二○一三届毕业设计外文翻译
学院：工程机械学院
专业：机械设计制造及其自动化姓名：赵国超
学号：2504090516
指导教师：陈新轩
完成时间：2013 年 3 月 27 日
Type of Cranes
起重机的类型
Cranes can be classified into four kinds, namely, (a) overhead traveling crane; (b) jib crane; (c) bridge or gantry crane; and (d) cantilever crane.
起重机可分为四类：高架移动起重机、动臂起重机、桥式或门式起重机、悬臂吊车。
Overhead traveling crane. Consists of a girder and a trolley. The girder is supported at each end on trucks capable of traveling on elevated fixed tracks. The trolley is equipped with hoisting and other mechanism, capable of traversing from end to end of such girder. The girder and associated end carriages are known as the bridge.
高架移动起重机由横梁和空中吊运装置组成。横梁靠固定道轨支承，并且可以在轨上来回移动。空中吊运装置由提升装置和其他装置组成，可以从横梁的一端运动到另一端。横梁和与之相连的框架统称为桥。
Such cranes vary in lifting capacity from about 2 tons to 400 tons, and in span from 20 ft to 150 ft,or more. Depending on the purpose for which it is to be used, the crane can be operated either from a cabin fixed to the bridge or the trolley, or from the ground. When two trolleys are furnished, these may run on a common tracks arranged side-by-side or one above the other so that each trolley can traverse the entire span.
这些的起重机囊括了起重量从2吨到400吨，跨度从20英尺到150英尺的各种类型。根据目的不同,在机舱工作的起重机常在桥或空中吊运装置进行控制,其他情况控制装置常在地面。当两个空中吊运装置安装完毕，他们就能在同一道轨上并行或上下交错的并行，以确保每个空中吊运装置都能在整个横梁上移动。
Jib crane
动臂起重机
Consists of an inclined member, or jib, capable of suspending a load at its outer end. The jib is supported by a rope or other member attached to a vertical mast of frame. The out reach of the jib can be constant or variable, and the crane as a whole may be either fixed or movable.
动臂起重机有能在它的外侧提升重物的倾斜动臂。动臂通过绳索或其他方式连接到垂直的框架上。动臂可以是定长或者可伸缩的。起重机可以是固定式或移动式。
Included in this kind are: mobile and caterpillar cranes, builders tower cranes, wharf cranes, and movable cranes mounted on high pedestals, gantries, pontoons and barges.
这一类的起重机包括：移动和履带起重机,建筑商,码头起重机、塔式起重机和可移动的安装在高台子,井架,浮筒和驳船上的起重机。
Lifting capacities vary from 1/2 ton to 300 tons or more, and outreaches from a few feet to 150 ft. Cranes required for handling heavy machinery and equipment in shipyards and at ports are frequently mounted on pontoons.
起重能力不同从1/2吨到300吨不等,动臂可伸展范围从几英尺到150英尺。
需要在船厂、港口处理重型机械和设备的起重机经常安装在驳船。
Bridge or gantry crane.
桥式起重机
Bridge or gantry crane. Consists of a bridge girder, connected at near both ends
to upright members, which may be fixed or arranged to travel on a fixed track, and the load is suspended from a trolley or crane, capable or traversing from end to end of the bridge.
桥式起重机的横梁通过道轨连接在垂直支架，可以在固定的道轨上移动。重物被空中吊运装置提升，并且能从桥的一端移动到另一端。
Cranes of this kind have lifting capacities varying from end to end of the bridge. When used in general and bulk-storage yards, the tracks may be of broad or narrow gauge. The tipping moment of the loaded crane is kept within proper limits by a counterweight which is moved along an independent track on the bridge above the trolley.
这类起重机能提升桥覆盖范围的所有重物。当需要提升大吨位的货物时，轨道通常选用宽或窄的铁轨。在桥上安装有一平衡物，它可以在吊运装置上方的轨道上，独立运动。它用来平衡起重机的力矩。
Cantilever crane.
悬臂起重机
Cantilever crane. Consists of horizontal and vertical members the former, known as the cantilever, being fixed to or totating in a horizontal plane about the axis of the vertical member. On the cantilever is formed a track which supports a movable trolley from which the load is suspended.
悬臂起重机由水平的横梁和垂直的支架组成。水平的横梁称为悬臂。悬臂可以是固定的，也可以是能够以支架作为轴线在水平面内转动的。提升装置通过滑轨与悬臂相连。
The mechanism for hoisting and traversing is usually mounted
on a rear extension of the cantilever. Although such cranes may be fixed or movable, those of large capacity are usually fixed. Lifting capacities, height of lift and outreach vary between wide limits. When used for the fitting out of ships, light loads are handled by an auxiliary hoist which may be mounted on a jib crane arranged to travel on track. The main lifting mechanism usually consists of two winches which can be operated independently or in concert. A typical fitting-out crane may be of 250 tons capacity with a total outreach of 180 ft and a lifting height of 200 ft.
提升和滑移的机构常安装在悬臂的后方。虽然这类的起重机可以是固定的，也可以是可移动的，但那些大型的都是固定的。提升重物大小，重量以及可延伸范围受到宽度的限制。当用于船舶起吊时，轻型的起重机常在动臂起重机滑轨上安装有辅助提升装置。主要的提升机构包括两个即可独立运动也可同步运动的绞盘。典型的舾装起重机是250吨，悬臂延展量180英尺，垂直提升高度200英尺。
Wharf Cranes
码头吊车
A wharf crane is any crane located on a wharf or pier, and particularly adapted to the transfer of cargo between the wharf or pier and the hold of
the vessel alongside; it is also called a cargo crane, although the latter term is more general, as it comprises also parts of the cargo-handling gear of a vessel. Owing to the varying spacing of vessel hatchways, the wharf crane in most cases must be capable
of movement along the wharf, and hence is generally mounted on
a runway. Other requirements are sufficient horizontal reach to cover the hatchway,sufficient length of host to raise the load from the bottom of the hold to a point entirely clear of the vessel, and rapidity and economy on operation.
任何安置在码头上的起重机都可成为码头起重机，特别是指那些用于码头与船舶间货物移运的起重机，它也可以称为货物起重机，（货物起重机的含义广泛），因为它属于船舶货物起重机械的一部分。因为船舶舱口的位置不定，所以绝大多数的码头起重机必须能在码头上移动，通常它们被安装在铁轨上。码头起重机的其它要求包括悬臂足够水平，吊绳长度足够以便搬移货物到船上指定的位置，操作上的高效与经济。
Types much used as wharf cranes are single or double portal gantries or traveling bridges on the wharf shed roof, carrying rotating bridges on cantilever gantries with folding extensions over the hatchways; gantries with inclined cantilever jibs; also of the derrick type.
这类码头起重机通常是指有一个或者两个动力机构的桥式或悬臂式起重机。他们常被安在码头仓库屋顶位置。悬臂以支架为轴转动，从而达到吊运的目的。支架上连接有倾斜的起重臂或悬臂。
In the handling of general cargo, as contrasted to bulk cargo, a broader view in analyzing the situation has to be taken. Diversity of shape, size and weight precludes the possibility of using elevators or conveyors to any great extent, while the necessity of sorting and piling in allotted places on the wharf makes the transporter, with its rather limited area of discharge, unsuitable.
在通常的货物吊运中，必须有开阔的视野以确定放置位置，但，在这点上，码头大吨位吊运却与之相反。货物形状，体积，重量的多变性排除使用提升机和传送机的可能性，同时，货物需要在分派的地点分堆有次序的码放，让在码头使用运输机成为不可能。
The traveling portal crane, having a boom capable of being luffed as well swung, is much used as a wharf crane. One of the chief disadvantages, however, which the ordinary luffing crane works under is that when the boom is luffed-in the load suspended from the top of the boom is simultaneously raised; conversely, as the boom is lowered, the load falls by a corresponding amount. This, obviously,is a loss of work and means an unnecessarily large motor to work the luffing gear.
悬臂起重机成为码头起重机的原因之一是它有一个与支架成90o且可以在平面内转动的悬臂。然而，它有一个重大的缺点：当悬臂水平转动时，悬挂在悬臂上的货物会随之缓慢提升。只有，当吊杆位于较低位置时，货物提升相同的高度。显然，这意味着能量的损失和一个本不需要的用于驱动摆动装置的大功率马达。
To overcome this objection a number of different designs of a type of crane known as the level-luffing crane have been developed, and these cranes are now extensively used as wharf cranes. In this type of cranes a compensating gear in some form or another is provided whereby the load is made to travel along a horizontal path irrespective of the rise and fall of the hoisting pulley caused by the luffing-in or out of
the boom.
为了弥补这一缺陷，一类有着独特设计的起重机迅速发展，它被称为水平起重机，目前，它已经被广泛运用于码头起重。这类起重机有一个补偿齿轮组，它能使货物在同一水平面内运动，而无需考虑动臂摆动引起的提升。
In selecting the most economical crane for handling general cargo, the average and maximum weights of the individual pieces of cargo must be taken into consideration. The frequency with which 60-ton lifts are likely to be encountered is exceedingly low, also 20-ton lifts are quite uncommon, so that it would be out of reason to install on any single dock a number of cranes capable of handling such weights. This most popular general-cargo cranes in use at present are from 5~10 tons’capacity.
当选择用于常见货物吊运的经济性时，单一货物最大和平均起重量是必须考虑的因素。如果，60吨位的起吊频率极低，20吨位的起吊也非常少，那么就没有理由购置这一吨位的起重机。目前，最常用的起重机起重量为5到10吨。
Mobile Cranes
移动式起重机
The two-axle mobile crane sector has undergone a radical re-appraisal in recent years. What started off as a “mini crane”concept in Japan to cope with that country’s acute site and road congestion about five years ago ultimately blossomed into Tadamo Government sponsored Grevo “concept crane of the future”-----has now taken root in Europe.
近年来，两轴的移动起重机行业经历了一个激烈的变革。它最早发源于日本为应对本国的严重的站点和道路拥堵而发展的“迷你起重机”，大约五年前最终发展成“Tadamo”——政府赞助的Grevo”概念起重机的未来”。而现在它在欧洲扎根。
The chief pioneer of the two-axle re-think in Europe is commonly held to be Compact Truck of Switzerl and Spezialmaschinen of Germany. Although single cab two axle mobile cranes are not entirely new-----both Coles and Gottwald made cranes in years gone by -----even rival manufacturers secretly admit to be being impressed by Compact Truck’s CT2 hydrostatic-drive mobile crane, although some question its economic viability in a world of low hire-out rates. Compact Truck is out to prove the sceptics wrong, however, and after quietly
building up rental fleets in eastern Germany, sales have now taken off this for the CT2 abroad with around 130 units in current operation around the world.
在欧洲，反思双轴式的首席先锋是瑞士的紧凑型车和德国Spezialmaschinen。虽然单驾驶室两轴移动起重机不是全新的——但近年，Coles和Gottwald使过去的起重机过时了——虽然CT2在出租率较低的起重机世界中有着经济可行性的问题，但其竞争对手的制造商也秘密承认被CT2静压传动紧凑车的移动吊车所影响。
Unsurprisingly then, Europe’s big mobile manufacturers have been looking closely at their own ranges. This culminated last month with the launch o Mannesmann Demag’s 25t AC75. Like the CT2, the AC75 has a single operator/driver’s cab, and has an automatic transmission. The crane has a width of 6.7m, clearance height of 3m and is powered by a 156kW diesel engine. GVW in travel mode is 20t. The main boom, which features Demag’s ovaloid profile design, is 25m long, and tip height with boom extensions is 40m.
然而不出所料,欧洲的大型移动式起重机制造商一直密切关注自己行业。振臂一呼，于上个月推出o Mannesmann Demag’s 25t AC75。和一样
CT2,AC75只有一个驾驶室,并有自动变速器。起重机宽为6.7米,净高3米,有一个156千瓦柴油发动机。最大起重量为20 t。大臂有Demag’s ovaloid profile的独特设计，长25m，最大提升高度40m。
One major rental company to put its faith in the AC75 is Baldwins of the UK, which has ordered ten units to be spread around the company’s depots, giving each a machine suitable for crane lire and machine removal and construction duties. Baldwins says the AC75 fills a need for a highly versatile machine giving high
utilisation in all sectors of the market.
大型的租赁公司，英国的Baldwins表现出对AC75的极大信心，购置十台分派到公司的所有租赁点,并让所有起重机运用于起重机里拉、机器移除和市政建设。Baldwins说,AC75满足了高利用率板块对高度通用机的需求。
Nevertheless, no other crane manufacturer has yet to put the
CT2’s hydrostatic drive concept into commercial production-----a feature more commonly found on crawler cranes, excavators, and fork-lift trucks which normally have a maximum speed of 40km/h or less. Compact Truck says the CT2 is the first hydrostatic-drive vehicle suitable for motorway driving, with a maximum speed of 80 km/h. The company claims to have developed a system that prevents the hydraulic oil overheating. Only one-fifth of the oil capacity is used for driving and an oil cooling system has been added for work in tropical climates, such as Thailand.
然而,还没有其他起重机制造商把CT2静液压传动的概念到商业化生产——这一功能更常出现在履带起重机、挖掘机、叉车，这些通常最大速度只有40公里/小时或更少的机械中。紧凑型车，比如，CT2是第一台静液压驱动，适合高速公路驾驶,最高时速达80公里/小时的车辆。该公司声称已经开发出一种可防止液压油过热的系统。在热带气候（如泰国）工作的机械，只有五分之一的石油产能是用来驾驶和油冷却系统。
The use of hydrostatic technology allows much more freedom
of design, particularly with placement of the diesel engine-----which is situated at the rear of the vehicle. The engine, together with the pumps, acts as a counterweight at the rear of the slewing structure.
液压技术的使用让设计更自由,特别是柴油发动机的位置————坐落在车的后方。引擎,连同泵,作为平衡装置安放在车辆的尾部。
The design also eliminates boom overhang, which is normal with cranes with conventional drive and driver’s cab located at the front. The vehicle has an overall length of 6.49m, a width of 2.49m, and a height of 3.27m or 2.7m with the cab removed.
在传统传动部分和司机的驾驶室位于前端的情况下，该设计消除了能量过剩现象,。车身整长6.49米,宽2.49米,高度为3.27米，或不包括驾驶室高2.7米。
After initial scepticism, European rental houses seem to be warming to the hydrostatic concept, with approximately 80-90 units in German hire fleets. Most of the sales have been single units sold to rental companies. Other units are working in The Netherlands, Belgium, Finland, Russia and Switzerland. The company has also gained a foothold in the Far East and USA. Syracuse Equipment, compact Truck’s US dealer, has taken delivery of a number of units and is promoting the machine at an open day this month. Compact Truck’s dealers in Thailand and Taiwan-FLS and I-Cheong, respectively-----have also been promoting the machine.
在经过最初的致疑之后,欧洲租赁企业似乎开始青睐静液压传动的概念,在德国租赁行业总计大约80 - 90台。大部分的销售单是单件卖给租赁公司。其他的在荷兰、比利时、芬兰、俄罗斯和瑞士投入使用。该公司还在远东和美国获得了立足点。紧凑车的美国经销商，Syracuse设备,已经吊运了大量的产品,将在这个
月开放日，促销这种机型。在泰国，台湾fls和I-Cheong，紧凑型车的经销商也在进行促销。
This re-appraisal of the two-axle product sector has recently seen Deutsche Grove stop production of the two-axle 20t KMK 2020 following its takeover of Krupp Mobilkran last year. The KMK 2020, launched in 1993, was based in the original Gottwald AMK31 design acquired by Krupp in 1988. Generally speaking, the KMK 2020 was bought by rental companies that wanted one unit in their fleet to be used as a taxi crane in industrial areas, capable of both on-road travel and indoor use for machinery removals. Mike Lamb, joint managing director of Deutsche Grove, believes that demand for this type of product has now largely been satisfied, and as a result, the market is “extremely limited”.
去年，Deutsche Grove在接管Krupp Mobilkran之后，停止两轴20 t KMK 2020产品的生产。由此，可以看到两轴产品行业的格局变化。KMK2020是在1993年推出的,它是基于Krupp在1988年收购的Gottwald AMK31的雏形设计而成。一般来说,KMK 2020的客户是租赁公司。租赁公司想要的是一个可以运用于工业领域,同时能够在室内外用于吊运的起重机。Deutsche Grove的总经理,Mike Lamb，相信这类产品的需求已基本上被满足,因此,市场是“非常有限”。
As a consequence, Deutsche Grove has been concentrating much of its efforts in the two-axle sector on the 35t GMK 2035, with sales this year expected to be around the 50 mark, of which around half will be in Germany. This unit is said to have gone down particularly well in the Netherlands and Belgium. The GMK 2035 features the Megatrack all-wheel independent suspension system that Grove inherited from Krupp. The carrier width is 8.92m with a turning radius of 6,58m. The crane is equipped with a four-piece 29m main boom and a fully-hydraulic telescopic double-folding lattice boom, offering an extra 8.5m or 15m.
因此,Deutsche Grove一直致力于两轴产品35 t GMK 2035,这一产品今年销售额预计将在50马克,其中约有一半将在德国。这一产品据说在荷兰和比利时非常畅销。GMK2035具有Megatrack独特的全轮独立悬挂系统,这方面，Grove继承了Krupp.的技术优势。整机宽度8.92米,转弯半径6,58米。该起重机配备有由四部分组成的29米的大臂和全液压伸缩式双折叠小臂,这一设计能使起重机臂展再延伸8.5到15m。
Like Grove, other manufacturers are convinced that the more ‘conventional’two-axle design concept is far from in decline. Germany’liebherr-Werk Ehingen, for instance, manufactures the successful two-axle 30t LTM 1030-1, equipped with a 26m main boom and 14.40m fly-jib. Tadano-Faun meanwhile has taken recent advantage of the peace dividend in Bosnia. Last month, the company delivered two of its two-axle 30t ATF30-2 models to Sarajevo, where they will be used to help rebuild electrical installations. The company says one of the
biggest problems the cranes have to face is bomb craters in the road. The
ATF30-2 is equipped with 25.30m main boom and a fly-jib of 12.20m.
和Grove一样,其他制造商认为传统的“两轴的设计理念是有市场的。例如，德国'liebherr-Werk Ehingen公司,,制造成功的两轴30 t LTM 1030 - 1,它配备有26 m的大臂和14.40m的飞臂。与此同时，Tadano-Faun 利用peace，在波斯尼亚，
与'liebherr-Werk Ehingen平分市场。上个月,该公司交付两台两轴30 t ATF30-2模型给Sarajevo,在那里，它们将被用来帮助重建电气设施。该公司说,该起重机不得不面对的最大问是埋在路上的炸弹。ATF30-2配有25.30m大臂和12.20m飞臂。
Two-axle all terrains are prominent in the product line of PPM, the French division of Terex Cranes, which produces a number of two-axle units in its Quadral range, with capacities of 22t, 28t, 33t, and 40t. These feature Mercedes-Benz engines, ZF gearboxes, and Kessler axles.
全地形越野式两轴起重机是PPM（即法国分部的特雷克斯公司起重机）产品线上的重点产品，它囊括了起重能力在22吨,28吨,33吨,40 吨的各类产品。这具有Mercedes-Benz 发动机, ZF 齿轮箱, 和Kessler 传动轴.
A host of small southern European manufacturers also offer
two-axle all terrains. Luna of Spain, for instance, manufactures three two-axle units with capacities of 25t, 30t, and 35t. Italy boasts a number of smaller manufacturers, such as Ormig, Rigo, Locatelli, and Marchetti. Ormig picks out the compactness of its cranes as a particular selling point, and gives the example
of Italian crane hire company Vernazza. The Latter used a two-axle 30t 302ttv in the mediaeval city centre of Genoa, where it has to manoeuvre in extremely tight spaces. The small crane dimensions and steering radius ensure these jobs are carried out safely, and Vernazza has nicknamed this model “City Crane.”
许多小的南部欧洲的制造商也提供全地形越野式两轴起重机。例如, 西班牙的luna生产三种不同型号起重量分别为25吨,30 吨,35 吨的两轴起重机。意大利拥有许多较小的制造商,如Ormig, Rigo, Locatelli, and Marchetti。Ormig挑出起重机的密实度作为一个特别的卖点。它给意大利起重机租赁公司Vernazza做出表率。Vernazza在中世纪的城市中心的热那亚使用两轴30 t 302 ttv起重机，这一机型必须在极其狭小空间操纵。较小的吊车维度和转向半径确保工作是安全地进行,Vernazza称这个模型为“城市起重机。
Marchetti’s product line includes the two-axle 40t MG 40.2 as well as a mini rough terrain crane capable of 40km/h onroad speeds. This is the MG 10.28 ‘Trio’lowheight unit with a vehicle width of 2m and 19.1m full-power boom. Locatelli offers two two-axle units with capacities of 25t and 35t. One of competitor Rigo’s Latest designs meanwhile is a ‘crucific-style’outrigger base configuration for its two-axle RT200 mobile crane.
Marchetti的产品线包括两轴40 t MG 40.2以及能够40公里/小时的速度的迷你粗糙地形起重机”owheight MG 10.28。它车宽2m，大臂长19.1m。Locatelli有两款分别为25 t和35 t的两轴起重机。同时，Locatelli竞争对手之一的瑞格的最新设计是配置了“crucific-style悬臂板的两轴移动起重机RT200。
Hydraulic System
液压系统
Hydraulic system working pressure shall be kept below 140kg/cm2
液压系统工作压力应保持低于140kg/cm2
Flexible hydraulic hoses shall have JIC fitting. Hosese shall be used where flexibility is required and on the spreader. The overall length, pressure rating and type of end fitting of every hose used shall be clearly specified in the parts catalogue of the crane.
灵活的液压软管应有“美国工业联合会连接件”认证。当要求灵活性或者用于撒布机时，需要用软管。整体长度、压力等级和每一个软管的终端部件的类型等都应当在起重机部分目录中明确指定。
Hydraulic pipings shall be flared (37 degress) at the ends and connected by JIC (37 degress) fitting. Hydraulic piping shall be used on rigid structures but not on the spreader. All hydraulic pipings and hoses shall be securely clamped at appropriate intervals.
液压管路应有喇叭状的末端并与连接液压软管相连。液压管路应该用于刚性结构但不是撒布机。所有液压管路和软管应有适当的间隔以确保安全。
Criss-crossing of hoses and pipings shall be avoided as far as possible.
软管和管应尽量避免交叉。
The preferred brands of the hydraulic components are Rexroth and Sperry Vickers. Connections to value shall be in NPT or SAE threads. Solenoids of hydraulic valves shall be high-power type that can withstand high in-rush current of 200V A. Every solenoid shall be earthed.
液压组件的首选品牌是Rexroth和Sperry Vickers。连接值应符合NPT或SAE threads。液压阀的电磁阀应能承受200V A的高峰电流。每个电磁都应当接地。
Hydraulic unit compartments shall be robustly constructed. The relevant hydraulic line distribution schematic drawing shall be prominently displayed on the inside surface of compartment’s door. The drawings shall be engraved and permanently mounted.
液压机箱应当构造坚固。相关的液压管路分布示意图应显著地标注在机箱内表面上。图纸应刻在机箱上并被永久性安装。
外文出处： 《Exploiting Software How to Break Code》By Greg Hoglund, Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 译文标题： JDBC接口技术 译文： JDBC是一种可用于执行SQL语句的JavaAPI（ApplicationProgrammingInterface应用程序设计接口）。它由一些Java语言编写的类和界面组成。JDBC为数据库应用开发人员、数据库前台工具开发人员提供了一种标准的应用程序设计接口，使开发人员可以用纯Java语言编写完整的数据库应用程序。 一、ODBC到JDBC的发展历程 说到JDBC，很容易让人联想到另一个十分熟悉的字眼“ODBC”。它们之间有没有联系呢？如果有，那么它们之间又是怎样的关系呢？ ODBC是OpenDatabaseConnectivity的英文简写。它是一种用来在相关或不相关的数据库管理系统（DBMS）中存取数据的，用C语言实现的，标准应用程序数据接口。通过ODBCAPI，应用程序可以存取保存在多种不同数据库管理系统（DBMS）中的数据，而不论每个DBMS使用了何种数据存储格式和编程接口。 1．ODBC的结构模型 ODBC的结构包括四个主要部分：应用程序接口、驱动器管理器、数据库驱动器和数据源。应用程序接口：屏蔽不同的ODBC数据库驱动器之间函数调用的差别，为用户提供统一的SQL编程接口。 驱动器管理器：为应用程序装载数据库驱动器。 数据库驱动器：实现ODBC的函数调用，提供对特定数据源的SQL请求。如果需要，数据库驱动器将修改应用程序的请求，使得请求符合相关的DBMS所支持的文法。 数据源：由用户想要存取的数据以及与它相关的操作系统、DBMS和用于访问DBMS的网络平台组成。 虽然ODBC驱动器管理器的主要目的是加载数据库驱动器，以便ODBC函数调用，但是数据库驱动器本身也执行ODBC函数调用，并与数据库相互配合。因此当应用系统发出调用与数据源进行连接时，数据库驱动器能管理通信协议。当建立起与数据源的连接时，数据库驱动器便能处理应用系统向DBMS发出的请求，对分析或发自数据源的设计进行必要的翻译，并将结果返回给应用系统。 2．JDBC的诞生 自从Java语言于1995年5月正式公布以来，Java风靡全球。出现大量的用java语言编写的程序，其中也包括数据库应用程序。由于没有一个Java语言的API，编程人员不得不在Java程序中加入C语言的ODBC函数调用。这就使很多Java的优秀特性无法充分发挥，比如平台无关性、面向对象特性等。随着越来越多的编程人员对Java语言的日益喜爱，越来越多的公司在Java程序开发上投入的精力日益增加，对java语言接口的访问数据库的API 的要求越来越强烈。也由于ODBC的有其不足之处，比如它并不容易使用，没有面向对象的特性等等，SUN公司决定开发一Java语言为接口的数据库应用程序开发接口。在JDK1．x 版本中，JDBC只是一个可选部件，到了JDK1．1公布时，SQL类包（也就是JDBCAPI）
机械设计 摘要：机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。它是一种用来转换或传递能量的装置，例如：发动机、涡轮机、车辆、起重机、印刷机、洗衣机、照相机和摄影机等。许多原则和设计方法不但适用于机器的设计，也适用于非机器的设计。术语中的“机械装置设计”的含义要比“机械设计”的含义更为广泛一些，机械装置设计包括机械设计。在分析运动及设计结构时，要把产品外型以及以后的保养也要考虑在机械设计中。在机械工程领域中，以及其它工程领域中，所有这些都需要机械设备，比如：开关、凸轮、阀门、船舶以及搅拌机等。 关键词：设计流程设计规则机械设计 设计流程 设计开始之前就要想到机器的实际性，现存的机器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度，或者成本上得到改善。新的机器必需具有以前机器所能执行的功能。 在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不要受到任何约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即在绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于阻断创新的思路。通常,还要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在这个计划最后决定中,使用了某些不在计划之内的一些设想。 一般的当外型特点和组件部分的尺寸特点分析得透彻时，就可以全面的设计和分析。接着还要客观的分析机器性能的优越性，以及它的安全、重量、耐用性，并且竞争力的成本也要考虑在分析结果之内。每一个至关重要的部分要优化它的比例和尺寸，同时也要保持与其它组成部分相协调。 也要选择原材料和处理原材料的方法。通过力学原理来分析和实现这些重要的特性，如那些静态反应的能量和摩擦力的最佳利用，像动力惯性、加速动力和能量；包括弹性材料的强度、应力和刚度等材料的物理特性，以及流体润滑和驱动器的流体力学。设计的过程是重复和合作的过程，无论是正式或非正式的进行，对设计者来说每个阶段都很重要。 最后，以图样为设计的标准，并建立将来的模型。如果它的测试是符合事先要
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目：软件开发概念和设计方法文献、资料英文题目： 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）： 专业： 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2017.02.14
外文资料原文 Software Development Concepts and Design Methodologies During the 1960s, ma inframes and higher level programming languages were applied to man y problems including human resource s yste ms,reservation s yste ms, and manufacturing s yste ms. Computers and software were seen as the cure all for man y bu siness issues were some times applied blindly. S yste ms sometimes failed to solve the problem for which the y were designed for man y reasons including: ?Inability to sufficiently understand complex problems ?Not sufficiently taking into account end-u ser needs, the organizational environ ment, and performance tradeoffs ?Inability to accurately estimate development time and operational costs ?Lack of framework for consistent and regular customer communications At this time, the concept of structured programming, top-down design, stepwise refinement，and modularity e merged. Structured programming is still the most dominant approach to software engineering and is still evo lving. These failures led to the concept of "software engineering" based upon the idea that an engineering-like discipl ine could be applied to software design and develop ment. Software design is a process where the software designer applies techniques and principles to produce a conceptual model that de scribes and defines a solution to a problem. In the beginning, this des ign process has not been well structured and the model does not alwa ys accurately represent the problem of software development. However,design methodologies have been evolving to accommo date changes in technolog y coupled with our increased understanding of development processes. Whereas early desig n methods addressed specific aspects of the
附录一英文科技文献翻译 英文原文： Experimental investigation of laser surface textured parallel thrust bearings Performance enhancements by laser surface texturing (LST) of parallel-thrust bearings is experimentally investigated. Test results are compared with a theoretical model and good correlation is found over the relevant operating conditions. A compari- son of the performance of unidirectional and bi-directional partial-LST bearings with that of a baseline, untextured bearing is presented showing the bene?ts of LST in terms of increased clearance and reduced friction. KEY WORDS: ?uid ?lm bearings, slider bearings, surface texturing 1. Introduction The classical theory of hydrodynamic lubrication yields linear (Couette) velocity distribution with zero pressure gradients between smooth parallel surfaces under steady-state sliding. This results in an unstable hydrodynamic ?lm that would collapse under any external force acting normal to the surfaces. However, experience shows that stable lubricating ?lms can develop between parallel sliding surfaces, generally because of some mechanism that relaxes one or more of the assumptions of the classical theory. A stable ?uid ?lm with su?cient load-carrying capacity in parallel sliding surfaces can be obtained, for example, with macro or micro surface structure of di?erent types. These include waviness [1] and protruding microasperities [2–4]. A good literature review on the subject can be found in Ref. [5]. More recently, laser surface texturing (LST) [6–8], as well as inlet roughening by longitudinal or transverse grooves [9] were suggested to provide load capacity in parallel sliding. The inlet roughness concept of Tonder [9] is based on ??e?ective clearance‘‘ reduction in the sliding direction and in this respect it is identical to the par- tial-LST concept described in ref. [10] for generating hydrostatic e?ect in high-pressure mechanical seals. Very recently Wang et al. [11] demonstrated experimentally a doubling of the load-carrying capacity for the surface- texture design by reactive ion etching of SiC
外文资料翻译译文 塔式起重机 动臂装在高耸塔身上部的旋转起重机。作业空间大，主要用于房屋建筑施工中物料的垂直和水平输送及建筑构件的安装。由金属结构、工作机构和电气系统三部分组成。金属结构包括塔身、动臂和底座等。工作机构有起升、变幅、回转和行走四部分。电气系统包括电动机、控制器、配电柜、连接线路、信号及照明装置等。 塔式起重机简称塔机，亦称塔吊，起源于西欧。据记载，第一项有关建筑用塔机专利颁发于1900 年。1905 年出现了塔身固定的装有臂架的起重机，1923 年制成了近代塔机的原型样机，同年出现第一台比较完整的近代塔机。1930 年当时德国已开始批量生产塔机，并用于建筑施工。1941 年，有关塔机的德国工业标准DIN8770 公布。该标准规定以吊载(t)和幅度(m)的乘积(tm)一起以重力矩表示塔机的起重能力。 我国的塔机行业于20 世纪50 年代开始起步,相对于中西欧国家由于建筑业疲软造成的塔机业的不景气, 上海波赫驱动系统有限公司我国的塔机业正处于一个迅速的发展时期。 从塔机的技术发展方面来看，虽然新的产品层出不穷，新产品在生产效能、操作简便、保养容易和运行可靠方面均有提高，但是塔机的技术并无根本性的改变。塔机的研究正向着组合式发展。所谓的组合式，就是以塔身结构为核心，按结构和功能特点，将塔身分解成若干部分，并依据系列化和通用化要求，遵循模数制原理再将各部分划分成若干模块。根据参数要求，选用适当模块分别组成具有不同技术性能特征的塔机，以满足施工的具体需求。推行组合式的塔机有助于加快塔机产吕开发进度，节省产品开发费用，并能更好的为客户服务。 塔机分为上回转塔机和下回转塔机两大类。其中前者的承载力要高于后者，在许多的施工现场我们所见到的就是上回转式上顶升加节接高的塔机。按能否移动又分为：走行式和固定式。固定式塔机塔身固定不转，安装在整块混凝土基础上，或装设在条形式X 形混凝土基础上。在房屋的施工中一般采用的是固定式的。 设备特点和安全装置 塔式起重机的动臂形式分水平式和压杆式两种。动臂为水平式时，载重小车沿水平动臂运行变幅，变幅运动平衡，其动臂较长，但动臂自重较大。动臂为压杆式时，变幅机构曳引动臂仰俯变幅，变幅运动不如水平式平稳，但其自重较小。 为了确保安全，塔式起重机具有良好的安全装置，如起重量、幅度、高度和载荷力矩等限制装置，以及行程限位开关、塔顶信号灯、测风仪、防风夹轨器、爬梯护身圈、走道护栏等。司机室要求舒适、操作方便、视野好和有完善的通讯设备。 塔式起重机的检验产要点 1) 检查金属结构情况特别是高强度的螺栓，它的连接表面应清除灰尘、油漆、没迹和锈蚀，并且使用力矩手或专用扳手，按装配技术要求拧紧。 2) 检查各机构传动系统，包括各工作传动机构的轴承间隙是否合适，齿轮啮合是不是良好及制动器是否灵敏。 3) 检查钢丝绳及滑轮的磨损情况，固定是否可靠。 4) 检查电气元件是否良好，名接触点的闭合程度，接续是否正确和可靠。 5) 检查行走轮与轨道接触是否良好，夹轨钳是否可靠。装设附着装置、内爬装置时，各连接螺栓及夹块是否牢固可靠。
外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华
外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。
本科毕业论文(设计) 外文翻译 学院：机电工程学院 专业：机械工程及自动化 姓名：高峰 指导教师：李延胜 2011年05 月10日 教育部办公厅 Failure Analysis，Dimensional Determination And
Analysis，Applications Of Cams INTRODUCTION It is absolutely essential that a design engineer know how and why parts fail so that reliable machines that require minimum maintenance can be designed．Sometimes a failure can be serious，such as when a tire blows out on an automobile traveling at high speed．On the other hand，a failure may be no more than a nuisance．An example is the loosening of the radiator hose in an automobile cooling system．The consequence of this latter failure is usually the loss of some radiator coolant，a condition that is readily detected and corrected．The type of load a part absorbs is just as significant as the magnitude．Generally speaking，dynamic loads with direction reversals cause greater difficulty than static loads，and therefore，fatigue strength must be considered．Another concern is whether the material is ductile or brittle．For example，brittle materials are considered to be unacceptable where fatigue is involved． Many people mistakingly interpret the word failure to mean the actual breakage of a part．However，a design engineer must consider a broader understanding of what appreciable deformation occurs．A ductile material，however will deform a large amount prior to rupture．Excessive deformation，without fracture，may cause a machine to fail because the deformed part interferes with a moving second part．Therefore，a part fails(even if it has not physically broken)whenever it no longer fulfills its required function．Sometimes failure may be due to abnormal friction or vibration between two mating parts．Failure also may be due to a phenomenon called creep，which is the plastic flow of a material under load at elevated temperatures．In addition，the actual shape of a part may be responsible for failure．For example，stress concentrations due to sudden changes in contour must be taken into account．Evaluation of stress considerations is especially important when there are dynamic loads with direction reversals and the material is not very ductile． In general，the design engineer must consider all possible modes of failure，which include the following． ——Stress ——Deformation ——Wear ——Corrosion ——Vibration ——Environmental damage ——Loosening of fastening devices
I / 11 本科毕业设计外文翻译 <2018届） 论文题目基于WEB 的J2EE 的信息系统的方法研究 作者姓名[单击此处输入姓名] 指导教师[单击此处输入姓名] 学科(专业 > 所在学院计算机科学与技术学院 提交日期[时间 ]
基于WEB的J2EE的信息系统的方法研究 摘要：本文介绍基于工程的Java开发框架背后的概念，并介绍它如何用于IT 工程开发。因为有许多相同设计和开发工作在不同的方式下重复，而且并不总是符合最佳实践，所以许多开发框架建立了。我们已经定义了共同关注的问题和应用模式，代表有效解决办法的工具。开发框架提供：<1）从用户界面到数据集成的应用程序开发堆栈；<2）一个架构，基本环境及他们的相关技术，这些技术用来使用其他一些框架。架构定义了一个开发方法，其目的是协助客户开发工程。 关键词：J2EE 框架WEB开发 一、引言 软件工具包用来进行复杂的空间动态系统的非线性分析越来越多地使用基于Web的网络平台，以实现他们的用户界面，科学分析，分布仿真结果和科学家之间的信息交流。对于许多应用系统基于Web访问的非线性分析模拟软件成为一个重要组成部分。网络硬件和软件方面的密集技术变革[1]提供了比过去更多的自由选择机会[2]。因此，WEB平台的合理选择和发展对整个地区的非线性分析及其众多的应用程序具有越来越重要的意义。现阶段的WEB发展的特点是出现了大量的开源框架。框架将Web开发提到一个更高的水平，使基本功能的重复使用成为可能和从而提高了开发的生产力。 在某些情况下，开源框架没有提供常见问题的一个解决方案。出于这个原因，开发在开源框架的基础上建立自己的工程发展框架。本文旨在描述是一个基于Java的框架，该框架利用了开源框架并有助于开发基于Web的应用。通过分析现有的开源框架，本文提出了新的架构，基本环境及他们用来提高和利用其他一些框架的相关技术。架构定义了自己开发方法，其目的是协助客户开发和事例工程。 应用程序设计应该关注在工程中的重复利用。即使有独特的功能要求，也
附录A Portal power China’s rapid economic growth in the past decade has resulted in a big increase in freight traffic through the country’s seaports . Old ports are being expanded and new ports built to handle the large growth in container and bulk cargo traffic all along the Chinese coastline. China’s port expansion programme has provided a strong boost to the domestic port equipment industry, which has enjoyed a strong increase in demand for port cranes of various types, including container cranes and portal cranes along with bulk cargo handling equipment. State-run China Harbour Engineering (group) Corporation Ltd, established under the ruling State Council, is China’s largest supplier of port cranes and bulk cargo handling equipment. The organization controls both Shanghai Zhenhua Port Machinery Co Ltd (ZPMC),the world’s largest manufacturer of quayside container cranes, and Shanghai Port Machinery Plant (SPMP), which specializes in the manufacturer of portal cranes and other cranes used in ports along with dry bulk cargo handling equipment. SPMP’s main market is China, although the company is looking to expand its overseas sales. Although less well known than its associate ZPMC, SPMP also operates large manufacturing facilities, and is due to move part of its production shortly to Changxing Island near Shanghai where ZPMC already operates a large container crane fabrication plant. Portal and other harbour cranes are SPMP’s major production item. During the past two years, the corporation has won contracts for 145 portal cranes from port authorities throughout China, both from new ports under construction and ports undergoing expansion. In recent years, SPMP has also supplied portal cranes to the United States, Iraq,and Myanmar.The port Rangoon of Myanmar in has purchased a 47m,40t portal crane while BIW of the United States has purchased three cranes-15t,150t, and 300t portal
Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method
沈阳工业大学工程学院 毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 毕业设计（论文）题目：工具盒盖注塑模具设计 外文题目：Friction , Lubrication of Bearing 译文题目：轴承的摩擦与润滑 系（部）：机械系 专业班级：机械设计制造及其自动化0801 学生姓名：王宝帅 指导教师：魏晓波 2010年10 月15 日
外文文献原文： Friction , Lubrication of Bearing In many of the problem thus far , the student has been asked to disregard or neglect friction . Actually , friction is present to some degree whenever two parts are in contact and move on each other. The term friction refers to the resistance of two or more parts to movement. Friction is harmful or valuable depending upon where it occurs. friction is necessary for fastening devices such as screws and rivets which depend upon friction to hold the fastener and the parts together. Belt drivers, brakes, and tires are additional applications where friction is necessary. The friction of moving parts in a machine is harmful because it reduces the mechanical advantage of the device. The heat produced by friction is lost energy because no work takes place. Also , greater power is required to overcome the increased friction. Heat is destructive in that it causes expansion. Expansion may cause a bearing or sliding surface to fit tighter. If a great enough pressure builds up because made from low temperature materials may melt. There are three types of friction which must be overcome in moving parts: (1)starting, (2)sliding, and(3)rolling. Starting friction is the friction between two solids that tend to resist movement. When two parts are at a state of rest, the surface irregularities of both parts tend to interlock and form a wedging action. To produce motion in these parts, the wedge-shaped peaks and valleys of the stationary surfaces must be made to slide out and over each other. The rougher the two surfaces, the greater is starting friction resulting from their movement . Since there is usually no fixed pattern between the peaks and valleys of two mating parts, the irregularities do not interlock once the parts are in motion but slide over each other. The friction of the two surfaces is known as sliding friction. As shown in figure ,starting friction is always greater than sliding friction . Rolling friction occurs when roller devces are subjected to tremendous stress which cause the parts to change shape or deform. Under these conditions, the material in front of a roller tends to pile up and forces the object to roll slightly uphill. This changing of shape , known as deformation, causes a movement of molecules. As a result ,heat is produced from the added energy required to keep the parts turning and overcome friction. The friction caused by the wedging action of surface irregularities can be overcome
毕业设计（论文） 外文翻译 题目西安市水源工程中的 水电站设计 专业水利水电工程 班级 学生 指导教师 2016年
研究钢弧形闸门的动态稳定性 牛志国 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 nzg_197901@https://www.doczj.com/doc/2d9454280.html,，niuzhiguo@https://www.doczj.com/doc/2d9454280.html, 李同春 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 ltchhu@https://www.doczj.com/doc/2d9454280.html, 摘要 由于钢弧形闸门的结构特征和弹力，调查对参数共振的弧形闸门的臂一直是研究领域的热点话题弧形弧形闸门的动力稳定性。在这个论文中，简化空间框架作为分析模型，根据弹性体薄壁结构的扰动方程和梁单元模型和薄壁结构的梁单元模型，动态不稳定区域的弧形闸门可以通过有限元的方法，应用有限元的方法计算动态不稳定性的主要区域的弧形弧形闸门工作。此外，结合物理和数值模型，对识别新方法的参数共振钢弧形闸门提出了调查，本文不仅是重要的改进弧形闸门的参数振动的计算方法，但也为进一步研究弧形弧形闸门结构的动态稳定性打下了坚实的基础。 简介 低举升力，没有门槽，好流型，和操作方便等优点，使钢弧形闸门已经广泛应用于水工建筑物。弧形闸门的结构特点是液压完全作用于弧形闸门，通过门叶和主大梁，所以弧形闸门臂是主要的组件确保弧形闸门安全操作。如果周期性轴向载荷作用于手臂，手臂的不稳定是在一定条件下可能发生。调查指出:在弧形闸门的20次事故中，除了极特殊的破坏情况下，弧形闸门的破坏的原因是弧形闸门臂的不稳定;此外，明显的动态作用下发生破坏。例如:张山闸，位于中国的江苏省，包括36个弧形闸门。当一个弧形闸门打开放水时，门被破坏了，而其他弧形闸门则关闭，受到静态静水压力仍然是一样的，很明显，一个动态的加载是造成的弧形闸门破坏一个主要因素。因此弧形闸门臂的动态不稳定是造成弧形闸门(特别是低水头的弧形闸门)破坏的主要原是毫无疑问。