中国科学院2004年3月博士研究生入学考试试题
PARTⅡ
Directions: Choose the word or word below each sentence that best complete the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on
21. A knowledge of history us to deal with the vast range of problems confronting
A. equips
B. provides
C.offers
22. In assessing the impact of the loss of a parent through death and divorce it was the distortion of family relationships not the of the bond with the parent in divorce that was
A. disposition
B. distinction
C.distribution
23. Finally, let's a critical issue in any honest exploration of our attitudes towards old people, namely the value which our society ascribes to them
A. stick to
B. turn to
C.lead to
24. Smuggling is a____________activity which might bring destruction to our economy; therefore,
A. pertinent
B. fruitful
C.detrimental
25. The manufacturer was forced to return the money to the consumers under____________of
A. guideline
B. definition
C.constraint
D. iden
26. The food was divided____________
A. equally
B. individually
C.sufficiently
27. Horseback riding____________both the skill of handing a horse and the mastery of diverse
A. embraces
B. encourages
C.exaggerates
28. Plastic bags are useful for holding many kinds of food,____________their cleanness, toughness, and lo
A. by virtue of
B. in addition to
29. He cannot____________the fact that he was late again for the conference at the university
A. contribute to
B. account for
C.identify with
30. Please do not be____________by his bad manners since he is merely trying to attract
A. disgusted
B. embarrassed
C.irritated
31. For nearly 50 years, Spock has been a____________author writing 13 books including an
A. prevalent
B. precautious
C.prospective
32. Workers in this country are getting higher wages while turning out poor products that do not____________the test o
A. keep up with
B. stand up to
https://www.doczj.com/doc/2c15595497.html,ply with
33. The business was forced to close down for a period but was____________
A. successively
B. subsequently
C.predominantly
D. prelimi
34. The book might well have____________
A. worked out
B. gone through
C.caught on
35. We had been taken over by another firm, and a management____________
A. cleanup
B. setup
C.breakout
36. The poor quality of the film ruined the____________
A. rather
B. much
C.otherwise
37. I'll have to____________this dress a bit before the wedding nex
A. let off
B. let go
C.let loose
38. They reached a(n)____________
A. understanding
B. acknowledgement
C.concession
D. surrender
39. After walking for hours without finding the village, we began to have____________about our
A. troubles
B. fears
C.limitations
40. If you don't want to talk to him, I'll speak to him____________
A. on your account
B. on your behalf
C.for your part
PAET Ⅲ
Direction: There are 15 blanks in this part of the test, read the passage through, Then, go back and choose the suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the world or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-
The process by means of which human beings arbitrarily make certain things stand for other
Everywhere we turn, we see the symbolic process at work. There are__ 41__things men do or
Almost all fashionable clothes are__ 42__symbolic, so is food. We__ 43__our furniture to serve __ 44__visible symbols of our taste, wealth, and social position. We often choose our houses__ 45__the basis of a feeling that it “looks well”to have a “good address.”We trade perfectly good cars in for__ 46__models not always to get better transportation, but to give__ 47
Such complicated and apparently__ 49__behavior leads philosophers to ask over and over again, “why ca n't human beings__ 50__simply and naturally.” Often the complexity of human life makes us look enviously at the relative__ 51__of such live as dogs and cats. Simply, the fact that symbolic process makes complexity possible is no__ 52__for wanting to__ 53__to a cat and to a cat-and-dog existence. A better solution is to understand the symbolic process__ 54__instead of
41. A. many B. some C. few
42. A. highly B. nearly C. merely
43. A. make B. get C. possess
44. A. of B. for C. as
45. A. on B. to C. at
46. A. earlier B. later C. former
47. A. suggestion B. surprise C. explanation
48. A. use B. afford C. ride
49. A. useless B. impossible C. inappropriate
50. A. live B. work C. stay
51. A. passivity B. activity C. simplicity
52. A. meaning B. reason C. time
53. A. lead B. devote C. proceed
54. A. so that B. in that C. considering that
55. A. teachers B. students C. masters
PART Ⅳ
Directions: You will read five passage in this part of the test. Below each passage there are some question or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Read the passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-
The Solar Decathlon is under way, and trams of students from 14 colleges and universities are building solar-powered homes on the National Mall in Washington, D. C. in an effort to promote this alternative energy source. This week judges in this Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored event will evaluate these homes and declare one the winner. Unfortunately, for the participants, it rained on the Sept 26th opening ceremonies, and the skies over the Washington have remained mostly overcast since. However, the conditions may have made for a more revealing demonstration of sola
Although the Solar Decathlon's purpose is to advertise the benefits of electricity-generating solar panels and other residential solar gadgets, the bad weather has made it hard to ignore the limitations. As fate so amply demonstrated, not every day is a sunny day, and indeed DOE's “Solar
Since solar is not an always available energy source, even a community consisting entirely of solar homes and businesses would still need to be connected to a constantly-running power plant (most likely natural gas or coal fired) to provide reliable electricity. For this reason, the fossil fuel savings and environmental benefits of solar are considerably smaller than many proponents
Washington, D. C. gets its share of sunny days as well, but even so, solar equipment provides only a modest amount of energy in relation to its cost. In fact, a $ 5,000 rooftop photovoltaic system typically generates no more than $ 100 of electricity per year, providing a rate of return
Nor do the costs end when the system is installed. Like anything exposed to the elements, solar equipment is subject to wear and storm damage, and may need ongoing maintenance and repairs. In addition, the materials that turn sunlight into electricity degrade over time. Thus, solar panels will eventually need to be replaced, most likely before the investment has fully paid itself off in the form o
Solar energy has always has its share of true believers willing to pay extra to feel good about their homes and themselves. But for homeowners who view it as an investment, it is not a good one. The economic realities are rarely acknowledged by the government officials and solar equipment manufactures involved in the Solar Decathlon and similarly one-sided promotions. By failing to be objective, the pro-
56. The Solar Decathlon is most probably the name of a____________
B. It has been raining since Sept 26th for th
A. It has revealed a mechanical proble
59. The environmental benefits of solar power are small because____________
A. solar power plants can hardly avoid poll
60. It can be inferred that “a passbook savings account”____________
61. It can be inferred that in promoting solar energy the US government____________
A. admits
Every year, the American Lung Association (ALA) releases its annual report card on smog, and every year it gives an “F” to over h a lf the nation's counties and cities. When ALA's “State of the Air 2002” recently came out, dozens of credulous local journalists once again took the bait, ominously reporting that their corner of the nation received a failing grade. The national coverage was no better, repeating as fact ALA's statement that it is “gravely concerned” about air quality, and neglecting to solicit the views of even one scientist with a differing view. Too bad, because this report card says a lot less about actual air quality than it does about the tactics and motives of
The very fact that 60 percent of counties were giver an “F” seems to be alarmist. This is particularly true given that smog levels have been trending downward for several decades. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) statistics, ozone, the primary constituent of smog, has declined by approximately 30 percent since the 1970s. And recent gains indicate that the progress will likely continue, even without the wave of new regulations ALA is now demanding.
ALA is correct that some areas still occasionally exceed the federal standard for ozone, but such spikes are far less frequent than in the past. Even Los Angeles, the undisputed smog capital of America, has cleaned up its act considerably. Los Angeles, which exceeded federal smog
standards for 154 days in 1989, has had 75percent fewer such spikes in recent years. But an ALA-assigned “F”
Most of the nation is currently in attainment with the current smog standard, and much of the rest is getting close, Nonetheless, ALA chose to assign an “ F” to entire county based on just a few readings above a strict new EPA standard enacted in 1997 but not yet in force. In effect, ALA demanded a standard even more stringent than the federal government's, which allows some leeway for a few anomalously high reading in otherwise clean areas. ALA further exaggerated the public-health hazard by grossly overstating the risks of these relatively minor and sporadic i
62.The media's response to ALA's “State of the Air 2002”can best be described as____________
63. By citing figures from the EPA, the author seem to contend that____________
64. In Paragraph 3, the word “spikes”(in boldface) probably refers to____________
65. The author draws on Los Angeles to prove that the ALA____________
A. is right to assign an “F”
66. The author agrees with the ALA that____________
67. One of the problems with the ALA seems to be____________
It was (and is )common to think that other animals are ruled by “instinct” whereas humans lost their instincts and ruled by “reason,”and that this is why we are so much more flexibly intelligent than other animals. William James, in his book Principles of psychology, took the opposite view. He argued that human behavior is more flexibly intelligent than that of other animals because we have more instincts than they do, not fewer. We tend to be blind to the existence of these instincts, however, precisely because they work so well-because they process
information so effortlessly and automatically. They structure our thought so powerfully, he argued, that it can be difficult to imagine how things could be otherwise. As a result, we take “normal” behavior for granted. We do not realize that “normal” behavior needs to be explained at all. This “instinct blindness”makes the study of psychology difficult. To get past this problem, James suggested that we try to make the “natural seen strange.”“It takes a mind debauched by learning to carry the process of making the natural seem strange, so far as to ask for the why of any instinctive
In our view, William James was right about evolutionary psychology. Making the natural seem strange is unnatural—it requires the twisted outlook seen, for example, in Gary Larson cartoons. Yet it is a central part of the enterprise. Many psychologists avoid the study of natural competences, thinking that there is nothing there to be explained. As a result, social psychologists are disappointed unless they find a phenomenon “that would surprise their grandmothers,” and cognitive psychologists spend more time studying how we solve problem we are bad at, like learning math or playing chess, than ones we are good at. But natural competences—our abilities to see, to speak, to find someone beautiful, to reciprocate a favor, to fear disease, to fall in love, to initiate an attack, to experience moral outrage, to navigate a landscape, and myriad others—are possible only because there is a vast and heterogeneous array of complex computational machinery supporting and regulating these activities. This machinery works so well that we don't even realize that it exists—we all suffer from instinct blindness. As a result, psychologists have neglected to study some of the most interesting machinery in the h
68. William James believed that man is more flexibly intelligent than other animals because man is more____________
A. It is c
70. According to the author, which of the following is most likely studied nowadays by psychologist
71. The author thinks that psychology is to____________
B.
C. study abnormal
72. The author stresses that our natural abilities are____________
A. not replaced by rea
B. the same as other animals'
D.
In her 26 years of teaching English, Shannon McCuire has seen countless misplaced commas,
But the instructor at US's Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge said her job is getting harde
“I kid you not, the number of errors that I've seen in the past few years have multiplied five times,”
Experts say e-mail and instant messaging are at least partly to blame for an increasing indifference toward the rules of grammar
“They used to at least feel guilty (about mistakes),”said Naomi Baron, professor of linguistics at American University in Washington, D. C.“They didn't necessarily write a little better, but at least
Ironically, Baron's latest book, “Alphabet to Email: How Written English Evolved and Where It's Heading,” became a victim of sloppy proofreading. The book's title is capitalized differently on the cover, spine and title page. “People used to lose their jobs over this,”she said. “And now
“Whatever”describes Jeanette Henderson's attitude toward writing. The sophomore at the University of Louisiana at Monroe admits that her reliance on spell check has hurt her grades in English class. “Computer has spoiled us,”
But the family and consumer sciences major believes her future bosses won't mind the mistakes as much as her professor does. “Th ey're not going to check semicolons, commas and stuff like that,” Hen
LSU's McGuire said she teaches her students to use distinct writing styles that fit their
She emphasizes that there's the informal language of an e-mail to a friend, but there's also the well thou
It's not just e-
Society as whole is becoming more informal. Casual wear at work used to be reserved for Friday, for example, but is now commonplace at most offices. There's also a greater emphasis on youth culture, and youth tend to use instant messaging more than adults
English language has been neglected at different points in history but always rebounds. During Shakespearen times, for example, spelling wasn't considered important, and early
There will likely be a social force that recognizes the need for clear writing and swings the
C. Students are becoming increa
74. We can infer from the passage that college students____________
B. mostly have very h
C. It was renamed
D. It caused her to lose
77. According to the passage, sloppy writing____________
A. parallels a social
78.The word “distinct”（in boldface）in the context means____________
A. clear
B. different
C.
A. Emailing
B. Slack teaching
C. Youth culture.
D. Instant messaging.
A. Confi
Darkness approached and a cold, angry wind gnawed at the tent like a mad dog. Camped above treeline in the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming, the torrents of air were not unexpected and only a minor disturbance compared to the bestial gnawing going on behind my belly button. In an attempt to limit exposure of my bare bottom to the ice-toothed storm, I had pre-dug a half dozen catholes within dashing distance. Over and over, through the long night, the same scenario was repeated: out of the bay, out of the tent, rush squat, rush back.“Everyone can master a grief,”wrote Shakespeare,
Diarrhea, the modern word, resembles the old Greek expression for “a flowing through.”Ancient Egyptian do ctors left descriptions of the suffering of Pharaohs scratched on papyrus even before Hippocrates, the old Greek, gave it a name few people can spell correctly. An equal opportunity affliction, diarrhea has laid low kings and common men, women, and children for at least as long as historians have recorded such fascinating trivia. It wiped out, almost, more soldiers in America's Civil War that guns and sword. In the developing world today, acute diarrhea strikes more than one billion humans every year, and leaves more than five million dead, usually the very young. Diarrhea remains one of the two most common m
“Frequent passage of unformed watery bowel movements,”as described by Taver's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary, diarrhea falls into two broad types: invasive and non-invasive. From bacterial sources, invasive diarrhea, sometimes called “dysentery,”attacks the lower intestinal wall causing inflammation, abscesses, and ulcers that may lead to mucus and blood (often “black blood” from the action of digestive juices) in the stools, high fever, “stomach” crams
from the depths of hell, and significant amounts of body fluid rushing from the patient's nether region. Serious debilitation, even death, can occur from the resulting dehydration and from the spread of the bacteria to other parts of the body. Non-invasive diarrheas grow from colonies of microscopic evil-doers that set up housekeeping on, but do not invade, intestinal walls. Toxins released by the colonies cause cramps, nausea, vomiting, and massive gushes of fluid from the patient's lower intestinal tract. Non-
81.In Paragraph 1, the author uses the quoted word “grief”from Shakespeare to refer to____________
A. the ter
82. According to the description in Paragraph 1, which of the following did the author NOT do at
B. Camping in the mounta
83. Who first gave the disease the name
84. According to Paragraph 2____________
D. the elderly are more likely attacked by diarrhea than
85. The invasive diarrhea and the non-invasive diarrhea are different in that____________
C. the former makes the pat
PART Ⅴ
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your pieces of Chinese version in the proper space on your Answer Sheet ⅡThe aim of education or culture is merely the development of good taste in knowledge and good form in conduct. The cultured man or the ideal educated man is not necessarily one who is well-read or learned, but one who likes and dislikes the right things. To know what to love and what to hate is to have taste in knowledge. 1I have met such persons, and found that there was no topic that might come up in the course of the conversation concerning which they did not have some facts or figures to produce, but whose points of view were appalling.Such persons have erudition (the quality of being knowledgeable), but no discernment, or taste. Erudition is a mere
matter of stuffing fact or information, while taste or discernment is a matter of artistic judgment. 2. In speaking of a scholar, the Chinese generally distinguish between a man's scholarship, conduct, and taste or discernment.This is particularly so with regard to historians; a book of history may be written with the most thorough scholarship, yet be totally lacking in insight or discernment, and in the judgment or interpretation of persons and events in history, the author may show no originality or depth of understanding. Such a person, we say, has no taste in knowledge. To be well-informed, or to accumulate facts and details, is the easiest of all things. 3.There are many facts in a given historical period that can be easily stuffed into our mind, but discernment in the selection of significant facts is a vastly more difficult thing and depends upon one's point of view.
An educated man, therefore, is one who has the right loves and hatreds. This we call taste, and with taste comes charm. 4. Now to have taste or discernment requires a capacity for thinking things through to the bottom, an independence of judgment, and an unwillingness to be knocked down by any form of fraud, social, political, literary, artistic, or academic.There is no doubt that we are surrounded in our adult life with a wealth of frauds: fame frauds, wealth frauds, patriotic frauds, political frauds, religious frauds and fraud poets, fraud artists, fraud dictators and frauds psychologists. When a psychoanalyst tells us that the performing of the functions of the bowels(肠道) during childhood has a definite connection or that constipation(便秘) leads to stinginess of character, all that a man with taste can do is to feel amused. 5. When a man is wrong, he is wrong, and there is no need for one to be impressed and overawed by a great name or by the number of books that he has read and we haven't.
PART Ⅵ
Directions: Write an essay of no less than 200 wors on the topic given below. Use the proper space on your Answer Sheet Ⅱ
Some people think that material wealth is a sign of success in China today. Do you agree or disagree? State your opinion and give good reasons.
试题详解
第二部分词汇
21.A provide, satisfy和offer三个动词之后都不跟动词不定式。只有equip可用于equip somebody to do something，表示“给某人做某事所需的信息或技能”。
22.D 此句是一个强调句型。disposition配置，安排；distinction区分，差异；distribution 分配，销售；disruption分裂；破裂。显然只有D符合句子的意思。
23.B stick to坚持；turn to(注意力)转向；lead to 导致；take to喜欢，开始从事。句子意思为“最后，让我们转向一个很重要的问题，……”，所以B是正确答案。
24.C pertinent相关的，贴切的；fruitful多产的，有收获的；detrimental有害的；casual偶然的，随便的。显然只有detrimental符合本句的语境。
25.C 该句意思为“在法律规定的范围内”。只有constraint(约束，强制)具有此意。guideline 指导性原则；definition定义；identity身份。
26.D 由according to the age and sixe of the child 可知equally（平均地）、sufficiently（充足地）可被排除；individually（单独地，个别地）显然也不合题意。只有proportionally（按比例地，均衡地）适合本句的意思。
27.A 由句意可知此处应填有“包含”意义的词。四个选项中只有embrace（包括，包含）符合。encourage鼓励；exaggerate夸张，夸大；elaborate详细阐述。
28.A by virtue of 由于；in addition to 除此之外；for the sake of 为了；as opposed to相对于。可以看出只有A符合句意。
29.B contribute to有助于;account for解释，说明；identify with使等同于，认为……一致；leave out 省去，不考虑。显然account for 是正确答案。
30.C disgusted厌恶；embarrassed尴尬难为情；irritated愤怒；shocked震惊。句子的意思为“既然他只是为了吸引注意力，所以请不要被他的无礼举止激怒。”所以从意思上看irritated 最为恰当。
31.D prolific多产的，此处表示他是个多产的作家，是正确答案。prevalent普遍的，流行的；precautious警戒的，小心的；prospective预期的，有希望的。
32.B 表示“经不起国际竞争的考验”应用stand up to“能经受艰难和磨练”。keep up with 跟得上；comply with遵从，顺从；attend to专心，注意。
33.B subsequently后来，随后；successively连续地；predominately占主导地位地；preliminarily 初步地。本句意思是“生意一开始被迫关张，但随后就复苏了。”所以B是正确答案。
34.C catch on变得流行；work out可以解决，计算出，想出;go through经历，经受；fir in 适应，适合。只有C符合句意。
35.A cleanup清洗，打扫，可引申为“（对不法行为的）清除”；setup安排，组织；breakout 逃走，（军事）突围；takeout外卖。相比之下cleanup最符合句意。
36.C otherwise perfect“本可以很完美的”。otherwise要不然；rathe宁可，宁愿；much很，非常；particularly特别，尤其。所以C是正确答案。
37.D let off放（炮）；let go 放开，松手；let loose松手，释放；这三个词都与修改衣服无关。let out放大（衣服），恰好符合题意。
38.A 只有understanding与reach习惯上搭配，意为“达成了相互理解”。acknowledgement 承认；concession让步；与make搭配。surrender投降，也不与reach搭配。
39.D troubles问题，难题；fears恐惧，对……担心；limitations局限性；三者语意上都不符合。misgiving疑惧，疑惑，符合语境。
40.B on one's behalf 是一个固定词组，“代表某人”。
第三部分完形填空
41.C few意为“没有”，使句子双重否定表示肯定。many很多；some一些；enough足够的；这三项此处都不符合题意。
42.A highly作为副词，表示的程度最强，故为正确答案。nearly几乎，差不多；merely仅仅，只不过；likely有可能。
43.D 下面使用了choose和trade，暗示我们对物品的选择；由此应填select。make制造；get获得；posses拥有；均不符合上下文的语意。
44.C serve常常与as搭配，表示“用于……目的”，本句意思是“我们的家具用来显示我们的品味、财富和社会地位的象征物。”因此C是正确的。
45.A on the basis of表示“在……基础上”或“基于……”，是固定搭配。
46.B “我们用完好无损的车（perfectly good cars）”去换新的款式的车，而不是旧款式的车，否则就与to get better transportation矛盾了。因此models的修饰语应该是later（表示“较近的，以后的”）。
47.D give evidence to相当于show，恰好符合题意的要求。suggestion表示提建议；surprise 表示出乎意料；explanation解释。
48.D 从上下文可以推断，此处是“买得起车”的意思，所以afford 是正确答案。use使用；ride驾（车）；find发现。
49.A fashion, taste, wealth, looks well等象征性的东西显然不是必须购买的，故选
unnecessary。useless 无用，无价值；impossible不可能，办不到；inappropriate不适宜，不恰当。
50.A 从下文出the complexity of human life 可推断此处讲述“人类为什么不能生活得简单些，自然些”，故选live。
51.C 人类嫉妒猫和狗所拥有而自己却没有的东西，那就是simplicity“简单”。所以C是正确答案。passivity被动；activity活动；complexity复杂。
52.B 只有reason (理由)放在no后面最合适，它不仅在意义上符合上下文，而且与for形成固定搭配。
53.D 人类过动物的生活自然是回归的行为，故选return.lead to导致（向）；devote to奉献，致力于；proceed to继续进行，开始。
54.A “理解象征……不是使我们成为它的奴隶而是成为……”，此处应选表示结果和目的连词，所以用so that。其他三个选项都是表示原因的。
55.C instead of表示替代，所以应前后呈现对立性；而slaves的对立面是masters(主人)。其余三个选项均不符合句意。
第四部分阅读理解
56.B 本题问Solar Decathlon最有可能是什么的名字。由judges will evaluate these homes and declare one the winner可以推断Solar Decathlon最有可能是一项比赛。所以正确答案是B。
57.D 由the conditions may have mad for a more revealing demonstration of solar energy than was originally planned可知这种天气可能会使太阳能的利用比所预计的更暴露一些缺点。所以D（有助于看到太阳能的弊端）是正确答案。
58.B 由not every day is a sunny day, and indeed D O E's “Solar Village on the National Mall”has received very little of what it needs to run可知正确答案是B（它没有能源来运行）。
59.C 由would still need to be connected to a constantly-running power plant (most likely natural gas or coal fired) to provide reliable electricity可知正确答案是C（太阳能用户仍然离不开矿物燃料）。
60.A “……价值100美金，只相当于一个银行储蓄账户的利率。”可见一个储蓄账户一年带来的利息非常少。所以A（几乎带不来任何利息）是正确答案。
61.B 本题问根据文章可以推测出美国政府在推进使用太阳能过程中如何。由The economic realities are rarely acknowledged by the government officials and solar equipment manufactures 可知政府官员、太阳能设备制造商等类似的单方面促销活动很少提它是否经济。所以B是正确答案。
62.A 由第一段中的credulous(轻信的)一词可知正确答案是A（相信的）。
63.C 第二段告诉读者：烟雾的主要成分——臭氧自从20世纪70年代以来已经下降了近30%。最近的情况表明，即使没有环境保护署所要求的新规定，这种下降的趋势也会继续。所以正确答案是C（烟雾问题实际上已经不那么严重了）。
64.A 第三段一开始说some aras still occasionally exceed the federal standard for ozone ，接着就说such spikes…可知spikes指具体超过烟雾标准的情况。所以A是正确答案。
65.D 文中说到洛杉矶也已经大大净化了自己的行为。……近年来超标天数已减少到那时的75%。所以引用洛杉矶为例，目的是说明环境保护署夸大了烟雾问题。因此正确答案是D。
66.C 第三段说，环境保护署认为有些地区仍然偶尔有臭氧超过联邦标准的现象，这是事实。所以正确答案是C（有些地区有时未达到联邦标准）。
67.B 由最后一段的“环境保护署还严重夸大这些微不足道的、零星的超标状况的危险性，
夸大了对公众健康的危害。”可知正确答案是B（注重一些非正常情况）。
68.C 由He argued that human behavior is more flexibly intelligent than that of other animals because we have more instincts than they do, not fewer可知正确答案是C（本能的）。
69.C 由we take“normal”behavior for granted. We do not realize that“normal”behavior needs to be explained at all可知正确答案是C（它无需解释）。
70.D 第二段告诉读者：心理学家最关注人类那些非天赋的、本能的能力以及最不擅长做的事情，所以正确答案是D（我们如何推理和加工信息）。A，B和C都是与我们的天赋和本能有关的。
71.B 在一般人看来Making the natural seem strange is unnatural, 但这正是心理学家在致力于干的事情所以正确答案是B（让自然的东西显得不自然）。
72.D 全文作者都在强调我们的天赋本能是更值得研究的，应是心理学注重的领域。所以正确答案是D。
73.B 由the number of errors that I've seen in the past few years have multiplied five times可知正确答案是B（学生作文里出现的结构错误越来越多）。
74.C “他们在过去至少对犯错感到内疚。那会儿，他们不见得写得比现在好，但至少感到内疚。”这话意味着，大学生们现在即使犯了错也不感到内疚。所以正确答案是C（他们没有觉得自己写的英语差）。
75.A 她的书也成了当前忽略语法规则的风气的牺牲品，书的标题在封面、书脊和扉页上大小写都不一样。所以正确答案是A（编辑得很糟糕）。
76.D 文中提到the family and consumer sciences major可见正确答案是D（Jeanette Henderson 在大学主修“家庭和消费学”）。
77.A 倒数第四段说，这种不认真严谨的书写风气不仅是由于电子邮件和即时短信的普遍应用，而是因为整个社会正向着一个越来越随意、非正规的趋势发展。所以只有A正确。
78.B Shannon McGuire说她教学生们英文时，教他们用不同的书写方式来满足不同的需要。所以distinct的意思是“不同的”，即选项B正确。
79.B “并非只有电子邮件和即时信息造成了使用不地道英语的习惯。整个社会都在变得越来越为正式。…现在越来越强调年轻文化，年轻人往往比成年人更多地使用即时信息。”所以只有B（教学不严谨）没有提到。
80.A 最后一段说：英语在不同的历史时期受到过忽视，但每每又重新受到重视。很可能将来会有一种社会力量认识到，清楚的英语是需要的，应重振英语。所以作者对英语的未来充满信心。所以正确答案是A（充满信心）。
81.C 本题问第一段中作者引用莎士比亚的“ grief”一词来指什么。第一段描写腹泻的过程：在漫漫长夜里，同样的场面重复了一次又一次：钻出睡袋，跑出账蓬，飞快地冲、蹲，匆匆赶回。莎士比亚写到：没有遭受痛苦的人都说自己能战胜痛苦，只有那受苦之人才难堪其苦。第二段指出这就是腹泻。所以正确答案是C（腹泻之苦。）
82.D 根据第一段的描写，主人翁只是想到了莎士比亚的话，并不是那天在床上读莎士比亚的作品。所以正确答案是D。
83.D 古埃及的医生们甚至在古希腊长老给这个病起了个几乎没人能拼写正确的名字之前就在纸草上记载了法老的痛苦之状。所以D是正确答案。即文章没有提到是谁用diarrhea 这个现代术语命名这个病的。
84.C “自从有史学家记载以来，腹泻就今国王、平民、妇女、儿童都病倒过。…在当今世
界…，腹泻仍然是人类两大最为普遍的疾病之一。”所以正确答案是C（有史以来，腹泻一直给人类造成威胁）。
85.A “痢疾性腹泻侵袭下肠壁，引起发炎、脓肿和溃疡，……非痢疾性腹泻……但不侵袭肠壁。菌落释放的毒素引起痉挛、恶心、呕吐。”所以A（前者侵袭肠壁而后者不）是正确答案。
第五部分英译汉
1.译文
曾经遇到过许多这样的人，他们可以针对谈话中可能涉及的任何话题列举事实或数据，但他们对事物的看法却令人感到惊愕。
2.译文
说到有学问的人，中国人一般都把一个人的学识、其行为举止和其对事物的鉴赏力区分开来谈。
3.译文
我们的脑子很容易存储许多涉及一个特定历史时期的史实，但是怎样选择和鉴别有价值的史实却是一件难得多的事情，它取决于我们对事物的看法。
4.译文
那么，要有鉴别力，必须能够对事物全面彻底地思考，独立地做出判断，决不被任何形式的欺骗所击败，无论它是社会方面的、政治方面的、文学方面的、艺术方面的，还是学术方面的。
5.译文
一个人犯了错时，他就是错了，我们没必要被他的名气所吓住，或者被他所读过而我们没读过的那么多书所慑服。
第六部分写作
参考范文
With the rapid development of our national economy, more and more people have become rich. They have luxurious cars and big houses. Some people believe this great possession of material wealth is a sign of success, while others strongly hold that wealth cannot be the only measure of success. In my opinion, whether a person is successful or not cannot be solely judged
It is true that many wealthy people are successful businessmen, but many other successful people are obviously not rich. Yand Liwei, the space hero,is a good example. He works hard and has brought great glory to our country, but still he draws a modest salary. Another example is the bus conductress Li Suli. She distinguishes herself for her eagerness to help the ordinary people and provide better service so that she has been honored as a national model worker. No doubt, working as a bus conductress, she could never compare with those business people in material
Measuring success by wealth alone will make people neglect the spiritual side of life. If one's only goal in life is to become rich, doing nothing like serving other or making any worthwhile achievements to the society, then he certainly cannot be regarded as successful. In the public eye, those who spend their lives only striving for bigger house, expensive clothing and entertainment
In conclusion, making money is indicative of success, but it doesn't mean to be the only way to success. The most important thing to achieve succes is to work hard and make contributions to our society.
考博英语历年真题 北大2013年考博士英语真题及答案 Part Two:Structure and Written Expression20 Directions:In each question decide which of four choices given will most suita bly complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked.Mark your choices on the ANSWERSHEET. 21.The nuclear family__________a self-contained,self-satisfying unit compose d of father,mother and children. A.refers to B.defines C.describes D.devotes to 22.Some polls show that roughly two-thirds of the general public believe that e lderly Americans are________by social isolation and loneliness. A.reproach ed B.favored C.plagued D.reprehended 23.In addition to bettering group and individual performance,cooperation_____ ___the quality of interpersonal relationship. A.ascends https://www.doczj.com/doc/2c15595497.html,pels C.enhances D.prefers 24.In the past50years,there________a great increase in the amount of resea rch_____on the human brain. A.was…did B.has been…to be done C.was…doing D.has been…done 25. “I must have eaten something wrong.I feel like_____.”“We told you not t o eat at a restaurant.You’ d better_______at hom e when you are not in the shape.” A.to throw up… to eat B.throwing up…eating C.to throw up…eat D.throwing up…eat 26.Parent shave to show due concerns to their children’ s creativity and emotional output;otherwise what they think beneficial to t he kids might probably_______their enthusiasm and aspirations. A.hold back B.hold to C.hold down D.hold over 27.According to psychoanalysis,a person’ s attention is attracted________by the intensity of different signals____ ____by their context,significance,and information content. A.not less than…as B.as…just as C.so much…as D.not so much… as28.They moved to Portland in1998and lived in a big house,_______to the south. A.the windows of which opened B.the windows of it opened C. its windows opened D.the windows of which opening 29.The lady who has_______for a night in the dead of the winter later turned o ut to be a distant relation of his. A.put him up B.put him out C.put him on D.put him in30.By standers, _______,_________as they walked past lines of ambulances. A.bloody and cov ered with dust,looking dazed B.bloodied and covered with dust,looked daze
武汉大学 2017年攻读博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题 （满分值100分） 科目名称：英语科目代码：1101 注意：所有的答题内容必须写在答案纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。 Part I Reading Comprehension (2’×20 = 40 points) Directions:In this part of the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One Mr Gordon is right that the second industrial revolution involved never-to-be-repeated changes. But that does not mean that driverless cars count for nothing. Messrs Erixon and Weigel are also right to worry about the West’s dismal recent record in producing new companies. But many old firms are not run by bureaucrats and have reinvented themselves many times over: General Electric must be on at least its ninth life. And the impact of giant new firms born in the past 20 years such as Uber, Google and Facebook should not be underestimated: they have all the Schumpeterian characteristics the authors admire. On the pessimists’ side the strongest argument relies not on closely watching corporate and investor behavior but rather on macro-level statistics on productivity. The figures from recent years are truly dismal. Karim Foda, of the Brookings Institution, calculates that labor productivity in the rich world is growing at its slowest rate since 1950. Total factor productivity (which tries to measure innovation) has grown at just 0.1% in advanced economies since 2004, well below its historical average. Optimists have two retorts. The first is that there must be something wrong with the figures. One possibility is that they fail to count the huge consumer surplus given away free of charge on the internet. But this is unconvincing. The official figures may well be understating the impact of the internet revolution, just as they downplayed the impact of electricity and cars in the past, but they are not understating it enough to explain the recent decline in productivity growth. Another, second line of argument that the productivity revolution has only just begun is more persuasive. Over the past decade many IT companies may have focused on things that were more “fun than fundamental” in Paul Krugman’s phrase.But Silicon Valley’s best companies are certainly focusing on things that change the material world.
2015年考博 单选： 有少部分原题（出自曾建彬《研究生英语》《研究生高级英语》） 阅读理解： 第一篇：Education is one of the key words of our time. A man without an education, most of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states "invest" in institutions of learning to get back "interest" in the form. of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by textbooks—that purchasable wells of wisdom—what would civilization be like without its benefits? So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births—but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on "facts and figures" and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and the capacity of a man is to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form. of "college" imaginable. Among tribal people all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect every- body is equipped for life. It is the ideal condition of the "equal start" which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no "illiterates"—if the term can be applied to peoples without a script—while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of "civilized" nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the "happy few" during the past centuries. Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry, which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents' and therefore the jungles and the savannahs know of no "juvenile delinquency". No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to "buy" an education for his child. (选自新概念) 第二篇：关于在Internet site上挂条幅广告销售商品的。第一题问：文章开头是什么意思，我选择了，和传统广告一样，互联网广告也是为了促使消费者冲动消费。有一题问：下列哪些选项作者没提及：我选了传统广告在较长的竞争中必然会战胜网络广告方式。有一题关于互联网广告的：我选择了需要做些change来保持他的竞争性什么的。最后一题问作者对互联网广告的态度：uncertain,objective,X,X.另两个记不清了，我选的客观的。 第三篇：关于脸书，推特等这些网络平台火的原因，强调以前的网络平台web1.只是让你看别人提供的content，而web 2.如这些社交平台是让你能跟别人交流自己creat content,而不是enjoy 别人提供的content.一题问：Myspace社交平台火的原因：我选了有content的那个选项。有题问下面哪个选项作者没提及：我选了大家怀念web1.那个选项。 第3篇This reading comprehension focuses on social networks. It's followed by key vocabulary
河北大学2005年博士入学考试题 二、Structure and Vocabulary （20points） Direction：In each question decide which of the four choices given below will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put the letter of your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. 1.When workers are organized in trade unions，employers find it hard lay them______ A. Off B. aside C. out D. down 2. A man who could ____such treatment was a man of remarkable physical courage and moral strength A.bear upon B. insist on C. stand up to D. persist in 3. If this method doesn’t ___, we shall have to think of another way. A. come off B. come about C. come out D. come on 4.The____ of a chemical compound when brought into contact with another gives us clues to its composition. A .deed B. behavior C. characteristics D. correspondence 5. The chairman of the committee was delighted by the almost full __of its members at the conference. A. dependence B. absence C. attendance D. enrollment 6. The police are supposed to protect the people and their properties, ___evil conducts, guide traffic and so on. A. suppress B. depress C. frustrate D. condemn 7. John was proved innocent, for it was just a (n) _____to have found him on the murder spot. A. coincidence B. accident C. occasion D. incident 8. Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system will _____will down the economy. A. knock B. drag C. settle D. put 9.It would have taken hours to work the sum out, so I____ my pocket calculator A.turned over B. turned to C. turned in D. turned out 10.The founding of the United Nations ____people’s longing for peace.
2017年上海交通大学博士入学测试英语试题回忆 阅读理解Passage One Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells building owners how much they can charge their tenants in rent. In the United States, rent controls date back to at least World War II. In 1943 the federal government imposed rent controls to help solve the problem of housing shortages during wartime. The federal program ended after the war, but in some locations, including New York City, controls continued. Under New York's controls, a landlord generally cannot raise rents on apartments as long as the tenants continue to renew their leases. In places such as Santa Monica, California, rent controls are more recent. They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970's, which, combined with California's rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, as well as rents, to record levels. In 1979 Santa Monica's municipal government ordered landlords to roll back their rents to the levels charged in 1978. Future rents could only go up by two-thirds as much as any increase in the overall price level. In any housing market, rental prices perform three functions: (1) promoting the efficient maintenance of existing housing and stimulating the construction of new housing, (2) allocating existing scarce housing among competing claimants, and (3) rationing use of existing housing by potential renters. One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of new rental units. Rent controls have artificially depressed the most important long-term determinant of profitability —rents. Consider some examples. In a recent year in Dallas, Texas, with a 16 percent rental vacancy rate but no rent control laws, 11,000 new housing units were built. In the same year, in San Francisco, California, only 2,000 units were built. The major difference? San Francisco has only a 1.6 percent vacancy rate but stringent rent control laws. In New York City, except for government-subsidized construction, the only rental units being built are luxury units, which are exempt from controls. In Santa Monica, California, new apartments are not being constructed. New office rental space and commercial developments are, however. They are exempt from rent controls. 1. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) The construction of apartments in the United States. (B) Causes and effects of rent control (C) The fluctuations of rental prices (D) The shortage of affordable housing in the United States. 2. Which of the following was NOT a reason for the introduction of rent controls in Santa Monica, California? (A) rapid population growth (B) inflation (C) economic conditions during wartime (D) record-high housing prices 3. It can be inferred that the purpose of rent control is to (A) protect tenants
General English Admission Test For Non-English Major Ph.D. program (Harbin Institute of Technology) Passage One Questions 1-7 are based on the following passage: According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed over two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that originated from molten granitelike bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth. This theory is contrary to the widely held view that the systems were deposited from metamorphic fluids, that is, from fluids that formed during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks. The recently developed theory has considerable practical importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered during the original gold rushes were exposed at the Earth’s surface and were found because the y had shed trails of alluvial gold that were easily traced by simple prospecting methods. Although these same methods still leas to an occasional discovery, most deposits not yet discovered have gone undetected because they are buried and have no surface expression. The challenge in exploration is therefore to unravel the subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the position of buried minerals. Methods widely used today include analysis of aerial images that yield a broad geological overview, geophysical techniques that provide data on the magnetic, electrical, and mineralogical properties of the rocks being investigated, and sensitive chemical tests that are able to detect : the subtle chemical halos that often envelop mineralization. However, none of these high-technology methods are of any value if the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized. Such ground selection relies to varying degrees on conceptual models, which take into account theoretical studies of relevant factors. These models are constructed primarily from empirical observations of known mineral deposits and from theories of ore-forming processes. The explorer uses the models to identify those geological features that are critical to the formation of the mineralization being modeled, and then tries to select areas for exploration that exhibit as many of the critical features as possible. 1. The author is primarily concerned with . A. advocating a return to an older methodology. B. explaining the importance of a recent theory. C. enumerating differences between two widely used methods D. describing events leading to a discovery 2. According to passage, the widely held view of Archean-age gold-quartz vein
2008年武汉大学博士研究生入学英语试题 及详解
2008年武汉大学博士研究生入学英语试题及详解 Part I Reading Comprehension (40%, 1=2 points) Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. Questions 1 to 4 are based on the following passage: Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or "bids", for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called "knocking down" the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum. （definition）→ what The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin Autcio, meaning "increase". The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub hasta, meaning "under the spear", a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, goods were often sold "by the candle": a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight.（history）→ how Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction-rooms as Christie's and Sotheby's in London and New York are world-famous. （goods/items）→ how An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. I f the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods
2005年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题 I.Cloze (1x10=10%) Directions: In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet. Some kids have a hard time 1 to the new freedom that they acquire when they leave high school and come to college. Here you are able to choose 2 or not you want to go to class. However, this responsibility comes with a great price. If you do not go to class, you may miss an important lecture and these are very critical when it comes time for the test that is fifty percent of your grade. With this responsibility I have learned how to manage my time more 3 . 4 hating every minute of school, I value it 5 a time for me to prepare for the big test. This new schedule has also changed me in that now I 6 school is worth my time. I do not dread going to class. Yes, it is boring some of the time but since I only have two to four classes a day for only four days out of the week, it is not as 7__ as high school. Also many of my courses require more in depth thinking. As an alternative to doing worksheets and 8 simple questions, college courses call 9 _ analysis and thought. Almost all of my homework now is writing papers and reading books. These to this routine, I have been able to investigate and recognize meaning more 10 and it has helped me in my thought process. 1. A) content B) to adopt C) finding D) adjusting 2. A) where B) when C) whether D) if 3. A) effective B) efficiently C) effort D) affect 4. A) Instead of B) Rather than C) Instead D) Other than 5. A) for B) upon C) as D) with 6. A) should like B) feel like C) look like D) would like 7. A) unpleasant B) pleasant C) enjoyable D) misfortune 8. A) answered B) answer C) answering D) to answer 9. A) in B) for C) up D) about 10. A) likely B) prepared C) ready D) readily II.Reading comprehension (20x2=40%) Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the answer sheet. Passage 1 Extremely refined behaviour, cultivated as an art of gracious living, has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure, which admitted women as the social equals of men. After the fall of Rome, the first European society to regulate behaviour in private life in accordance with a complicated code of etiquette was twelfth-century Provence, in France. Provence had become wealthy. The lords had returned to their castles from the crusades, and there the ideals of chivalry grew up, which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women and demanded that a knight should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his inspiration, and to whom he would dedicate his valiant deeds, though he would never come physically close to her. This was the introduction of the concept of romantic love, which was to influence literature for many hundreds of years and which still lives on an a inferior form in simple popular