Foreword
Employment has a vital bearing on people's livelihoods. It is the fundamental prerequisite and basic approach for people to improve their lives.
China has a population of nearly 1.3 billion, and is the most populous country in the world. To solve the employment issue in China is a strenuous, arduous and pressing task.
In view of the fundamental interests of its people, the Chinese government recognizes the importance of the issue of employment. Based on the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, the Labor Law of the People's Republic of China, and other laws and regulations, the Chinese government has protected the workers' right to employment, and adopted various policies and measures to promote employment actively and steadily meet their needs for employment.
The Chinese government has explored and drawn on international experiences and adapted them for use in the domestic situation, formulating and implementing a number of proactive employment policies Currently, China has established a market-oriented employment mechanism; largely solved the problem of surplus enterprise personnel arising over the years under the planned economy; and, in the course of economic development and economic restructuring, expanded the employment scope continuously. As a result, the employment structure has gradually been optimized; the avenues for employment have been steadily broadened; the forms of employment have become more flexible and the employment situation has been maintained basically stable.
On the principles of mutual respect, equality and mutual benefit, the Chinese government has actively participated in international
labor-related affairs. China has ratified the Convention on the Minimum Age for Admission to Employment, the Convention on Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor, the Convention Concerning Equal Remuneration for Men and Women Workers for Work of Equal Value, the Employment Policy Convention, and other international labor-related conventions. In the field of labor and employment, China has carried out remarkably effective exchanges and cooperation with the International Labor Organization, the United Nations Development Program, the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, and a number of other international organizations and many countries.
I. Basic Employment Situation
In China, there is a large working-age population, while the average educational level of the people is relatively low, resulting in a very prominent problem of unemployment. This is primarily manifested in the co-existence of the contradiction of the total volume of workforce supply and demand and the contradiction of employment structure, in the simultaneous appearance of increasing pressure on urban employment and acceleration of the shift of surplus rural laborers to non-agricultural sectors, and in the intertwining of the employment problem for new entrants to the workforce and that of the reemployment for laid-off workers.
Population and workforce
In 2003, the total population of China reached 1.292 billion (excluding Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Macao Special Administrative Region and Taiwan Province). The population over the age of 16 was 998.89 million, of which the urban population was 423.75 million and the rural population 575.14 million; the economically active population was 760.75 million and the workforce participation rate was 76.2 percent. Among the population over the age of 16, the population with junior middle school education level and above took up 61.7 percent, and that with junior college education level and above, 6.6 percent. Among the population of technical workers, those of the elementary grade took up 61.5 percent, those of the intermediate grade, 35 percent, and those of the advanced grade, 3.5 percent.
Total employment
In 2003, the total urban and rural employed population reached 744.32 million (see Chart 1), of which the urban employed population was 256.39 million, accounting for 34.4 percent (see Chart 2), and the rural employed population was 487.93 million, accounting for 65.6 percent. From 1990 to 2003, the employed population increased by 96.83 million, an average increase of 7.45 million per annum.
Chart 1. Changes in the number of employees in urban and rural areas
(Unit: 10,000 people)
Chart 2. Changes in the number of employees in urban areas
(Unit: 10,000 people)
Employment structure
As far as the employment structure is concerned, from 1990 to 2003 the proportion of those employed in tertiary industry rose steadily from 18.5 percent to 29.3 percent, with the number of employees reaching 218.09 million; the proportion of those employed in secondary industry remained at around 21.6 percent, with the number of employees reaching 160.77 million; and the proportion of those employed in primary industry dropped from 60.1 percent to 49.1 percent, with the employees numbering 365.46 million (see Chart 3).
Chart 3.
In terms of employment structure by urban and rural areas, from 1990 to 2003, the ratio of the employed in rural areas dropped from 73.7 percent to 65.6 percent. In terms of employment structure by different economic sectors, from 1990 to 2003, the number of employees in state-owned entities decreased by 34.7 million, down to 68.76 million; the number of those employed by urban individual and private economic entities increased by 35.96 million, to reach 42.67 million, representing 46.5 percent of the newly employed in the urban areas in the same period.
New forms of employment mushroomed, such as jobs in foreign-invested firms and economic entities of diverse forms, part-time jobs, temporary jobs, seasonal jobs, work on an hourly basis and jobs with flexible working hours, and became important avenues for the expansion of employment.
Unemployment rate
In recent years, as the employment pressure has been continuously increasing, the Chinese government has adopted many measures to curb the sharp rise of urban unemployment. By the end of 2003, the registered unemployment rate in the urban areas was 4.3 percent, and the number of registered jobless urbanites was eight million (see Chart 4).
Chart 4. Registered urban unemployment rate, 1990-2003 (%)
In 2004, the Chinese government has plans to find employment or reemployment for nine million people, and reemployment for five million laid-off persons, of whom the number of those who have difficulties finding a new job is one million. The registered unemployment rate in the urban areas is planned to be controlled at around 4.7 percent.
Income of urban and rural residents
As the economy develops and job opportunities increase, the income of urban and rural residents keeps rising. From 1990 to 2003, the disposable income per capita of urban residents rose from 1,510 yuan to 8,472 yuan, an increase of 460 percent or a rise of 160 percent in real terms; and the net income per capita of rural residents increased from 686 yuan to 2,622 yuan, an increase of 280 percent, or a rise of 77 percent in real terms (see Chart 5).
Chart 5. Income of urban and rural residents, 1990-2003
II. Proactive Employment Policy
China exercises a proactive employment policy, and has established the employment principle of "workers finding their own jobs, employment through market regulation and employment promoted by the government." The Chinese government has persisted in promoting employment by way of developing the economy, adjusting the economic structure, deepening reform, coordinating urban and rural economic development, and improving the social security system. It has adopted various effective measures and done everything possible to increase job opportunities, expand the scope of employment, and keep the unemployment rate within a socially tolerable range.
Developing the economy, adjusting the structure and actively creating job opportunities
— Expanding employment through developing the economy. The Chinese government has always regarded promoting employment as a strategic task for socio-economic development. It takes controlling unemployment rate and increasing job opportunities one of its principal macro control targets and incorporates it in its plan for economic and social development. It adheres to the principle of expanding domestic demand, exercises a proactive fiscal policy and a stable monetary policy, maintains a steady and fairly rapid development of the national economy, actively adjusts the economic structure and enhances the motive power of economic growth in driving employment.
—Expanding the capacity of employment by developing tertiary industry. The Chinese government takes persistently the development of the service industry as a major orientation for the expansion of employment and encourages the development of community services, catering, commercial and trade circulation, tourism, etc., for the purpose of creating more job opportunities in these industries.
In 2002, the Chinese government enacted the policy to support the increase of job opportunities by vigorously developing tertiary industry, broadening employment avenues in the traditional service sector and striving to develop tourism, with the emphasis on creating posts for the public good in neighborhoods and communities and assisting the reemployment or employment of laid-off and unemployed persons and those who have difficulties finding jobs.
— Encouraging the development of an economy with diverse forms of ownership, and broadening avenues for employment. The Chinese government has paid great attention to exploiting its advantage in labor resources, and actively developed labor-intensive industries and enterprises that have relative advantages and whose products enjoy market demands, particularly private and self-employed businesses and medium and small enterprises with big employment capacity. These industries, businesses and enterprises have accounted for about 80 percent of the new employment in urban areas. In August 2002, China promulgated the "Medium and Small Enterprises Promotion Law," which has further standardized and pushed forward the development of medium and small enterprises.
— Developing flexible and diverse forms and increasing avenues of employment. The Chinese government encourages laborers to seek employment through flexible and diverse forms, and actively develops labor-dispatch organizations and employment bases to provide services and assistance for flexible employment. The government has put in place a medical insurance policy for part-time employees and temporary workers and enacted regulations in respect of labor relations, wage payment, social insurance, etc., to promote and protect the legitimate rights and interests of those who obtained jobs in a flexible manner.
Improving the public employment service system, and fostering and developing the labor market
— Establishing a market-oriented employment mechanism. The Chinese government actively fosters and develops the labor market and has gradually established the enterprises' status as the major employers and the laborers' status as the major labor suppliers. Simultaneously, it has coordinated and propelled reform in the social security system, the residential housing system and the household registration system. The environment for labor market development has been noticeably improved, and the market mechanism is now playing the fundamental role in the allocation of labor resources.
— Developing and improving the public employment service system. Since the late 1990s, the Chinese government has made great efforts for scientific, standardized and modernized building of the labor market, and established a public employment service system. Currently, at both city and district levels in large and medium cities and some small cities that have the necessary conditions, comprehensive service premises with public job agencies as their key service have been widely established.
Cities at the prefectural level and above have, by and large, set up organizations to provide labor security work in local communities, and improved the network of employment service organizations at the
grass-roots level. Almost a hundred large and medium cities in the country have launched websites providing information on the labor market, and ensured inter-connection between computers of the city and district employment service organizations.
In some cities, the information websites can be accessed in local neighborhoods and communities. There are 89 large and medium cities that provide to the public, on a seasonal basis, analyses of information concerning supply and demand of the labor market by different categories of jobs. This service plays a guiding role in the promotion of the rational allocation of labor resources and the development of occupational training.
The government also encourages and has standardized the development of job agencies run by non-governmental entities. By the end of 2003, there were, all told, 26,000 job agencies of various types, of which 18,000 were public job agencies founded by government institutions in charge of labor and social security at various levels. The public job agencies provide employment services to some 20 million people each year, and have found jobs for 10 million people successfully.
— Improving the unemployment insurance system. In the mid-1980s, an unemployment insurance system was established in China to provide unemployment relief and medicare subsidies to the unemployed, facilitate the administration of and services for the unemployed, and give full scope to the role of unemployment insurance in promoting employment and reemployment.
In January 1999, the Chinese government promulgated the Unemployment Insurance Regulations, which further improved the unemployment insurance system. According to statistics from the Ministry of Labor and Social Security, in 2003 the income of the national unemployment insurance fund was 24.9 billion yuan, while the expenditure was 20 billion yuan, with an accumulative balance of 30.4 billion yuan. By the end of 2003, 103.73 million people throughout the country had underwritten unemployment insurance policies and 4.15 million people received unemployment insurance pay by the year.
Getting Laid-off persons back into the workforce
Against the background that the supply of labor in China has for a long time exceeded the demand and due to continued adjustment of the economic structure, a large number of workers have been laid off from traditional industries. From 1998 to 2003, the accumulative total number of persons laid off from state-owned enterprises was 28.18 million.
In recent years, the Chinese government again has formulated a set of policies for promoting the reemployment of laid-off persons: vigorously creating job opportunities, improving reemployment services, increasing financial input for reemployment, strengthening skill training for reemployment, and actively guiding laid-off and unemployed persons to change their attitudes toward employment. From 1998 to 2003, the central budget put aside a total of 73.1 billion yuan for basic subsistence and reemployment of laid-off workers from state-owned enterprises.
In 2003, with the concerted efforts of governments at all levels throughout the country, jobs were found for 4.4 million laid-off persons, of whom 1.2 million were men over 50 years of age and women over 40 years of age, who had been considered as having difficulties finding reemployment.
—Establishing reemployment service centers. The Chinese government has mobilized the resources of all circles to establish reemployment service centers in state-owned enterprises that have laid-off workers to provide basic subsistence allowances and pay old-age and medicare insurance premiums on their behalf, and to provide them with one job consultancy, three employment information service offers and one vocational training opportunity free of charge.
— Instituting the supportive policies of reducing and exempting taxes and administrative charges, and extending small security-backed loans. For laid-off persons who set up their own businesses, small
security-backed loans are available, and the relevant taxes and administrative charges are exempted for three years over these businesses. The government has established a security fund for such loans, and provides loans at discount interest.
— Implementing the policies of social insurance subsidies, and tax reduction and exemption. Various service enterprises and commercial and trading enterprises shall be provided with social insurance subsidies by the government if they employ laid-offs from state-owned enterprises for newly created posts.
To encourage them to recruit more of the laid-off persons, small processing-type enterprises in service, commercial and trading
enterprises and labor employment service enterprises as well as small enterprise entities of a processing nature in neighborhoods and communities shall enjoy relevant tax reductions and exemptions for three years if formerly laid-off people make up 30 percent or more of their new recruits of the year.
—Helping those who have difficulties finding jobs through reemployment assistance. Laid-off men over 50 years of age and women over 40 years of age, who have difficulties finding new jobs but have working ability and a wish to be employed, should be regarded as major targets for employment assistance and promptly provided with offers of posts and other kinds of help.
For posts for the public good developed with government investment, priority shall be given to those having difficulties finding new jobs because of their disadvantaged age. Regarding posts for the public good developed by neighborhoods and communities for former laid-offs from state-owned enterprises who have difficulties finding new jobs because of their disadvantaged age, the government will extend social insurance subsidies and post subsidies.
—Encouraging large and medium state-owned enterprises to make flexible arrangements for their surplus workers. Large and medium state-owned enterprises are encouraged to make arrangements in various ways for their surplus workers by way of separating the principal production from the side occupations and through restructuring the side occupations. An enterprise that has completed restructuring and set up economic entities to absorb its surplus workers at a certain ratio can be exempted from enterprise income tax for three years.
— Improving employment services for laid-off and unemployed persons. Public job centers at all levels should provide a "one-stop" service ranging from registration of laid-off and unemployed persons looking for jobs, to giving job consultancy, offering jobs, and social insurance coverage, and provide gratis job briefings and skill training.
Modern information networks should be employed to provide timely and accurate employment information to laid-off and unemployed persons. Wherever the conditions are right, a special office should be set up to provide a "coordinated process" service covering industrial and commercial registration, taxation procedures and labor protection matters, to laid-off and unemployed persons who have set up their own businesses.
Training for reemployment should be organized and conducted at various levels and in diverse forms, in order to enhance the employment qualifications of laid-off and unemployed persons. Those who are able to set up their own businesses should be offered the relevant training and guidance, and provided with consultancy, follow-up assistance and other services. Through training these people as pioneers in starting businesses, more people should be encouraged to seek employment on their own initiative.
Improving the social security system, and maintaining harmonious and stable labor relations
— Establishing the "three guarantees" system. In 1998, the Chinese government established the system of "three guarantees," namely, guarantee of basic subsistence allowance for laid-offs from state-owned enterprises, guarantee of unemployment insurance, and guarantee of minimum subsistence allowance for urban residents.
Reemployment service centers have been widely established in state-owned enterprises that have laid-off workers. Laid-off workers may obtain funds for basic daily necessities for a maximum of three years from such centers. After the three-year term expires, laid-off workers and other unemployed people who have not been reemployed or employed and who have unemployment insurance coverage and paid the premiums in full are entitled to unemployment insurance pay for a maximum of two years (see Chart 6).
If the average income per head in an urban residential household of a laid-off or unemployed person is lower than the local minimum subsistence standard, that person is entitled to the minimum subsistence allowance for urban residents. Due to the "three guarantees" system, the subsistence allowance, social security and reemployment for laid-off persons are now closely connected.
Chart 6. Changes in the number of people drawing unemployment insurance money
— Strengthening social security services. The Chinese government has taken various measures and actively explored the possibilities for the establishment of a social security system independent of enterprises and public institutions, and has diversified fund sources, a standardized security system, and socialized management and service.
Since 1998, a system of continuation of social insurance relations for laid-off and unemployed persons has been in place, which helps promote the reemployment of laid-off persons and the employment of unemployed persons. When a laid-off person leaves his or her enterprise, the payment of his or her social insurance premiums and personal insurance account will remain valid. When reemployed, the worker will continue to pay the insurance premiums as required, and the former and current terms of premium payment should be added together.
For laid-off persons who get reemployed in a flexible form, such as a part-time job, temporary job and flexible working-hour job, a preliminary social insurance and labor management system suited to their job characteristics has been established.
— Establishing a new labor relations regulatory mechanism. The Chinese government has actively promoted the establishment of a labor relations regulatory mechanism characterized by "autonomous consultation by both parties and regulated by the government according to law," and promoted the introduction of the system of establishing labor relations through labor contracts.
The labor contract system has been implemented extensively in various types of urban enterprises. The government encourages enterprises to continuously strengthen the functions of the employees' representative conference and the trade union, improve the system of democratic participation by the employees, and actively explore and popularize the system of conclusion of collective contracts through consultation on an equal footing.
By the end of 2003, 635,000 collective contracts had been concluded throughout the country, covering 1.27 million enterprises and more than 80 million employees, of which the number of enterprises that signed specific collective contracts concerning salaries and wages totaled 293,000, covering 35.79 million employees.
A consultation mechanism between three parties, namely, the government, the trade union and the enterprise, suited to the actual conditions of China has been launched in an all-round way for the purpose of communication and consultation on major issues involving labor relations.
At present, 30 provinces, autonomous regions and centrally administered municipalities have successively established the system of holding three-party labor coordination meetings at the provincial level, as well as 5,062 three-party consultation mechanisms at various other levels. At the same time, China has also established a labor dispute mediation, arbitration and litigation system, whereby to handle labor disputes in accordance with the law.
—Protecting laborers' right to employment. Chinese law stipulates that workers must not be discriminated against in the matter of employment because of ethnic identity, race, sex or religious belief. Chinese law strictly prohibits the employment of people under the age of 16. The state strictly investigates and deals with the illegal use of child laborers and the recommendation of children for work.
The Chinese government has, by intensifying law enforcement and supervision, urged enterprises to earnestly implement the stipulations specified in laws and regulations concerning equal employment, rectified all acts of discrimination in the labor market, and banned all employment advertisements containing discriminating content in the media.
Simultaneously, the Chinese government strives to enhance the laborers' awareness and ability of protecting their own rights and to create a sound public opinion environment, supports and encourages laborers to use the law to protect their own employment rights and interests.
The Chinese government has continuously improved the state, industrial and local standards in respect of job safety and hygiene. It promulgated the standards for the job safety and hygiene administrative system in 1999, and carried out certification work in an all-round manner. In 2003, the State Council promulgated the "Regulations Concerning Insurance for Work-related Injuries," which became effective as of January 1, 2004.
III. Improving the Quality of the Workforce
The Chinese government has introduced the system of paying attention both to school diplomas and professional qualification certificates, trying many ways to promote various kinds of educational and training programs to improve the comprehensive capacity of people of working age to obtain employment, to start a business or to adapt to occupational changes.
Promoting various kinds of educational programs
—Making primary and middle school education available to all children. In 2003, the attendance rate of school-age children in primary schools was 98.6 percent, and the gross enrolment rate of junior middle schools was 92.7 percent.
There were altogether 31,900 senior middle schools and their equivalents (including ordinary senior middle schools, vocational senior middle schools, senior middle schools for adults, ordinary polytechnic schools, polytechnic schools for adults, and technical schools), with an enrolment of 32.41 million students and a gross enrolment rate of 43.8 percent. Among these, there were 14,800 schools of secondary vocational education (including vocational senior middle schools, ordinary polytechnic schools, polytechnic schools for adults, and technical schools), with 12.54 million students altogether.
— Developing higher education and adult education. In 2003, there were 19 million students in institutions of higher learning, with the gross enrolment rate reaching 17 percent, and the number of people having finished studies at various kinds of non-degree adult courses offered by schools of different types throughout the country totaled 74.36 million. At present, 58.44 million people are attending training classes of every description. Of these, the vocational technical schools trained 72.42 million people throughout the year. In 2003, there were 70,000
non-governmental schools of different types and at various levels, with the total number of students reaching 14.16 million.
Establishing a vocational training system
Vocational training in China includes pre-employment training, training for people transferred to new occupations, apprentice training and
on-the-job training, covering elementary, intermediary, and advanced
vocational qualification training for technicians and other types of training to help people adapt to different job requirements.
By developing higher vocational institutions, advanced technical schools, secondary polytechnic schools, technical schools, employment training centers, non-governmental vocational training institutions and enterprises employees' training centers, the state endeavors to develop an all-round and multi-level national system of vocational education and training and strengthen training for the new urban workforce, laid-off workers, rural migrant workers and on-the-job employees.
Technical schools are comprehensive vocational training bases mainly engaged in training skilled workers, while offering different types of long- or short-term training programs. Employment training centers are bases for training new workforce and laid-off people, mainly offering teaching in practical skills and helping the trainees to adapt to different job requirements.
By the end of 2003, there were altogether 3,167 technical schools in China (including 274 on the advanced level), with a total of 1.91 million students at school, and these schools also offered different types of training to 2.2 million people from various social sectors. There were 3,465 governmental employment training centers and 17,350
non-governmental training institutions throughout the country in 2003, offering training to 10.71 million people throughout the year.
— Strengthening pre-employment training. China has fully adopted the workforce preparation system, and widely established and implemented the system of training for new workforce before employment. Thus, a vocational training network covering both urban and rural areas has been put in place, making it possible for most of the new urban workers to receive work preparation training, and for new rural laborers, especially
non-agricultural laborers and rural migrant workers in towns and cities gradually to be included in the work preparation training program. In 2003, some 1.26 million urban junior and senior middle school graduates who were unable to enter schools for further studies received such training.
— Strengthening labor skill training. In 2002, the state carried out a widespread skill-enhancement action by implementing a Plan for Strengthening Vocational Training to Improve Employment Qualifications and a National Project for Training Highly Skilled Personnel. Meanwhile, a program for training 500,000 new technicians in three years was also launched. All these were aimed at cultivating rapidly a large number of skilled workers, especially workers with advanced skills, so as to improve
the employment qualifications, work competence and job-switching capacity of the workforce as a whole.
In this process, emphasis was laid on training in new techniques, materials, technology and equipment to meet the urgent needs of enterprises for people with specialized skills and techniques,
multi-skilled talents, and people with both the needed knowledge and skills for the development of new and high technology. Of all the enterprise employees in China, 34 million received job-related skill training in 2003.
— Strengthening reemployment training. The Chinese government has made reemployment training a regular system to help laid-off workers to find new jobs. From 1998 to 2000, the government carried out the Three-Year Plan for Training 10 Million Laid-off Workers for Reemployment.
In these three years, 13 million laid-offs received training, of whom 65 percent found new jobs. On the basis of summarizing the experience gained in the first phase, the second phase of the plan was then implemented. From 2001 to 2003, some 15.3 million laid-off workers attended reemployment training programs offered in various flexible ways.
Since 1998, training in starting up businesses has been launched in 30 cities throughout the country. This is aimed at substantially enhancing the ability of laid-off workers to engage in individual and private sectors of the economy or start small businesses by means of training and guidance, policy consultation and follow-up service.
Vocational training institutions run by the trade union organizations at different levels have run training courses for 3.6 million laid-off workers. In 2003, some 280,000 people received training in starting their own businesses, about 140,000 of whom have successfully started their own businesses or become self-employed.
— Developing long-distance training. The Chinese government is vigorously promoting long-distance training programs by means of information network and satellite data transmission technology. The government has expedited the formulation and implementation of an overall plan for long-distance vocational training, with a view to steadily bringing into shape a socialized and open training network.
Implementing the vocational qualification certificate system in
an all-round way
Since China adopted the vocational qualification certificate system in 1994, relevant laws and regulations as well as a work system have been established initially for its application. In 1999, the Chinese government called upon all social sectors to adopt the system of paying attention both to school diplomas and vocational qualification certificates. In 2000, the framework of the employment permission system was preliminarily set up.
At present, China has basically set up a vocational qualification training system of five levels – from elementary-, intermediate- and
advanced-grade skilled workers to technicians and senior technicians –that corresponds to the state vocational qualification standards and forms an important part of a life-long learning system for workers. Now, there are some 80,000 vocational skill evaluation institutions and 180,000 people engaged in vocational skill evaluation and examination in China. The average pass rate of vocational skill examinations is 84 percent, and 45 million vocational qualification certificates have been issued.
Launching skill competitions and activities honoring technical experts Skill competitions in China are held at the national, provincial and city levels. The national-level competition is held every other year. Meanwhile, the government, trade unions and enterprises work in close cooperation to hold vocational skill competitions within particular trades or enterprises to enhance the vocational skills of workers and staff members. In 2003, some 18 million workers and staff members took part in technical training and skill competitions throughout the country. Since 1995, 10 winners of the "China Grand Skill Award" and 100 "National Technical Experts" have been selected and commended by the state each year.
IV. Employment of Rural Workforce
As people in the rural areas make up the majority of China's population, the Chinese government has paid great attention to employment of the rural workforce. By sticking to the road of urbanization with Chinese characteristics that enables the big, medium and small cities as well as small townships to develop in a coordinated way, the government has made overall plans for the social and economic development of both urban and rural areas, adjusted the structure of agriculture and rural economy, expanded the rural employment capacity, adopted many measures to help the surplus rural workforce to transfer to the non-agricultural fields, and gradually removed the institutional and policy obstacles to urbanization to guide the rational and orderly flow of the rural workforce.
Adjusting the structure of agriculture and rural economy
The Chinese government has actively adjusted the structure of agriculture and rural economy, made great efforts to develop agro-industries other than traditional crop cultivation, and expanded comprehensive agricultural development to raise the overall returns of agriculture. The state has vigorously promoted the industrialized management of agriculture and developed farm produce processing, sales, storage, transportation and preservation to extend the farm produce-related industrial chain.
It has adopted preferential policies in the areas of finance, taxation and credit to support the rapid growth of a group of key and leading enterprises. The state encourages innovation in organizations serving agriculture and the cultivation of middlemen so as to develop socialized agricultural services in an all-round way. The Chinese government has taken the development of township enterprises as an important way to employ the surplus rural workforce.
After some 20 years of reform characterized by institutional innovation, technological transformation, optimized arrangement and industrial upgrading, the market competitiveness of these township enterprises has been continuously improved. Today, China's township enterprises have attained a considerable size and a considerable economic aggregate, to become an important force for invigorating rural economy and increasing farmers' incomes, as well as a major venue for the placement of the surplus rural workforce.
In 2003, the actual increase in value of China's township enterprises reached 3,668.6 billion yuan, accounting for 31.4 percent of the country's GDP. Having become a key prop of the national economy, the township enterprises have provided jobs to 136 million surplus rural laborers, or 27.8 percent of the rural workforce.
Guiding rural workforce to flow in a rational and orderly way
In 2003, more than 98 million rural laborers took up jobs outside their townships, over six times the figure of 15 million in 1990. Throughout the 1990s, the number of farmers working away from their native homes increased rapidly at an annual average of five million. To find jobs in places other than their native homes became a major channel for the transfer of the rural workforce.
Since the early 1990s, the Chinese government has adopted the policy of "treating fairly, guiding rationally, and improving administration and service" for farmers working in cities and strengthened guidance and service work in this regard.
The government has established effective administrative service systems, such as the labor service cooperation system, employment service system and key monitoring system, aimed at bringing into full play the government's functions in information provision and administrative service. On this basis, great efforts have been made to strengthen the building of public employment service organizations, to set up and improve the labor recruitment information network, to carry out recruitment information surveys and to issue timely analysis and announcement of the recruitment needs of enterprises.
The government has worked out the "National Plan for Training Rural Migrant Workers, 2003-2010" to improve vocational training for rural workforce, and planned to provide guiding training and vocational skill training to the 60 million prospective rural migrant laborers in the coming seven years, so as to enhance the overall quality of the rural migrant workers and their employment qualifications.
Proceeding from the overall situation of the national economic and social development, the Chinese government has taken active measures to guide the flow of surplus rural labor for work in cities in line with demand and in an orderly way.
Safeguarding the legal rights and interests of rural migrant workers
The Chinese government has gradually improved the administration of labor contracts for rural migrant workers in cities. Any work unit that employs rural workers must sign labor contracts with them according to law to clarify the rights and obligations of the respective parties.
The government has reorganized the labor market, strengthened supervision over and inspection of the employing units and intermediaries, enhanced management in such areas as wage payment and labor conditions, carried out a special inspection of law enforcement regarding the protection of rural migrant workers' rights and interests, and severely dealt with illegal job agencies and fabrication of false employment information to deceive rural migrant workers, thus effectively safeguarding the rural
migrant workers' legitimate rights and interests and the order of the labor market.
Active efforts have been made to develop ways to extend social insurance to rural migrant workers, and in the major localities that bring in rural migrant workforce, such as Guangdong, Fujian and Beijing, the coverage of social insurance has been extended to include rural migrant workers, relevant policies and regulations have been worked out and active efforts have been made to provide social insurance to rural migrant workers in work-related injury, medicare and old-age pension.
Making experiments in development and employment of rural workforce
Since 1991, the Chinese government has made experiments in some areas on the development and employment of rural workforce to explore for specific approaches, means of implementation and policies and measures for the development and employment of the rural workforce in view of different natural and socio-economic conditions.
Meanwhile, efforts have been made to set up a relevant socialized service system, and organizational and administrative forms corresponding to various modes of employment, and studies have been carried out on policies, laws and regulations, as well as macro control measures for the government to manage urban and rural employment in a unified way and to promote the employment of rural workforce.
At present, such experimental work, which is characterized by unified planning for employment in both urban and rural areas, rural migrant workers returning home to start their own businesses, training of the rural migrant workforce, and the promotion of western development, is being carried out in 98 counties and cities in 26 provinces and centrally administered municipalities nationwide.
V. Employment of Women, Youth and Disabled People
The Chinese government has always been highly concerned about and placed great importance on the employment of women, youth and disabled people, providing legal guarantees for equal employment for men and women, and actively adopting preferential policies for protecting employment of the disabled.
中国各城市的古称谓及得名由来 华北和东北： 天津——意为“天子的津渡”，明代永乐帝朱棣在这里率领大军渡过海河南下推翻建文帝 邯郸——城市名押an韵，邯郸意为“邯山至此而尽”，郸同单，“单”意思是山脉的尽头，邯郸是中国沿用最古老的地名之一 秦皇岛——秦始皇求仙入海之岛，秦皇岛是中国唯一用古代帝王称号来命名的城市 太原——取“广大的平原”之意 大同——取自“天下大同之地”，“大同”是古代政治上的最高理想 长治——长治古称上党，明代在此地设置长治县，取“长治久安”之意 赤峰——得名于城东北的褐色孤峰 包头——包头由蒙古语“包克图”演化而来，意思是“有鹿的地方”，包头由此别称为鹿城乌海——乌达与海勃湾的合称 大连——大连旧称青泥洼，青泥洼大部分都是山东移民，在山东有一种很流行的事物叫做褡裢，大连就是由褡裢演变而来，另一说大连来自俄语“达里尼” 阜新——取“物阜民丰，焕然一新”之意 盘锦——盘山和锦州各取一字而成，也取“盘根错节，锦上添花”之意 本溪——本溪得名于境内的本溪湖，本溪湖古称杯犀湖，杯犀湖因“湖底上阔下窄，状如犀牛之角”而得名，清代雍正年间因杯犀湖名称过雅又难写难辨，故取其谐音改称为本溪湖 长春——意为“长年春色的城市”，东北的春天是非常寒冷的，以长春命名城市说明了该城的气候特点是寒冷占据主导
吉林——吉林全称吉林乌拉，满语意思是“沿江的城市”，吉林市是中国唯一省市同名的城市 佳木斯——佳木斯清代又称“嘉木寺”，在满语是“驿丞”的意思，因为佳木斯在古代地处松花江通往黑龙江江口的驿道 华东： 烟台——意为“狼烟升起的炮台” 青岛——因岛上“山岩耸秀，林木蓊郁”而得名，且与“琴岛”谐音 威海——明代在此地设威海卫，取“威震东海”之意 日照——取“日出初光先照”之意 淄博——淄川与博山的合称 莱芜——莱是植物名，俗称灰菜，芜指田野荒芜，古时这里是一片荒凉的地方，故名莱芜菏泽——城市名押e韵，菏山与雷泽的合称，菏泽也是中国沿用最古老的地名之一 合肥——因东淝河与南淝河在此汇合而得名 蚌埠——意为“盛产蚌珠的港埠”，蚌埠由此别称为珠城 宿迁——春秋时为钟吾子国，后宿国迁都于此，宿迁由此得名 连云港——意为“在连岛与云台山之间的港湾”，云台山是江苏省的最高峰 镇江——唐代为镇海军节度使的驻地，到了宋代因地理环境的变化，此地距大海较远，故而更名为镇江，取“镇守长江”之意 无锡——先秦锡山产锡，至汉朝锡尽，故名无锡 上海——得名于松江（即苏州河）的一条支流上海浦，上海意为“通向大海的地方” 金华——意为“金星与婺女争华之地” 宁波——宁波古称明州，宁波得名于“海定则波宁”
古今名人名字的由来含义 姓名是中华文化的脉承之一，它是人们以血脉传承为根基的社会人文标识。历史上名字起得好的名人，人也惊艳，名也惊艳。下面让我们一起品味中国的名字艺术。 1、子，神国公嘉的后代，公嘉字文。我国古人有的以祖先的“字”为姓，如公子牙字叔，他的子就叫叔得臣。子也是近这种式为姓的。故姓。 为什么人们叫子为“老二”呢?原来，子的父亲叔梁纥，是国的一个将军，他原有九个女儿和一个儿子。这仅有的一个儿子是个瘸子。在当时男尊女卑的情况下，叔梁纥当然很不满意。于是，他就和妻子一起到曲阜东南的尼丘山求天神另赐一子。后来，果然又生下了子，叙梁纥以为这是在尼丘山上求来的，就给他取名为丘，字仲尼。“仲”字是排行，表示“第二”的意思，因为子是叔梁纥的第二个儿子，所以人们又叫子为“老二”。 2、白，相传白到七岁时还没有正式的名字。原因是他在“抓”时，抓了《诗经》这本书，这不但喜坏了他父亲，而且也难坏了他父亲。他想：如果儿子长大成了诗人，若没有一个叫得响的好名字岂不遗憾?于是，越往诗人的名声面想，越发对儿子取名之事慎之又慎了，故此一拖多年没有定名。这年春天，白一家在家院中游玩，他父亲想作一首春日的七绝诗，有意考考儿子的本事。他咏了两句：“春风送暖百花开，迎春绽金它先来”后就说：“后面的诗句我想不出来了，由你们母子二人续上吧。”白的母亲想了一会道：“火烧杏林红霞
落”，她的话音刚落，白就用手指树，脱白说道：“花怒放一树白。”他父亲听后，连声叫好，忽然心里一动：这句诗的头一个字不正是自家的姓吗？这最后一个“白”字不正说出了花圣洁高雅吗？于是，他当即决定儿子的名字就叫白。 3、，1896年9月，日本青年宫崎滔天、平山，经过多曲折，在日本横滨中国革命志士少白的寓所，见到了文。文谈及革命时，其慷慨激昂之情，犹如深山虎啸。他俩被文的革命热情、见识和抱负深深感动，决心帮助文，并为他的生命安全担忧，劝他暂时留驻日本。 文同意后，宫崎和平山就陪同文找旅馆。他们绕过日比谷公园，路过候爵府邸，来到“对鹤馆”旅馆，并由平山替文代笔登记。当时，文处于流亡之中，不便公开姓名身份。填写什么好呢？平山执笔踌躇一番，忽然想起刚才走过候爵府时看见的那块牌匾，于是就在旅馆簿上写下了“”两字。但按日本习俗，只是个姓，还得有一个适当的名字才好，平山又踌躇起来了。正在这时，文接过登记簿，在“”两字下面添上了一个“樵”字，笑着对平山说：“我是中国的山樵。”这就是名字的由来。 4、迅，著名史学家候外庐同志在一篇文章中，对迅之所以取名迅，作了如下解释：一般人把迅字解释为“快迅”，是不确切的。迅字《尔雅?释兽》云：“牝狼，其子激，绝有力，迅。”注云：“狼子绝有力者，曰迅。”“缴”即激，从犬言兽性，从水言水性。都是激烈的意思。迅的，取自迅的母亲的姓。迅，古义的狼子。迅的字义可理解为牝狼一个有勇力的儿子。迅为什么要以狼子自居？他曾说过自己甘做封建制
记忆各省简称 京津沪渝直辖市蒙宁新藏桂自治 一国两制台港澳东北三省黑吉辽 冀鲁晋归华北苏浙皖赣在华东 湘鄂豫归华中华南还有粤闽琼 川滇黔归西南西北还有陕甘青 记忆我国的行政区域省份名称 两湖两广两河山五江云贵福吉安 四西二宁青甘陕海内台北上重天 香港澳门和台湾爱我祖国好河山 第1句：湖南,湖北,广东,广西,河南,河北,山东,山西 第2句：新疆,黑龙江,江西,浙江,江苏,云南,贵州,福建,吉林,安徽第3句：四川,西藏,宁夏,辽宁,青海,甘肃,陕西 第4句：海南,内蒙古,台湾,北京,上海,重庆,天津
23个省份
中国各省简称的由来 一、四个直辖市 1、北京（京）北京有据可查的第一个名称为“蓟”，是春秋战国时燕国的都城。辽金是将北京作为陪都，称为燕京。金灭辽后，迁都于此，称中都。元代改称大都。明成祖朱棣从南京迁都于此，改称“北京”。名称一直沿用至今。1949年设为直辖市。取全称中的“京”字作为简称。 2、天津（津）唐宋以前，天津称为直沽。金代形成集市称“直沽寨”。元代设津海镇，这是天津建城的开始。明永乐2年（1404年）筑城设卫，始称天津卫，取“天子经过的渡口”之意。1949年设为直辖市。取全称中的“津”字作为简称。 3、上海（沪）上海之称始于宋代，当时上海已成为我国的一个新兴贸易港口，那时的上海地区有十八大浦，其中一条叫上海浦，它的西岸设有上海镇。1292年，上海改镇为县。这是上海这一名称的由来。1949年，上海设为直辖市。古时，上海地区的渔民发明了一种竹编的捕鱼工具“扈”，当时还没有上海这一地名，因此，这一带被称为“沪渎”，故上海简称“沪”。春秋战国时上海是楚春申君黄歇封邑的一部分，故上海别称“申”。 4、重庆（渝）重庆古称“巴”。秦时称江州。隋称渝州。北宋称恭州。重庆之名始于1190年，因南宋光宗赵敦先封恭王，后登帝位，遂将恭州升为
中国各省名称的由来 我国幅员辽阔，人口众多，具有悠久的历史文化。各个省（直辖市）名称和别称的由来源远流长，各具特色，读来使人对祖国的秀丽山川倍感亲切。 一、四个直辖市 1、北京（京） 北京有据可查的第一个名称为“蓟”，是春秋战国时燕国的都城。辽金是将北京作为陪都，称为燕京。金灭辽后，迁都于此，称中都。元代改称大都。明成祖朱棣登基后，从南京迁都于此，改称当时的“北平”为“北京”，意与南京相对之意，名称一直沿用至今。 取全称中的“京”字作为简称。 2、天津（津） 唐宋以前，天津称为直沽。金代形成集市称“直沽寨”。元代设津海镇，这是天津建城的开始。明永乐2年（1404年）筑城设卫，始称天津卫，取“天子经过的渡口”之意。1949年设为直辖市。 取全称中的“津”字作为简称。 3、上海（沪）
上海之称始于宋代，当时上海已成为我国的一个新兴贸易港口，那时的上海地区有十八大浦，其中一条叫上海浦，它的西岸设有上海镇。1292年，上海改镇为县。这是上海这一名称的由来。1949年，上海设为直辖市。 古时，上海地区的渔民发明了一种竹编的捕鱼工具“扈”，当时还没有上海这一地名，因此，这一带被称为“沪渎”，故上海简称“沪”。春秋战国时上海是楚春申君黄歇封邑的一部分，故上海别称“申”。 4、重庆（渝） 重庆古称“巴”。秦时称江州。隋称渝州。北宋称恭州。重庆之名始于1190年，因南宋光宗赵敦先封恭王，后登帝位，遂将恭州升为重庆府，取“双重喜庆”之意。1997年，重庆设为直辖市。 隋时，嘉陵江称渝水，重庆因位于嘉陵江畔而置渝州，故重庆简称“渝”。 二、五个自治区 1、内蒙古自治区（内蒙古） 蒙古原为部落名，始见于唐代记载。1206年，成吉思汗统一蒙古各部，建立蒙古国。元灭后，蒙古族退居塞北。明清形成内、外蒙古之称。晚清以后，泛指大漠以南、长城以北、东起哲里木盟、西至套西厄鲁特所以盟旗为内蒙古。 取全称中“内蒙古”三字作为简称。 2、维吾尔自治区（新） 辖区古称西域。西汉设西域都护府。东汉魏晋改都护为长史。唐代设伊、西、庭三州和安西、北庭两个都护府。17世纪中叶以后，清朝平定了准噶尔部叛乱，在天山南北设伊犁将军。清光绪10年（1884年），改为新疆省，意为“故土新归”。1955年，设新疆维吾尔自治区。 取全称中的“新”字作为简称。 3、西藏自治区（藏）
一、四个直辖市 1、北京（京） 北京有据可查的第一个名称为“蓟”，是春秋战国时燕国的都城。辽金是将北京作为陪都，称为燕京。金灭辽后，迁都于此，称中都。元代改称大都。明成祖朱棣从南京迁都于此，改称“北京”。名称一直沿用至今。1949年设为直辖市。 取全称中的“京”字作为简称。 2、天津（津） 唐宋以前，天津称为直沽。金代形成集市称“直沽寨”。元代设津海镇，这是天津建城的开始。明永乐2年（1404年）筑城设卫，始称天津卫，取“天子经过的渡口”之意。1949年设为直辖市。 取全称中的“津”字作为简称。 3、上海（沪） 上海之称始于宋代，当时上海已成为我国的一个新兴贸易港口，那时的上海地区有十八大浦，其中一条叫上海浦，它的西岸设有上海镇。1292年，上海改镇为县。这是上海这一名称的由来。1949年，上海设为直辖市。 古时，上海地区的渔民发明了一种竹编的捕鱼工具“扈”，当时还没有上海这一地名，因此，这一带被称为“沪渎”，故上海简称“沪”。春秋战国时上海是楚春申君黄歇封邑的一部分，故上海别称“申”。 4、重庆（渝） 重庆古称“巴”。秦时称江州。隋称渝州。北宋称恭州。重庆之名始于1190年，因南宋光宗赵敦先封恭王，后登帝位，遂将恭州升为重庆府，取“双重喜庆”之意。1997年，重庆设为直辖市。 隋时，嘉陵江称渝水，重庆因位于嘉陵江畔而置渝州，故重庆简称“渝”。 二、五个自治区
1、内蒙古自治区（内蒙古） 蒙古原为部落名，始见于唐代记载。1206年，成吉思汗统一蒙古各部，建立蒙古国。元灭后，蒙古族退居塞北。明清形成内、外蒙古之称。晚清以后，泛指大漠以南、长城以北、东起哲里木盟、西至套西厄鲁特所以盟旗为内蒙古。 取全称中“内蒙古”三字作为简称。 2、维吾尔自治区（新） 辖区古称西域。西汉设西域都护府。东汉魏晋改都护为长史。唐代设伊、西、庭三州和安西、北庭两个都护府。17世纪中叶以后，清朝平定了准噶尔部叛乱，在天山南北设伊犁将军。清光绪10年（1884年），改为新疆省，意为“故土新归”。1955年，设新疆维吾尔自治区。 取全称中的“新”字作为简称。 3、西藏自治区（藏） 元时称西藏地区为“乌思藏”。“乌思”是藏语“中央”的意思，“藏”是“圣洁”的意思。明代设立两个都指挥使司。清代称西藏东部为“康”（喀木），中部为“卫”，西部日喀则一带为“藏”（包括阿里），因其在中国西部，故称西藏。1965年设立西藏自治区。 取全称中的“藏”字作为简称。另一说认为简称源于故称“乌思藏”。 4、宁夏回族自治区（宁） 公元5世纪处，匈奴贵族赫连勃勃自以为是夏后氏后裔，故将建立的割据政权定国号为“夏”。宋代，党项族拓拔氏首领李元昊称帝，定都兴庆府（今银川），立国号“夏”，创立文字，建西夏王朝。13世纪，元灭西夏，取“平定西夏永远安宁”之意，在这里设宁夏行省，始有宁夏之名。1958年设宁夏回族自治区。 取全称中的“宁”字作为简称。 5、广西壮族自治区（桂） 宋设广南西路，简称广西路，“广西”一名产生。元设广西两江道。明设广西省。1958年设广西僮族自治区，1965年改为广西壮族自治区。
北京（京）天津（津）上海（沪）重庆（渝）内蒙古自治区（内蒙古）维吾尔自治区（新）西藏自治区（藏）宁夏回族自治区（宁）广西壮族自治区（桂）香港特别行政区（港）澳门特别行政区（澳）黑龙江省（黑）吉林省（吉）辽宁省（辽）河北省（冀）山西省（晋）青海省（青）山东省（鲁）河南省（豫）江苏省（苏）安徽省（皖）浙江省（浙）福建省（闽）江西省（赣）湖南省（湘）湖北省（鄂）广东省（粤）台湾省（台）海南省（琼）甘肃省（甘或陇）陕西省（陕或秦）四川省（川或蜀）贵州省（贵或黔）云南省（云或滇）dian 华东：山东、江苏、江西、安徽、浙江、上海 华南：湖南、广东、广西、福建 华北：北京、天津、河北、内蒙、山西 西南：云南、贵州、四川、重庆、西藏 西北：陕西、甘肃、宁夏、新疆、青海 中国各省份简称的由来 四个直辖市 1、北京（京）北京有据可查的第一个名称为“蓟”（ji），是春秋战国时燕国的都城。辽金是将北京作为陪都，称为燕京。金灭辽后，迁都于此，
称中都。元代改称大都。明成祖朱棣从南京迁都于此，改称“北京”。名称一直沿用至今。1949 年设为直辖市。取全称中的“京”字作为简称。 2、天津（津）唐宋以前，天津称为直沽。金代形成集市称“直沽寨”。元代设津海镇，这是天津建城的开始。明永乐 2 年（1404 年）筑城设卫，始称天津卫，取“天子经过的渡口”之意。1949 年设为直辖市。取全称中的“津”字作为简称。 3、上海（沪）上海之称始于宋代，当时上海已成为我国的一个新兴贸易港口，那时的上海地区有十八大浦，其中一条叫上海浦，它的西岸设有上海镇。1292 年，上海改镇为县。这是上海这一名称的由来。1949 年，上海设为直辖市。古时，上海地区的渔民发明了一种竹编的捕鱼工具“扈”，当时还没有上海这一地名，因此，这一带被称为“沪渎”，故上海简称“沪”。春秋战国时上海是楚春申君黄歇封邑的一部分，故上海别称“申”。 4、重庆（渝）重庆古称“巴”。秦时称江州。隋称渝州。北宋称恭州。重庆之名始于1190 年，因南宋光宗赵敦先封恭王，后登帝位，遂将恭州升为重庆府，取“双重喜庆”之意。1997 年，重庆设为直辖市。隋时，嘉陵江称渝水，重庆因位于嘉陵江畔而置渝州，故重庆简称“渝”。 五个自治区 1、内蒙古自治区（内蒙古）(呼和浩特市) 蒙古原为部落名，始见于唐代记载。1206 年，成吉思汗统一蒙古各部，建立蒙古国。元灭后，蒙古族退居塞北。明清形成内、外蒙古之称。晚清以后，泛指大漠以南、长城以北、东起哲里木盟、西至套西厄鲁特所以盟旗为内蒙古。取全称中“内蒙古”三字作为简称。
《名字的由来》 名字的由来作文（一）： 名字的由来350字 中国的孩子习惯跟父同姓，我父亲姓滕，所以我也姓滕。我的名字是我在妈妈肚子里5个月的时候就取好了，是爸爸给我取的。远航是在2000年冬天那时正下着茫茫的大雪，我父母在温暖的小屋里看电视，他们看见广阔的大海上有一艘轮船，轮船上正飘着鲜红的中国五星红旗，站着威武的中国海军。这时爸爸突然就有了一个想法，说不管我们的孩子是男孩还是女孩，都叫远航。妈妈也觉得这个名字既好听又有好处，从此我就叫了滕远航。 我的爸爸妈妈期望我驾驶大轮船向大海前进。我期望我是一名海上特站队的队长，能够保卫国家，我不会辜负父母对我的期望。不论怎样我必须会努力去大海完成父母的心愿。 你此刻明白我的名字有什么秘密了吧，你们也说说你们的名字有什么秘密吧。 名字的由来作文（二）： 名字的由来300字 我叫郑逸豪。郑是姓爸爸的姓，逸是飘逸的逸，英俊潇洒的意思。豪是英雄豪杰的豪，又勇敢又机智的意思。 我的名字还有其他三个。一是小马虎，因为我做事、写字、考试等都很马虎，十分容易犯大大小小的错误，所以爸爸常常严厉地批评我是个小马虎。 二是小憨憨，因为我的脸蛋胖乎乎的，说话的样貌憨憨的，做事情也懒洋洋的，所以妈妈常常摸着我的脸蛋，亲昵地叫我小憨憨。 三是旺崽小毛头，这是我姐姐给我起的名字，因为我小时候头上的头发可稀少啦，姐姐就把我的头发比喻成几根毛，所以我就有了这个小毛头这个绰号。 我的秘密已经告诉你们了，你们可千万别拿我的三个名字来开我的玩笑哦。 名字的由来作文（三）： 名字的来历350字 小名字大好处 每个人都有自我的名字，每个名字都代表不一样的好处，都有一个动人的故
中国分4个直辖市，5个自治区，2个特别行政区，24个省，简称如下：直辖市： 北京[京] 天津[津] 上海[沪] 重庆[渝] 自治区： 宁夏[宁] 西藏[藏] 广西[桂] 新疆[新] 内蒙古 特别行政区： 香港[港] 澳门[澳] 省份： 黑龙江[黑] 云南[滇|云] 吉林[吉] 安徽[皖] 山东[鲁] 山西[晋] 广东[粤] 广西[桂] 江苏[苏] 江西[赣] 河北[冀] 河南[豫] 浙江[浙] 海南[琼] 湖北[鄂] 湖南[湘] 甘肃[甘|陇] 福建[闽] 四川[川|蜀]
贵州[黔|贵] 辽宁[辽] 陕西[陕|秦] 青海[青] 台湾[台] 各省省名的来由： 江西：以江南的西部得名。唐属江南西道，后设江西观察使，为江西得名的开始；宋置江南西路，简称江西路；元设江西行省及江西湖东道；明置江西省，后改江西布政使司；清改江西省，省名至今未变。 山东：以在太行山之东而得名。唐大部分属河南道；宋设京东路，后分京东东、西路；金更名山东东、西路，为山东得名的开始；元设山东东西道；明置山东省，后改山东布政使司；清改山东省，省名至今未变。 山西：以在太行山之西而行名。唐大部分属河东道；宋设河东路；金分河东北、南路；元设山西河东道，为山西得名的开始；明置山西省，后改山西布政使司；清改山西省，省名至今未变。 河南：以在黄河之南而得名。西汉即有河南郡，为河南得名的开始。唐大部分属都畿道和河南道；宋设京畿路和京西北路；金改南京路；元设河南江北省和河南江北道；明置河南省，后改河南布政使司；清改河南省，省名至今未变。 河北：以在黄河之北而得名。唐大部分属河北道，为河北得名的开始。宋设河北路，后分河北东、西路；金分河北东路设大名府路；元设燕南赵北道；明设北平省，后废省，所有府和直隶州直属中央，称北直隶；清改直隶省；1929年民国改河北省，省名至今未变。 湖南：以在洞庭湖之南而得名。唐属江南西道和黔中道，后设湖南观察使，为湖南得名的开始；宋称湖南路；元设岭北湖南道；明属湖广省，后改省为湖广布政使司；清分湖广省置湖南省，省名至今未变。 湖北：以在洞庭湖之北而得名。唐属江南东道、淮南道和山南东道；宋荆湖北路，简称湖北路，为湖北得名的开始；元设江南湖北道；明属湖广省，后改为省为湖广布政使司；清分湖广省置湖北省，省名至今未变。 广东：以广南东路简称得名。唐属岭南道；宋以旧广州辖地置广南东路，简称广东路，为广得名的开始；元设海北广东道；明置广东省，后改广东布政使司；清改广东省，省名至今未变。
中国省份名称、简称、省会及其简称的由来 一、四个直辖市： 1、北京（京）——北京 北京据可查的第一个名称为“蓟”，是春秋战国时燕国的都城。辽金将北京作为陪都，称为燕京。金灭辽后，迁都于此，称中都。元代改称大都。明成祖朱棣从南京迁都于此，改称“北京”。名称一直沿用至今。1949年设为直辖市。取全称中的“京”字作为简称。 2、天津（津）——天津 唐宋以前，天津称为直沽。金代形成集市称“直沽寨”。元代设津海镇，这是天津建城的开始。明永乐2年（1404年）筑城设卫，始称天津卫，取“天子经过的渡口”之意。1949年设为直辖市。取全称中的“津”字作为简称。 3、上海（沪）——上海 上海之称始于宋代，当时上海已成为我国的一个新兴贸易港口，那时的上海地区有十八大浦，其中一条叫上海浦，它的西岸设有上海镇。1292年，上海改镇为县。这是上海这一名称的由来。1949年，上海设为直辖市。古时，上海地区的渔民发明了一种竹编的捕鱼工具“扈”，当时还没有上海这一
地名，因此，这一带被称为“沪渎”，故上海简称“沪”。春秋战国时上海是楚春申君黄歇封邑的一部分，故上海别称“申”。 4、重庆（渝）——重庆 重庆古称“巴”。秦时称江州。隋称渝州。北宋称恭州。重庆之名始于1190年，因南宋光宗赵敦先封恭王，后登帝位，遂将恭州升为重庆府，取“双重喜庆”之意。1997年，重庆设为直辖市。隋时，嘉陵江称渝水，重庆因位于嘉陵江畔而置渝州，故重庆简称“渝”。 二、五个自治区 1、内蒙古自治区（内蒙古或蒙）——呼和浩特 蒙古原为部落名，始见于唐代记载。1206年，成吉思汗统一蒙古各部，建立蒙古国。元灭后，蒙古族退居塞北。明清形成内、外蒙古之称。晚清以后，泛指大漠以南、长城以北、东起哲里木盟、西至套西厄鲁特所以盟旗为内蒙古。取全称中“内蒙古”三字作为简称。 2、新疆维吾尔自治区（新）——乌鲁木齐
一、中国共有省级行政区34个，具体为： 2个特别行政区：香港、澳门。 4个直辖市：北京、上海、天津、重庆。 23个省：河北、山西、陕西、山东、河南、辽宁、吉林、黑龙江、江苏、浙江、安徽、江西、福建、湖北、湖南、四川、贵州、云南、广 东、海南、甘肃、青海、台湾。 5个自治区：内蒙古、新疆、西藏、广西、宁夏。 二、各市省会目录 1.北京市北京 2.天津市天津 3.上海市上海 4.重庆市重庆 5.河北省石家庄 6.山西省太原 7.陕西省西安 8.山东省济南 9.河南省郑州 10.辽宁省沈阳 11.吉林省长春 12.黑龙江省哈尔滨 13.江苏省南京 14.浙江省杭州 15.安徽省合肥 16.江西省南昌 17.福建省福州 18.湖北省武汉 19.湖南省长沙 20.四川省成都 21.贵州省贵阳 22.云南省昆明 23.广东省广州 24.海南省海口 25.甘肃省兰州 26.青海省西宁 27.台湾省台北 28.内蒙古自治区呼和浩特 29.新疆维吾尔自治区乌鲁木齐 30.西藏自治区拉萨 31.广西壮族自治区南宁 32.宁夏回族自治区银川 33.香港特别行政区香港 34.澳门特别行政区澳门
三、5 - 32省会的地级市与县级市 5.河北省（11个地级市、22个县级市）： 11个地级市：石家庄市、唐山市、秦皇岛市、邯郸市、邢台市、保定市、张家口市、承德市、沧州市、廊坊市、衡水市。 22个县级市：辛集市、藁城市、晋州市、新乐市、鹿泉市、遵化市、迁安市、武安市、南宫市、沙河市、涿州市、定州市、安国市、高碑店市、泊头市、任丘市、黄骅市、河间市、霸州市、三河市、冀州市、深州市。 6、山西省城市（11个地级市、11个县级市） 11个地级市：太原、大同、朔州、阳泉、长治、晋城、忻州、晋中、临汾、运城、吕梁 11个县级市：古交、潞城、高平、原平、介休、侯马、霍州、永济、河津、孝义、汾阳 7.陕西省（10个地级市、3个县级市）： 10个地级市：西安市、铜川市、宝鸡市、咸阳市、渭南市、延安市、汉中市、榆林市、安康市、商洛市。 3个县级市：兴平市、韩城市、华阴市。 8.山东省（17个地级市、31个县级市）： 17个地级市：济南市、青岛市、淄博市、枣庄市、东营市、烟台市、潍坊市、济宁市、泰安市、威海市、日照市、莱芜市、临沂市、德州市、聊城市、滨州市、菏泽市。 31个县级市：章丘市、胶南市、胶州市、平度市、莱西市、即墨市、滕州市、龙口市、莱阳市、莱州市、招远市、蓬莱市、栖霞市、海阳市、青州市、诸城市、寿光市、安丘市、高密市、昌邑市、曲阜市、兖州市、邹城市、新泰市、肥城市、乳山市、文登市、荣成市、乐陵市、禹城市、临清市。 9.河南省（17个地级市、21个县级市）： 17个地级市：郑州市、开封市、洛阳市、平顶山市、安阳市、鹤壁市、新乡市、焦作市、濮阳市、许昌市、漯河市、三门峡市、南阳市、商丘市、信阳市、周口市、驻马店市。 21个县级市：巩义市、新郑市、新密市、登封市、荥阳市、中牟县、偃师市、汝州市、舞钢市、林州市、卫辉市、辉县市、沁阳市、孟州市、禹州市、长葛市、义马市、灵宝市、邓州市、永城市、项城市、济源市。 10.辽宁省（14个地级市、17个县级市）： 14个地级市：沈阳市、大连市、鞍山市、抚顺市、本溪市、丹东市、锦州市、营口市、阜新市、辽阳市、盘锦市、铁岭市、朝阳市、葫芦岛市。 17个县级市：新民市、瓦房店市、普兰店市、庄河市、海城市、东港市、凤城市、凌海市、北镇市、大石桥市、盖州市、灯塔市、调兵山市、开原市、凌源市、北票市、兴城市 11.吉林省（8个地级市、1个州、20个县级市）： 8个地级市：长春市、吉林市、四平市、辽源市、通化市、白山市、松原市、白城市。 1个州：延边朝鲜族自治州。 20个县级市：九台市、榆树市、德惠市、舒兰市、桦甸市、蛟河市、磐石市、公主岭市、双辽市、梅河口市、集安市、临江市、大安市、洮南市、延吉市、图们市、敦化市、龙井市、
中国历史各朝代名称来历 我国历史悠久，朝代更零星纷繁。每朝的创建者要首手办的第一件事就是确立国号（朝代名称）。国号就是一个国家的称号。《史记·五帝本纪》：“自黄帝至舜禹，皆同姓而异其国号，以章明德。” 朝代的名称是由什么决定呢？大致有五个来由：由部族、部落联盟的名称而来，来自创建者原有卦号、爵位；源于创建者原始所或政权统治的区域；源于宗族关系；寓意吉祥。具体说： w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 夏：据传禹曾受卦于夏伯，因用以称其政权为“夏”。另据历史学家范文澜先生说，禹的儿子启西迁大夏（山西南部汾浍一带）后，才称“夏”。 商：相传商（今河南商丘南）的始祖契曾帮助禹治水有功而受卦于商，以后就以“商”来称其部落（或部族）。汤灭夏后，就以“商”作为国名。后盘庚迁殷（今河南安阳西北）后，又以"殷"或"殷商"并称。 周：周部落到古公檀父时，迁居于周原（今陕西岐山）。武王灭殷以后，就以“周”为朝代名。周前期建都于镐（今陕西西安西南），后来平王东迁洛邑（今河南洛阳），因在镐的东方，就有“西周”和“东周”的称号。 秦：据《史记》记载，本为古部落，其首领非子为周孝王羊马有成绩，被周孝王赐姓为“嬴”，并赐给了一小块土地（今甘肃天水县，另说是陇西谷名）。后来襄又救周有功被封为诸侯，秦始皇统一六国，始建秦国。 汉：项羽封刘邦为汉王，以后刘邦击败项羽，统一中国，国号称“汉”。汉朝前期都长安，后期都洛阳，故从都城上有“西汉”和“东汉”，从时间上有“前汉”和“后汉”之分。 魏：汉献帝曾封曹操为“魏公”、“魏王”爵位，曹丕代汉后便称“魏”以皇室姓曹，历史上又称“曹魏”。 蜀：刘备以四川为活动地区，蜀指四川，其政权称“蜀”。历史上也称“蜀汉”。汉指东汉的继续。 吴：孙权活动于长江下游一带，历史上曾建吴国，曹魏曾封孙权为“吴王”，故史称“孙吴”；又以地位在东，也称“东吴”。 晋：司马昭逼魏帝封他为“晋公”，灭蜀后进爵为晋王。后来他的儿子司炎继承他的爵位，逼令魏帝退位，自立为皇帝，国号“晋”。 隋：隋文帝杨坚之父杨忠，曾被北周封为“随国公”。隋文帝后袭用此卦爵，称为“随朝”。他认为随有走的意思，恐不祥改为“隋”。 唐：唐高祖李渊的祖父李虎，佐周有功，被追卦为“唐国公”，爵位传至李渊。太原起兵后，李渊称“唐王”，后废杨广建唐朝。 辽：辽原称“契丹”，改“辽”是因居于辽河上游之故。 宋：后周恭帝继位后，命赵匡胤为归德节度史，归德军驻宋州（今河南商丘），赵匡胤为宋州节度使。故陈桥兵变后，发迹在宋州，国号曰“宋”。 西夏：拓拔思恭占据夏州（今山西横山县），建国时以夏州得名，称“大夏”。因其在西方，宋人称“西夏”。 金：金都城上京会宁（今黑龙江阿城南），位于按出虎水（今阿什河），相传其水产金，女真语“金”为“按出虎”。 元：据《元史》记载：“元”的命名，是元世祖忽必烈定的。是取《易经》上“大哉乾元”句中的“元”，有大、首等意思。但也有人认为与蒙古人的风俗与图腾有关，有的认为与佛教有关。 明：朱元璋是元末起义军之一，是继承郭子兴而发展起来的，郭子兴属于白莲教组织。白莲
重庆绝对是个好名字！ 从意思来看：双重喜庆！ 从结构来看：千里为重，广大为庆，千里广大，是为重庆！ 单从地名来讲，重庆主城及各区县的名字也都是各有特色的，每一个区县都有着非常 隽永的名字，词旨优美、意味深长。 重庆： 三千多年前，巴人都江州（重庆），即江中之岛。以后又称巴郡，南北朝时，巴郡改为楚州。隋文帝开皇元年(581年)，以渝水(嘉陵江古称)绕城，改楚州为渝州。这就是重庆简称“渝”的来历。北宋徽宗崇宁元年(1102年)，因渝人赵谂叛诛事，朝廷虑“渝”有“变” 之意，改渝州为恭州。孝宗淳熙十六年(1189年)，皇子赵接踵于正月封恭王，二月受内禅即帝位，自诩“双重喜庆”，遂将恭州升格命名为重庆府。 渝北： 重庆古称渝州（因嘉陵江古称渝水），以位于重庆城区北部得名。 江北： 以位于长江、嘉陵江之北得名。 渝中： 重庆古称渝州（因嘉陵江古称渝水），以位于重庆城区中部得名。 南岸： 以其位于重庆市区长江南岸得名。 巴南： 巴南区的前身是千年历史名邑巴县。早在3000多年前的商代，巴人就在此繁衍生息，立国建都。秦代置巴郡，南朝齐代置垫江县，北周时改称巴县并沿袭至1995年。1995年经国务院批准撤县建区，成立巴南区。“巴”由来，据《巴县志》：“巴之得名，以阆白二水曲 折如巴字。”最初巴既是地名，又是族名。另一说，古代巴人崇拜蛇，巴字宛如蛇形，以此造字。 沙坪坝： 1939年建置重庆市沙磁区，1950年建置为重庆市第三区，1955年正式定名为沙坪坝区。九龙坡： 据说南宋光宗在重庆即位当皇帝时，天上飞来九条龙，盘踞在一高坡上，后来这高坡就被人们称为“九龙坡”
大渡口： 清朝道光、光绪年间，有一士绅在长江以北设义渡，该渡口为沿江数十里渡口之首，大渡口由此而得名。 璧山： “川中有一孤山，西、北二面险峻，东南面稍平，土人号为重璧山，至德二年置县，因山为名”。还有一说：因境内有山形似玉璧，故名。 北碚： 因有巨石伸入嘉陵江中，曰碚，又因在渝州之北，故名北碚。 南川： 南川之名始于元世祖时期。南川者南江之别名也。南江在綦，而其一源出自南川，遂以南川之名名其发源县。 万州： 长江在蜀中的各支流汇集于此，东出夔门。以“万川毕汇”、“万商毕集”得名。杜甫有 诗云“众水会涪万，瞿塘争一门”。 奉节： 唐贞观23年，因旌表蜀丞相诸葛亮奉昭烈皇帝刘备“托孤寄命，临大节而不可夺”的品质 ，改名奉节县（奉公守节）。（“朝辞白帝彩云间，千里江陵一日还”。诗城夔州，不用 多说，“长江三峡的起点”就够有意境~） 云阳： 北周更县名为云安。宋开宝六年（973年）升县为军。宋熙宁四年（1041年）升云安监为安义县。八年（1075年）撤安义县，户口归属云安县。宋末，云安军废。元代至元十五年（1278年）复立云安军，属夔州路。至元二十年（1283年）改军为州，名云阳州。明洪武六年（1373年）降州为县，名云阳县至今。因位于长江之北，古有“北阴南阳”、“水北为阳”之说，故名。 巫溪： 远在唐虞，即以"巫"称。以巫咸为首的"十巫升降"于巫山（巫溪沿岸诸山原本巫山），以采"百药"；巫咸民赖盐业而兴，"百谷所聚"。春秋时，巴联秦楚灭庸，得巫盐；战国时，楚取巴巫盐立巫郡，后秦取楚巫郡立巫县。史载万顷池（今巫溪红池坝）即为春申君故居。 巫山：
一、四个直辖市 1、北京（京）北京 北京有据可查的第一个名称为“蓟”，是春秋战国时燕国的都城。辽金是将北京作为陪都，称为燕京。金灭辽后，迁都于此，称中都。元代改称大都。明成祖朱棣从南京迁都于此，改称“北京”。名称一直沿用至今。1949年设为直辖市。 取全称中的“京”字作为简称。 2、天津（津）天津 唐宋以前，天津称为直沽。金代形成集市称“直沽寨”。元代设津海镇，这是天津建城的开始。明永乐2年（1404年）筑城设卫，始称天津卫，取“天子经过的渡口”之意。1949年设为直辖市。 取全称中的“津”字作为简称。 3、上海（沪）上海 上海之称始于宋代，当时上海已成为我国的一个新兴贸易港口，那时的上海地区有十八大浦，其中一条叫上海浦，它的西岸设有上海镇。1292年，上海改镇为县。这是上海这一名称的由来。1949年，上海设为直辖市。 古时，上海地区的渔民发明了一种竹编的捕鱼工具“扈”，当时还没有上海这一地名，因此，这一带被称为“沪渎”，故上海简称“沪”。春秋战国时上海是楚春申君黄歇封邑的一部分，故上海别称“申”。 4、重庆（渝）重庆 重庆古称“巴”。秦时称江州。隋称渝州。北宋称恭州。重庆之名始于1190年，因南宋光宗赵敦先封恭王，后登帝位，遂将恭州升为重庆府，取“双重喜庆”之意。1997年，重庆设为直辖市。 隋时，嘉陵江称渝水，重庆因位于嘉陵江畔而置渝州，故重庆简称“渝”。 二、五个自治区 1、内蒙古自治区（内蒙古）呼和浩特 蒙古原为部落名，始见于唐代记载。1206年，成吉思汗统一蒙古各部，建立蒙古国。元灭后，蒙古族退居塞北。明清形成内、外蒙古之称。晚清以后，泛指大漠以南、长城以北、东起哲里木盟、西至套西厄鲁特所以盟旗为内蒙古。
中国18个朝代名字由来 中国历史悠久，朝代更迭不断。夏商与西周，唐宋元明清，说起朝代名称小学生都能朗朗上口，但是大家能不能很清楚的说出这些朝代名字怎么来的呢？ 每朝的创建者要首手办的第一件事就是确立国号（朝代名称）。国号就是一个国家的称号。名不正言不顺，确立了国号就名正了，代表一个新的国朝从此诞生。同时这也是有说法的:《史记五帝本纪》曰:“自黄帝至舜禹，皆同姓而异其国号，以章明德。 那么国号由什么决定呢？一般来说大致有五个来由：由部族、部落联盟的名称而来；来自创建者原有卦号、爵位；源于创建者原始所或政权统治的区域；源于宗族关系；寓意吉祥。 接下来我们来看看中国历史上具体的国号及其由来: 1、夏 这一称谓的来源有十种说法，其中一种观点是“夏”为夏族图腾的象形字。也有一种说法据传禹曾受封于夏伯，因用以称其政权为“夏”。另据历史学家范文澜先生说，禹的儿子启西迁大夏(山西南部汾浍一带)后，才称“夏”。 2、商 相传商(今河南商丘南)的始祖契曾帮助禹治水有功而受封于商，以后就以“商”来称其部落(或部族)。汤灭夏后，就以“商”作为国名。后盘庚迁殷(今河南安阳西北)后，又以“殷”或“殷商”并称。 3、周
周部落到古公亶父时，迁居于周原(今陕西岐山)。武王灭殷以后，就以“周”为朝代名。周前期建都于镐(今陕西西安西南)，后来平王东迁洛邑(今河南洛阳)，因在镐的东方，就有“西周”和“东周”的称号。 4、秦 秦朝的国号来自于地名。早期的秦人由于给周王室养马有功，被周孝王封在秦地，秦成了他们的正式族称。周幽王时期犬戎攻入镐京，秦襄公因为保卫周王室有功，正式被封为诸侯国，秦成为国号。秦始皇统一六国，始建秦朝。 5、汉 项羽封刘邦为汉王，以后刘邦击败项羽，统一中国，国号称“汉”。汉朝前期都长安，后期都洛阳，故从都城上有“西汉”和“东汉”，从时间上有“前汉”和“后汉”之分。 6、魏 汉献帝曾封曹操为“魏公”、“魏王”爵位，曹丕代汉后便称“魏”。以皇室姓曹，历史上又称“曹魏”。 7、蜀 刘备以四川为活动地区，蜀指四川，其政权帮称“蜀”。历史上也称“蜀汉”。汉指东汉的继续。 8、吴 孙权活动于长江下游一带，历史上曾建吴国，曹魏曾封孙权为“吴王”，故史称“孙吴”;又以地位在东，也称“东吴”。 9、晋
浙江省各（市）县名字的由来 整理：光明人家 2009.8.31 杭州市:杭州古称钱唐。隋朝开皇九年(589年)废钱唐郡，置杭州，杭州之名首次在历史上出现。南宋建炎三年（1129年），高宗南渡至杭州，升杭州为临安府。绍兴八年（1138年）南宋正式定都临安，历时140余年。民国元年（1912年）以原钱塘、仁和县地并置杭县。民国十六年（1927年），析出杭县城区设杭州市，杭州置市始此。 上城区：南宋皇城居南，后习惯以南为上，故名。1949年置上城区。 下城区：1949年建下城区，在故皇城北，以南为上北为下习称得名。 西湖区：以境内有西湖而得名 滨江区：位于钱塘江南岸，以濒临钱塘江而得名 江干区：因地处钱塘江北岸，故名江干。 拱墅区：以境内有拱宸桥、湖墅而得名。 萧山区：因县治西部有萧山而得名。《汉书·地理志》余暨县名之下已有记载，其来历是当年越王勾践被吴王夫差战败，率剩下兵卒停留于此，四顾萧然，故称此山为萧然山，亦名萧山。 余杭区：《太平寰宇记》卷93杭州余杭县引《郡国志》云：夏禹东去，舍舟船登陆于此，乃以为名。 建德市：建德县名因封建德侯而来，取建功立德之义。 富阳市：古称富春，东晋太元十九年（394），为避简文帝生母太后郑阿春讳，更名为富阳，富阳之名始于此。 临安市：据《太平寰宇记》卷93杭州临安县：“临安山，县取此为名。” 桐庐县：《方舆胜览》卷5建德府《山川》载：桐君山“在桐庐。有人采药结庐桐木下，人问其姓，指桐木示之，因山名桐君，郡曰桐庐”。 淳安县：明《嘉靖淳安县志》卷1《风俗》称：“兹邑旧以淳而易安得名” 宁波市:宁波古称为“鄞”，春秋时为越国境地，秦时属会稽郡的鄞、贸阝、句章三县，唐时称明州。公元821年，明州州治迁到三江口，并筑内城，标志着宁波建城之始。明洪武十四年（公元1381年），取“海定则波宁”之义，改称宁波，一直沿用至今。 江北区：因地处甬江、余姚江北，故名。 海曙区：因区内有一座建于唐代的鼓楼——“海曙楼”而得名。 江东区：因地处奉化江、甬江东岸，故名。 北仑区：因北仑港得名，北仑港是以港中一小岛北仑岛而命名。 镇海区：唐元和四年（公元809年），在鄮东甬江口建望海镇，为镇海建制之始。后梁开平三年（公元909年）改望海镇为望海县，未几改为定海县。清康熙二十六年（公元1688年）定海县改名镇海县。
中国各省份的简称 北京市京 天津市津 上海市沪别称申 重庆市渝 河北省冀石家庄 山西省晋太原 辽宁省辽沈阳 吉林省吉长春 黑龙江省黑哈尔滨 江苏省苏南京 浙江省浙杭州 安徽省皖合肥 福建省闽福州 江西省赣南昌 山东省鲁济南 河南省豫郑州 湖北省鄂武汉 湖南省湘长沙 广东省粤广州 海南省琼海口 四川省川成都 贵州省黔或贵贵阳 云南省滇或云昆明 陕西省陕或秦西安 甘肃省甘或陇兰州 青海省青西宁 西藏自治区藏拉萨 广西壮族自治区桂南宁 内蒙古自治区内蒙古呼和浩特 宁夏回族自治区宁银川 新疆维吾尔自治区新乌鲁木齐 香港特别行政区香港岛、九龙、“新界”本土及离岛四部分 澳门地区简称澳，1999年12月20MACAO MACAU，别名濠江、濠海、濠镜、马交、濠澳、香山澳等 台湾省台台北 一、四个直辖市：
1、北京（京）——北京 北京据可查的第一个名称为“蓟”，是春秋战国时燕国的都城。辽金将北京作为陪都，称为燕京。金灭辽后，迁都于此，称中都。元代改称大都。明成祖朱棣从南京迁都于此，改称“北京”。名称一直沿用至今。1949年设为直辖市。取全称中的“京”字作为简称。 2、天津（津）——天津 唐宋以前，天津称为直沽。金代形成集市称“直沽寨”。元代设津海镇，这是天津建城的开始。明永乐2年（1404年）筑城设卫，始称天津卫，取“天子经过的渡口”之意。1949年设为直辖市。取全称中的“津”字作为简称。 3、上海（沪）——上海 上海之称始于宋代，当时上海已成为我国的一个新兴贸易港口，那时的上海地区有十八大浦，其中一条叫上海浦，它的西岸设有上海镇。1292年，上海改镇为县。这是上海这一名称的由来。1949年，上海设为直辖市。古时，上海地区的渔民发明了一种竹编的捕鱼工具“扈”，当时还没有上海这一地名，因此，这一带被称为“沪渎”，故上海简称“沪”。春秋战
中国各省名称及简称的来历 一、四个直辖市 1、北京（京） 北京有据可查的第一个名称为“蓟”，是春秋战国时燕国的都城。辽金是将北京作为陪都，称为燕京。金灭辽后，迁都于此，称中都。元代改称大都。明成祖朱棣从南京迁都于此，改称“北京”。名称一直沿用至今。1949年设为直辖市。 取全称中的“京”字作为简称。 唐宋以前，天津称为直沽。金代形成集市称“直沽寨”。元代设津海镇，这是天津建城的开始。明永乐2年（1404年）筑城设卫，始称天津卫，取“天子经过的渡口”之意。1949年设为直辖市。 取全称中的“津”字作为简称。 3、上海（沪） 上海之称始于宋代，当时上海已成为我国的一个新兴贸易港口，那时的上海地区有十八大浦，其中一条叫上海浦，它的西岸设有上海镇。1292年，上海改镇为县。这是上海这一名称的由来。1949年，上海设为直辖市。 古时，上海地区的渔民发明了一种竹编的捕鱼工具“扈”，当时还没有上海这一地名，因此，这一带被称为“沪渎”，故上海简称“沪”。春秋战国时上海是楚春申君黄歇封邑的一部分，故上海别称“申”。 4、重庆（渝） 重庆古称“巴”。秦时称江州。隋称渝州。北宋称恭州。重庆之名始于1190年，因南宋光宗赵敦先封恭王，后登帝位，遂将恭州升为重庆府，取“双重喜庆”之意。1997年，重庆设为直辖市。 隋时，嘉陵江称渝水，重庆因位于嘉陵江畔而置渝州，故重庆简称“渝”。 二、五个自治区 1、内蒙古自治区（内蒙古） 蒙古原为部落名，始见于唐代记载。1206年，成吉思汗统一蒙古各部，建立蒙古国。元灭后，蒙古族退居塞北。明清形成内、外蒙古之称。晚清以后，泛指大漠以南、长城以北、东起哲里木盟、西至套西厄鲁特所以盟旗为内蒙古。 取全称中“内蒙古”三字作为简称。
北京 春秋战国时为燕国首都，称为蓟。金朝时称中都，元朝时改名为大都。明朝建立后改为北平，取北方平安之义。明成祖朱棣即位后迁都北平，因作为国家首都，改为北京。民国时期一度又改为北平，新中国建立之后正式定名为北京。 天津 元朝时建城，称为直沽。相传明成祖朱棣发动靖难之役时，曾在这里渡河南下作战，改名为天津，取天子渡口之义。后明朝在此设立卫所，后人又称天津为天津卫。 上海 得名于松江（今苏州河）一条支流上海浦。原由华亭县管辖，后在南宋时在上海浦西岸设立市镇，定名为上海镇。元朝时将上海镇由华亭县析出，设立上海县。1930年，设立上海市。 重庆 古代为巴国故地，后成为江洲、楚州、渝恭州。南宋时宋光宗先在重庆受封为恭王，后在恭王位上继承皇帝位。为了纪念自己的传奇经历，将恭州改名为重庆，取寓意为双重喜庆。1929年，设立重庆市。 哈尔滨 名称来源说法很多。一说为满语打鱼泡之意，一说为蒙语平地之意，一说为女真语名誉、声誉之意。最新研究成果认为是女真语天鹅的意思，目前这一说法得到了广泛的认可。 长春 名称来源说法很多。一说来源于辽金在这里设立的长春州，一说得名于植物长春花，一说来源于乾隆皇帝的御制诗“长白千载古锡州，春光无限在宽城。” 沈阳 元朝时建城，取名沈州。后因位于沈水（今浑河）北岸，改名为沈阳。清朝时更名为盛京，民国时改名为奉天，新中国建立后恢复沈阳名称。 石家庄 原为一个普通村庄，后因京汉铁路和正太铁路在此交汇，逐步形成初具规模的市镇。北洋政府时期以石家庄为中心设立石门市，随后津浦铁路贯通使石门市规模进一步扩大。1947年石门市解放，同年正式更名为石家庄。 太原
古称晋阳，原为晋国始祖叔虞的封地，战国时为赵国首都。秦庄襄王时，在晋阳设立太原郡，取原之大者之义。从此以后晋阳又被称为太原，并且在随后的时间里沿用至今。 呼和浩特 明朝时俺答汗和三娘子建城，取名为呼和浩特。在蒙语中呼和是青色的意思，浩特是城市的意思，合起来就是青色的城市。后在清朝和民国时期改名为归绥，作为绥远省的省会。1954年绥远省撤销，划归内蒙古管辖，恢复呼和浩特的名称。 济南 秦代设立历下邑，汉朝时因位于济水（今黄河下游河道）南岸，设立济南郡并更名历下邑为济南。 郑州 春秋战国时期，郑国、韩国等诸侯国先后建都于郑州市境内的新郑市。秦汉以后先后在这里设置了荥阳郡、北豫州、荥州等城市。隋朝时，该荥州为郑州，这是郑州名称的由来。民国建立之后一度将郑州改为郑县。1948年，郑县解放后恢复郑州市；1954年，河南省会由开封迁往郑州。 南京 战国时期，楚国设置金陵邑。随后的时间里，以金陵邑为基础发展为东南部重要城市，先后有建康、白下、应天等名称。明朝建立后，朱元璋建都应天，将应天改为南京。清朝之后名称虽几经变化，但是在习惯上仍称为南京并沿用至今。 杭州 相传为大禹治水时渡钱塘江的渡口，取名余杭。余是指大禹，杭指当时渡河的工具。因位于钱塘江边，故又名钱塘。隋朝时废钱塘名称，从余杭中取“杭”字为名设立杭州。后来又经过了临安、杭县等名称的变化，民国时期正式建立杭州市。 合肥 因境内的东淝河与西淝河在此回合，所以取名合肥。秦汉时期设立合肥县，隋朝时设立庐州开始一直为庐州治所。1912年分为肥东县、肥西县，解放后重新设置合肥市。 南昌 汉朝时建城取名南昌，为昌大南疆的涵义，同时作为豫章郡的治所。随后的时间里名称几经改变，在元朝末年重新定名为南昌，民国时期建立南昌市。 福州