V AT small scale taxpayers, the applicable tax rate from 5% down to 3%, taxes directly 40%. Taxes reduced, real estate company can cut prices, sales will improve. Seen from the direction of tax reform, V AT in the future to achieve the complete consumption-type V AT, real estate sales tax which can be deducted. Production and trade and other non-real estate businesses purchasing office space, production plant made input tax credit or a deduction to buy not only the value of commercial real estate and investment against the dilution effect of inflation on asset, but also reduce the tax burden on businesses, investment enthusiasm will be greatly enhanced, will also have a new market demand. Lower housing prices and increased demand for business investment, will to some extent real estate boom.
3.2
4.real estate industry "camp changed by" conducive to enhancing industry competitiveness
Market prices do not really depends on the cost, a more important determinant is supply and demand. This year, the real estate market to a buyer's market, the real estate trend of falling down, inventory positions in the market as a whole market oversupply, especially two or three tiers. Developers face continued low turnover showed great pressure. In that case, the real estate industry to replace business tax V AT, to some extent, been able to keep costs and help further promote the Division of labor and specialization, while reducing the burden on consumers, so as to further stimulate demand, create a virtuous cycle in this manner, so the pilot is good policy.
3.3"Camp to increase" to the challenges posed by real estate companies
3.31. the policy transition phase with potential for major losses
"Camp changed by" pilot at this stage, a lot of policy there are differences with the reality of real estate enterprises, real still have considerable difficulties in its implementation. And as in "camp to increase" real estate company before payment is 5% of sales tax, suddenly becomes a value added tax, may cause the company to
suffer a big loss. As a real-estate was completed, but the sale is not over, if in the V AT rate from 5% up to 11%as companies was basically completed, there was virtually no input tax deductible. Sales contract has no price change, the enterprise is actually increasing tax costs, resulting in a big loss.
3.32. the related persons not familiar with tax policy
The real estate business "camp to increase" until payment of business tax, tax treatment may not involve V AT. From CFO to financial managers, and general financial assistance, little is know about the V AT regulations, do not even know. "Camp to increase" brings to the real estate business after the biggest challenge, that is, from top to bottom, not about the value-added tax policy to use value-added tax regulations guiding constraint management work. Do not know what will be the tax risk, do not know what will taxes, but do not know how to deal with unexpected tax problem and early prevention. In this situation, enterprises are unable to control the enterprise tax risk and tax burden. Some say real estate corporate finance staff from top to bottom can cram value-added tax knowledge, but catching up will take time, there is a process. Unfamiliar with the policy challenges are all "camp changed by" common to face the risk of enterprises, companies would not survive, the only difference is, some enterprises are familiar with the time faster, some slower.
3.33. the financial deal with increased difficulty
Under the current V AT tax, V AT small scale taxpayers and taxpayers are divided into the general taxpayer, tax treatment and collection provisions of the two categories of taxpayer are not the same. For value-added tax general taxpayer, because V AT is the price excluding tax, separation of purchase and sales of ad valorem taxes, make sales tax special invoices need to be provided to the tax authorities for a period of certification. "Camp changed by" early financial officer faces old and new cohesion of the tax system, tax policy changes, specific business process transformation of accounting and tax problems. Because the sales tax is a tax on revenues directly, simply add a ledger, accounting model is simple and easy to understand. The modalities for the accounting of the sales tax deduction, the taxable amount is equal to the sales tax less input tax, additional ten ledger accounts more difficult than the
original increase substantially. "Camp changed by" not only changed the accounting system, while also invoicing system, tax system, certification, deductions, tax payment and other operational aspects of a series of new issues, accounting the slightest mistake will be at risk.
3.3
4. lack of deductible input V AT amount, part of the significant increase in real estate taxes or
"Camp to increase" goal was reform only on products or services the value added tax, thereby reducing duplication of taxes aspect. From the national "camp to increase" on a trial basis, and early "camp changed by" feedback from industry point of view, most of the enterprises to achieve a decline in the tax burden, but some companies because production is cyclical, the cost structure of the deductible cost is relatively small and cannot deduct costs or income tax to offset an invoice and other reasons, instead of resulting in a tax increase.
4.The summary
Compared with previous business tax burden, the challenge is also an opportunity for the enterprise. This is not the patches to the original system, but the establishment of the new system and innovation, I think that real estate companies to seize the opportunity to actively adapt to the new tax policy. Those problems to be solved, the challenges facing, with the maturing of future property appreciation tax policy adjustment solution.
Reference：
[1] Charles E. McLure. The Value Added Tax on Electronic Commerce in the European Union[J]. International Tax and Public Finance . 2003 (6)
[2] Malcolm Gillis. Tax policy and capital formation: African experience with the value-added tax[J]. Policy Sciences . 2001 (2)
[3] Charles E. McLure. Implementing Subnational V alue Added Taxes on Internal Trade: The Compensating V AT (CV A T)[J]. International Tax and Public Finance . 2000 (6)
Suggested Solution Chapter 1 3. 4.
5. (b) net income = 9,260-7,470=1,790 (c) net income = 1,790+2,500=4,290
Chapter 2 1. a.To increase Notes Payable -CR b.To decrease Accounts Receivable-CR c.To increase Owner, Capital -CR d.To decrease Unearned Fees -DR e.To decrease Prepaid Insurance -CR f.To decrease Cash - CR g.To increase Utilities Expense -DR h.To increase Fees Earned -CR i.To increase Store Equipment -DR j.To increase Owner, Withdrawal -DR 2. a. Cash 1,800 Accounts payable ................................................... 1,800 b. Revenue ................................................................... 4,500 Accounts receivable ...................................... 4,500 c. Owner’s withdrawals ................................................ 1,500 Salaries Expense ............................................ 1,500 d. Accounts Receivable (750) Revenue (750) 3. Prepare adjusting journal entries at December 31, the end of the year. Advertising expense 600 Prepaid advertising 600 Insurance expense (2160/12*2) 360 Prepaid insurance 360
中华女子学院2016——2017学年第1学期 《会计专业英语》课程试卷 （论文类） 论文题目Analysis on the effect of business tax reform value added tax on real estate 课程代码 1050042013 课程名称会计专业英语 学号 130404077 姓名史慧丹 院系管理学院会计系 专业会计 考试时间 2016年10月27日 考试成绩
Since the State Council made it clear, and strive to 12th Five-Year during the comprehensive completion of the camp changed to increase reform, camp changed to increase and then move forward. Real estate enterprises "camp changed to increase", is the history of China's tax reform, but also the history of real estate development in the history of major events, will give the vast number of real estate enterprises have brought unprecedented challenges and opportunities for development. Firstly, the "camp to add" the development background and the real estate industry, it makes a brief overview of that the importance of the real estate industry in economic development, and tax on the real estate industry. Followed by an overview of the new tax policy,so that we clearly understand the V AT tax policy. Finally,through the study of the new tax policy of the real estate industry, to explore the "camp changed to increase" the real estate industry to bring opportunities and challenges. Key words:real estate, replacing business tax with value-added tax(V AT), tax burden, opportunity,challenge
第二章交易分析与记录 1、所有者投资 借:现金 贷:所有者名下的资本 2、用现金采购物料 借:物料 贷:现金 3、用现金购置设备 借:设备 贷:现金 4、赊购物料 借:物料 贷:应付账款 5、提供服务赚取现金 借:现金 贷:咨询费收入 6、用现金支付费用 借:租金费用 贷:现金 7、以赊销方式提供服务与出租设备借:应收账款 贷:咨询费收入 租金收入 8、应收账款变现 借:现金 贷:应收账款 9、分期支付应付账款 借:应收账款 贷:现金 10、所有者提取现金 借:所有者提取的资产 贷:现金 11、预收服务费借:现金 Chapter 2 Receive investment by Owner Cash Owner, Capital Purchase Equipment for Cash Supplies Cash Purchase Equipment for Cash Equipment Cash Purchase Supplies on Credit Supplies Accounts Payable Provide Services for Cash Cash Consulting Revenue Payment of Expense in Cash Rent Expense Cash Provide Consulting and Rental Services on Credit Accounts Receivable Consulting Revenue Rental Revenue Receipt of Cash on Account Cash Accounts Receivable Partial Payment of Accounts Payable Accounts Payable Cash Withdrawal of Cash by Owner Owner, Withdrawals Cash Receipt of Cash for Future Services
Chapter 11 Lecture Notes Chapter theme: Managers in large organizations have to Array delegate some decisions to those who are at lower levels in the organization. This chapter explains how responsibility accounting systems, return on investment (ROI), residual income, operating performance measures, and the balanced scorecard are used to help control decentralized organizations. I.Decentralization in organizations A. A decentralized organization does not confine decision-making authority to a few top executives; rather, decision-making authority is spread throughout the organization. The advantages and disadvantages of decentralization are as follows: i.Advantages of decentralization 1.It enables top management to concentrate on strategy, higher-level decision making, and coordinating activities. 2.It acknowledges that lower-level managers have more detailed information about local conditions that enable them to make better operational decisions. 3.It enables lower-level managers to quickly respond to customers. 4.It provides lower-level managers with the decision-making experience they will need when promoted to higher level positions.
第一课美国法律制度介绍 第一部分特征与特点 美国既是一个非常新的国家也是一个非常老的国家。与许多别的国家相比它是一个新的国家。同时，它还因新人口成分和新州的加入而持续更新，在此意义上，它也是新国家。但是在其它的意义上它是老国家。它是最老的“新”国家——第一个由旧大陆殖民地脱胎而出的国家。它拥有最古老的成文宪法、最古老的持续的联邦体制以及最古老的民族自治实践。 美国的年轻（性）有一个很有意思的特点就是它的历史肇始于印刷机发明之后。因此它的整个历史都得以记录下来：确实可以很有把握地说，任何其它国家都没有像美国这样全面的历史记录，因为像在意大利、法国或者英国过去的传说中湮没的那样的事件在美国都成了有文字记载的历史之一部分。而且其记录不仅全面，还非常浩繁。不仅包括这个国家自1776年以来的殖民时期的记录，还有当前五十个州以及各州和联邦（nation）之间错综复杂的关系网络的历史记录。因此，据一个非常简单的例子，美国最高法院判例汇编有大约350卷，而一些州的判例汇编也几乎有同样多的卷数：想研究美国法律史的读者要面对的是超过5000巨卷的司法案例。 我们不能说一个文件或几个文件就能揭示出一国人民或其政府的特性。但如果横跨一百多年的千百万个文件敲出始终如一的音调，我们就有理由说这就是其主调。当千百万个文件都以同样的方式去解决同样的中心问题，我们就有理由从中得出可以被称为国民特定的确定结论。 第二部分普通法和衡平法 同英国一样，美国法律制度从方法论上来说主要是一种判例法制度。许多私法领域仍然主要是由判例法构成，广泛而不断增长的制定法一直受制于有约束力的（解释制定法的）判例法。因此，判例法方法的知识以及使用判例法的技巧对于理解美国法律和法律方法是极其重要的。 从历史的角度来看，普通法就是由英国皇家法院的巡回法官的判决所得出的普通的一般法——优于地方法。采纳或执行某项诉讼请求是以存在法院令状这种特殊形式的诉为前提的，而这就使最初的普通法表现为由类似于古罗马法的“诉”所构成的体系。如果存在令状（于1227年），诉讼请求就可以被采纳或执行；没有法院令状（为前提）的诉讼请求就没有追索权，因而该诉讼请求也不存在。“牛津条例”（1285年）禁止创设除了“个案令状”之外的新令状，这种“个案令状”使该制度变得较为灵活了，而且导致了后来合同和侵权法的发展。 对于诉的形式的严格限制及由此产生的对追索权的限制导致了衡平法和衡平判例法的发展。“衡平”的一般意义就是寻求“公平”，即公平且善良地裁决，它最初是由国王，后来由作为“国王良知守护人”的大法官颁行，以便在艰难的案件中提供救济。但是到了十四世纪，衡平法和衡平判例法发展成了一个独立的法律制度和与一般的普通法法院一争高下的司法系统（衡平法院）。其规则和格言变得非常固定而且在某种程度上不像在其它法律制度中一样灵活。衡平法的特点有：以特定履行（或实际履行）的方式提供救济（与普通法提供补偿性损害赔偿金的救济方式形成对照）；强制令（为或者不为某项具体行为的临时或者最终法令）；渗透了整个法律制度并且能在许多场合下揭示现代法律概念的起源的所谓的衡平法格言的发展。不过，一般都是只有在普通法救济不充分时，才会出现衡平法救济。比如，优于普通法损害赔偿金被认为是不充分的，这是因为考虑到不动产所具有的唯一性，这些赔偿金无法补偿不动产购买人（的损失），就可能判以特定履行购买不动产。 与普通法一样，衡平法通过司法接纳或通过明确的制定法条款，成了美国法律的一部分。目前，这两个法律制度在许多美国司法管辖区中得以融合（始于1848年的纽约），因而，在这些司法管辖区以及联邦的实践中只存在一种形式的民事诉讼。只有为数很少的州还保留着单独的衡平法院。尽管如此，提及这一历史演变仍然是很重要的，因为它一方面解释了许多当代法律概念（如财产法中的所有权分割）的起源和意义，另一方面，它仍然与做出某些裁决有一定的关联，比如是否有权获得陪审团的审理（这仅发生与普通法的讼案中，在其它案件中仅由法官审理）。另外，这种区别将决定“通常的”普通法赔偿金救济是否适用或者是否可以使用“特别的”衡平法特定履行救济。 “判例法”代表了整个的法官造法体系，而且在现代还包括了普通法和衡平法先例。在不准确的和令人迷惑的用法中，“普通法”和“判例法”这两个术语通常被当作同义词来使用，在这里，“普通法”这个术语一般代表着法官制定的法，以示区别制定法。“判例法”总是代表着法官制定的法律，而“普通法”则相对来说，根据想表达的意思不同，要么代表普通法主题事项（即具体问题）上法官制定的法律，要么在更广范围内指所有法官制定的法律。 第二课法律职业 第一部分律师协会 法律职业的规范主要是各州的事务，每一各州对于执业许可都有其自己的要求。大多数州都要求三年的学业和法律学位。各州自行管理本州申请律师资格的书面考试。不过，几乎所有的州都利用“多州律师资格考试”，这是一种长达一天的多项选择测试，在这项考试之外，各州还会再增加一次主要是关于其本州法律的时长一天的论文考试。大多数申请人都可以通过第一次考试，而且许多失败者都会在下一次考试中通过。每年有四万多人通过这些考试，在经过人品调查之后，他们便可获准在相应的州执业许可。在获得许可之前或之后都不要求实习。到各联邦法院执业的许可规则互不相同，但一般来讲，那些获准在州最高法院执业的律师在办理一些无关紧要的手续之后即可获准在联邦法院执业。 律师执业范围通常仅限于一个地区，因为尽管律师可以代表当事人到其它地区办理事务，但是一个人只能在其获得许可的州内执业。人们习惯雇用本州的律师办理其它洲的事务。但是，只要一个人已经在其获得职业资格的州执业达一定时间（通常是五年），那么他移居到另外一个州时通常无需考试便可获得执业许可。 律师不仅可以从事法律事务，还允许从事任何其他公民能从事的事务。执业律师在企业客户的董事会中工作、从事商业或者积极参与公共事务都是很平常的事情。律师即使在成为法官、政府或者私人企业集团的雇员或者法律教师之后仍然是律师协会的会员，他们可以辞掉这些其它事务，回头开始私人执业。为了在工商业中担任重要的执行职务而放弃执业的律师人数相对较少。这一职业中的流动性和公共责任感的一个例证是哈兰·菲斯克的职业生涯，他曾多次成为一名纽约州律师、一名教授和哥伦比亚法学院院长、美国总检察长和美国最高法院首席大法官。 律师并不按照职责进行正式的划分。在英国对诉讼律师和非诉律师的区分并没有移植到美国，既不存在拥有特别或者专有出庭权的职业群体，也没有专门制作法律文书的职业群体。美国律师的业务范围包括出庭辩护、咨询和起草文书。另外，在被广泛地成为“法律执业”的范围之内，律师的业务范围是专有性的，不对其他人开放。在出庭辩护领域，这种规则非常清楚：任何个人都可以代表其自己出庭，但除了一些基层法院之外，只有律师可以代表他人出庭。不过，律师不得代表他人参与一些行政机关设立的具有司法性质的正式程序当中。在咨询和起草法律文书领域的界限并不是太清晰，比如在在联邦所得税领域的法律执业和会计执业之间就是如此。但是，纽约最高法院的一个裁决表明了大多数美国法院的严格标准，该裁决认为，一个获准在外国执业单位获准在纽约执业的律师不得在纽约对客户提供法律咨询，即使该意见仅限于该律师获准执业的该外国的法律。但是，一个外国律师可能获准在一个州执业，而且无需获得许可便可以以一个外国法律顾问的身份向美国律师提供法律咨询。 1
Chapter 12 Lecture Notes Chapter theme: Making decisions is one of the basic functions of a manager. To be successful in decision making, managers must be able to perform differential analysis, which focuses on identifying the costs and benefits that differ between alternatives. The purpose of this chapter is to develop these skills by illustrating their use in a wide range of decision-making situations. Learning Objective 1: Identify relevant and irrelevant costs and benefits in a decision. I. Decision making: six key concepts A. Key concept #1 i. Every decision involves choosing from among at least two alternatives. Therefore, the first step in decision-making is to define the alternatives being considered . B. Key concept #2 i. Once you have defined the alternatives, you need to identify the criteria for choosing among them. 1. Relevant costs and relevant benefits should be considered when making decisions. 2. Irrelevant costs and irrelevant benefits should be ignored when making decisions.
第一章会计总论 本章讨论不同的使用者对会计信息的需求，介绍不同实体对会计职业的影响、会计职业道德及职业行为准则。本章也将对公认会计准则以及一些相关概念和原则进行解释。 本章将介绍会计等式：资产＝负债＋所有者权益，并逐一定义会计等式中的每个要素，举例分析不同业务对会计等式的影响。同时，本章还将简单介绍并列示财务报表。 学习目标： 1．了解会计信息系统 2．应用公认会计准则 3．了解财务报表 4．运用会计要素 5．运用会计等式 6．理解了解会计及其环境 会计是一个信息系统 我们通常把会计描述为一个信息系统。作为一个信息系统，会计计量经济活动，将信息编制成财务报表，并将财务报表传达给决策者。会计的范围包括：确认经济事项，进行计量、记录、汇总，并把信息报告给使用者。会计所涵盖的范围要大于簿记。图表1－1是信息在会计系统内的流转图。簿记是对交易和事件的记录，只是会计的一部分。会计还包括对会计信息的分析和阐述，以帮助财务报表的外部和内部的使用者制定各项经济决策。 决策制定经济业务财务报告 图表1-1 会计信息流转 会计信息使用者主要是投资者和债权人，政府，工会和普通公众也会使用会计信息。 1.1组织形式 企业有三种组织形式： 个人独资企业是指由一个自然人投资拥有的企业组织。个人独资企业是一个会计实体，但并不是法律实体。个人独资企业的所有者对企业的债务承担无限责任，这也是个人独资企业的一个主要缺点。 合伙企业与个人独资企业的区别只是在于它有两个或两个以上的所有者。合伙企业的所有者被称为合伙人。现实商业活动中有许多不同类型的合伙企业。 公司是依据当地法律注册成立的单独实体；公司的所有者被称为股东。股东不对公司的债务负责。有限责任是公司这种组织形式的一个显著优点。公司的所有权被分为股份。股票股份可以在所有者之间转让。 1.2编报财务报表的框架 由于各个国家的法律和经济环境不同，各国有不同的会计模式。在一个国家可行的会计实务在另一个国家并不一定可行。由于各国的会计模式不同，所以我们需要制定一个互相协调的会计标准：用全球通用的会计语言来传达相关的且可靠的会计信息。 为满足上述需求，国际会计准则委员会（IASC）于1973年成立，并致力于国际公认的会计准则的制定。2001年4月1日，根据题为《关于重塑国际会计准则委员会未来的建议》的报告中的提议，国际会计准则委员会（IASC）改组为国际会计准则理事会（IASB）。 除了1989年发布的国际会计准则外，国际会计准则委员会还发布了财务报表编报的框架，并将其作为建立会计准则的概念基础。 框架主要包括以下内容： 1.财务报表的目的及基础假设; 2.财务报表的质量特征; 3.财务报表的要素; 4.资本和资本保全概念. 图表1－2概括地介绍了一些重要的会计原则。 图表1－2
1.Words and phrases CEO Chief Executive Officer首席执行官; CFO Chief Financial Officer 首席财务官; COO Chief operating officer首席运营官; CFA 特许金融分析师(Chartered Financial Analyst); CICPA 中国注册会计师协会（The Chinese Institute of Certified Public Accountants）; MBA 管理硕士Master of Business Administration; IPO(unseasoned issue)Initial Public Offerings 首次公开募股; SEC 美国证券交易委员会Securities and Exchange Commission; NYSE New York Stock Exchange 纽约证券交易所; GAAP Generally Accepted Accounting Principles 公认会计准则 EBIT earnings before interest and taxes 息税前利润; EBT earnings before tax税前收益; EPS Earnings Per Share 每股利润;
ROE Rate of Return on Equity权益报酬率; NCF net cash flow 现金净流量; NPV net present value 净现值; IRR Internal Rate of Return 内部收益率FVIFA future value interest factors of annuity年金终值系数; PVIFA present value interest factors of annuity年金现值系数; YTM Yield to Maturity 到期收益率; CAPM capital asset pricing model资本资产定价模型; WACC weighted average cost of capital加权平均资本成本; EOQ Economic Order Quantity 经济订购量; JIT system just in time 实时生产系统 2.Translation Overview of each topic 1商业公司每天都在做决策。几乎所有的商业决策有财务的含义。因此，财务对每个人都重要。我们通过对财务管理的意义和财务经理角色的讨论开始我们财务管理的学习。下面我们讨论决策的三
完整英文版资产负债表、利润表及现金流量表,资产负债表 项目ITEM 货币资金Cash 短期投资Short term investments 应收票据Notes receivable 应收股利Dividend receivable 应收利息Interest receivable 应收帐款Accounts receivable 其他应收款Other receivables 预付帐款Accounts prepaid 期货保证金Future guarantee 应收补贴款Allowance receivable 应收出口退税Export drawback receivable 存货Inventories 其中：原材料Including:Raw materials 产成品(库存商品) Finished goods 待摊费用Prepaid and deferred expenses 待处理流动资产净损失Unsettled G/L on current assets 一年内到期的长期债权投资Long-term debenture investment falling due in a yaear 其他流动资产Other current assets 流动资产合计Total current assets 长期投资：Long-term investment： 其中:长期股权投资Including long term equity investment 长期债权投资Long term securities investment *合并价差Incorporating price difference 长期投资合计Total long-term investment 固定资产原价Fixed assets-cost 减：累计折旧Less:Accumulated Dpreciation 固定资产净值Fixed assets-net value 减：固定资产减值准备Less:Impairment of fixed assets 固定资产净额Net value of fixed assets 固定资产清理Disposal of fixed assets 工程物资Project material 在建工程Construction in Progress 待处理固定资产净损失Unsettled G/L on fixed assets 固定资产合计Total tangible assets 无形资产Intangible assets 其中:土地使用权Including and use rights 递延资产（长期待摊费用）Deferred assets 其中:固定资产修理Including:Fixed assets repair 固定资产改良支出Improvement expenditure of fixed assets 其他长期资产Other long term assets 其中:特准储备物资Among it:Specially approved reserving materials
Unit 1 Introduction to Accounting I．Key terms Accounting 会计 Accountant 会计师 Bookkeeping 簿记 Bookkeeper 簿记员 Account 账目账户 T-account T型账户 accounts payable 应付账款 CPA (certified public accountant) 注册会计师 Economic entity 会计主体 Going concern 持续经营 Accounting period 会计分期 Monetary unit 货币计量 Accrual basis 权责发生制 Cash basis 现金收付制 Qualitative Characteristics质量特征 Reliability可靠性 Relevance 相关性 Understandability 可理解性 Comparability 可比性
Substance over form 实质重于形式 Materiality 重要性 Prudence 谨慎性 Timeliness 及时性 Elements of accounting会计要素 Assets 资产 current assets 流动资产 cash and cash equivalents 现金及现金等价物 inventory存货 receivable应收账款 non-current assets 固定资产 property （land and building）不动产, plant 厂房, equipment 设备（PPE） Liabilities 负债 current liabilities 流动负债 non-current liabilities 长期负债 advance from customers 预收款 bond债券 government bond /treasury bond 政府债券，国库券 debenture债券（由公司发行） Owners’ equity 所有者权益（Net assets） paid in capital （contributed capital）实收资本 shares /capital stock 股本 retained earnings 留存收益 reserve 储备金（capital reserve 资本公积, other reserve其他公积）Revenue 收入 sales revenue销售收入 interest revenue利息收入 rent revenue租金收入 Expense 费用 cost of sales销售成本 administrative expense管理费用 Gain 利得 Loss 损失 Profit 利润 Financial statement 财务报表 balance sheet 资产负债表
一.专业术语 Accelerated Depreciation Method 计算折旧时，初期所提的折旧大于后期各年。加速折旧法主要包括余额递减折旧法 declining balance depreciation，双倍余额递减折旧法 double declining balance depreciation，年限总额折旧法 sum of the years' depreciation Account 科目，帐户 Account format 帐户式 Account payable 应付帐款 Account receivable 应收帐款 Accounting cycle 会计循环，指按顺序进行记录，归类，汇总和编表的全过程。在连续的会计期间周而复始的循环进行 Accounting equation 会计等式：资产= 负债+ 业主权益 Accounts receivable turnover 应收帐款周转率：一个时期的赊销净额/ 应收帐款平均余额 Accrual basis accounting 应记制，债权发生制：以应收应付为计算基础，以确定本期收益与费用的一种方式。凡应属本期的收益于费用，不论其款项是否以收付，均作为本期收益和费用处理。 Accrued dividend 应计股利 Accrued expense 应记费用：指本期已经发生而尚未支付的各项费用。 Accrued revenue 应记收入 Accumulated depreciation 累计折旧 Acid-test ratio 酸性试验比率，企业速动资产与流动负债的比率，又称quick ratio Acquisition cost 购置成本 Adjusted trial balance 调整后试算表，指已作调整分录但尚未作结账分录的试算表。 Adjusting entry 调整分录：在会计期末所做的分录，将会计期内因某些原因而未曾记录或未适当记录的会计事项予以记录入帐。 Adverse 应收帐款的帐龄分类 Aging of accounts receivable 应收帐款的帐龄分类 Allocable 应分配的 Allowance for bad debts 备抵坏帐 Allowance for depreciation 备抵折旧 Allowance for doubtful accounts 呆帐备抵 Allowance for uncollectible accounts 呆帐备抵 Allowance method 备抵法：用备抵帐户作为各项资产帐户的抵销帐户，以使交易的费用与收入相互配合的方法。 Amortization 摊销,清偿 Annuity due 期初年金 Annuity method 年金法 Appraisal method 估价法 Asset 资产 Bad debt 坏帐 Bad debt expense 坏帐费用：将坏帐传人费用帐户，冲销应收帐款 Balance sheet 资产负债表 Bank discount 银行贴现折价 Bank reconciliation 银行往来调节：企业自身的存款帐户余额和银行对帐单的余额不符时，应对未达帐进行调节。 Bank statement 银行对帐单，银行每月寄给活期存款客户的对帐单，列明存款兑现支票和服务费用。
第一课财务会计导读 Glossary accrual basis权责发生制 Asset资产 balance sheet资产负债表 capital adequacy ratio资本充足率 cash basis收付实现制 cash flow statement现金流量表 double entry method复式记账法 Expenses费用 Fair value公允价值 financial reports财务报告 going concern持续经营 guarantee担保 Historical cost历史成本 Impairment减值 impairment provision减值准备 income statement利润表 Liabilities负债 Maturity到期 Net realizable value可变现净值 Owners’Equity所有者权益 post-amortization costs摊余成本 Present value现值 Profit利润 Replacement cost重置成本 stewardship受托责任 transferor转出方 transferee转入方 1.资产类科目Assets 现金：Cash and cash equivalents 银行存款：Bank deposit 应收账款：Account receivable 应收票据：Notes receivable 应收股利：Dividend receivable 应收利息：Interest receivable 其他应收款：Other receivables 原材料：Raw materials 在途物资：Materials in transport 库存商品：inventory 存货跌价准备：provision for the decline in value of inventories
会计英语第四章
第四章商品流通企业会计 学习目标： 1．了解服务企业和商业企业 2．了解采购，销售收入和销售成本 3．编制多步式利润表 4．了解商品流通企业的结账分录和工作底稿5．编制特种日记账 6．运用信息——酸性试验比率，毛利比率 这一课将讨论商品存货的采购和销售，并解释如何完成商品流通企业的会计循环。本章首先介绍经营周期、销售收入、销售成本、毛利、定期盘存制及永续盘存制。本章将重点介绍永续盘存制。本章还将介绍如何基于购货发票编制日记账，并阐释购货退回，购货折让，购货折扣和运输成本。 4.1 服务企业和商品流通企业 ◇服务企业
服务企业通常基于服务收取佣金或服务费。用赚取的佣金或服务费扣除营业费用后得到净收入。服务企业的例子有：会计师事务所，律师事务所，自助洗衣店，出租车公司。 ◇商品流通企业 商品流通企业的主要活动是通过购买并出售商品存货获取利润。批发商和零售商是商品流通企业的代表。服务企业和商品流通企业都力图销售。不同的是对于商品流通企业来说，要销售必须要首先购买商品存货。商品流通企业除了存在服务企业所涉及的会计问题，还会因商品存货的购买和销售而存在其他会计问题。销售商品带来的收益叫销售收入，为出售而购买和准备商品存货的费用叫做销售成本。 在商品流通活动中使用的两个常见的等式是：净销售收入－销售成本=毛利 毛利－经营费用=净利润（或净损失） 商品存货是商品流通企业在正常商业过程中为出售而持有的货物。
◇定期盘存制和永续盘存制 定期盘存制只在存货（通常年末）盘点时提供存货和销售成本数据。永续盘存制持续地，不断更新存货和销售成本数据。因此，定期盘存制和永续盘存制的区别在于如何记录商品存货的采购和销售。比如定期盘存制使用一个暂时账户---采购账户记录购买商品的成本。在定期盘存制下，企业根据对存货的盘点确定销售成本和和期末存货成本，进而编制财务报表。永续盘存制企业在每次采购和商品销售时都及时更新销售成本和商品存货记录。 以前，销售量大且商品单价较低的企业多采用定期盘存制。随着科技发展，目前这些企业也多采用永续盘存制。 实际盘点也必须在一个永续的制度下完成来使实际手头商品数目与会计记录的余额相一致。 4.2 采购、销售收入和销售成本 ◇商品采购——永续盘存制 在永续盘存制下，所有的商品存货的赊购都要在购买时借记入商品存货账户中，例如：
管理会计（高等教育出版社） 于增彪（清华大学）改编 余绪缨（厦门大学）审校 CHAPTER 17 TACTICAL DECISION MAKING QUESTIONS FOR WRITING AND DISCUSSION 1. A tactical decision is short-run in nature; it involves choosing among alternatives with an immediate or limited end in view. A stra-tegic decision involves selecting strategies that yield a long-term competitive advantage. 2.Depreciation is an allocation of a sunk cost. This cost is a past cost and will never differ across alternatives. 3.The salary of a supervisor in an accept or reject decision is an example of an irrelevant future cost. 4.If one alternative is to be judged superior to another alternative on the basis of cash-flow comparisons, then cash flows must be ex-pressed as an annual amount (or periodic amount); otherwise, consideration must be given to the time value of the nonperiodic cash flows. 5.Disagree. Qualitative factors also have an important bearing on the decision and may, at times, overrule the quantitative evidence from a relevant costing analysis. 6.The purchase of equipment needed to pro- duce a special order is an example of a fixed cost that is relevant. 7.Relevant costs are those costs that differ across alternatives. Differential costs are the differences between the costs of two alterna-tives. 8.Depreciation is a relevant cost whenever it is a future cost that differs across alternatives. Thus, it must involve a capital asset not yet acquired. 9.Past costs can be used as information to help predict future costs. 10.Yes. Suppose, for example, that sufficient materials are on hand for producing a part for two years. After two years, the part will be replaced by a newly engineered part. If there is no alternative use of the materials, then the cost of the materials is a sunk cost and not relevant in a make-or-buy decision.