International Business English
6.Portfolio investment证券投资: Purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than
Lesson 1
controlling.
International Business/国际商务7.Stocks股票: Capital stocks or bonds.
8.Bonds债券: The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money
Business Knowledge:
lent or invested together with interest. The major differences between international business and domestic business
9.Maturity法律体系（票据等）到期A.Differences in legal systems
10.Differences in currencies B.货币Certificate of deposit大额存单
11.Licensing许可经营C.Differences in cultural background : In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm
in another country. They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to Different in natural and economic conditions D.
stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty（许可费）.
The major types of international business
12.Franchising特许经营: Under franchising, franchisee is A. Trade
allowed to operate in the name of
another, franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating 商品贸易 a. Commodity trade techniques for royalty. b.Service trade
13.Trade MarkB. Investment
商标
14.Patent专利a.Foreign direct investment
15.Royalty专利（许可）使用费，版税b.Portfolio investment 证券投资
16.Copyright版权C. Other types
17.Licenser许可方Licensing and franchising a.许可经营和特许经营
18.Licensee管理合同和承包生产b.Management contract and contract manufacturing 被许可方
19.Turnkey project and BOT
Franchiser特许方: A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brand names, logos
c.and operating techniques for royalty.
Trade Terms:
20.关税区1.Customs area: Franchisee被特许方: A firm is allowed to operate in the name of another.
21.Conversion2.货币兑换Management contract管理合同: Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment of form : trade3.Visible 有形贸易The importing goods
and i.e. commodity trade, exporting
or a percentage of the relevant business volume. produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. (including cash
22.V alue chain价值链transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade)
23.banking, communication, transportation, form The : tradeInvisible 4.无形贸易of insurance,
Turnkey project“交钥匙”工程: For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract
with a foreign purchaser and consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries.
undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping
before handing it over to the latter upon completion. 5.FDI外国直接投资: Foreign direct investments. Returns through controlling the enterprises or
24.BOT建设、经营和移交: Build, Operate, Transfer One country acquires assets in a foreign country for P.256.assets invested in a host country. /
专门知识the purpose of controlling and managing them. Expertise25. 1
26.Bonus红利、奖金、津贴4.Please elaborate（详细说明）on the two categories （种类）of international investment.
27.Royalty 许可使用费What is their major difference?
: Supplying capital by residents of one country to another. 国际投资International investment28.A: FDI (Foreign direct investment) is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets
invested in in a host country. 29.Contract manufacturing承包生产/ 30.GATT关贸总协定: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
外国直接投资：通过控制其它投资在他国的企业和资产获得回报。
Portfolio investment refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose : 31.International business国际商务Transaction between parties from different countries.
other than
controlling. Such financial assets may be stocks, bonds or certificates of deposit.
Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also
/ 证券投资：不以控制为目的而购买外国的金融资产，如：股票、债券和定期存款单。regarded as import and export. Intellectual property知识产权32.5.What is licensing? Why do firms sometimes choose it as a means of entering a foreign
= oil reserves
Oil deposit: 33.石油储备market?
the reserves of natural resources 自然资源储备34.A: In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country.
/ 国际许可即：一家公司允许国外的公司使用它的知识产权。个人的晋升，个人素质的提高以及个人事业的进步等。Personal advancement 35.They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can Answer the following questions:
simply receive income in the form of royalty. 可直接收取知识产权费，不必现金开办新业务What does international business refer to? Please tell the difference between international
1.Besides, they can benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations business and domestic business.
in ownership or management. 享有当地经营优势，而在所有权和经营上不承担义务International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes A:The use of licensing is particularly encouraged by high customs duty and non-tariff barriers on business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import
the part of the host country. 当东道国的关税高或非关税壁垒多时，国际许可经营更受欢迎。and export.
Some major differences between international business and domestic business is following:
Differences in legal systems (1)6.What is franchising? How is it different from licensing?
Differences in currencies (2)A: Under franchising, franchisee is allowed to operate in the name of another, franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty. (3)Differences in cultural background
/ 在特许经营情况下，特许使用方以特许授予方的名义开展业务，后者向前者提供商标、品Different in natural and economic conditions
(4)
牌、公司经营技巧等而获取特许使用费。Please explain the differences between visible trade and invisible trade. Which is becoming
2.
In comparison with the relation between the licenser and the licensee, the franchiser has more international accounts increasing an for proportion in and more more and important
control over and provides more support for the franchisee. trade?
communication, of form The commodity of form is trade Visible A: the trade. transportation,
The or trade invisible is etc. information insurance, banking, consulting, called service industries. 7.What is a management contract? Under what conditions is it most applicable?
A: later is become more and more important.
Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services （管理或其它专门服务）to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the Can you cite some examples to illustrate cultural differences in international business? 3.foreign
forbids government a When . （相关业务总价值的百分比）volumebusiness relevant Cultural differences including language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behavior etc. A:
2
ownership in certain industries it considers to be of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another.
operation, management contracts maybe a practical choice enabling a foreign company to operate in
5.the industry without owning the assets. 除了国际贸易和投资，国际许可和特许经营有时也是进入国外市场的一种方式。Besides trade and investment, international licensing and franchising are sometimes taken as a means
of entering a foreign market.
What is an international turnkey project? In what way is its variant BOT different from
8.Lesson 2
it?
Income Level and the World Market / 收入水平和世界市场A: For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser （外国买方）
before handing it and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping（装配设备）Business Knowledge: (1)GNP and GDP
over to the latter upon completion. For a BOT project, a firm operates a facility for a period of time
(2)after building it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company. Making profit from operating Per capita income and per capita GDP
(3)the project for a period is the major difference between BOT and the common turnkey project High-income, middle income and low-income countries
A. Standards for classification
B.Representative countries Translate the following sentences into English:
(4)国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，1.它涉及到许多因素，因而比国内贸易要复杂Triad and Quad
A.United States 得多。
B.Western Europe西欧International business refers to transaction between parties form different countries. It involves more
C.factors and thus is more complicated the domestic business. Japan
D. Canada
(5) Other important markets for China 因此，在此2.随着经济一体化进程的发展，很少人和公司能完全独立于国际商务之外而存在。方面具有一定的知识是十分必要的，这既有益于企业的发展又有益于个人的进步。
stay completely or companies can people globalization, of With the development economic few Trade Terms:
1.away from international business. Therefore, some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for GNP国民生产总值: Gross national Product. The market value of goods and services produced
by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.
the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.
/ 一个经济体凭借其居民拥有的资产和劳动力所生产的货物和服务的市场价值。
2.GDP国内生产总值: Gross Domestic
3.其他参与国际贸易的形式有管理合同、承包生产和“交钥匙”工程。Product. The market value of all goods and services
produced within the geographic area of an economy.
management are international participating forms Other for in business contract, contract
/manufacturing and turnkey project. 一个经济体地理区域内所生产的所有实物产品和服务的价值。
3. National income国民收入
4.即在一国生产或制造商品而出口或进口到另一国进行4.国际贸易最初以商品贸易的形式出现，Per capita income人均收入
5. 消费或转售。Per capita GDP人均国内生产总值: It is calculated by dividing its total GDP by its population,
which reveals the average income level of consumers.
business International trade, commodity of form the took first and exporting i.e. importing goods
3
6.PPP购买力平价: Purchasing power parity A: High-income countries: those enjoying annual per capita income of $9386 and above. In this
group comprise three types of countries; most members of OECD, rich oil producing countries of the 7.Consumerism消费主义Middle East, small-industrialized countries or regions.
8.of its rich, middle income and poor
: The proportions （比例）Income distribution收入分布/ 包括经合组织的大多数成员国、中东石油生产国、工业发达的小国和地区。people.
Middle-income countries: those with annual per capita income below Infra structure9.基础设施$9386 but above $765. Included in this category is most East European countries and most members of the Commonwealth Staple goods大路货10.
of Independent States, six OECD members, quite a number of Latin American countries and some 11.Invoice （开）发票comparatively developed countries in Asia, South Africa and oil-producing countries in African. 债权国Creditor country 12. and / 东欧的大多数国家、大多数独联体国家、经合组织的留个成员国、相当数量的拉美国家。for 13.OECD经合组织，经济合作与开发组织: Organization Economic Cooperation
Low-income countries: those that have per capita incomes of only $765 or Development.
even less. Most
African countries, some Asian countries and a few Latin American 独联体，独立国家联合体14.The Commonwealth of Independent States countries are included in this
group. ASEAN 15.东盟，东南亚国家联盟: Association of Southeast Asian Nationals.
（亚洲四小虎）16.NIEs: Newly Industrialized Economies
Factors of production生产要素17.4. Why are high-income countries important to trade and investment? Should we neglect low-income countries in international business?
A: High-income countries often have good infrastructure（基础设施）, high purchasing power, and Answer the following questions:
advanced technology, efficient management（有效管理）and favorable environment for trade and difference. and GDP GNP concepts Explain 1. the of and respectively point their major out
investment. Can we use them interchangeably?
They offer prime markets for expensive consumer goods and are both attractive sources and GNP (Gross national Product) refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the A:
destinations of investment. 是高档消费品的主要市场，在吸引外资/对外投资都处于有利地位。property and labor owned by the residents of an economy. GDP (Gross Domestic Product) measures
the market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy. The In international trade the low-income countries should not be neglected, because they constitute
markets for lower-priced staple goods(difference between them is that GNP focuses on ownership of the factors of production while GDP 价格低的大宗商品), provide cheap labor and are often rich
in resources. Once tapped, the business potential of these countries will one day become real concentrates on the place where production takes place. The difference between GNP and GDP can
business opportunities. / 一经开发，商业潜力有一天会成为实际的商业机会be ignored since it very small in most cases. Therefore, we can use them interchangeably.
2. In what different ways are GDP and per capita income significant in assessing the potential
5.Was China a low-income country a few years ago? How about now?
of a particular market?
A: China with a per capita income of over $1100 is a middle-income Total GDP indicates the overall size of an economy, which is important in market assessment for A: country though it was a
low-income country just a few years ago. durable equipment or bulk goods (grain, steel or cement). Per capita GDP reveals the average income
level of consumers, which is important when marketing consumer durables.
6.What does the term “Triad”refers to（三方组合）? What is meant by Quad（四方组合）? 3. What are meant by high income, middle income, and low-income countries according to the
The term Triad refers to the three richest regions of the world; the United States, the European
A: World Bank? Cite some examples for each group.
4
Union and Japan that offer the most important business opportunities. The scope of Triad to include 4. 中国现在年人均收入为1100美元以上，但几年前它还是个低收入国家。
China with a per capita income of Canada and name the broadened grouping Quad. over $1100 is a middle-income country though it was a
low-income country just a few years ago.
7. How much do you know about OECD? Please make a brief account.
5. 就中国来说，周围还有其他应特别关注的市场，如亚洲四小虎、东盟国家、俄罗斯等国，is Cooperation and organization Development. The for A:OECD means Organization Economic
这些国家都具有前景看好的市场潜力，能为中国提供很好的商机。included 29 members, 23 of them are high-income countries and 6 are middle-income countries. The
As far as China is concerned, other markets we should pay particular attention to are those around us: headquarters is in Paris. the Four Tigers, the ASEAN countries, Russia, etc. These countries with very promising market
potential and can offer good business opportunities to China. 8. What is the best policy for China to develop business opportunities?
So far as China is concerned, other markets we should pay particular attention to are those around A:ASEAN the Tigers（应特别关注的其它市场还有周边地区，如）us: the Four （亚洲四小虎）, Lesson 3
Regional Economic Integration / 地区经济一体化countries, Russia, India and a bit farther away Australia. These countries or regions either have rich
consumers and offer good business opportunities or are developing fast with very promising market Business Knowledge: (1) Major objectives of regional integration * （地理上接近）potential. And their geographical proximity to China is a great advantage for us in
(2) For levels of regional economic integration
developing business relations with them.
A. Free trade area
B.Customs union Translate the following sentences into English:
C.1. 民生产总值和国内生产总值是表明一国收入的两个重要概念。区别在于前者强调的是生产Common market
D.要素的所属权而后者着重于进行生产的国家。Economic union
(3) European Union (EU)
's total income. The difference GNP and GDP are two important concepts used to indicate a country(4) Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
between them is that the former focuses on ownership of the factors of production while the latter
(5) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) concentrates on the country where production takes place.
2. 要评估某一市场的潜力，人们往往要分析其收入水平，因为它为那里居民的购买力高低提供了线索。Trade Terms: 1.Economic integration经济一体化In assessing the potential of a country as a market, people often look at per capita income since it
2.Free trade area provides clues about the purchasing power of its residents.. 自由贸易区: The members remove barriers to trade among themselves while
still adopts each own external policy. /自由贸易区扫除了成员间商品、服务自由流动的障碍。
3.世界各国被世界银行分为三大领域：高收入国家，中等收入国家和低收入国家。3. Customs union关税同盟: The members remove barriers to trade among themselves and adopt
the same external policy./除消除成员间的贸易壁垒外，所有成员对外实行相同的贸易政策。high-income, categories three into Bank World the by are world the of Countries divided of
4.Tariff rates关税税率middle-income and low-income economies.
Settlement
5. 5
6.NAFTA北美自由贸易协定: North American Free Trade Agreement
34.Territory economies区域经济体
35.Pacific Rim环太平洋圈https://www.doczj.com/doc/3011085968.html,mon market共同市场: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3011085968.html,rmal Meeting of Economic Leadersof production and adopt the same external policy. 领导人非正式会议
8.Banknotes circulation货币流通卡塔尔Cartel9.Answer the following questions:
: Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation 亚太经合组织，亚洲太平洋经济合作组织APEC10.1.What is a free trade area? Make a brief account of the most notable free trade area in the
: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC石油输出国组织11.world.
A:12.European Commission欧盟委员会Free trade area is the loosest form in the regional economic integration（经济一体化程度最低）.
Members in this form removes barriers to the flow of goods and services among themselves while Council of ministers 部长理事会13.each member still adopts its own policy as regards to trade with outsiders. The most notable one is 双部长会议14. Dual-Ministerial Meetingthe North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the largest free market formed by the United 15.Quota Restrictions配额限制
States, Canada and Mexico in 1991 with over 360 million consumers and total GDP of more than 6 经济同盟: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to
16.Economic Union (EU)trillion US dollars. factors of production, adopt the same external policy and harmonize their taxation, government
expenditure, industry policies and use the same currency.
: European Union
欧盟，欧洲联盟17.EU2.In what way is a customs union different from a free trade area?
: European Community
18.EC欧共体，欧洲共同体A: The Customs Union goes a step further by adopting the same trade policy for all the members toward countries outside their organization in addition to abolishing trade barriers among themselves. 荷比卢19.Benelux（比利时、荷兰和卢森堡三国）:Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg
Imports from other countries are subject to the same tariff.
南方共同市场: Southern Cone Customs Union 20.Mercosur: European Coal and Steel Community ECSC欧洲煤钢共同体21.3.What are the characteristics of a common market? Which organization remained a
: European Economic Community
EEC欧洲经济共同体https://www.doczj.com/doc/3011085968.html,mon market for some years in the past?
: European Atomic Energy Community EURA TOM欧洲原子能共同体，欧洲原子能联营23.A: The common market is further up the scale of regional economic integration. Besides free
movement of goods and services and adoption 高官会议24.SOM: Senior Officials Meeting
of common external trade policy, factors of
production such as labor, capital and technology are free to move among members so that they can : Trade and investment liberation and facilitation TILF25.贸易投资便利化自由化be utilized in a more efficient and productive way. In the past, the European Community remained a ECOTECH经济技术合作: Economic and technical cooperation https://www.doczj.com/doc/3011085968.html,mon market for some years.政治实体Political entity 27. 28.主权国家Sovereign state
29.多极化Multi-polarization4.How much do you know about an economic union? Can members of an economic union
30.分委员会Sub-committee keep all of their national sovereignty?
: New Transatlantic Agenda NTA31.新跨大西洋议程A: The economic union is the highest form of economic integration, which is characterized by
integration of the domestic policies of its members in respect of TABD32.（在…方面）: Transatlantic Business Dialogue economy, finance etc. 跨大西洋商业对话production
: Transatlantic Consumer Dialogue TACD33.跨大西洋消费者对话free and policy external common of practice barriers, trade of absence to addition in
6
factor mobility. b. Dual-Ministerial Meeting
their taxation, c. Ministers Responsible for Trade The members of an Economic Union are required not only to harmonize （保持一致）government expenditure, industry policies, etc., but also use the same currency.
d. The Senior Officials Meeting (SOM)
e. Subordinate committees under of their national sovereignty, which is eroding the SOM: Committee of Trade and Investment, Economic The member are required to surrender some
Committee, Economic and Technical Cooperation Sub-committee of SOM and Budget Management supreme power of sovereign autonomy of tradition the world political system based on the and
Committee. states.
. 5.Make a brief account of the origin and development of the EU（European Union）8.What are the tenet and objectives of APEC? What do its two wheels mean?
A: A: The first community, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was established in 1952, The tenet and objectives