Directorate-General for Translation European Commission
HOW TO WRITE CLEARLY
This booklet is intended for all writers of English at the European Commission. Whether your job is drafting or translating, here are some hints – not rules – that will help you to write clearly and make sure your message ends up in your readers’ brains, not in their bins.
Put the reader first page 2
Use verbs, not nouns page 3
page
4
abstract
not
Concrete,
passive
5
page
not
Active,
Whodunnit? Name the agent page 6
Making sense – managing stress page 7
KISS: Keep It Short…. page 8
page
Simple
9 …
and
False friends … page 10
pitfalls
page
11
other
and
…
References page 12
Put the reader first
There are three groups of people likely to read Commission documents:
1. EU insiders (colleagues in the Commission or other institutions)
2. outside specialists
3. the general public.
The third group is by far the largest and most important. As more Commission documents are made accessible to the general public, criticism of FOG will increase.
Always bear in mind the people you're writing for: not your committee, your boss, or the reviser of your translations, but the end users. They are in a hurry. Don't overestimate their knowledge, interest or patience.
Whatever the type of document - legislation, a technical report, minutes, a press release or speech - you can enhance its impact by writing clearly. Try to see your subject matter from your readers' point of view; try to involve them ("you" is an under-used word in Commission documents); and try not to bore them.
You can avoid irritating half your readers by replacing gender-specific words (replace "layman" by "lay person"; "salesgirl" by "sales assistant"; "workman" by "worker").
Avoid "he, she/ his, her" by using "they/ their" instead.
Use verbs, not nouns
One simple step to clearer English is to change ...
this... ... to this :
by the introduction of by introducing
for the allocation of for allocating
of the provision of of providing
What are we doing here? Turning a noun back into a verb. English prefers verbs to nouns. Many words ending in "-ion" are simply verbs in disguise. They are called "nominalisations" (yes, another word ending in "-ion"). Look at these:
submit an application for apply for
carry out an evaluation of evaluate
implement an investigation of investigate
and there are others which don't end in "-ion":
conduct a review of review
perform an assessment of assess
effect a renewal of renew
So we can improve an unclear text by turning some nouns back into verbs: The committee came to an agreement to the effect that
a study should be carried out by the consultants into the
feasibility of the provision of national funding.
The committee agreed that the consultants should study
the feasibility of providing national funding.
Sabotage! You can take advantage of this if you want.
If the consultants' report is too candid about the non-feasibility of providing national funding, just effect the nominalisation of all their hard-hitting verbs and the result will be sufficiently soporific to send your readers to sleep.
Concrete, not abstract
English is a notoriously blunt language. Too much abstract language (FOG) may make your reader suspect that something real and unpalatable is being wrapped up in verbiage.
In general, if you have a choice between an abstract word and a more concrete one that means the same, choose concrete. It will make your message more direct.
Sometimes, instead of this ... : ... you could try this:
establish fix
emphasise highlight
orient steer
out
eliminate cut
determine set
target
objective goal,
initiating impulse trigger
employment opportunities jobs
negative evolution downward spiral
decisive innovation breakthrough
Sabotage! You can take advantage of this if you want.
"These countries are asking for dates and facts, but all we can give them is prevarication and obfuscation."
Active verbs, not passive...
Another easy step to clearer English is to use verbs in the active voice ("the car hit the tree") rather than the passive ("the tree was hit by the car"). Compare these:
New guidelines have been laid down by the President in the hope that
the length of documents submitted by DGs will be restricted to 20 pages.
The President has laid down new guidelines in the hope that DGs will restrict the length of documents to 20 pages.
Look how we can improve a text by cutting out passives ... :
bad: A recommendation was made by the European Parliament that consideration be given by the Member States to a simplification of the award procedure.
a bit better:The European Parliament made a recommendation that the Member States give consideration to a simplification of the award procedure.
and then by cutting out abstract nominalisations:
much better: The European Parliament recommended that the Member States consider simplifying the award procedure.
...except where passives are useful You don't have to avoid passive verbs at all costs. They can be useful:
1.If there's no need to say who was responsible for the action because it's
obvious. ("All Commission staff are encouraged to write clearly.")
2.If you want to focus attention on the receiver of the action by putting that
first. ("One of the most controversial members of the European Parliament has been interviewed by the press about the proposal.")
3.If you want to position old or known information at the start of the
sentence, so you can put new or surprising information at the end. ("After the Summit the President was interviewed by a ten-year-old pupil from the European School.")
And of course:
4.Sabotage! If you want to evade responsibility.
"In my department the advice on clear English has been disregarded."
Whodunnit? Name the agent
If you follow the advice to use active verbs instead of passive ones, your writing will become clearer because you will be forced to name the agent - that is, the person or organisation or thing that carries out the action.
It's easy to identify the agent here ... :
This proposal was approved at Commission level.
The Commission approved this proposal.
... but not so easy here:
It is considered that tobacco advertising should be banned in the EU.
Who considers? The writer, the Commission, the public, the medical profession?
Why not name the agent?
Remember that EU texts have to be translated into several other languages - not all of which can be quite as foggy and impersonal as English. By writing vague English you are asking for non-matching translations, as each translator tries to guess what you might have meant and comes up with a different solution.
Don't be afraid to make "I" or "we" the agent.
This is perfectly acceptable, even in technical documents, and will make your meaning much clearer:
You have been informed of our acceptance of your project application.
We have informed you that we have accepted your project application. Don't be afraid to make an inanimate object the agent
(e.g. "The Directive calls upon employers to cut working hours.") This is taboo
in some other languages, but correct in English.
Making sense - managing stress
Sometimes you have to write (or improve) a text containing a mass of facts and ideas. Here are some ways of untangling the information so that readers will understand each sentence the first time they read it.
Name the agents of each action and put the actions in the order in which they occur.
Its decision on allocation of ESF assistance will be taken subsequent to receipt of all project applications at the Committee's meeting.
When all applicants have submitted their project applications, the
Committee will meet to decide how much ESF aid it will grant to each one. Put old or known information at the beginning of the sentence and
new or complex information at the end.
This makes sentence linking easier, and helps the reader to follow the thread of your argument:
THE COURT OF AUDITORS' REPORT criticises agricultural spending and proposes some new measures to prevent fraud.
THEIR PROPOSALS include setting up a special task force with powers to search farms.
SUCH POWERS are not normally granted to Commission officials, but fraud prevention is now one of the EU's main priorities.
(Note that the passive verb is OK in the last sentence because it fits in with the flow of information).
Make sure your sentences have strong endings - that's the bit readers will remember.
If necessary, move less important information to the left. Try to avoid feeble endings.
Complete institutional reform is advocated by the report in most cases.
What the report advocates, in most cases, is complete institutional reform. Some more ways of putting important information in the best position - at the end of the sentence:
For EU enlargement several alternative scenarios could be considered.
There are several scenarios that we could consider for EU enlargement.
The accession of new Member States in several stages now seems likely.
It now seems likely that new Member States will join in several stages. KISS: Keep It Short and Simple
Short ...
The value of a document is not proportional to its weight. Your readers will not respect you more because you have written 100 pages instead of 20. In fact they are more likely to resent you for making such demands on their time. The Members of the Commission have repeatedly asked for documents to be more succinct, and the Secretariat General has even been known to reject over-long documents.
Some ways to cut out FOG:
1.Don't state the obvious. Trust your readers' common sense.
2.Don't clutter your text with redundant expressions like "as is well
known", "it is generally accepted that", "in my personal opinion',
"and so on and so forth", "both from the point of view of A and from
the point of view of B".
3.Don't waste words telling readers what the text is going to say, or
reminding them what it said earlier. Just say it. Once.
Shorter documents tend to have more impact, and so do shorter sentences. As
a guide:
1 document = 20 pages at the most
1 sentence = 20 words
But varying sentence length makes for more interesting reading.
... and Simple:
English is a very rich language with a wide choice of different expressions meaning the same thing. Use simple words where possible. Simple language will not make you seem less learned or elegant: it will make you seem more credible. Foggy phrasing often reflects foggy thinking.
in view of the fact that as
with respect to on
a certain number of some
the majority of most
pursuant to under
within the framework of under
accordingly, consequently so
for the purpose of, in order to to
in the event of if
if this is not the case if not
if this is the case if so
concerning, regarding about
with reference to, with regard to about
Simple, uncluttered style calls for the positive form, not the negative It is not uncommon for applications to be rejected, so do not
complain unless you are sure you have not completed yours
in correctly.
It is quite common for applications to be rejected, so
complain only if you are sure you have completed yours
correctly.
False friends and other pitfalls
False friends
It is understandable that we get our languages mixed up in a multilingual environment like the European Commission. Interference between French and English is particularly common. But "Frenglish" expressions which might be permissible in-house are meaningless to outside readers. They are alienating and they create FOG.
Here are some of the more common "faux amis" in Commission use:
French
acquis
communautaire
acquis body of EU law
actuel actual current,
topical adéquat adequate suitable
assister àassist at attend, participate
capacité capacity ability,
capability compléter complete supplement
contr?ler control supervise,
check disposer de dispose of have, keep
éventuel eventual any
important important large
matériel material supplies,
equipment opportunité opportunity advisability
pays candidats candidates applicant
countries
pays tiers third countries non-member countries perspectives perspectives prospects,
outlook
prévu foreseen provided for, planned
stagiaire stagiaire trainee
Statut (des fonctionnaires)Statute Staff
Regulations
Eurojargon and Eurospeak
Jargon is a language used by any group of insiders or specialists to communicate with each other in a way that cannot always be understood by outsiders. If you want outsiders to understand, don't use Eurojargon (comitology, habilitation, European construction, etc.).
Euro speak, on the other hand, is a potentially useful language coined to describe European Union inventions and concepts which have no exact parallel at national level. There are only a few of these (e.g. subsidiarity, codecision, convergence, economic and social cohesion) and correspondingly few real excuses for using Eurospeak.
Spell it out
Keep a tight rein on abbreviations and acronyms.
(ERDF + EAGGF + CAP = ZZZ). Write them out in full wherever possible.
References
Much of the advice given in this booklet is adapted from: "The Plain English Guide" by Martin Cutts, Oxford University Press, 1996 and
"Style: Toward Clarity and Grace" by Joseph M. Williams, The University of Chicago Press, 1995 which are highly recommended.
Readers wanting more detailed information on in-house conventions for http://ec.europa.eu/translation/writing/style_guides/english/index_en.htm spelling, punctuation and usage should consult the English Style Guide produced by the European Commission's Directorate-General for Translation (DGT) and available at
http://ec.europa.eu/translation/writing/style_guides/english/index_en.htm.
Important:
All the examples of FOG in this guide are fictional. Any resemblance to any
past, present or future EU document is coincidental.
Directorate-General for Translation
European Commission
ec.europa.eu/dgs/translation/index_en.htm ec.europa.eu/translation/index_en.htm
对翻译中异化法与归化法的正确认识 班级：外语学院、075班 学号：074050143 姓名：张学美 摘要：运用异化与归化翻译方法,不仅是为了让读者了解作品的内容,也能让读者通过阅读译作,了解另一种全新的文化,因为进行文化交流才是翻译的根本任务。从文化的角度考虑,采用异化法与归化法,不仅能使译文更加完美,更能使不懂外语的人们通过阅读译文,了解另一种文化,促进各民族人们之间的交流与理解。翻译不仅是语言符号的转换,更是跨文化的交流。有时,从语言的角度所作出的译文可能远不及从文化的角度所作出的译文完美。本文从翻译策略的角度，分别从不同时期来说明人们对异化法与归化法的认识和运用。 关键词:文学翻译；翻译策略；异化；归化；辩证统一 一直以来,无论是在我国还是在西方,直译(literal translation)与意译(liberal translation)是两种在实践中运用最多,也是被讨论研究最多的方法。1995年,美籍意大利学者劳伦斯-韦努蒂(Lawrence Venuti)提出了归化(domestication)与异化(foreignization)之说,将有关直译与意译的争辩转向了对于归化与异化的思考。归化与异化之争是直译与意译之争的延伸,是两对不能等同的概念。直译和意译主要集中于语言层面,而异化和归化则突破语言的范畴,将视野扩展到语言、文化、思维、美学等更多更广阔的领域。 一、归化翻译法 Lawrwnce Venuti对归化的定义是,遵守译入语语言文化和当前的主流价值观,对原文采用保守的同化手段,使其迎合本土的典律,出版潮流和政治潮流。采用归化方法就是尽可能不去打扰读者,而让作者向读者靠拢(the translator leaves the reader in peace, as much as possible, and moves the author towards him)。归化翻译法的目的在于向读者传递原作的基本精神和语义内容,不在于语言形式或个别细节的一一再现。它的优点在于其流利通顺的语言易为读者所接受,译文不会对读者造成理解上的障碍,其缺点则是译作往往仅停留在内容、情节或主要精神意旨方面,而无法进入沉淀在语言内核的文化本质深处。 有时归化翻译法的采用也是出于一种不得已,翻译活动不是在真空中进行的,它受源语文化和译语文化两种不同文化语境的制约,还要考虑到两种文化之间的
1) With the rapid improvement in.../growing awareness of..., more and more.../sth.... 1 随着…的飞速发展/越来越多的关注，越来越… (e.g. With the considerable improvement in building industry, more and more structures are being erected to set the people's minds at ease.) 例：随着建筑业的大力推进，人们对建立越来越多的房屋建筑感到宽心。 2) Recently, sth./the problem of...has been brought to popular attention/ has become the focus of public concern. 2 近来，某事/某问题引起了人们的普遍关注/成了公众关注的焦点。 (e.g. Recently, the problem of unemployment has been brought to such popular attention that governments at all levels place it on the agenda as the first matter.) 例：近来失业问题引起了人们的普遍关注，各级政府已把它列为首要议程。 3) One of the universal issues we are faced with/that cause increasing concern is that... 3 我们面临的一个普遍问题是… /一个越来越引人关注的普遍问题 是… (e.g. One of the universal issues that draw (cause) growing concern is whether it is wise of man to have invented the automobile.) 例：一个越来越引人关注的普遍问题是，发明汽车是否为人 4) In the past few years, there has been a boom/sharp growth/decline in.. . 4 在过去的几年里，…经历了突飞猛进/迅猛增长/下降。 (e.g. In the past ten years, there has been a sharp decline in the number of species.) 例：在过去的几年里，物种数量骤然下降。 5) Nowadays, more/most important/dangerous for our society is... 5 如今对我们社会更（最）为重要的（危险的）事情是… (e.g. Nowadays, most dangerous for our society is the tendency to take advantage of each other in political circles.) 例：对我们社会最为危险的事情是政界倾向于互相利用。 6) According to the information given in the table/graph, we can find that... 6 根据图表资料，我们可以发现… 7) As can be seen from the table/graph/figure, there is a marked increase /decline/favorable (an unfavorable) change in... 7 根据图表（数字）显示，…明显增长（下降）/发生了有利（不利）变化。 8) As we can see from the table/graph/figure above, drastic/considerable/ great changes have taken place in...over the period of time from...(年份)to...( 年份) 8 据上面图表（数字）所示，从某年到某年某方面发生了剧烈的（相当大的；巨大的）变化。
必修三古文翻译一、指南录后序 必修三古文翻译一、指南录后序原文： 德佑二年二月十九日，予除右丞相兼枢密使，都督诸路军马。时北兵已迫修门外，战、守、迁皆不及施。缙绅、大夫、士萃于左丞相府，莫知计所出。会使辙交驰，北邀当国者相见，众谓予一行为可以纾祸。国事至此，予不得爱身;意北亦尚可以口舌动也。初，奉使往来，无留北者，予更欲一觇北，归而求救国之策。于是，辞相印不拜，翌日，以资政殿学士行。 初至北营，抗辞慷慨，上下颇惊动，北亦未敢遽轻吾国。不幸吕师孟构恶于前，贾余庆献谄于后，予羁縻不得还，国事遂不可收拾。予自度不得脱，则直前诟虏帅失信，数吕师孟叔侄为逆，但欲求死，不复顾利害。北虽貌敬，实则愤怒，二贵酋名曰“馆伴”，夜则以兵围所寓舍，而予不得归矣。 未几，贾余庆等以祈请使诣北。北驱予并往，而不在使者之目。予分当引决，然而隐忍以行。昔人云：“将以有为也”。至京口，得间奔真州，即具以北虚实告东西二阃，约以连兵大举。中兴机会，庶几在此。留二日，维扬帅下逐客之令。不得已，变姓名，诡踪迹，草行露宿，日与北骑相出没于长淮间。穷饿无聊，追购又急，天高地迥，号呼靡及。已而得舟，避渚洲，出北海，然后渡扬子江，入苏州洋，展转四明、天台，以至于永嘉。 呜呼!予之及于死者不知其几矣!诋大酋当死;骂逆贼当死;与
贵酋处二十日，争曲直，屡当死;去京口，挟匕首以备不测，几自刭死;经北舰十余里，为巡船所物色，几从鱼腹死;真州逐之城门外，几旁徨死;如扬州，过瓜洲扬子桥，竟使遇哨，无不死;扬州城下，进退不由，殆例送死;坐桂公塘土围中，骑数千过其门，几落贼手死;贾家庄几为巡徼所陵迫死;夜趋高邮，迷失道，几陷死;质明，避哨竹林中，逻者数十骑，几无所救死;至高邮，制府檄下，几以捕系死;行城子河，出入乱尸中，舟与哨相后先，几邂逅死;至海陵，如高沙，常恐无辜死;道海安、如皋，凡三百里，北与寇往来其间，无日而非可死;至通州，几以不纳死;以小舟涉鲸波出，无可奈何，而死固付之度外矣!呜呼!死生，昼夜事也，死而死矣，而境界危恶，层见错出，非人世所堪。痛定思痛，痛何如哉! 予在患难中，间以诗记所遭，今存其本，不忍废，道中手自抄录。使北营，留北关外，为一卷;发北关外，历吴门、毗陵，渡瓜洲，复还京口，为一卷;脱京口，趋真州、扬州、高邮、泰州、通州，为一卷;自海道至永嘉、来三山，为一卷。将藏之于家，使来者读之，悲予志焉。 呜呼!予之生也幸，而幸生也何所为?求乎为臣，主辱，臣死有馀僇;所求乎为子，以父母之遗体行殆，而死有余责。将请罪于君，君不许;请罪于母，母不许;请罪于先人之墓。生无以救国，死犹为厉鬼以击贼，义也;赖天之灵、宗庙之福，修我戈矛，从王于师，以为前驱，雪九庙之耻，复高祖之业，所谓“誓不与贼俱生”，所谓“鞠躬尽力，死而后已”，亦义也。嗟夫!若予者，将无往而不得死所矣。向也，使予委骨于草莽，予虽浩然无所愧怍，然微以自文于君亲，君亲其谓予何?诚不自意返吾衣冠，重见日月，
指南录后序文言文翻译及注释 《指南录后序》是南宋文天祥为《指南录》所作的一篇序文。该文简略概括地叙述了作者出使元营、面斥敌酋汉奸、被扣押冒死逃脱、颠沛流离、万死南归的冒险经历，反映了民族英雄文天祥坚定不移的战斗意志、忠贞不屈的民族气节和生死不渝的爱国激情。其文被收录在苏教版语文必修三专题三。指南录后序文言文翻译及注释是如何呢?本文是整理的指南录后序文言文翻译及注释资料，仅供参考。 指南录后序文言文原文指南录后序 作者：文天祥 德祐二年二月十九日，予除右丞相兼枢密使，都督诸路军马。时北兵已迫修门外，战、守、迁皆不及施。缙绅、大夫、士萃于左丞相府，莫知计所出。会使辙交驰，北邀当国者相见，众谓予一行为可以纾祸。国事至此，予不得爱身;意北亦尚可以口舌动也。初，奉使往来，无留北者，予更欲一觇北，归而求救国之策。于是，辞相印不拜，翌日，以资政殿学士行。 初至北营，抗辞慷慨，上下颇惊动，北亦未敢遽轻吾国。不幸吕师孟构恶于前，贾余庆献谄于后，予羁縻不得还，国事遂不可收拾。予自度不得脱，则直前诟虏帅失信，数吕师孟叔侄为逆，但欲求死，不复顾利害。北虽貌敬，实则愤怒，二贵酋名曰“馆伴”，夜则以兵围所寓舍，而予不得归矣。 未几，贾余庆等以祈请使诣北。北驱予并往，而不在使者之目。
予分当引决，然而隐忍以行。昔人云：“将以有为也”。至京口，得间奔真州，即具以北虚实告东西二阃，约以连兵大举。中兴机会，庶几在此。留二日，维扬帅下逐客之令。不得已，变姓名，诡踪迹，草行露宿，日与北骑相出没于长淮间。穷饿无聊，追购又急，天高地迥，号呼靡及。已而得舟，避渚洲，出，然后渡扬子江，入洋，展转四明、天台，以至于永嘉。 呜呼!予之及于死者不知其几矣!诋大酋当死;骂逆贼当死;与贵酋处二十日，争曲直，屡当死;去京口，挟匕首以备不测，几自刭死;经北舰十余里，为巡船所物色，几从鱼腹死;真州逐之城门外，几徬徨死;如，过瓜洲扬子桥，竟使遇哨，无不死;城下，进退不由，殆例送死;坐桂公塘土围中，骑数千过其门，几落贼手死;贾家庄几为巡徼所陵迫死;夜趋高邮，迷失道，几陷死;质明，避哨竹林中，逻者数十骑，几无所救死;至高邮，制府檄下，几以捕系死;行城子河，出入乱尸中，舟与哨相后先，几邂逅死;至海陵，如高沙，常恐无辜死;道海安、如皋，凡三百里，北与寇往来其间，无日而非可死;至通州，几以不纳死;以小舟涉鲸波出，无可奈何，而死固付之度外矣!呜呼!死生，昼夜事也，死而死矣，而境界危恶，层见错出，非人世所堪。痛定思痛，痛何如哉! 予在患难中，间以诗记所遭，今存其本，不忍废，道中手自抄录。使北营，留北关外，为一卷;发北关外，历吴门、毗陵，渡瓜洲，复还京口，为一卷;脱京口，趋真州、、高邮、、通州，为一卷;自海道至永嘉、来三山，为一卷。将藏之于家，使来者读之，悲予志焉。
北语14秋《高级英语I》导学资料一 Unit1, Unit2& Unit3 一、本阶段学习内容概述 各位同学，大家好，本课程第一阶段学习的主要内容为Unit1：Party Politics, Unit2：The New Singles, Unit3：教材课文：Doctor’s Dilemma: Treat or Let Die? 网络课件课文：Computer Violence中包括课前练习（Warm-up）、单词和词组（New words and phrases）、课文（Text）、课后练习（Exercises）及补充阅读（Supplementary readings）中的指定内容。 课前练习：大家应先了解课前练习的要求，根据已有的知识思考其中问题，或者利用网络与同学开展一些讨论，争取在阅读课文前了解文章主要论述的问题，有利于更好的了解作者的思想观点和思维过程，从而了解文章所反映的思想文化，这样既能提高阅读理解能力又能获取知识和信息。 单词和词组:名词、动词和形容词是词汇练习和记忆中的重要部分。Unit 1、2、3中所列出的新单词绝大部分都是这三类，因此，大家一定要掌握好新单词。要开发利用多种方法记单词，如联想法、音节法、构词法等。单词和词组基本上给出了英语直接释义，可以培养大家英语思维的习惯。如果在阅读释义后还有疑问，一定要查阅英语词典，寻找一些相关的解释来加深对单词的理解和记忆。许多词的释义中给出了若干同义词或近义词，能帮助大家迅速扩大词汇量，同时，课后练习的词汇（Vocabulary Study）部分又给出了一些相关的练习，大家可以在学习完单词和词组后，乘热打铁，立即做词汇练习的第一小题（选择填空）和第二小题（找出意义相近的替代词）这样可以及时巩固所学单词，大概了解这些词的用法，为正确阅读课文打下基础，也能使得练习题做起来不是那么难。 （特别说明：高级英语阶段的学习，提高词汇量和词汇运用能力是一个很大，并且很重要，同时又是比较难的问题，这是我们必须面对的问题，所以，请大家务必花时间多熟悉单词。所谓的磨刀不误砍材功，先熟悉单词和短语，才能流畅的阅读文章。更关键的是，单词和短语在考试中所占比例不少！） 课文：每单元有一篇课文（Unit1：Party Politics, Unit2：The New Singles, Unit3：教材课文：Doctor’s Dilemma: Treat or Let Die? 网络课件课文：Computer Violence）。在掌握单词和词组之后，阅读课后注释，学习课文的背景资料、作者介绍和相关内容，如人物、事件、地点等的解释，这能帮助大家准确快速的理解文章的内容。在课件资源的帮助下，认真学习课文，包括课文中常用词语和句型的用法。文章比较长，大家一定要有耐心和毅力，坚持就是胜利。在学习完整篇文章后，及时完成课文理解（Comprehension Check）的练习。其中第一小题是根据课文内容选择最佳答案，第二小题是将部分文中的句子用英语注释。只要认真学习了课件资料，相信能很快准确地完成。同时也考察大家对课文理解的程度，督促大家很好的阅读课文。 课后练习：共有四个大题。 1.课文理解（Comprehension Check）：有两个题型。在借助课件学习完课文之后，大家可以先自己做这一部分的练习，然后再看课件，对正答案的同时，再重温课文的大意。 2.词汇（Vocabulary Study）：有两个题型。在学完课文和单词后，大家可以自己先做这一部分的词汇练习，不会做得可以看课件，并牢固掌握，对于补充的单词也要掌握。这样有利于快速扩充词汇量。 3.翻译（Translation）：有的单元是汉译英，有的单元是英译汉。都是一段与课文内容相近的短文。先认真思考，仔细看文章，如果有一定的难度，可以参考课件的解说，然后再组织语言完成翻译练习。
“异化”与“归化”之间的关系并评述 1、什么是归化与异化 归化”与“异化”是翻译中常面临的两种选择。钱锺书相应地称这两种情形叫“汉化”与“欧化”。A．归化 所谓“归化”（domestication 或target-language-orientedness），是指在翻译过程中尽可能用本民族的方式去表现外来的作品；归化翻译法旨在尽量减少译文中的异国情调，为目的语读者提供一种自然流畅的译文。Venuti 认为，归化法源于这一著名翻译论说，“尽量不干扰读者，请作者向读者靠近” 归化翻译法通常包含以下几个步骤：（1）谨慎地选择适合于归化翻译的文本；（2）有意识地采取一种自然流畅的目的语文体；（3）把译文调整成目的语篇体裁；（4）插入解释性资料；（5）删去原文中的实观材料；（6）调协译文和原文中的观念与特征。 B．“异化”（foreignization或source-language-orientedness）则相反，认为既然是翻译，就得译出外国的味儿。异化是根据既定的语法规则按字面意思将和源语文化紧密相连的短语或句子译成目标语。例如，将“九牛二虎之力”译为“the strength of nine bulls and two tigers”。异化能够很好地保留和传递原文的文化内涵，使译文具有异国情调，有利于各国文化的交流。但对于不熟悉源语及其文化的读者来说，存在一定的理解困难。随着各国文化交流愈来愈紧密，原先对于目标语读者很陌生的词句也会变得越来越普遍，即异化的程度会逐步降低。 Rome was not built in a day. 归化:冰冻三尺,非一日之寒. 异化:罗马不是一天建成的. 冰冻三尺,非一日之寒 异化:Rome was not built in a day. 归化:the thick ice is not formed in a day. 2、归化异化与直译意译 归化和异化，一个要求“接近读者”，一个要求“接近作者”，具有较强的界定性；相比之下，直译和意译则比较偏重“形式”上的自由与不自由。有的文中把归化等同于意译，异化等同于直译，这样做其实不够科学。归化和异化其实是在忠实地传达原作“说了什么”的基础之上，对是否尽可能展示原作是“怎么说”，是否最大限度地再现原作在语言文化上的特有风味上采取的不同态度。两对术语相比，归化和异化更多地是有关文化的问题，即是否要保持原作洋味的问题。 3、不同层面上的归化与异化 1、句式 翻译中“归化”表现在把原文的句式（syntactical structure）按照中文的习惯句式译出。
Directorate-General for Translation European Commission
HOW TO WRITE CLEARLY This booklet is intended for all writers of English at the European Commission. Whether your job is drafting or translating, here are some hints – not rules – that will help you to write clearly and make sure your message ends up in your readers’ brains, not in their bins. Put the reader first page 2 Use verbs, not nouns page 3 page 4 abstract not Concrete, passive 5 page not Active, Whodunnit? Name the agent page 6 Making sense – managing stress page 7 KISS: Keep It Short…. page 8 page Simple 9 … and False friends … page 10 pitfalls page 11 other and … References page 12
Put the reader first There are three groups of people likely to read Commission documents: 1. EU insiders (colleagues in the Commission or other institutions) 2. outside specialists 3. the general public. The third group is by far the largest and most important. As more Commission documents are made accessible to the general public, criticism of FOG will increase. Always bear in mind the people you're writing for: not your committee, your boss, or the reviser of your translations, but the end users. They are in a hurry. Don't overestimate their knowledge, interest or patience. Whatever the type of document - legislation, a technical report, minutes, a press release or speech - you can enhance its impact by writing clearly. Try to see your subject matter from your readers' point of view; try to involve them ("you" is an under-used word in Commission documents); and try not to bore them. You can avoid irritating half your readers by replacing gender-specific words (replace "layman" by "lay person"; "salesgirl" by "sales assistant"; "workman" by "worker"). Avoid "he, she/ his, her" by using "they/ their" instead.
高级英语写作1-10课翻译
The Delicate Art of the Forest 库珀的创造天分并不怎么样；但是他似乎热衷于此并沾沾自喜。确实，他做了一些令人感到愉快的事情。在小小的道具箱内，他为笔下的森林猎人和土人准备了七八种诡计或圈套，这些人以此诱骗对方。利用这些幼稚的技巧达到了预期的效果，没有什么更让他高兴得了。其中一个就是他最喜欢的，就是让一个穿着鹿皮靴的人踩着穿着鹿皮靴敌人的脚印，借以隐藏了自己行踪。这么做使库珀磨烂不知多少桶鹿皮靴。他常用的另一个道具是断树枝。他认为断树枝效果最好，因此不遗余力地使用。在他的小说中，如果哪章中没有人踩到断树枝惊着两百码外的印第安人和白人，那么这一节则非常平静/那就谢天谢地了。每次库珀笔下的人物陷入危险，每分钟绝对安静的价格是4美元/一分静一分金，这个人肯定会踩到断树枝。尽管附近有上百种东西可以踩，但这都不足以使库珀称心。他会让这个人找一根干树枝；如果找不到，就去借一根。事实上，《皮袜子故事系列丛书》应该叫做《断树枝故事集》。 很遗憾，我没有足够的篇幅，写上几十个例子，看看奈迪·班波和其他库伯专家们是怎样运用他的森林中的高招。大概我们可以试着斗胆举它两三个例子。库伯曾经航过海—当过海军军官。但是他却一本正经/煞有介事地告诉我们，一条被风刮向海岸遇险的船，被船长驶向一个有离岸暗流的地点而得救。因为暗流顶着风，把船冲了回来。看看这森林术，这行船术，或者叫别的什么术，很高明吧？库珀在炮兵部队里待过几年，他应该注意到炮弹落到地上时，要么爆炸，要么弹起来，跳起百英尺，再弹再跳，直到跳不动了滚几下。现在某个地方他让几个女性—他总是这么称呼女的—在一个迷雾重重的夜晚，迷失在平原附近一片树林边上—目的是让班波有机会向读者展示他在森林中的本事。这些迷路的人正在寻找一个城堡。他们听到一声炮响，接着一发炮弹就滚进树林，停在他们脚下。对女性，这毫无价值。但对可敬的班波就完全不同了。我想，如果班波要是不马上冲出来，跟着弹痕，穿过浓雾，跨过平原，找到要塞，我就再也不知道什么是“和平”了。是不是非常聪明？如果库伯不是对自然规律一无所知，他就是故意隐瞒事实。比方说，他的精明的印地安专家之一，名叫芝稼哥（我想，该读作芝加哥）的，跟踪一个人，在穿过树林的时候，脚印就找不到了。很明显，脚印是再也没法找到了。无论你还是我，都猜不出，怎么会
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翻译的归化与异化 作者：熊启煦 作者单位：西南民族大学,四川,成都,610041 刊名： 西南民族大学学报（人文社科版） 英文刊名：JOURNAL OF SOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY FOR NATIONALITIES（HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE） 年，卷(期)：2005,26(8) 被引用次数：14次 参考文献(3条) 1.鲁迅且介亭杂文二集·题未定草 2.刘英凯归化--翻译的歧路 3.钱钟书林纾的翻译 引证文献(15条) 1.郭锋一小议英语翻译当中的信达雅[期刊论文]-青春岁月 2011(4) 2.许丽红论汉英语言中的文化差异与翻译策略[期刊论文]-考试周刊 2010(7) 3.王笑东浅谈汉英语言中的差异与翻译方法[期刊论文]-中国校外教育（理论） 2010(6) 4.王宁中西语言中的文化差异与翻译[期刊论文]-中国科技纵横 2010(12) 5.鲍勤.陈利平英语隐喻类型及翻译策略[期刊论文]-云南农业大学学报(社会科学版) 2010(2) 6.罗琴.宋海林浅谈汉英语言中的文化差异及翻译策略[期刊论文]-内江师范学院学报 2010(z2) 7.白蓝跨文化视野下文学作品的英译策略[期刊论文]-湖南社会科学 2009(5) 8.王梦颖探析汉英语言中的文化差异与翻译策略[期刊论文]-中国校外教育（理论） 2009(8) 9.常晖英汉成语跨文化翻译策略[期刊论文]-河北理工大学学报（社会科学版） 2009(1) 10.常晖对翻译文化建构的几点思考[期刊论文]-牡丹江师范学院学报（哲学社会科学版） 2009(4) 11.常晖认知——功能视角下隐喻的汉译策略[期刊论文]-外语与外语教学 2008(11) 12.赵勇刚汉英语言中的文化差异与翻译策略[期刊论文]-时代文学 2008(6) 13.常晖.胡渝镛从文化角度看文学作品的翻译[期刊论文]-重庆工学院学报(社会科学版) 2008(7) 14.曾凤英从文化认知的视角谈英语隐喻的翻译[期刊论文]-各界 2007(6) 15.罗琴.宋海林浅谈汉英语言中的文化差异及翻译策略[期刊论文]-内江师范学院学报 2010(z2) 本文链接：https://www.doczj.com/doc/2b5866487.html,/Periodical_xnmzxyxb-zxshkxb200508090.aspx
英语专业(高级翻译)简介 ·日期：2007-06-07 ·点击次数： 1446 培养目标：本专业培养具有扎实的英语语言基础，较强的语言交际能力和跨文化交际能力，掌握多方面的翻译知识和技巧，能熟练地运用英、汉语在外事、外交、经贸、文化、科技等部门从事口译、笔译的专门人才。 知识能力 要求：1．语音、语调准确，清楚自然。 2．词法、句法、章法(包括遣词造句与谋篇布局)规范、表达得体。 3．认知词汇10000~12000，且能正确而熟练地使用其中的5000~6000个单词及其最常用的搭配。 4．听、说、读、写、译技能熟练，具有较强的英语综合运用能力。毕业时达到英语专业八级水平。 听的能力：听懂真实交际场合中各种英语会话；听懂英 语国家广播电台以及电视台(如VOA, BBC, CNN)有关政治、经济、文化、教育、科技 等方面的新闻、现场报道、专题报道、综合 评述以及与此类题材相关的演讲和演讲后 的问答；听懂电视时事报道和电视短剧中的 对话。语速为每分钟150~180个单词，理解 准确率不低于60%。 说的能力：能就国内外重大问题与外宾进行流利而得体 的交流；能系统、深入、连贯地发表自己的 见解。 读的能力：能读懂一般英美报刊杂志上的社论和书评、 英语国家出版的有一定难度的历史传记和 文学作品；能分析上述题材文章的思想观 点、语篇结构、语言特点和修辞手法。能在
5分钟内速读1600词左右的文章，掌握文章 的主旨和大意，理解事实和细节。 写的能力：能写各类体裁的文章，做到内容充实，语言 通顺，用词恰当，表达得体。写作速度为30 分钟300~400个单词。能撰写长度为 5000~6000个单词的毕业论文，要求思路清 晰、内容充实、语言通顺。 译的能力：1)笔译：能运用翻译的理论和技巧，将英美报 刊上的文章、文学、科技、文化、经贸方面 的原文译成汉语，或将我国报刊、杂志上的 文章、一般文学作品、科技、文化、经贸方 面的原文译成英语，速度为每小时250~300 个单词。译文要求忠实原意，语言流畅。 2)口译：掌握连续或同步口译所需的技巧及基 本要求，能担任外经外贸、外事、外交、国 际文化、科技交流活动的口译和国际会议的 同声传译任务。 5．具有宽广的英语专业知识和相关学科知识。英语专业知识包括文学、语言学和对象国社会与文化的知识。相关学科的知识涉及教育学、教育心理学、语言习得理论、英语教学法、英语测试理论与实践、课程设置等领域。6．具有获取知识的能力、运用知识的能力、分析问题的能力、独立提出见解的能力和创新的能力。 7．熟悉中、英两种文字计算机基本技术并能实际应用。 主干课程：基础英语、高级英语、散文选读、英语泛读、英语口语、基础英语写作、高级英语写作、英汉/汉英口译、英汉笔译、英语视听说、英语报刊选读、英美文学，同声传译、连续传译、经贸法律翻译等。 修业年4年
翻译作业10 Nov 15 一、请按归化法(Domestication)翻译下列习语。 Kill two birds with one stone a wolf in sheep’s clothing strike while the iron is hot. go through fire and water add fuel to the flames / pour oil on the flames spring up like mushrooms every dog has his day keep one’s head above water live a dog’s life as poor as a church mouse a lucky dog an ass in a lion’s skin a wolf in sheep’s clothing Love me, love my dog. a lion in the way lick one’s boots as timid as a hare at a stone’s throw as stupid as a goose wet like a drown rat as dumb as an oyster lead a dog’s life talk horse One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, and three boys nobody. Man proposes, God disposes. Cry up wine and sell vinegar (cry up, to praise; extol: to cry up one's profession) Once bitten, twice shy. An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening． New booms sweep clean. take French leave seek a hare in a hen’s nest have an old head on young shoulder Justice has long arms You can’t teach an old dog Rome was not built in a day. He that lives with cripples learns to limp. Everybody’s business is nobody’s business. The more you get, the more you want. 二、请按异化法(foreignization)翻译下列习语。 Kill two birds with one stone a wolf in sheep’s clothing
本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！ == 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ == 中考文言文《后序》全文详细翻译 《指南录》后序 作者：文天祥 德祐二年二月十九日，我被任命为右丞相兼枢密使，统一指挥各路兵马。当时元军已迫近都门外，战、守、迁都来不及安排了。大小官员都聚集在左丞相的府中，都想不出办法来。恰巧(双方)使者车马往来频繁，元军方面邀请我方主持国事的人相见，大家认为我走一趟可以解除(国家)祸患。国事到了这个地步，我顾不得爱惜自己的身躯，(而且)我料想元军方面还是可以用言语说服的。过去，我们的使者往来，也没有被扣留在元军里面的，我更想(借此机会)察看一下元军方面的情况，以便回来制定救国的策略。于是，就辞去丞相职位不就任，第二天，用资政殿学士(的身分)前往。 德祐二年二月十九日，予除右丞相兼枢密使，都督诸路军马。时北兵已迫修门外，战、守、迁皆不及施。缙绅、大夫、士萃于左丞相府，莫知计所出。会使辙交驰，北邀当国者相见，众谓予一行为可以纾祸。国事至此，予不得爱身;意北亦尚可以口舌动也。初，奉使往来，无留北者，予更欲一觇北，归而求救国之策。于是辞相印不拜，翌日，以资政殿学士行。 刚到元军军营的时候，我激昂慷慨地说着抗争的话，(元军)上上下下的人都很震惊，元人也不敢一下子轻视我国。不幸的是先有叛将吕师孟与我结仇，后有贾余庆(向对方)讨好献媚，我被软禁起来不能回国，国事也就不可收拾。我估计脱不了身，就理直气壮地骂元军统帅不守信用，谴责吕师孟叔侄的叛国罪行。(我)只想求死，不再顾念(个人)安危。元军方面虽然表面上尊敬我，实际上(对我)很愤怒。(派来)两个高级头目，名义上是招待使臣的人，夜里却用兵包围我的住所，因此我就不能回国了。过了不久，贾余庆等以祈请使的身份到元朝国都去;元人逼我同他们一起走，但我不在使者之列。我按理应当自杀，但还是暗中忍耐着跟随他们出发。古人说：“(忍辱不死)是准备凭借这个有所作为啊!” 初至北营，抗辞慷慨，上下颇惊动，北亦未敢遽轻吾国。不幸吕师孟构恶于前，贾余庆献谄于后，予羁縻不得还，国事遂不可收拾。予自度不得脱，则直前诟虏帅失信，数吕师孟叔侄为逆。但欲求死，不复顾利害。北虽貌敬，实则愤怒。二贵酋名曰馆伴，夜则以兵围所寓舍，而予不得归矣。未几，贾余庆
北京理工大学翻硕(MTI)考研应用文写 作复习方法及指导 有无目标是成功者与平庸者的根本差别。凯程北京理工大学翻译硕士老师给大家详细讲解所遇到的问题。特别申明，以下信息绝对准确，凯程就是王牌的北京理工大学翻译硕士考研机构！ 一、北京理工大学翻译硕士考研复习指导 1．基础英语： 基础英语选择题考的特别细致，没有专门的教材，还是重在平时积累，凯程老师在讲课过程中特别重视对于考生基础知识的积累。凯程老师会对考生的阅读理解进行系统的训练。阅读理解也是偏政治，凯程老师会重点训练同学的答题速度，培养同学们阅读答题技巧，针对作文这方面，凯程老师也会对考生进行一系列的训练，让同学们勤加练习，多做模拟作文。 2．翻译英语： 翻译硕士基础这门课是需要下功夫的，英汉词条互译的部分完全需要你的积累，主要是词汇量和分析抓取能力。凯程老师会对学生的这两个方面进行很完善的训练。 凯程老师总结了以下提升翻译技巧的方法，供考研学子参考。 词组互译：大多考的都很常见，所以多看看中英文的报纸还是有好处的。 英汉：对文章的背景有一定的了解是最好的，如果没有，就需要体现出自身的翻译素养。翻译也要注意文风，语气之类的，要符合原文的风格。 凯程老师也很重视答题技巧，在此凯程名师友情提示大家，最好在开头就能让老师看到你的亮点，不管怎样至少留下个好印象。不管风格怎么变，翻译功底扎实，成绩都不会太差。所以还是提高自己翻译水平，才能以不变应万变。 3．百科： 先说说名词解释。这道题考得知识面很全，可能涉及到天文、地理、历史、法律、政治、中外文学、中外文化、音乐、翻译专有名词等，准备起来比较棘手，但是凯程老师会给学生准备好知识库，方便学生复习。百科的准备，一要广泛，二要抓重点，尤其要重视学校的参考书目，同时凯程也会提供凯程自己的教材及讲义来帮助大家。 接下来是应用文写作。其实这个根本不用担心，常出的无非是那几个：倡议书、广告、感谢信、求职信、计划书、说明书等，到12月份再看也不晚。但要注意一点，防止眼高手低，貌似很简单，真到写的时候却写不出来，所以还是需要练习的，凯程老师会在学生复习过程中对应用文的写作进行系统的训练。另外，考试的时候也要注意格式、合理性，如果再加上点文采，无异于锦上添花。 最后说说大作文。这个让很多同学担心，害怕到考场上无素材可写，或者语言生硬，拼凑一篇，毕竟大学四年，写作文的机会很少，早没有手感了。所以，凯程老师会针对这种情况，让考生从复习开始时，就进行写作训练，同时也会为考生准备好素材。 最后，注意考场上字体工整，不要乱涂乱画，最好打上横线，因为答题纸一般是白纸。 二、北京理工大学翻译硕士考研的复习方法解读 （一）、参考书的阅读方法 （1）目录法：先通读各本参考书的目录，对于知识体系有着初步了解，了解书的内在逻辑结构，然后再去深入研读书的内容。 （2）体系法：为自己所学的知识建立起框架，否则知识内容浩繁，容易遗忘，最好能
指南录后序原文及翻译 指南录后序 〔宋〕文天祥 原文: 德佑二年二月十九日，予除右丞相兼枢密使，都督诸路军马。时北兵已迫修门外，战、守、迁皆不及施。缙绅、大夫、士萃于左丞相府，莫知计所出。会使辙交驰，北邀当国者相见，众谓予一行为可以纾祸。国事至此，予不得爱身;意北亦尚可以口舌动也。初，奉使往来，无留北者，予更欲一觇北，归而求救国之策。于是，辞相印不拜，翌日，以资政殿学士行。 初至北营，抗辞慷慨，上下颇惊动，北亦未敢遽轻吾国。不幸吕师孟构恶于前，贾余庆献谄于后，予羁縻不得还，国事遂不可收拾。予自度不得脱，则直前诟虏帅失信，数吕师孟叔侄为逆，但欲求死，不复顾利害。北虽貌敬，实则愤怒，二贵酋名曰“馆伴”，夜则以兵围所寓舍，而予不得归矣。 未几，贾余庆等以祈请使诣北。北驱予并往，而不在使者之目。予分当引决，然而隐忍以行。昔人云:“将以有为也”。至京口，得间奔真州，即具以北虚实告东西二阃，约以连兵大举。中兴机会，庶几在此。留二日，维扬帅下逐客之令。不得已，变姓名，诡踪迹，草行露宿，日与北骑相出没于长淮间。穷饿无聊，追购又急，天高地迥，号呼靡及。已而得舟，避渚洲，出北海，然后渡扬子江，入苏州洋，展转四明、天台，以至于永嘉。 呜呼～予之及于死者不知其几矣～诋大酋当死;骂逆贼当死;与贵酋处二十日，争曲直，屡当死;去京口，挟匕首以备不测，几自刭死;经北舰十余里，为巡船所物色，几从鱼腹死;真州逐之城门外，几旁徨死;如扬州，过瓜洲扬子桥，竟使遇哨，无不死;扬州城下，进退不由，殆例送死;坐桂公塘土围中，骑数千过其门，几落贼
手死;贾家庄几为巡徼所陵迫死;夜趋高邮，迷失道，几陷死;质明，避哨竹林中，逻者数十骑，几无所救死;至高邮，制府檄下，几以捕系死;行城子河，出入乱尸中，舟与哨相后先，几邂逅死;至海陵，如高沙，常恐无辜死;道海安、如皋，凡三百里，北与寇往来其间，无日而非可死;至通州，几以不纳死;以小舟涉鲸波出，无可奈何，而死固付之度外矣～呜呼～死生，昼夜事也，死而死矣，而境界危恶，层见错出，非人世所堪。痛定思痛，痛何如哉～ 予在患难中，间以诗记所遭，今存其本，不忍废，道中手自抄录。使北营，留北关外，为一卷;发北关外，历吴门、毗陵，渡瓜洲，复还京口，为一卷;脱京口，趋真州、扬州、高邮、泰州、通州，为一卷;自海道至永嘉、来三山，为一卷。将藏之于家，使来者读之，悲予志焉。 呜呼～予之生也幸，而幸生也何所为,求乎为臣，主辱，臣死有馀僇;所求乎为子，以父母之遗体行殆，而死有余责。将请罪于君，君不许;请罪于母，母不许;请罪于先人之墓。生无以救国，死犹为厉鬼以击贼，义也;赖天之灵、宗庙之福，修我戈矛，从王于师，以为前驱，雪九庙之耻，复高祖之业，所谓“誓不与贼俱生”，所谓“鞠躬尽力，死而后已”，亦义也。嗟夫～若予者，将无往而不得死所矣。向也，使予委骨于草莽，予虽浩然无所愧怍，然微以自文于君亲，君亲其谓予何,诚不自意返吾衣冠，重见日月，使旦夕得正丘首，复何憾哉～复何憾哉～是年夏五，改元景炎，庐陵文天祥自序其诗，名曰《指南录》。 ——选自《四部丛刊》本《文山先生全集》 译文: 德佑二年二月十九日，我受任右丞相兼枢密使，统率全国各路兵马。当时元兵已经逼近都城北门外，交战、防守、转移都来不及做了。满朝大小官员会集在左丞相吴坚家里，都不知道该怎么办。正当双方使者的车辆往来频繁，元军邀约宋朝主持国事的人前去相见，大家认为我去一趟就可以解除祸患。国事到了这种地步，我
汉译英 翻译的定义 翻译是指把一种语言文字 的意义转换成另一种语言 文字。简言之，翻译是一 种用不同的语言文字将原 文作者的意思准确地再现 出来的艺术。从以上翻译 定义我们知道，原文的思 想必须尽可能得到保持， 不可有所增删。译者的任 务只是转换文字而不是改 变其意思。因此，翻译有 两种要素：准确性与表达性。准确性是翻译的首要 条件。译者必须谨慎地遵 循原作者的意思，所选用 的字词和句式结构必须如 实地传达出原文的思想。 表达性是让译文易于理解。换言之，译者必须用自己 的手段尽可能地将原文的 思想清楚而有力地表达出来。准确性使译出的思想 明确无误，而表达性则使 译文生动，具有魅力。Definition of Translation Translation means the conversion of an expression from one language into another. To say it plainly, translation is an art to reproduce the exact idea of the author by means of a language different from the original. From the above definition of translation we know that the original thought of the expression must be kept as far as possible. Nothing should be added to or taken away from the original work. The duty of the translator is simply to change the vocabulary, not the thought. In translation therefore, there are two essential elements: accuracy and expressiveness. Accuracy is the first indispensable quality of translation. The translator must cautiously stick to the author’s idea. Words selected and sentences constructed must be such as to convey the exact original thought. Expressiveness is to make the translation readily understood. In other words, the translator must express the author’s idea as clearly and as forcibly as he can by the medium he employs. Accuracy is to make the thought definite and exact; while expressiveness is to make the translation vivid and attractive.