考研时文阅读（12
Text 11 Why texting harms your IQ
为什么收发短信会降低智商？
The regular use of text messages and e-mails can lower the IQ more than twice as much as smoking marijuana. That is the claim of psychologists who have found that tapping away on a mobile phone or computer keypad or checking them for electronic messages temporarily knocks up to ten points off the user's IQ. This rate of decline in intelligence compares unfavorably with the four-point drop in IQ associated with smoking marijuana, according to British researchers, who have labeled the fleeting phenomenon of enhanced stupidity as infomania.
Research on sleep deprivation suggests that the IQ drop caused by electronic obsession is also equivalent to a wakeful night. Infomania is mainly a problem for adult workers, especially men, as the study commissioned by Hewlett Packard, the technology company, has concluded.
The noticeable drop in IQ is attributed to the constant distraction of always on technology when employees should be concentrating on what they are paid to do. Infomania means that they lose concentration as their minds remain fixed in an almost permanent state of readiness to react to technology instead of focusing on the task in hand. Workers lose productivity by interrupting a business meeting and disrupt social gatherings because of their infirmity, the report said.
The brain also finds it hard to cope with juggling lots of tasks at once, reducing its overall effectiveness, it added. And while modern technology can have huge benefits, excessive use can be damaging not only to a person's mind, but to their social life.
Furthermore, infomania is having a negative effect on work colleagues, increasing stress and dissenting feelings. Nine out of ten polled thought that colleagues who answered e-mails or messages during a face-to-face meeting were extremely rude. Y et one in three Britons believes that it is not only acceptable, but actually diligent and efficient to do so.
The effects on IQ were studied by Dr Glenn Wilson, a University of London psychologist, as part of the research project. This is a very real and widespread phenomenon, he said. We have found that infomania, if unchecked, will damage a worker's performance by reducing their mental sharpness. Companies should encourage a more balanced and appropriate way of working.
经常收发短信和e-mail会降低人的智商。这种损害比吸食大麻对智商带来的损害要高两倍多。心理学家发现，使用手机或敲击电脑键盘发送或接收电子信息会暂时降低使用者约十个百分点的智商。根据英国研究人员的研究，吸食大麻会使智商下降个百分点，而与之相比，经常使用电子文本信息造成的智力衰减率更加严重。研究人员将这种暂时变笨的现象称为“信息狂躁”。
关于剥夺睡眠的研究表明因为痴迷于电子产品而造成的智力衰退相当于一夜失眠。惠普科技公司委托进行的研究结果表明，信息狂躁主要表现在成年人身上，尤其是成年男性。
造成这种智力明显衰退的原因在于当员工们应该集中精力工作时，“无处不在”的科技却总是不断分散他们的注意力。信息狂躁是指他们的意识近乎一直处于一种随时对“技术”做出反应的状态，因而无法将注意力集中在手头的工作上。报告中说，因为工人们的虚弱，通过中断了业务会议而失去生产效率，并且破坏了社交聚会的范围。
该报告还补充说大脑很难同时应付许多难题，其整体效率会降低。此外，虽然现代科技可以给予我们巨大的帮助，但过多地使用科技也会给人们的大脑和社会生活带来危害。
此外，信息狂躁对同事也有负面影响，增加他们的压力和敌对情绪。90％的被调查者认
为在面对面会议时回电子邮件是非常无礼的行为。但是三分之一的英国人不仅可以接受这种行为，而且觉得这样做说明自己工作勤奋、高效。
伦敦大学的心理学家Glenn Wilson博士正在做一个名为“这是一个真实的普遍现象”的研究项目，信息狂躁对智商的影响是其中的一个部分。他说：“如果不进行检查控制，信息狂躁将会降低员工的精神敏感度，进而影响其工作效率。所以，公司应提倡一种更加平衡的适当的工作方式。”
核心单词记忆：
1. text v. 发送短信（文字讯息）[新词义]
2. tap on vt. 在……上轻敲，轻拍
3. knock up v.（使）筋疲力尽，（使）累垮
4. label vt. 贴标签于，指……为，分类，标注
5. deprivation n. 剥夺动词为deprive vt. 剥夺，使丧失
6. be equivalent to 相等(当) 于……，等（同）于，与……等效
7. commission vt. 委任，任命，委托，委托制作；n. 委任，委托，代办（权），代理（权），犯（罪），佣金
8. attribute to v. 归因于
9. cope with v. 与……竞争，应付
10. while conj. 虽然，尽管例句：While the grandparents love the children，they are strict
with them. 虽然祖父母们都爱他们的孩子，但却对他们要求严格。
11. dissenting adj.（=dissentient）不同意的
12. poll v. 投票，获得选票，选举中获得
13. face-to-face adv. 面对面地
14. unchecked adj. 未受制止的，未经检查的，未加抑制的
15. appropriate adj. 适当的
Text 2 使用不健康网络可能有损心理健康
Internet use appears to cause a decline in psychological well-being, according to research at Carnegie Mellon University. Even people who spent just a few hours a week on the Internet experienced more depression and loneliness than those who logged on less frequently, the two-year study showed. And it wasn't that people who were already feeling bad spent more time on the Internet, but that using the Net actually appeared to cause the bad feelings.
Researchers are puzzling over the results, which were completely contrary to their expectations. They expected that the Net would prove socially healthier than television, since the Net allows users to choose their information and to communicate with others.
The fact that Internet use reduces time available for family and friends may account for the drop in well-being, researchers hypothesized. Faceless, bodiless virtual communication may be less psychologically satisfying than actual conversation, and the relationships formed through it may be shallower. Another possibility is that exposure to the wider world via the Net makes users less satisfied with their lives.
But it's important to remember this is not about the technology; it's about how it is used, says psychologist Christine Riley of Intel, one of the study's sponsors. It really points to the need for considering social factors in terms of how you design applications and services for technology.
卡内基麦伦大学的研究表明，使用因特网可能会导致心理健康程度下降。两年的研究表明，上网次数多的人与较少的人相比，即使是一周仅上网几小时也会经常地感觉到沮丧和孤
独。这不是说已经有不良感觉的人在网上花费了更多的时间，而是说使用因特网似乎确实诱发了人们的不良感觉。
研究人员对这些结果困惑不解，因为这与他们的预料截然相反。他们预测，和看电视相比，从社交角度来说，上网可能更健康一些，因为网络允许使用者选择自己需要的信息并且和别人进行交流。
研究者推测说，实际情况是上网使网民减少了和家人及朋友共度的时光，这也许可以解释他们心理健康状况下降的原因。和面对面的交谈相比，这种见不着面、看不见人的“虚拟”的交流可能会使人从心理上缺乏满足感。人们通过这种交流结下的友谊也不会太深。还有一种可能是，网民通过因特网所了解到的广阔世界使他们对自己的生活不那么满意了。
“然而，重要的是不要忘记这与技术本身是无关的，问题在于如何使用因特网。”这项研究的发起人之一、心理学家、英特尔公司的克里斯廷·赖利说，“这的确表明在考虑从技术上如何设计应用和服务时有必要把社会因素考虑进去。
核心单词记忆：
1. available 可利用的，可支配的；例句The swimming pool is available only in summer. 这个游泳池只在夏天开放。
2. contrary to 与……相反例句：What you are doing now is contrary to the doctor's advice.
3. hypothesize 假设，假定；
4. virtual [电脑]虚拟的，虚的；对于这个词可以结合上下文理解. Faceless, bodiless virtual communication may be less psychologically satisfying than actual conversation, and the relationships formed through it may be shallower. 文中virtual communication对应着后面的actual conversation，又有than，可以想到这是两个对应的反义词。
5. actual 现实的；
6. exposure to 暴露，（文中引申为了解）例句：The paint came off as the result of exposure to the rain.油漆因受雨淋而剥落。
7. sponsor 发起者，主办者，赞助者
考研时文阅读（13A）
Is GE food Safe to Eat?
转基因食物食用是否安全?
Traditional plant breeding involves crossing varieties of the same species in ways they could cross naturally. For example, disease－resistant varieties of wheat have been crossed with high－yield wheat to combine these properties. This type of natural gene exchange is safe and fairly predictable.
Genetic engineering（GE）involves exchanging genes between unrelated species that cannot naturally exchange genes with each other. GE can involve the exchange of genes between vastly different species, e.g. putting scorpion toxin genes into maize or fish antifreeze genes into tomatoes. It is possible that a scorpion toxin gene, even when it is in maize DNA, will still get the organism to produce scorpion toxin, but what other effects may it have in this alien environment? We are already seeing this problem——adding human growth hormone genes to pigs certainly makes them grow——but it also gives them arthritis and makes them cross－eyed, which was entirely unpredictable.
It will be obvious, for example, that the gene for human intelligence will not have the same effect if inserted into cabbage DNA as it had in human DNA——but what side－effect would it have? In other words, is GE food safe to eat? The answer is that nobody knows because long－
term tests have not been carried out.
Companies wanting a GE product approved in the UK or USA are required to provide regulatory bodies with results of their own safety tests. Monsanto''s soya beans were apparently fed to fish for 10 weeks before being approved. There was no requirement for independent testing, for long-term testing, for testing on humans or testing for specific dangers to children or allergic people.
The current position of the UK Government is that there is no evidence of long-term dangers from GE foods. In the US, the American Food and Drug Administration is currently being prosecuted for covering up research that suggested possible risks from GE foods.
传统的植物培育方法，是用植物自然杂交的方式，来进行相同物种的人工杂交。比如，抗病小麦同高产小麦杂交，形成了一种具有双重特性的新的小麦品种。这种自然的基因交换既安全，又具有相当的可预见性。
基因工程是在彼此毫无关系的物种之间，相互交换在自然条件下无法交换的基因。它可在有巨大差异的物种之间进行基因交换。比如，将蝎子毒素基因注入玉米，或者将鱼防冻基因注入西红柿。即使在玉米DNA中，蝎子毒素基因依然可能获得有机组织产生蝎子毒素。但是在这种异质的环境中，这种基因产品会有什么其他作用吗？我们实际上已经发现这个问题：将人类生长荷尔蒙基因植入猪的体内，一定会使猪的生长加速，但是同时也使猪患上了关节炎和内斜视，而这一切是完全无法预测的比如，人类的智力基因显而易见在人体DNA 内和注入卷心菜DNA后的作用是不同的。但将它植入卷心菜中会产生什么样的副作用呢？换句话说，食用转基因食品安全吗？没有人知道答案，因为人们尚未进行长期的测试。
在英国或者美国，一个公司如果希望其转基因产品获得批准，它必须向管理机构提供本公司转基因产品安全测试的结果。Monsanto的大豆在获得批准之前，曾用了10周时间进行喂鱼试验。目前，尚无要求对转基因产品进行独立测试、长期测试、人体测试，或者就其对儿童及过敏者所造成的特定危险进行测试。
英国政府目前的态度是：“尚无证据表明食用转基因食品存在长期性的危险。”在美国，人们正在起诉美国食品药品管理局掩盖转基因食品安全性的研究结果，这些研究结果表明，食用转基因食品可能导致危险。
核心单词：
1. breeding 生育，繁殖，培植
2. resistant 抵抗的、防……的
3. yield 出产，结出，被迫放弃例句：These apple trees yield plenty of fruit this year. 这些苹果树今年结了许多苹果。例句：He was forced to yield the castle. 他被迫放弃城堡。
4. property 特性，属性例句：He is studying the medicinal properties of wild plants. 他正在研究野生植物的药物特性。
5. scorpion 蝎子
6. toxin 毒素
7. alien 外国的，性质不相容的；例句：Her behavior is alien to our ethical values. 她的行为和我们的伦理标准格格不入。
8. side-effect 副作用
考研时文阅读(13B)
The history of life on earth has been a history of interaction between living things and their surroundings. To a large extent, the physical form and the habits of the earth's vegetation and its
animal life have been molded by the environment. Considering the whole span of earthly time, the opposite effect, in which life actually modifies its surroundings, has been relatively slight. Only in the present century has one species man acquired significant power to alter the nature of his world.
During the past quarter century this power has not only become increasingly great but it has changed in character. The most alarming of all man's assaults upon the environment is the contamination of air, earth, rivers, and sea with dangerous and even lethal materials. This pollution is for the most part irrecoverable. In this now universal contamination of the environment, chemicals are the sinister partners of radiation in changing the very nature of the world as well as the very nature of its life. Chemicals sprayed on croplands or forests or gardens lie long in soil, entering into living organisms, passing from one to another in a chain of poisoning and death. Or they pass mysteriously by underground streams until they emerge and combine into new forms that kill vegetation, sicken cattle, and work unknown harm on those who drink from once pure wells. Man can hardly even recognize the devils of his own creation, as a scientist has said.
It took hundreds of millions of years to produce the life that now inhabits the earth. Given time not in years but in millennia life adjusts, and a balance has been reached. But in the modern world there is no time.
The rapidity of change follows the impetuous pace of man rather than the deliberate pace of nature. Radiation is now the unnatural creation of man's tampering with the atom. The chemicals are the synthetic creations of man's inventive mind, having no counterparts in nature.
To adjust to these chemicals would require not merely the years of a man's life but the life of generations. And even this, were it by some miracle possible, would be futile, for the new chemicals come from our laboratories in an endless stream; almost five hundred annually find their way into actual use in the United States alone. Among them are many that are used in man's war against nature. Since the mid 1940's over 200 basic chemicals have been created for use in killing insects, weeds, and other organisms described as pests.
地球上生命的历史一直就是一部生物与其环境相互作用的历史。在很大程度上，地球上动植物的形态以及习性都是由外部环境所塑造的。考虑到地球上生命存在的整个时间，相反作用，即生命对其周围环境的实际改变作用，却相对很小。只有在当前这个世纪（指20世纪）才有一个物种——人类，获得了强大的力量，改变了其所生存的世界的自然状态。
在过去的1/4世纪中，这种力量不仅日趋强大，而且其性质也发生了变化。在人类破坏环境的种种行为中，最令人担忧的是人类向大气、土壤、河流以及海洋中排放危险甚至致命物质，而当今这种污染在很大程度上是无法挽救的。在当今这种对环境的普遍污染中，化学制品与辐射狼狈为奸，改变着地球的自然状态，也就是改变着地球上生命的自然状态。喷洒到农田、森林或者花园里的化学物质长期滞留于土壤中，渗入有机体内，并彼此相传，形成了一个中毒与死亡的链条。化学物质还神秘地通过地下水传递，最终以新的形式出现并结合，使植物毒死，牲畜害病，并使饮用一度纯净的井水的人遭受了不明之害。正如一位科学家所言：“人类甚至对自己创造的恶魔都不认识。”
地球历经了许多亿年才创造了栖息其上的生命。经过了一定时间——不是以若干年计而是以若干千年计的时间——生命开始适应环境，并形成了一种与环境的平衡。但是在现代世界中，时间这一因素已经没有了。
环境改变的速度不再顺从大自然从容不迫的节奏，而是顺从人类急切匆匆的步伐。辐射是当今人类通过支配原子而得到的一种非自然的创造物。化学制品则是人类有发明创造力的头脑创造出来的合成物，在自然界本无相应的东西。
为了适应这些化学制品，人类需要付出的时间不会只是一个人一生的时间，而是几代人
的时间。而即使这样，就算出现奇迹成为可能，这种适应也是徒劳的，因为新的化学制品从我们的实验室中源源不断地涌出。仅在美国，每年就有大约500种化学制品投入使用，其中许多是用于人类对自然的战争中。从20世纪40年代中期起，人类已经创造了200多种基本化学制品用来消灭昆虫、野草以及其他所谓的“有害生物”。
重点词汇：
1. character（人的）品质，性格；（事物的）性质、特性；He has a changeable character. 他性格多变。
2. assault 攻击，袭击They made a strong assault on the town. 他们猛烈攻击这个镇子。
3. spray 浪花，水花，喷液Did you bring along some insect spray？你带来杀虫剂了吗？
4. impetuous 性急的，鲁莽的It was impetuous of her to do that. 她竟做那种事，真是鲁莽。
5. deliberate 不慌不忙的，从容的He is deliberate in his speech. 他说话从容不迫。The rapidity of change follows the impetuous pace of man rather than the deliberate pace of nature. 可见由than相连，
必然是两个反义词。
6. futile 无益的，无效的，无希望的His efforts to save the business were futile. 他挽救公司的努力未能奏效。
考研时文阅读（14）篇章结构分析
本文所讨论的中心主题是：由于电视业不断地在进行结构调整，结果造成了一种商业主义泛滥的文化氛围。作者在第一段指出英国媒体的一个阴暗面，并指出对电视业的行业标准与诚信逐渐沦丧的一个普遍存在的原因。接着，作者在第二、三段分析了这个问题的一些其它原因。作者在第四段用了一个转折词but,指出一个最为重要但却被公众所忽视并不理解的原因：节目制作被外包给独立的公司。最后作者分析了在电视业培养诚信和保证质量的最好方法。属于现象分析型文章。
The abundant commentary on British television‘s faking crises, including Jeremy Pitman‘s recent Mac Taggart Lecture, doesn‘t show British‘s media in the best light. The ch orus of TV executives complaining that the core issue is a loss of ―trust‖ is a poor substitute for probing analysis of the underlying reasons why television‘s standards and integrity have been undermined.
In many accounts, the BBC‘s current agonies are in tegrated with the pervasive apprehension afflicting the TV industry. This is not to excuse the BBC. But the wider problems have been worsening for a decade, and they affect the BBC because the corporation is inevitably influenced by the wider broadcasting ecology.
The causes of the problems are several. Hyper-competition from the early Nineties onwards has led to a culture of rampant commercialism from which the BBC is not exempt, as is shown by the promotion of ratings-chasing, sensationalist and populist programs. Crucial, too, are the changes to working conditions, in particular a catastrophic decline in training, the growth of short-term employment, the erosion of career structures, and prevalent ageism, which leads to experienced producers being kicked out at 50 or before.
But the most important cause is obscured in the present debate: the outsourcing of production to independent companies, the leading figures of which are international businesses, and which are particularly tempted to put profit over standards and quality. This is where the government comes in, as the prominent position of the independents is due to repeated restructurings of the industry, during which the old producer-broadcasters were collapsed and the independents were given more and more of the cake. Right now, spurred on by a disappointing
license-fee settlement, the BBC is making further cuts to its already depleted production base and increasing independent programming. Why should this matter? Because with outsourcing, the lines of communication and responsibility are fragmented, making it difficult for broadcasters to oversee and enforce standards with disobedient commercial suppliers. This problem is rarely acknowledged and little understood in public debate.
Renewed values and pu rposes: these can‘t stem the tide when the incentives are piled to encourage deliberate deception and the manufacture of celebrity. Finally, nor is it true to claim, as some executives complacently do, that audiences have only recently decided they expect more from television. For some years, research has shown that audiences are mightily fed up with the diet of lacking initiative, low-quality output. The BBC can‘t reverse the rot alone. As has been recently grasped, integrity and quality are best cultivated competitively between media companies that are regulated and funded to deliver them.
The independents are a varied bunch. Some, like, End mol, are multinational subsidiaries that pride themselves on delivering ratings. Such companies can sometimes cross-subsidies to support adventurous fare. But, as an RDF executive told me, ultimately their operations are driven just as much by the bottom line. That RDF‘s creative director, Stephen Lambert---previously in charge of some of the BBC‘s finest documentary ou tput----was the man who edited the culpable publicity tape is a tragic but telling symptom of the Faustian pact driving the TV industry. This is not just about Lambert‘s individual failing; the rot is systematic.
有关英国电视媒体造假危机长篇累牍的评论----包括杰里米帕克斯曼最近所做的麦克塔格特纪念演说----暴露出英国媒体的一个阴暗面。电视业管理者们齐声抱怨的问题的关键是“责任”的丧失，但这一说法并不能取代对电视业的行业标准与诚信逐渐沦丧的根本原因所进行的深入分析。
在很大程度上，BBC眼下的麻烦是与困扰电视业的普遍担忧相伴随的问题。这并不是要为BBC开脱。但更广泛的问题十年来一直在恶化，这些问题也影响到了BBC，因为在这样的媒体大环境之下，它也难以独善其身。
问题的原因是多方面的。自上世纪90年代以来，过度竞争导致商业主义泛滥的文化氛围。BBC也未能幸免，这从它提倡追求收视率、轰动效应、媚俗的节目即可看出。同样重要的原因还包括工作状况的变化，尤其是职业培训严重滑坡、短期聘用增加、从业者结构恶化以及普遍存在的年龄歧视等，而年龄歧视导致许多有经验的制作人在50岁甚至不到50岁就被扫地出门。
然而最为重要的原因却在目前的争论中被掩盖了起来：节目制作被外包给独立的公司，这些公司中的那些显赫者都是一些跨国公司，它们尤其会受到利润的驱使而使其凌驾于标准和质量之上。在这一点上，政府摆脱不了干系，因为这些独立公司的突出地位是由于电视业的多次结构调整而造成的。在此过程中，旧的制作、播放一体的体制遭到瓦解，独立制作公司分得的蛋糕则越来越大。眼下，受到令人失望的许可证费用方案的推动，BBC进一步削减了它原本就已萎缩的制作基地，同时增加独立公司的节目编排。为什么这一点关系重大？因为由于实行外包，制作的交流和责任链条就被割裂，遇到难对付的商业供片商，播出方就很难监督和强化节目的水准。这一问题在公众讨论过程中很少为人所认识和理解。重建的价值观和目的：这些都阻止不了道德滑坡的趋势，因为这个方面的因素都在激发从业者的蓄意欺骗和制造名人效应行为。最后，事实并不像一些管理者们得意声称的那样，观众们只是最近才决定对电视节目给予更多期待。研究显示，观众多年来早已受够了那些制作播出的相互抄袭、质量低劣的节目了。单靠BBC一家无法逆转这种腐败之势。正如最近认识到的那样，只有在加强监督和资金投入的同时，促进媒体公司之间的竞争，才是培养诚信和保证质量的
最好办法。
这些独立制作公司形形色色。有些跨国公司的子公司，如End mol公司，它们以提高收视率的产品而感到自豪。这类公司有时候相互提供资金支持，以完成一些冒险性节日。但是，正如RDF的一位管理者告诉我的那样，他们经营的最终动力还是赢利。RDF的创意总监Stephen Lambert---过去曾是BBC制作出的一些最精良的记录片的负责人----就是对那盘难辞其咎的宣传录像带进行编辑加工的人。这一事实虽然令人悲哀，却是背后驱策电视业的浮士德契约的鲜活例证。这不只是Lambert个人的污点，这种腐败是全行业的。
考研时文阅读（15A）How safe is biosafe?
Dressed in blue scrubs and disposable underwear, Simon Caidan cautiously transfers liquid into a series of bottles inside the airtight cabinet in front of him. His arms are pushed up to his elbows in a pair of gloves sealed to the glass, preventing him from coming into contact with the potentially deadly material inside.
This is one of the most secure research laboratories in Britain, dealing with some of the world's most dangerous diseases. The threat posed by the pathogens kept here, on the outskirts of north London, is so great that the rooms are maintained at a lower air pressure than the outside to ensure nothing can escape when the doors are opened.
All the air passing through the building is filtered several times to strip it of even the finest particles, while staff have to remove all clothing before entering and must shower before leaving. If there is a leakage, the entire laboratory can be sealed and fumigated.
Y et, despite these formidable safety measures, it is from a laboratory similar to this that a foot and mouth virus is thought to have escaped, infecting nearby livestock. Initial reports into the outbreak in Normandy, Surrey, have pointed to a high-security laboratory in Pirbright, three miles away, shared by the government-funded Institute for Animal Health and a private drug firm, Merial UK.
The incident has sparked grave concerns about the state of the country's secure laboratories and the threat they pose. If a virus can escape from one such laboratory, can it happen again? And next time, could it be from a lab handling deadly human diseases?
In Britain, there are 15 ―Containment Level Four‖ laboratories, the maximum bio-security level, across the country. Each handles some of the deadliest organisms known to man and animals: diseases that are highly infectious, fatal even in low doses and impossible to treat.
“I am surprised there has been a release from a facility in the UK, of all places,‖ said Dr Ingegerd Kallings, an expert on bio-safety for the World Health Organization and the Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control. ―Y ou have good regulations in place.‖ For Dr Kallings, the escape of foot and mouth into the countryside around the Pirbright laboratory illustrates the weak link in the world's bio-security measures: people.
―It comes down to a lax attitude among the staff,‖ she said. ―Y ou can't really blame the age of a facility for an escape, as ultimately the bio-security is not a technical issue.‖
What she, and other scientists, fear is that the tight regulations and safety measures can be rendered useless by carelessness. Adhering to safety protocols is tedious, and researc hers can pick up bad habits or become complacent. Washing contaminated material down the wrong sink, for instance; carrying infected samples between rooms, or removing equipment from the laboratory before it has been properly decontaminated. All are hard to monitor and prevent.
生物安全有多安全?
身穿蓝色防护服和一次性内衣, 西蒙﹒凯旦小心谨慎地将液体转移到面前密封柜中的一套小瓶子里。他将双臂伸进封帖在玻璃上的一副手套里，直至肘部，以防接触盗柜子里那具潜在致命性的物质。
这是英国最为安全的科研实验室之一，位于伦敦北部郊区，从事世界上一些最具危险性疾病的研究。保存在这里的病原体具有非常大的危险性，因此实验室内的气压维持在低于外界气压的状态，以确保开门时不会发生任何泄露。
所有经由实验室流通的空气都经过数次过滤，以除去哪怕最微小的颗粒，同时，工作人员在进入前必须除掉所有衣物，而且沐浴后才能离开。如果发生泄漏，整个实验室都要封闭，进行熏蒸消毒。
然而，尽管采取了这些严密的安全措施，据认为还是有一个与其类似的实验室发生了口蹄疫病毒泄露，感染了附近的牲畜。关于萨里郡诺曼底所暴发的口蹄疫疫情的初步报告，把矛头指向了位于3英里之外皮尔布赖特的一所高安全性实验室。这所实验室由政府资助的动物卫生研究所和私营的英国梅里亚尔药品公司共管。
该事件引发了人们对英国安全实验室的状况及其所构成威胁的严重关切。如果病毒能从这样的实验室外泄，那么此类事件是否会再次发生？而下一次，病毒是否会从研究致命性人类疾病的实验室外泄？
英国拥有15所“四级防护”实验室，即全国最高生物安全级别实验室。每所实验室所研究的都是一些已知的对人和动物最致命的微生物：最有高度传染性的疾病，哪怕是最小剂量也会致命，而且绝无治愈的可能。
“我很惊讶，在所有那些地方中，偏偏是在英国发生了泄露，”世界卫生组织及瑞典传染病研究所的生物安全专家英格德﹒克林斯博士说，“你们已经制定了严格的规章制度啊。”在克林斯博士可看来，口蹄疫病毒外泄到皮尔布赖特实验室附近的乡村，表明了世界生物安全措施中存在的薄弱环节：人。
“归结到一点，就是工作人员态度松懈，”她说，“你的确不能把泄露的原因归为设备老化，因为归根结底生物安全不是一个技术问题。”
她和其他科学家所担心的是，严格的规章制度和安全措施会因粗心大意而变得毫无用处。恪守安全议定书是件令人厌烦的事，研究人员会染上各种坏习惯或变得满不在乎。例如，在错误的水池冲洗被污染的物品，携带被感染的样品穿梭于各个房间，或者未经适当消毒就将设备带出实验室。所有这一切都难以进行监督和预防。
考研时文阅读（15B）
Malic ious behavior is even harder to control, if a member of staff decides to smuggle a virus out of a facility. Doctors and scientists, as the recent terrorist attacks on Glasgow airport showed, can be radicalized like anyone else and many experts have pointed at the folly of keeping stocks of dangerous diseases so readily at hand.
Then there are the facilities themselves. Can a simple household electric shower, as used in the National Institute for Medical Research where Mr Caidan works, for instance, remove all traces of a virus?
―Lab accidents happen more frequently than the public knows,‖ says Ed Hammond, of the Sunshine Project, a non-profit-making organization that monitors the use of biological agents. ―They are not always as spectacular as the one in the UK, but I believe there's a real culture of denial about the scale of the problem.‖
In 2004, a Russian scientist working on an Ebola vaccine died after pricking her hand with a syringe, while in April 2005, a pandemic strain of Asian flu was released by a laboratory in
America after it was accidentally put into test kits sent to scientists around the world. The last known case of smallpox occurred in 1978, when a researcher has resulted in the death of a member of the public...so far.
But campaigners fear that, with more and more research being carried out on these hazardous organisms, the risk of accidents and escapes is increasing. The viruses kept in Containment Level Four laboratories are among the most infectious. Just a few of the tiny organisms are needed to cause disease. Once out in the community, they would spread quickly, with little chance of controlling them, and there are effective treatments for few of them.
At the National Institute for Medical Research, scientists are studying the deadly H5N1 avian flu virus. Samples from infected people are brought to the facility in London's Mill Hill for analysis. Researchers have also been working on the 1918 pandemic flu strain that killed about 50 million people. If this strain of the virus were to escape, it could cause a fresh pandemic, as virtually no one would have immunity.
“This is why the regulations have to be so strict,‖ explains Mr Caidan, the head of safety for the site. ―We are not just protecting our staff, but the environment and the general public.‖So why are we taking the risk at all? ―We need to carry out research on these organisms so we can understand them better and produce ways of treating them,‖ says Prof Philip Duffus, an animal virologist at Bristol University. ―We also need to handle samples for diagnosis of these diseases.‖
While the investigation into how the foot and mouth virus escaped from the Pirbright site continues, there are now doubts as to whether the laboratory is still fit for purpose. There are also questions about whether liquid waste from the Merial buildings and the Institute for Animal Health laboratory was treated sufficiently to kill any virus it contained, and investigators are still examining whether the disease could have been carried off the site by a member of staff.
Regardless of the outbreak's cause, the safety of Britain's high-security laboratories will have to be improved. The WHO will publish new international standards for containing dangerous pathogens next year. The fear of the escape of a deadly human virus is sending many a shiver down white-coated spines.
如果一名工作人员决意把病毒偷偷带出实验室，那么这种恶意行为就会更加难以控制。最近格拉斯哥机场遭到的恐怖袭击表明，医生和科学家与其他人一样也会变成激进分子，很多专家也指出，使大量危险性病菌唾手可得是件愚蠢的事。
设备本身也有问题。简单的家用电淋浴----比如凯旦先生供职的国家医学研究所所使用的那种-----能够冲洗掉所有病毒残余吗？
“实验室事故的发生比公众所知道的要频繁，”来自监控生物制剂使用的非赢利机构“阳光计划”的埃德﹒哈蒙德说，“这些事故并不像英国的这起这样惊人，不过我觉得，的确存在一种否认问题严重性的现象。”
2004年，一位从事埃博拉病毒疫苗研究的俄罗斯科学家因被注射器扎伤了手而身亡；2005年4月，美国一家实验室在发往全世界科学家的试验箱中，不慎放入了一种亚洲型流感病株，导致病毒外泄。最近的一个为人所知的天花感染事件发生在1978年，当时伯明翰大学的一名研究人员受到感染。到目前为止，尚没有一起实验室事故导致公众死亡。
但是社会活动人士担心，随着对这些危险微生物研究的日益增多，事故和外泄的风险也在增加。保存在“四级防护”实验室中的病毒都属于最具传染性的病毒。这些微小的生物体只需极少的一点就能致病。一旦外泄，就会迅速扩散，几无控制的可能，也没有有效的治疗方法。
在国家医学研究所，科学家们正从事H5N1型致命性禽流感病毒的研究。从感染者身上获取的样本被带到伦敦米尔西尔的实验室进行分析。同时，研究人员也一直在研究1918年流感病株，那场流感造成大约5000万人死亡。如果该病毒的病株外泄，就会导致新一轮大流感暴发，因为几乎没有人能对其免疫。
“这就是规章制度必须如此严格的原因，”实验场地安全负责人凯旦先生解释说，“我们不只是在保护自己的工作人员，而且也是在保护环境和公众。”
那么我们为什么还要冒此风险呢？“我们需要对这些微生物进行研究，这样才能更好的了解它们，找到对付它们的办法，”布里斯托尔大学动物病毒学家菲利普﹒达弗斯说，“我们还需要研究样本，以诊断这些病毒。”
尽管针对口蹄疫病毒如何从皮尔布赖特外泄的调查仍在继续，人们已经开始怀疑这个实验室是否还适于使用。同时，人们也在质疑梅里亚尔公司和动物卫生研究所共管的这所实验室排出的液体废物是否经过了充分处理，杀死了其中含带的任何病毒，而调查人员也仍在调查该病毒是否有被工作人员带出实验室的可能。
一名最近参观过皮尔布赖特实验室的高级实验室安全专家也对日益老化的设备能否有效维护生物安全表示担忧。“我所见到的情况非常令人震惊，”他说，“那里有优秀的科学家，但是设备太老了，与更为现代化的设备相比，出错的可能性更大。”
不管疫情暴发的原因是什么，英国高安全性实验室的安全必须得到加强。世界卫生组织明年将发布危险性病原体保存的国际新标准。致命性人类病毒外泄造成的恐惧令身着白大褂的试验人员脊骨发凉。
考研时文阅读（16）
The press in recent times has been all about the press. The Murdoch takeover of The Wall Street Journal has dominated the news. Is he a savior or a spoiler? Beyond that, there have been many articles recently about the glum future of newspapers. Are they dying? Can the Internet save serious journalism?
The fact that these big newspapers have gone public makes things worse as Wall Street has weighed in with attacks on the management of The New Y ork Times and their lack of financial performance. Even Warren Buffet has pronounced that the present model------meaning print-----isn't going to work. Being publicly owned puts all the focus on the numbers. And when you're trying to improve your numbers to make investors happy, you cut the things you should be investing in such as people, promotion and innovation.
No one has worked harder to improve the numbers than Donald Graham, the CEO of the Washington Post Co.. He was one of the first to aggressively push into the digital world, yet critics say Graham needs to move even faster to get the business online.
In an effort to recapture young readers, the Post in 2003 started a free weekday newspaper called the Express, which now publishes 185,000 copies a day. It's profitable. A year later the company acquired El Tiempo Latino, a Spanish-language weekly. It also publishes five paid-circulation suburban newspapers, 34 free suburban weeklies, 12 military newspapers, and real estate and auto guides. To squeeze a few more dollars out of its presses and trucks, the Post Co. distributes The Wall Street Journal in Washington, and it prints and circulates the local edition of the satirical newspaper The Onion.
Y et, despite all this effort, print advertising revenue at the Post is six times that of Internet revenue. It's still about the paper. Needless to say, all this is one tough marketing problem.
Sometimes to solve a problem in one industry you have to study other analogous industries.
In this case I would look to the retail world. There are similarities. The store name is the brand where I go to shop. The newspaper name is the brand where I go to read. In both instances, I go for what's in each, so content is important. And in both instances, there are competitive forces that are causing great difficulties.
For example, good old Sears Roebuck has been under enormous price pressure from the likes of Wal-Mart and Home Depot. Sears, through the years, built very powerful brands. Names like Die Hard, Kenmore, Craftsman and Weather-beater Paint are what make the difference for Sears. If they are
to survive, their strategy should be to promote these brands as ―sold only at Sears.‖ They can't compete on price or selection.
In my estimation, newspapers like The New Y ork Times and The Washington Post have to pur sue a similar ―read only at‖ strategy. They have to work hard at aggressively branding their writers such as The Times' Tom Friedman, Maureen Dowd or Paul Krugman. The more powerful these brands become, the more I'll have to buy the paper or pay to read them on the Internet. Also, the more I'll be willing to pay for the paper. The sports world understands this. If Tiger Woods isn't in the tournament, television ratings take a big hit. Why do you think that Los Angeles soccer team paid so much to get Beckham to kick a ball around?
Beyond the celebrity writers, newspapers have to talk more about their reporting staff----how many they have all around the world and their credentials. They have to point out that accuracy takes money, hard work and lots of talent. (Stuff you can't get from the bloggers, cable television or The Daily Show.) Many years ago, The Wall Street Journal ran an ad with the headline: ―Every day the Kremlin gets 12 copies of The Wall Street Journal. Maybe they know something you don't k now.‖ Now that's the kind of advertising I would like to see more of on behalf of their hardworking staffs.
What newspapers have to realize is that in today's over-communicated world, it's as much about content as it's about news. It's as much about celebrity as unknown reporters. It's as much about how you get the news as just printing it. This might be a tough reality to face for the owners of these papers, but the barbarians are at the gates. Y ou've got to wheel out and aggressively promote your big guns, your organization and why you should be read.
And, if you keep your readers, the advertisers will come.
报纸向何处去？
最近一个时期，媒体的报道都和新闻媒体有关。默克多收购《华尔街日报》事件占据了新闻报道的头条。他是个救星还是个毁灭者？除此之外，最近还有许多文章在探讨报纸的惨谈前景。报纸濒于消亡？互联网能拯救严肃的新闻事业吗？
大报社公司上市的事实会使得情况变得更糟，因为华尔街已经对《纽约时报》的管理不善和财务状况不佳提出了抨击。就连沃伦巴菲特都宣称，目前的模式-----意指印刷媒体----快不行了。上市使得人们只关注数字。当你试图改善这些数字以取悦投资者的时候，你就会置人才、推销和创新于不顾，而这些才是你应该投入精力关注的。
华盛顿邮报公司的首席执行官唐纳德格雷厄姆为改善这些数字所做出的努力无人能及。他是向数字领域狂飙突进的先行者之一，但批评家们说格雷厄姆还需要加快速度把业务推广到网路上。
为了重新获得年轻读者的青睐，华盛顿邮报公司在2003年推出了《快报》。这是一份供读者在工作日阅读的免费小报，目前的日发行量达18.5万份，收益颇丰。一年后，公司又把一家西班牙周刊El Tiempo Latino 并购到旗下。华盛顿邮报公司还出版了5种郊区付费
报纸，34种免费的郊区周刊，12种军事报纸，以及房地产和汽车指南读物等。为了能从其印刷成本和卡车运费中多省出几美元，该公司在华盛顿分销《华尔街日报》，并印刷和发行了本地版的讽刺类报纸《洋葱报》。
然而，然而在做了这么多努力的同时，华盛顿邮报公司的印刷广告收入达到了互联网广告收入的6倍。看来还是报纸的天下。不用说，所有这一切都是个棘手的营销问题。
为了解决一个行业中的某项问题。有时你必须去研究其他类似行业的情况。鉴于此，我将把目光投向零售业领域，因为二者之间存在着相似之处。商店名就是我去购物的品牌。报纸名就是我阅读的品牌。对于二者，我都要去看里面有什么，所以内容是很重要的。而在两种情况下，都会面临带来巨大挑战的竞争性力量。
例如，大名鼎鼎的老牌西尔斯﹒罗巴克公司就一直承受着来自像沃尔玛和家得宝一类公司在价格上的巨大压力。西尔斯历经数年建立了非常强大的品牌优势。像Die Hard、Kenmore、Craftsman 和Weatherbeater Paint 一类的品牌造就了西尔斯的与众不同。如果它们想生存下去，其策略就必须是宣扬这些品牌是“西尔斯独家销售”。它们无法在价格或选择性上与其他强手展开竞争。
我估计，像《纽约时报》和《华盛顿邮报》这样的报纸必须追求一种类似的“独家刊载”的策略。它们必须力推高调树立其撰稿人的品牌形象，就像《纽约时报》的汤姆﹒弗里德曼，莫琳﹒多德或者保罗﹒克鲁格曼。这些品牌影响力越强，我就越得去买这份报纸，或付费在互联网上阅读，而且我也更心甘情愿地花钱买这份报纸。体育界是深谙此道的。如果泰格﹒伍兹不参加锦标赛，电视收视率就会大打折扣。你想，要不洛杉矶的足球队干嘛要花那么多钱请贝克汉姆来踢个球呢？
除了明星撰稿人外，报纸还必须要宣扬其报道团队---它们在全世界有多少记者及其资历。它们必须指出，准确地报道需要金钱、努力工作和众多的才干。（这些你是无法从博客、有线电视或《每日秀》节目中获取的）。多年以前，《华尔街日报》刊载的一条广告的大标题是：“克里姆林宫每天都订12份《华尔街日报》。或许他们知道一些你不知道的事。”现在，这就是我更加想看到的广告，它代表了那些辛勤工作的员工们。
报纸必须认识到，在当今这个通讯过度发达的世界，内容与新闻同等重要。名人与无名记者同等重要。获取新闻的渠道与刊载新闻同等重要。对这些报纸的所有者来说，这可能是个需要面对的严酷现实，但野蛮人就站在门口虎视眈眈地等着收购你。你必须赶快行动，积极宣传你的大腕作者、你的团队和让人阅读你的报纸的理由。
何况，如果你能笼络住读者，广告商也就接踵而至了。
考研时文阅读（17A）
本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了两位博士对午睡和健康关系的一项最新研究。第一段提出了有关午睡的话题，并以一些名人的午睡特点来加以例证，接着介绍了纳斯卡和特里克伯罗斯所进行的研究，说明午睡可以延长人的生命；第二段进一步详细地阐述其研究的结果；第三段作者驳斥了地中海饮食可能影响实验结果可信度的说法；在第四段里，特里克伯罗斯博士建议人们为了健康尽量午睡。
Sloth(怠惰, 懒惰) may be seen as a sin, but some of history's most accomplished men were fond of lounging around. Leonardo da Vinci enjoyed napping. So did Albert Einstein and Winston Churchill. Richard Buckminster Fuller advocated taking 30-minute naps every six hours. No one has yet proved a correlation between napping and artistic brilliance or professional success, but an intriguing study published this week claims to find a link between daytime siestas and good health.
A team of researchers led by Androniki Naska and Dimitrios Trichopoulos of Harvard's School of Public Health followed over 23,000 Greek patients with no history of cancer or stroke, for an
average of six years. Their conclusion: napping just might save your life.
The study found that the group of adults who took 30-minute siestas at least three times a week had a third fewer deaths from heart disease than an equivalent group who did not sleep at all during the day. The benefit was greater for men than for women. It was also greater for working males than for those who had retired. However, a number of previous studies done in the Mediterranean and in parts of Central America (where siestas remain common) have come up with conflicting results, but Dr. Naska and Dr. Trichopoulos argue that those studies have often been flawed. The subjects in some, for example, had survived heart attacks and may therefore have benefited more from napping than healthy individuals do.
Given that all of the subjects of this new study were Greeks; could the much-celebrated Mediterranean diet deserve credit, rather than the siestas? The firm answer from Dr Trichopoulos is ―No‖. And he is in a good position to say so, for it was he who did the pioneering research that put olive oil and a plant-based diet on the scientific map in the first place. Unlike some other nap studies, his was controlled for diet, smoking, exercise and other relevant variables. The earlier findings about the benefits of the Mediterranean diet are confirmed, he says, and napping seems to help on top of that.
Before buying a sofa for the office, however, it might be wise to consider the possibility of selection bias. Dr Trichopoulos concludes that ―Type A‖ personalities, whose hard-working lives may make them prone to heart attacks, are also much less likely to take naps during the day. That bias might be distorting the study's results. Even so, he advises, ―Take a nap if you can.‖
参考译文
懒惰也许会被人们认为是一种罪过，但是历史上一些最成功的人士却喜欢悠闲懒散的生活。列奥纳多·达芬奇喜欢午睡，阿尔伯特爱因斯坦和温斯顿丘吉尔也一样喜欢午睡。里查德巴克明斯行福勒提倡每隔6个小时就小睡30分钟。没有人能够证明午睡与杰出的艺术才能或者事业上的成功有相互关系，但是本周一份引人入胜的研究报告声称发现了日间午睡与健康之间的一种联系。一个由安德罗尼基·纳斯卡和哈佛公共卫生学院的特里克伯罗斯所领导的研究小组对23,000名没有癌症或者中风记录的希腊病人，进行了长达6年的研究，该研究结果表明：午睡有可能延长人的生命。
这项研究发现，那些每周至少午休3次，且每次午睡至少30分钟的成人组与日间从不午休的成人组相比，患心脏病致死的概率低了1/3。男性从午睡中的获益比女性更加明显。上班的男性比退休人士的获益更为明显。但是，在午休仍然普遍的地中海地区和中美洲的部分地区曾进行过的一些研究得到的却是与此矛盾的结果，不过纳斯卡博士和特里克伯罗斯博士认为这些研究都存在问题。比如，一些曾经有过心脏病发作史的研究对象从午睡中的获益相对于那些健康人要明显得多。
鉴于所有的研究对象都是希腊人，那些影响因素是否是驰名的地中海饮食而不是午休呢？特里克伯罗斯博士坚定地回答说“不”。他的回答是令人信服的，因为正是他开创性地将橄榄油和以素食为主的饮食放到科学领域内来进行研究。与其它关于午休研究不同的是，他的研究控制了饮食、吸烟、运动和其他相关的变量。他说，早前关于地中海饮食益处的研究已经得到了肯定，而午睡在饮食的基础上也起到了最为重要的作用。
在办公室添置沙发之前, 最好还是先考虑一下选择性偏见的可能性。特里克伯罗斯博士认为那些辛勤工作从而易发心脏病的“A型”个性的人，在白天小睡比较少。这些偏见也许会与研究报告的结果相矛盾。即便如此，特里克伯罗斯博士还是建议，“如果可以的话就小睡一会吧”。
考研时文阅读（17B）
本文论述了肥胖在人与人之间的相互影响及其相互影响这一问题。第一段通过一个最新研究来引出人们越来越肥胖这一话题；第二段用具体数据进一步阐述了这一研究结果；第三段论述了朋友关系对于肥胖的不同影响及其原因；第四段指出家庭关系和兄弟姐妹关系对肥胖有影响，但并不重要，真正重要的原因是其社会标准。最后一段提出人与人之间的这种相互影响关系也同样适用于减肥。
核心词组
participate in 参加，参与
in the context of 在…背景下，在…环境下
identify…as…把…当作是
for one thing 首先，第一
have …to do with 与…有关
as much …as 与…一样多，与…一样也是
be involved in 与…有关，卷入到
after all 毕竟
According to the new research appearing in the July 26 issue of The New England Journal of Medicine, obesity isn't just spreading; rather, it may be contagious between people, like a common cold. Researchers from Harvard and the University of California, San Diego, reviewed a database of 12,067 densely interconnected people who had all participated in a major American heart study between 1971 and 2003. It was that information that the NEJM authors mined to explore obesity in the context of a social network.
From their analysis, when a study participant's friend became obese, that first participant had a 57% greater chance of becoming obese himself. In pairs of people in which each identified the other as a close friend, when one person became obese the other had a 171% greater chance of following suit. James Fowler, a political scientist at UC San Diego says that it's not just that people who share similar lifestyles become friends. For one thing, geographic distance between friends in the study seemed to have no impact: friends who lived a 5-hour drive apart and saw each other infrequently were just as influenced by each other's weight gains as those who lived close enough to share weekly take-out meals or basketball games.
The best proof that friendship caused the weight gain, says Fowler, is that people were much more likely to pattern their own behavior on the actions of people they considered friends — but the relationship didn't work in the other direction. If you had named another person as a friend, and your friend became obese, then you were more than 50% more likely to get fat too. But if your friend had not named you as a mutual friend, and you became obese, it would have no significant impact on your friend's weight.
Spouses share meals and a backyard, but the researchers found a much smaller risk of gaining weight—a 37% increase—when one spouse became obese. Siblings share genes, but their influence, too, was much smaller, increasing each other's risk 40%. Fowler believes the effect has much more to do with social norms: whom we look to when considering appropriate social behavior. Having fat friends makes being fat seem more acceptable.
Fowler and Christakis say that the contagion-effect should hold just as much for weight loss as it does for weight gain. "I would hope this influences individuals to get friends and families involved in decisions about health," Fowler says. After all, he says, a weight-loss plan may be more effective if the people closest to you are on a diet. And, if you're successful, your good
health will help others achieve a healthy weight too. The impact extends not just to your friends; it turns out — but also to your friends' friends, and even to their friends.
参考译文
根据7月26日出版的《新英格兰医学杂志》，肥胖不仅越来越多，而且它会像感冒一样, 在人与人之间传播。来自哈佛大学和加州大学圣地亚哥分校的研究者查阅了1971至2003年期间参与了美国一项重要心脏研究的12,067位受访者的数据库。受访者之间大多数都有亲密的关系。正是由于这个信息，使得研究者对社会关系对肥胖的影响产生了研究兴趣。
这项研究认为，如果受访者的朋友肥胖的话，那些受访者自己变胖的可能性会高出常人57%。如果两人互为密友的话，那么这一机率将会高出常人171%。加州大学圣地亚哥分校的政治学家詹姆斯·福勒认为不仅仅是只有共同生活习惯的人才会成为朋友。一方面，研究表明朋友之间的地理位置差距不会有影响，相距车程仅5小时但经常不见面的朋友关系对肥胖的影响和每周都一起吃外卖或打篮球的朋友关系一样。
詹姆斯·福勒认为友谊引起肥胖的最好证据就是，人们倾向于和朋友们做一样的事情。如果你把一个人当作朋友，如果他变肥胖了的话，那你的肥胖概率会高出常人50%。要是他不把你当朋友，那么即使你胖了，对他也没影响。
夫妻共处一室，共同进餐，为什么当双方之一变胖的时候，另一方肥胖概率仅仅高了37%。兄弟姐妹们的基因差不多，但他们之间的影响却小得多，只有40%的风险。福勒相信这更多的是由于社会标准的原因，我们看人的时候总是在考虑什么是合适的社会行为。如果你的朋友肥胖，这就意味着你认为肥胖是可以接受的。
福勒和克里斯塔克斯认为这种“朋友之间的影响效应”对于减肥和发胖的影响是一样的。“我希望这个研究能使人们在考虑健康状况时把家人和朋友的因素也考虑进去。”毕竟，如果你最亲密的朋友与你一起减肥，那么这个计划会更加成功。同时，如果你成功减肥，那么你的健康也会帮助其他人达到理想的体重。这种效果不仅对于你的朋友有效，并且对你朋友的朋友，以及他们的朋友都会有影响。
考研时文阅读（18）
At the World Bank in Washington, officials have posted some new ―help wanted‖ signs. The bank is looking for a few good specialists to focus on adapting to global warming. It‘s a small start, perhaps. Still, the ads represent one signal that adaptation is emerging from the political doghouse to take its place among the front-rank options for dealing with climate change.
At least in the developed world, the idea that people should start figuring out how to deal with the projected effects of warming has been overshadowed by calls to reduce carbon-dioxide emissions. Some environmentalists have viewed adaptation either as a white flag on the issue or as a refuge of contrarians who despise the broad consensus that human activity is warming the climate.
But last week‘s release of a report on the science of global warming----with its projections of warming based on emissions already in the air, as well as on potential future emissions trends----has helped underscore the need. ―Climate change is here and now,‖ notes Ian Noble, a senior climate-change specialist at the World Bank. ―We have to adapt.‖
In some cases, adaptation can be politically wrenching. Australia, for example, is facing the worst drought in a century. The drough t‘s length and severity is consistent with some projections of global warming, several scientists note. The national government has proposed a controversial, $ 2.5-billion (Australian) plan to wrest control of the withering Murray-Darling river basin----the country‘s largest river system---from the four states in eastern Australia that draw water from it.
Meanwhile, Queensland has adopted regulations that since last March have required each new home in the state to draw nearly 40 percent less water than pre-2006 homes. In some towns, building codes specify the installation of large holding tanks to capture and store rain for use in the gardens and to flush toilets.
If Australia represents the dry end of the adaptation spectrum in the develop world, New Orleans and the Gulf Coast may well represent the wet end. The region is still struggling to recover from hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005. The tragedy surrounding those two storms underline just how maladapted major population centers in the region are to today‘s conditions, let alone those that might hold in 2050 or 2100, experts say.
―The reality is that we should be adapting ‖ and tackling carbon-dioxide emissions at the same time, notes Roger Pielke Jr., a science-policy specialist at the University of Colorado at Boulder.
华盛顿世界银行的官员们发布了新的“紧急招募令”。他们正在寻找几位可以胜任的专家来重点研究顺应全球变暖的问题。
也许这只是个小小的开端。然而，这则招聘启事还透露出一个信息：应对全球气候变化的各种对策中，顺应变化已经成为政界的优先之选。
至于在发达国家，对于人类应开始设法应对气候变暖的突出影响的呼吁，已经被减少二氧化碳排放的呼声所压倒。一些环境保护论者认为，顺应变化要么意味着对全球变暖问题举白旗，要么就是反对派的权宜之计，他们蔑视人类活动引起了气候变暖这种广泛共识。
然而，上周发布的一份全球变暖科学报告基于已排入大气的二氧化碳数量及未来可能的排放量对气候变暖作出预测，突出了顺应变化的必要性。世行高级气候变化专家Ian Noble 说：“气候变化是个迫在眉睫的问题，我们不得不去顺应变化。”
一些情况下，顺应变化可能意味着政策上的重大转变。例如，澳大利亚，该国正在遭遇百年不遇的特大旱灾。一些科学家指出，此次旱灾的持续时间及强度与一些关于全球变暖的预测相一致。澳大利亚政府已经提出一个具争议性的、耗资25亿澳元的方案，以求从自墨累—达令河取水的澳大利亚东部四州那里夺回流域控制权，挽救这一该国最大河系，使其避免干涸的命运。同时，昆士兰州已经下达细则，从去年3月起，要求该州新建住宅用水量比2006年前住宅减少约40%。一些城镇的建筑规范明确规定建筑物需设有大型储水槽来收集和储存雨水，用于灌溉园林和冲洗抽水马桶。
如果说澳大利亚是发达国家中顺应气候变化的干旱区的代表，那么新奥而良与墨西哥湾岸地区则算得上涝灾区的典型。这个地区依然未能从2005年的“卡特里娜”与“丽塔”飓风中完全恢复。专家称，从那两场灾难就可以看出该地区主要人口密集区与当前环境的强烈不适，更不用说，2050年或2100年可能出现的状况了。
位于博尔得的科罗拉多大学科学政策专家小罗杰派而克指出：“现实情况就是我们应该顺应变化”，在此同时也需要去处理二氧化碳排放问题。
考研时文阅读（19）
本文是一篇说明文，通过两项研究来阐述了黑猩猩的语言能力，以及它们的手势和面部表情的一些特点。前两段介绍了卡德勒夫妇的研究成果并引出后两位学者对黑猩猩的其它特征的研究；第三、四段分别介绍了两位学者所提出的研究假设及其研究的结果；末段进一步阐述了手势对于人类大脑语言能力的进化作用。
核心词组记忆
attribute n. 属性, 品质, 特征sophistication n. 复杂，精致
hard-wired adj. 天生的adept adj. 熟练的, 拿手
render vt. 致使，导致successor n. 继承者, 接任者
end in v. 以…而结束be incapable of adj. 不能够
be equivalent to 相当于，类似于no doubt 毫无疑问
be confined to v. 局限在，限制在to some extent 在某种程度上
by contrast 相比之下come up with 提出，想出
vary with 因…而不同/变化be built on 以…为基础，指望，依靠Previous attempts to teach chimpanzees to talk had ended in failure and the matter was considered by most people to be closed. But the Gardners realized that speech and language are not the same thing. Many deaf people, for example, are unable to speak but are perfectly able to communicate by gestures that have all the attributes and sophistication of spoken language. So the Gardners suspected that previous experiments had failed because chimps are physically incapable of speech.
They therefore decided to try teaching a chimpanzee to sign in the way that deaf people do. And their chosen subject, a female chimp named Washoe, proved an adept pupil. Though there is still debate about whether what Washoe learned was really equivalent to human language, there is no doubt that she now has a vocabulary of about 200. All of this, however, raises a second question. If Washoe and her successors can learn a complex and arbitrary vocabulary of gestures from people, do they have such vocabularies naturally? To examine that possibility, Amy Pollick and Frans de Waal have looked at gestures and expressions in chimpanzees.
Signaling by facial and vocal expression is present among primates. Signaling by gesture is confined to the great apes. The researchers' hypothesis was that the meaning of expressions has been hard-wired by evolution whereas the meaning of gestures is learnt and, at least to some extent, is arbitrary. If that were true, particular sorts of facial and vocal expression would occur only in particular contexts, and this would be consistent across groups and even species. The same gestures, by contrast, would be used in different contexts.
The researchers found exactly what they expected. Expressions (―silent bared teeth‖, ―relaxed open mouth‖, etc) almost always occurred in the same contexts in different grou ps and different species. Gestures (―hard touch‖, ―reach outside‖, etc) did not. Half of the gestures Dr. Pollick and Dr. de Waal regularly observed seemed to have completely different meanings in the two species. Moreover, even within a single group, the meaning of a gesture could vary with context, almost as tone of voice can vary the meaning of a human's spoken word.
It is also worth remembering that gesture is still a crucial part of human language, even for those with normal hearing. Evolution does not come up with complicated structures in a single leap. They are built up step by step. This study suggests that the step of speech may have been built on mental attributes that were acquired millions of years ago when the ancestors of apes and men began to wave meaningfully at each other.
以前曾试图教黑猩猩说话的尝试最后都以失败而告终，大多数人认为这项研究就此结束了。但是卡德勒夫妇意识到说话和语言是两码事。比如说，许多聋哑人不能说话，但是却能熟练地用手势进行交流，这些手势都包含了人类语言的那些特点和复杂度。因此卡德勒夫妇认为前人研究的失败是因为黑猩猩生理上就不能说话。
因此，他们决定试着教一只黑猩猩掌握使用聋哑人的手势。他们选择的研究对象是一只名叫Washoe的雌性黑猩猩，结果这只黑猩猩成了一个能熟练使用手势的“学生”。尽管人们对Washoe学会的单词到底算不算人类语言存在争议，但毫无疑问她现在已掌握了约200个单词的词汇量。所有这一切又提出了第二个问题。如果Washoe和她的后代能够从人类那里学会复杂和任意性的词汇，那么他们是不是天生就拥有这些词汇呢？为了验证这种可能
性，爱米·波利克和弗朗斯·德瓦尔对一些黑猩猩的手势和表情进行了研究。
通过面部表情和声音来发送信号在灵长类动物中很普遍。但只有大猩猩才能用手势发送信号。研究者的假设是，表情的意义是通过进化天生而成的，而手势的意义是后天学成的，至少在一定程度上是任意的。如果这个假设成立，那么特别的面部表情和声音就只会在特殊的情境下才能发生，而且在种群甚至是物种之间都是一致的。相反，同样的手势却能够在不同的情境下使用
研究结果正如研究者所料。不同种群以及不同物种之间几乎都会在相同的情境下使用一些表情（比如“不出声地露齿”、“放松地张嘴”等），但它们不会用相同的手势（比如“硬碰”、“向外伸手”等）。波利克和德瓦尔博士定期观察到，两个物种有一半手势在意义上完全不同。此外，即使是在同一物种内部，一个手势的意义可能会随情境的不同而变化，几乎就像人类说话时用不同的声调可以表示不同的意义那样。
值得我们记住的是，手势仍然是人类语言中一个至关重要的组成部分，即使是对那些没有正常听力的人而言。进化并不是一步就能达到其复杂结构的，而是一步一步累积起来的。这项研究说明了，数百万年前，当我们的猿人和人类祖先开始有意义地彼此挥手的时候，语言能力就在已获得的这种脑力特征上不断地向前发展。
考研时文阅读（20）
Several years ago, at the height of the dotcom boom, it was widely assumed that a publishing revolution, in which the printed word would be supplanted by the computer screen, was just around the corner. It wasn‘t: for many, there is still little to match the joy of reading a printed book and settling down for one hour. But recently some big technology companies, including Google, Amazon, Microsoft and Y ahoo, contend that the dream of bringing books online is still very much alive.
The digitizing of thousands of volumes of print is not without controversy. On Thursday, Google, the world‘s most popular s earch engine, posted a first installment of books on Google Print. This collaborative effort between Google and several world‘s leading research libraries aims to make books available to be searched and read online free of charge. Although the books included so far are not covered by copyright, the plan has attracted the rage of publishers.
Five large book firms are suing Google for violating copyright on material that it has scanned and, although out of print, is still protected by law. Google has said that it will only publish short extracts from material under copyright unless given express permission to publish more, but publishers are unconvinced. Ironically, many publishers are collaborating with Google Print Publisher, which aims to give readers an online taste of books that are commercially available. The searchable collection of extracts and book information is intended to tempt readers to buy the complete books online or in print form.
Amazon, the world‘s largest online retailer, has made plans to enter the mass e-book market by selling a vast array of goods. Given that Google should impinge upon its central territory, Amazon revealed that it would introduce two new services. Amazon Pages will allow customers to search for key terms in selected books and then buy and read online whatever part they wish. Amazon Upgrade will give customers online access to books they have already purchased as hard copies. Customers are likely to have to pay five cents a page, with the bulk going to the publisher.
Microsoft has also joined the online-book trend. In October, the software giant said it would spend around $ 200m to digitize texts, starting with 150,000 that are in the public domain, to avoid legal problems. It will do so in collaboration with the Open Content Alliance. And on Thursday,
coincidentally the same day as Google and Amazon announced their initiatives, Microsoft released details of a deal with the British Library, the country‘s main reference library, to digitize some 25m pages; these will be made available through MSN Book Search, which will be launched next year.
篇章结构分析
本文是一篇说明文，主要论论了当今各大技术公司纷纷推出在线图书服务的计划和行动。第一段提出了电脑阅读和印刷书阅读的特点，接着用But转折引出本文的主题，即在线阅读服务。第二、三段介绍了Google的在线图书行动，并指出在线图书存在的问题，及其出版商对在线图书服务持矛盾的态度。第四、五段介绍了亚马逊公司和微软公司在线图书计划及行动。
核心词汇记忆
supplant 取代，代替around the corner 即将到来
free of charge 免费的out of print 不再出版/印刷
is intended to 目的在于impinge upon 侵害，侵犯
a vast array of 一系列in collaboration with 与…合作
it was widely assumed that 人们普遍认为
几年前，在网站建设繁荣的高峰时期，人们普遍认为，一场由电脑屏幕将取代传统印刷的出版革命即将到来。但这一革命并没有到来：对许多人来说，电脑阅读所带来的乐趣不能与安下心来坐一小时读一本印刷书的乐趣相比。但最近这些大技术公司（包括Google, Amazon, 微软和雅虎）认为，将书放到互联网的梦想依然充满了生命力。
把数以千计的印刷版书籍电子化并不是毫无争议。星期四，业界最受欢迎的搜索引擎Google在其Google Print上发布了第一期书目。Google和几个全球领先的研究性图书馆共同合作，旨在使读者能够在互联网上搜索到书籍并且能够免费阅读。虽然目前这些相关的书籍不受到版权保护，但该计划依然引起了出版商们的愤怒。
五大图书出版公司正在控告Google因扫描一些读物而侵犯了版权，尽管这些书籍已不再印刷出版，但它们仍受到法律的保护。Google声称对于那些受版权保护的书籍只会发布简短的摘录，并在取得出版商明确的同意之前不会发布更多的信息，但出版商们并不认可这一做法。有趣的是，许多出版商都在与Google Print Publisher合作，旨在为读者提供有偿的网上阅读服务。这些可以搜索到的内容摘要和书的信息意在吸引读者购买在线书籍的完整版本或是印刷版。
世界上最大的网上零售商亚马逊（Amazon）已经计划通过销售一系列的产品来进军大众电子书籍市场。由于Google将进军亚马逊的中心地带，亚马逊透露将提供两项新的服务。Amazon Pages允许用户在选定的书籍中用关键字进行查询，然后用户还可以选择购买或是在线阅读书中的任何一部分。Amazon Upgrade 在用户购买印刷版书籍后为其提供该书的电子版。用户可能需要支付每页5美分的费用，这将为出版商带来巨大的收益。
微软也加入了在线书籍这一趋势。10月，这个软件业巨头称将投资2亿美元用于书籍电子化，为了避免法律纠纷，首期计划只包括15万本属于公共领域的书籍。微软将选择与Open Content Aliance合作。碰巧的是，在Google和亚马逊发布其新计划的同一天，即星期四，微软公布了与英国主要参考书图书馆大英博物馆的合作的详细内容。该计划准备2500万页相关书籍电子化，到明年用户就可以通过MSN Book Search来使用该项服务了。
考研时文阅读（21）
本文的主题是有关美国的非法移民问题。第一段引出非法移民这一矛盾的问题，即美国人不喜欢非法移民，但又依靠非法移民来做事情。第二、三段讲述了参议院最近对非法移民问题
时文阅读精选 一、爱的姿势 澜涛 （1）救援人员发现她的时候，她已经死了，是被跨塌下来的房子压死的。透过废墟的间隙，救援人员看到她双膝跪地，整个上身向前匍匐着，双手扶地支撑着身体，有些像古人行跪拜礼，只是身体被压得变形了，看上去有些怪异。救援人员从废墟的空隙间伸进手去，确认她已经死亡，又冲着废墟喊了几声，用撬棍在砖头上敲了几下，她都没有任何反应，废墟里也没有任何回应。还有太多的被困者等待救援，救援人员立刻向新的目标搜寻，当救援人员在下一处废墟前探寻是否有生还者时，救援队长隐约听到从她那里传来婴孩的啼哭声。救援人员立刻纷纷跑回她的尸体前，救援队长再次将手伸进她的尸体底下，仔细地摸索着，摸了几下，救援队长高声喊道“”有人，有个孩子，还活着！” （2）经过一番努力，救援人员小心地把挡着她的废墟清理开，在她的尸体下发现了一个包裹在红色带黄花的小被子里的、三四个月大的婴儿。因为有她身体的庇护，婴儿毫发未伤。 （3）随行的医生过来解开被子准备给婴儿做些检查，发现有一部手机塞在被子里。医生下意识地看了一下手机屏幕，发现屏幕上是一条已经写好的短信：“亲爱的宝贝，如果你能活着，一定要记住我爱你。” （4）瞿万容是一位幼儿园老师。地震发生时，她正和其他4名老师在校，照看着80多个孩子午睡。她悄声和另外几名老师说，等孩子们午睡醒来后，她要教孩子们做一个她新学的游戏，她说的时候，脸上满是明媚和喜悦。 （5）然而，地震突然而至，欲将所有的美丽撕碎。 （6）5名老师，80个孩子。将孩子们都疏散到安全地带成了老师们不可能完成的任务。但老师们齐声喊了一句“救孩子”后，就转身冲向酣睡着的孩子，她也毫不迟疑地冲向一个孩子。接下来，她都做了什么，无人得知。 （7）地震过去之后，只有30名孩子和两名老师生还。当救援人员在废墟中发现她时，她扑在地上，后背上压着一块垮塌的水泥板，怀里紧抱着一个小孩。小孩生还了，她却已经没有了呼吸。 ——选自《读者》2008年12期 1、“爱的姿势”在文中指什么？在“爱的姿势”下产生了什么奇迹？（用原文回答） 2、文章第4、5、6三段在记叙顺序上属于，作用是什么？ 3、“她悄声和另外几名老师说，等孩子们午睡醒来后，她要教孩子们做一个她新学的游戏，她说的时候，脸上满是明媚和喜悦。”一句中，请你发挥想象，揣测瞿万容老师“脸上满是明媚和喜悦”时的心理活动。 4联系语境，体会加点词的表达作用。 经过一番努力 ．．．把挡着她的废墟清理开 ．．，救援人员小心地 5、请你为瞿万荣老师写一段墓志铭。
英语时文阅读 TTA standardization office【TTA 5AB- TTAK 08- TTA 2C】
英语时文阅读第一篇 A ban on setting off firecrackers? XINHUA 话题：“过年要不要燃放烟花爆竹”这个讨论从年前争论到年后，从减少环卫工人负担到降低空气污染，反对者的声音高涨。但也有人认为，作为传统节日活动，应该燃放烟花爆竹。你怎么看 Wang Xingyue, 14, from Shanghai: I don’t think we should set off firecrackers (爆竹) during holidays. It is really noisy. Some people fire them during midnight. People around cannot sleep well. Besides, it brings air pollution (污染) and lots of rubbish. Most people do not clean the rubbish after they set off firecrackers. So I think there is no need to set them off anymore during holidays. Liu Ran, 14, from Shandong: Setting off firecrackers is a tradition during Chinese festivals. They set them off to celebrate or wish a happy new year. The ceremony (仪式) is very important in Chinese people’s lives. And it also reminds (提醒) us of one of the four great inventions (发明) of China, gunpowder (火药). We cannot give it up. It is good to have this ceremony during holidays. Do you agree with me Lin Yisong, 15, from Zhejiang: I think we should control (控制) the setting off of firecrackers. During holidays, the government could get people together in a place. They can set off some firecrackers or fireworks and people can watch. It is safer to do this and people can also enjoy their holiday tradition. Zhang Qi, 14, from Guangxi: Firecrackers are dangerous and bad for the air. But it is really an important tradition in Chinese festivals. So I think we can use something else to replace (代替) them. For example, we can use LED fireworks instead. It is also beautiful and attractive. And it is much safer. Even kids can play with them. Li Qing, 14, from Jiangsu:
汉英时文翻译的时代性和准确性 现代时文内涵丰富，主要包括政治、外交文件、新闻报道等。 一、时文翻译的第一要求是准确性 ?使中央委员会领导年轻化 ?bring younger comrades to the leading posts of the Central Committee ?进一步落实党的民族政策，坚持和完善民族区域自治制度，发展平等、团结、互助 的社会主义民族关系。 ?We need to make further efforts to implement the Party’s policy on et hnic affairs, adhere to and build on the system of regional ethnic autonomy and develop socialist ethnic relationship characterized by equality, unity and mutual assistance. ?这必将危及台海地区的稳定。 ?在干部中深入开展“三个代表”重要思想的教育。 ?我们将在新的世纪里不断谱写建设有中国特色的社会主义的新篇章。 ?为了推动中美关系的发展，中国需要进一步了解美国，美国也需要进一步了解中国。 二、时文翻译过程中，为了准确表达原文意思，有时译文需要适当加字或减字。 ?必须始终不渝地坚持两手抓，两手都要硬的方针，加强精神文明建设。 ?We must unswervingly give equal importance to economic development on one hand and to the development of socialist culture and ideology on the other hand. ?香港特别行政区的区旗是五星花蕊的紫荆花红旗。 ?The regional flag of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is a red flag with a bauhinia highlighted by five star-tipped stamens. ?国有企业下岗职工基本生活费和离退休人员基本养老金，基本上做到按时足额发放。 ?我们确定搞两个开放：一个是对内开放，一个是对外开放。 翻译练习 ?大陆方面关于两岸“三通”的基本立场和政策主张 ?大陆和台湾同属一个中国。 ?中国是两岸同胞的中国，是两岸同胞的共同家园。 ?任何制造所谓“台湾独立”、“两个中国”、“一中一台”的分裂图谋和行为，均为两岸 同胞所反对。 ?两岸“三通”，是两岸同胞共同利益之所在，也是两岸交往不断扩大的必然要求，不 应受到任何人为因素和政治因素的阻碍。 ?新局面，造福于两岸同胞。 ?基于上述基本立场，我们重申关于两岸“三通”的政策与主张。 ?（一）以民为主、为民谋利，是解决“三通”问题的立足点和出发点。 ?在推进“三通”的过程中，只要真正对两岸同胞有利、对两岸同胞经贸关系发展有利， 尤其对台湾同胞有利、对台湾工商界有利、对台湾经济发展有利的举措，我们都愿 意务实推动，积极促成。 ?（二）“三通”是两岸间的事，是两岸中国人内部的事务。 ?两岸“三通”，已表明了它的性质和定位。 ?两岸空中、海上通航，即是两岸航线。
且说关公将残兵屯于麦城，由于战事失利，再加上右臂箭疮复发，心里一直郁郁不乐。正在这时，关平前来禀告：“爹爹！小小麦城竟然出现十二个自称华佗的神医，一时难辨，请父亲定夺！” 关羽长叹一声：“细想起来，前日给我医伤的华佗必定是冒牌之货。刮骨疗毒简直就不是什么医术，杀牛宰猪之流也能做，只要心狠手黑就行。现在我的臂膀仍在剧痛，不会是把纱布一类的留在里面了吧？唉，后悔当初没有查验一下他的行医资格证。” 关平苦笑：“现在这一群华佗个个证照齐全，而且其中五人竟然拿到了魏国医学院的博士学位。” 关羽一挥手：“先暂时收押，回头再做处理。如今为父右臂运转不灵，武功大打折扣，那八十二斤的青龙偃月刀再难舞动。吩咐下去，给我重新打造一把略轻的备用刀。这是图纸，记住一定按流程严格操作。” 关平领命而去。 关公率队出麦城北门，投小路前往西川。没曾想约走二十余里，忽金鼓大作，东吴大将潘璋舞刀杀来。云长抡刀相迎。“叮叮”兵刃相击之声不绝于耳。只三回合，潘璋放声大笑：“君侯，还不早降，你瞧你的大刀成了啥德行？” 关羽展目一看不禁大惊失色——只见刚打造的这把青龙刀，刀刃卷了，刀头歪了，刀身竟然扭成了一根大麻花！ 潘璋得意地说道：“你治下不严，荆州地面都是小炼炉。你这刀一看就知道是地条钢打造的！哈哈……” 关羽不敢恋战，急往山路而走。潘璋随后追赶。奔上山路，关公心下着急，紧催赤兔马，可这匹千里马却像腿上拴了石头，一路扭起了秧歌，看来一定是连日征战而又饲料不足所致。正进退两难之际，一声喊起，现出一将，正是东吴马忠！ 马忠遥指关羽：“关将军速速下马，否则……嘿嘿……我已为你备下十根绊马，就是神仙也休想闯得过！” 关羽大怒：“呸！无名鼠辈！就是刀山火海又奈我何？区区几条柴火绳就想拦住我，白日做梦！” 马忠阴阴一笑：“好，今天就叫你见识见识我们江东名牌七七四十九股绞丝绳，让你死得心服口服。起！” 话音刚落，一道粗如儿臂的绳索突地绷起！赤兔马不由倒退了几大步，四腿不住打颤。 关羽倒抽一口凉气，果真厉害。看来今天凶多吉少，只有硬闯了。心念至此，便将自己的手掌紧紧贴在马的脑门上，一股真气缓缓注入马体之内。这一招果然见效，只见赤兔马长啸一声，头一昂，尾一甩，猛地朝前冲去！四十九股绞丝绳一触马体竟然断成了好几截！关
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英语时文阅读 第一篇 A ban on setting off firecrackers XINHUA 话题：“过年要不要燃放烟花爆竹”这个讨论从年前争论到年后，从减少环卫工人负担到降低空气污染，反对者的声音高涨。但也有人认为，作为传统节日活动，应该燃放烟花爆竹。你怎么看 Wang Xingyue, 14, from Shanghai: I don’t think we should set off firecrackers (爆竹) during holidays. It is really noisy. Some people fire them during midnight. People around cannot sleep well. Besides, it brings air pollution (污染) and lots of rubbish. Most people do not clean the rubbish after they set off firecrackers. So I think there is no need to set them off anymore during holidays. Liu Ran, 14, from Shandong: Setting off firecrackers is a tradition during Chinese festivals. They set them off to celebrate or wish a happy new year. The ceremony (仪式) is very important in Chinese people’s lives. And it also reminds (提醒) us of one of the four great inventions (发明) of China, gunpowder (火药). We cannot give it up. It is good to have this ceremony during holidays. Do you agree with me
Passage 1 临沂第十九中学李宗英 本文是新闻题材，考察学生如何处理新闻题材的能力包括从导语中得到文章的主旨大意，明确信息来源，和细节推理等，增强学生的英语文化意识。 Spain's soccer fans celebrated in downtown Madrid after their team won the 2010 World Cup final soccer match against the Netherlands July 11, 2010. Spain won the World Cup for the first time when they beat Netherlands 1-0 thanks to a strike by midfielder Andres Iniesta four minutes from the end of extra time at Soccer City on Sunday. A thunderous roar erupted across the Spanish capital and fans danced in the streets chanting "Viva Espana!" as the country's first ever World Cup achievement sparked a nationwide festival. The centre of Madrid was a sea of the red and gold national colors as Spain celebrated its 1-0 extra-time win over Holland Sunday. The thunderous sounds of cheering, klaxons, firecrackers and cars horns rang out as the World Cup's underachievers won the match in their first appearance in the final thanks to a late goal from Andres Iniesta. "The dream has come true," said the El Pais daily on its website.Prime Minister Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero said he was "happy and emotional."This has been an epic match, I suffered like it never before," he told Cadena Ser radio. "We are very proud and very happy, I thought it would go to penalties(惩罚), but Iniesta saved us," said Raul, 18. "We deserved it after winning the European championship in 2008." Said Adolfo, 25, "It's an extraordinary feeling, of happiness and nerves." Others crammed into bars or gathered at home for the match, which left the country paralysed(瘫痪) for two and a half hours Sunday evening. Most were either wrapped in the Spanish flag, wore the red team shirts or red wigs, or had their faces painted red and gold. "Spain, Spain, Spain!" screamed the daily El Mundo in a headline on its website. "This World Cup has crowned one of the best teams of all time." 1.The passage mainly tells us ________. A.what made the spanish people excited. B.where the 2010 world cup was held. C.how the Spain soccer fans celebrated their victory. Dwhen the 2010 world cup was over. 2.Which one of the following statements is true? A.Spain ever won the World Cup before. B.the goal was kicked by a striker. C.the score was 0:0 before extra time. D.Spain was the Eropean championship in 2009. 3.Wh at was Spain’s dream? A. beating Netherlands B.winning the Eropean championship C.taking the title of World Cup. D.dancing in downtown Madrid 4.Where can we find the passage? A. newspaper B.fashion magazine C. pop music D. science fiction 5.why did Raul said it would go to penalties? A.because Spain team was not the best in the world. B.because he was too young to pass a judgement on the team. C.because he didn’t attend the world cup.
翻译硕士（MTI）（英语笔译）（学科专业代码：580100） 一、学位名称 翻译硕士专业学位（英语笔译） 二、培养目标 1.培养德智体全面发展的人才。要求学生有坚定正确的政治方向，热爱祖国，有理想，遵纪守法，有敬业精神，有职业道德，有团队合作精神，有健康的体魄和心智。 2.掌握一门第二外国语；培养有国际视野、交流才能和创新意识的具有坚实的双语基础、专业知识和口笔译技能，适应国家经济、文化、社会发展需要的高层次、应用型、专业性笔译人才。 三、学习年限 2年 四、培养方式 1.实行学分制。学生须通过学校规定课程的考试，成绩及格即取得相应学分；修满规定学分后可撰写学位论文；学位论文经答辩通过可申请翻译硕士专业学位。 2.实行导师组集体指导制。导师组由校内导师及社会翻译专家共同构成。 3.试行课内教学与课外实践相结合的培养模式。学生在完成规定课程学习的基础上，还应充分利用寒、暑假及课余完成大约十万字的笔译实践。 五、课程类型及学分 总学分：30 学分 其中，学位基础课： 3门课 6学分 专业必修程： 4门课 8学分 专业选修课： 7门课 14学分 社会实践与学术会议：提交4篇相关论文 2学分鼓励学生参加国家人事部II级或教育部中级笔译资格证书考试，获证书者计2学分。 六、学位论文及学位授予 学生修满规定学分，各科成绩合格，在导师指导下撰写出学位论文并通过答辩，准予毕业
并发给翻译硕士专业学位研究生毕业证书，符合《中华人民共和国学位条例》者，授予翻译硕士专业学位。论文形式二选一：研究论文或实践报告，二者均要求用英语写作，前者字数一万至一万五，后者八千左右。 七、学位论文撰写时间安排 6月答辩时间安排 12月答辩时间安排 八、课程设置
交流平台 ? ·感悟· 大学不是造富机器 大学是教学和研究并不断向社会输送“各学科、各领域的杰出人才”的地方，而不是“生产大款”的地方。如今，全国最具影响力的两所大学，竟以培养了多少“亿万富豪”、稳居“造富冠军”榜首为荣耀，令人唏嘘——这还是“自强不息，厚德载物”的大学吗？难怪钱学森会有“为什么我们的学校总是培养不出杰出人才”的疑问。 “学为人师，行为世范”的老师，直言“四十岁赚不到四千万别说是我学生”。可以想象，这样的老师会培养出什么样的“杰出人才”！他们在纯洁的课堂上向学生灌输“赚钱第一”的理念，学子们踏出校门后会以怎样的态度面对社会、面对人生？那些唯利是图、贪赃枉法的风气与这样的教育难道没有关系吗？ 无论多么知名的大学，都不可能把每个学生培养成“大师”或“大款”，而且让“赚钱第一”的老师站在讲台上，肯定出不了大师，即便出了几个大款，这些大款可能也只剩下钱了。 （读2020年6月[中]《大学“生产”大师而非大款》） 马骏（重庆） 凡事不能偏颇 我忍不住赞一句：杂志中的插图很精彩！与杂文相映成趣，其实它们本身就是一篇篇杂文。例如，第三十五页插图《失衡》形象生动，而且简洁，能让我们瞬间领悟：唯有双脚健康的人才能行走稳健，凡事皆如此。插图中描绘的显然是“跛脚”之辈：“财富之脚”粗壮且先行；“道德之脚”细小且拄拐。更有趣的是，“拐杖”仍旧是由金钱来充当的。试想，用金钱“续貂”，怎能比得过“原装”？现实中存在不少类似的现象，人们太迷信金钱的力量，以为它能主宰和“扶正”一切，孰不知，一旦它介入，一切反而呈畸形发展的势态，令人步履蹒跚。 （读2020年6月[中]《飞机运西红柿》插图） 盛赛红（江西） 仇富源于嫌贫 有句话说得很到位：“恨官源于欺民，仇富源于嫌贫。”大款征婚公然要求“纯洁之身”
生活指南：简单一小步丰富每一天 I love to have simple ways to improve my life. Everyday is a chance for improving our life, and it's up to us to best use it. What I want is to have good, balanced progress everyday. 我喜欢用简单的方法提升自己的生活质量。对我们来说每天都是一个新的机遇，关键在于我们如何最有效地利用它。我所希望的便是每天都可以有良好平稳的提升。 To ensure balance, my favorite way is using the four facets of prosperity: material, spiritual, physical, and social. By achieving material prosperity, spiritual prosperity, physical prosperity, and social prosperity, I believe I can have complete and balanced prosperity in my life. 我最倾向于通过物质生活、精神境界、身体素质、社交活动四个方面的互补来保持生活的平衡。如果可以达到物质富足、精神愉悦、身体健康以及社交活跃，那么你一定会拥有和谐美妙而丰富多彩的生活。 You may add other facets of prosperity if they work for you, but in my opinion these four facets are easy to remember and already cover practically everything. 当然啦，你还可以添加一些你认为对你有用的东西。不过，我认为以上的四个方面很容易记住，它们基本已经包涵了所有。 To put this concept into practice, what I do is ensuring that I do something to improve each facet everyday. Here is how I do it: 为了实践这个观念，我每天都会努力来完善这四个方面。下面是我的个人做法： 1. Decide on something to do daily in each facet 1. 每天都要做一些关于这几个方面的事情。 To keep things simple, choose only one or two tasks to do daily in each facet. More than that, it could be difficult to keep up with them. Of course, you may want to do more than just one or two tasks to improve
英语高考时文阅读材料（三） 编者：如今的英语高考、模拟考的阅读材料（完形填空、阅读理解、任务型阅读）大都选自中国、欧美等主流媒体的最新时鲜文章，与最新人文科技、政治文化接轨。作为一名考生，在接触阅读世界最新潮流的同时也应该积累素材，并培养相关英语文章的阅读能力。 下面摘取了最新的来自中国日报网（CHINA DAILY）的两篇文章，并做了必要的批注，且于文章末尾增添了几个小习题，可自行按照所附的参考答案检测阅读效果。 Passage 1 周杰伦超话影响力破亿这就是实力！ Jay Chou Fans Claim Rare Social Media Victory Over Gen Z 中国日报网2019-07-22 13:32 7月21日23时左右，“周杰伦超话影响力破亿”的话题登顶微博热搜。经过粉丝们连日鏖战，被迫营业的周董夕阳红粉丝团将周杰伦顶到了超话排行榜第一的位置，他们用实力证明，数据真的就只是数据而已。
Pop king Jay Chou attends Migu Music Awards Ceremony in Shanghai on Dec 15, 2017. [Photo/IC] An epic generational clash（战争）waged on Chinese social media has come to a close, with the mostly older fans of 40-year-old singer Jay Chou declaring digital victory over the largely Gen Z followers of young vocalist Cai Xukun. wage[we?d?]：v.进行，发动（运动、战争等）；开展 Early Sunday morning, a screenshot posted to Chou’s official Weibo fan account showed the musician topping the platform’s list of “super topics”. Cai, the 21-year-old Chinese mainland entertainer who formerly occupied the No. 1 spot, now trails in second place, with a lower tally of the “influencer power” that the site uses to determine the rankings. “Beijing Time 00:30 on July 21, a record!” reads the text included alongside the screenshot in Sunday’s post, referring to the exact time that Chou landed his highest-ever position in the rankings.（排名）“How strong is this No. 1?! We’ve achieved it.”
翻译专业一些参考资料(转载1)_Live Lively_新浪博客2009-08-16 16:52 一、翻译理论与理论相干书纲 开天振主编. 《该代国外翻译理论导读》. 地津:南启大学出版社,2008. Jeremy Munday. 《翻译学导论——理论与实践》Introducing Translation Studies---Theories and Applications. 李德凤等译. 北京:商务印书馆,2007. 包惠南、包昂. 《中国文化与汉英翻译》. 北京:外文出版社, 2004. 包惠南. 《文化语境与语言翻译》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司. 2001. 毕继万. 《世界文化史新事大解——英国舒》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2003. 蔡基刚刚. 《英汉汉英段降翻译与理论》. 上海:复夕大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚刚. 《英汉写做比较研究》. 上海:单夕大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚刚. 《英语写做与笼统实词里达》. 上海:单夕大学出版社, 2003. 曹雪芹、下鄂. 《白楼梦》. 旧订危. 《英汉比拟取翻译》. 北京:外邦对于外翻译出版母司, 1991. 陈祸康. 《中国译学理论史稿》(订正原). 上海:上海外语教育出版社. 2000. 陈生保. 《英汉翻译津指》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 旧廷祐. 《英文汉译技能》. 北京:外语教授教养与研讨出版社. 2001. 陈看道. 《修辞学收凡是》. 上海:上海教育出版社, 1979. 陈文伯. 《英汉翻译技法与训练》. 北京:世界学问出版社. 1998. 陈中绳、吴娟. 《英汉新词新义好译》. 上海:上海翻译出版公司. 1990. 陈虔诚. 《词语翻译丛道》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 1983. 程希岚. 《修辞学新编》. 凶林:吉林人民出版社, 1984. 程镇球. 《翻译论文集》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 2002. 程镇球. 《翻译答题摸索》. 北京:商务印书馆, 1980. 崔刚. 《广告英语》. 北京:北京理工大学出版社, 1993. 双其昌. 《汉英翻译技巧》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 1990. 双其昌. 《汉英翻译道评》. 北京:对外商业教育出版社. 1989. 邓炎昌、刘润浑. 《语言与文化——英汉语行文化对比》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1989. 丁树怨. 《英汉汉英翻译教学综开领导》. 地津:天津大学出版社, 1996. 杜启南等,《中国当代翻译百论》. 重庆:重庆大学出版社, 1994. 《翻译通信》编纂部. 《翻译研讨论白散(1894-1948)》. 北京:外语教授教养与研究出版社. 1984. 《翻译通信》编纂部. 《翻译研究论文集(1949-1983)》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. . 范怯主编. 《新编汉英翻译教程》. 天津:南启大学出版社. 2006. 圆梦之、马秉义(编选). 《汉译英理论与技拙》. 北京:旅逛教育出版社. 1996. 方梦之. 《英语汉译实践与技巧》. 天津:天津科技翻译出版公司. 1994. 方梦之主编. 《译学辞典》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社. 2004. 冯翠华. 《英语修辞大齐》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1995. 冯庆华. 《体裁与翻译》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2002. 冯庆华主编. 《体裁翻译论》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社. 2002. 冯成功. 《汉语的韵律、词法取句法》. 北京:北京小教出版社, 1997. 冯志杰. 《汉英科技翻译指要》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998.
一家权威机构曾向60岁以上的老人就“你今生最后悔的是什么”这一问题做过调查。结果显示，虽然每个人的出身、学识、性格等各不相同，但后悔的时光都是年轻的时候，在后悔的内容上更有很多相似之处。 后悔年轻时努力不够。这正验证了那句古诗：“少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。”是啊，年轻时都不努力，要到何时才发奋呢？青春不会永驻，人生不过百年。虽说一寸光阴不是一寸金，但虚掷时光，蹉跎岁月总是不对的。毕竟，脚踏实地，日积月累，方有收获之时。有的人迷信天分，寄托运气，殊不知，天赋、好运固然有，可垂青于自己的几率有多大？凭什么又是你？倒是勤能补拙，天道酬勤适合于任何人。就算是贩夫走卒，如果怀着不屈的心与生活抗争，也会有所作为。记住，没有一成不变的人生，没有一种人生不能改变。 后悔年轻时选错了职业。这与年轻人的心态不无关系。或急功近利，或反复好变，或贪图安逸，以至于读了那么多书，考了那么多试，依然不清楚自己究竟喜欢“吃”什么，“胃口”有多大。于是，在职场上“走马灯”似的从一个槽头跳到另一个槽头，也许“饲料”是越来越精，可随之而来的是专业抛弃了，优势抛弃了，激情抛弃了，人也越来越没方向了。也有一类人，是“从一而终”、“不事二主”的，可在岗不爱岗，从业不敬业，抱着“不求有功，但求无过”的思想度日，又怎能演绎一番轰轰烈烈？其实，没有哪一种职业绝对优越，绝对适合。只要正视自己，尽力而为，一旦选准、敲定，就付诸耐力、毅力和定力，晚年便多了一份满足，少了一声长叹。 后悔年轻时教育子女不当。众所周知，中国的父母很重视子女的教育。可问题是，怎样的教育才算成功？衡量的标准又是什么？在传统教育的桎梏中，父母并没有太多的选择。从孩子上幼儿园的那天起，就眼睁睁地看着孩子一路上把天真丢了，把童年丢了，把思想丢了，把梦想丢了，把锋芒丢了，最后不知剩下什么。而所有的文凭、证书，无非是为了高薪、香车、别墅，如果没有，就是没本事、没出息，就活该遭人鄙视。陷在这样的误区，还有多少父母认为自己家教成功呢？如果父母们是在悔恨自己的子女在功名利禄、权势尊位上不如人，倒不如反省自己有没有给孩子快乐的童年、强健的体魄、良好的修养和健全的人格。 后悔年轻时没珍惜伴侣。如今这年头，什么“比翼鸟”、“连理枝”、“相濡以沫”、“与子偕老”，一天比一天稀缺。所以，闪婚和闪离都司空见惯，反正关系越简单，就越能便捷地解决问题。说到底，是自私成分居多，各人顾各人。到了晚年，才知道老本、老友与老伴不可或缺，而没有老伴又是不幸中最不幸的事。其实，婚姻是一本存折，年轻时，夫妻两人往里面存理解、信任和忍让，到了岁数，才能连本带利提取温暖、幸福与和谐。如果年轻时不好好相处，倍加珍惜，又哪来的“夕阳无限好”？ 人生后悔的事还有很多，比如后悔年轻时锻炼身体不力，后悔年轻时孝顺双亲不够，后
A 体裁：记叙文题材：娱乐词数201 难度系数：★★★★☆ 建议阅读时间：7分钟实际阅读时间：正确率： Keeping up with the latest online slang terms is difficult. If SMH, TBH, or FOMO don’t ring a bell, you’d better read this passage to figure out what on hell people are saying on the Internet these days. SMH: “Shaking My Head,” an expression of disbelief or disapproval（不赞成）. Example: My colleague showed up in a mesh（网状物）shirt. SMH TBH: “To Be Honest.” Used similarly to IMHO, which extends out to “In My Honest Opinion.” Example: TBH, it was me who broke the vase yesterday afternoon. BTW: “By the Way” can be explained as“introducing a different topic”.Example: By the way, I won't go to the party tomorrow. NP: “No Problem.” Used by people whose mothers never taught t hem to say thank you . FOMO/JOMO: “Fear of Missing Out” and “Joy of Missing Out.” Used mostly by Type A startup entrepreneurs, like Anil Dash and Caterina Fake, who came up with the abbreviations. AW K: “Awkward.” Used by self-conscious liberal arts students, and parrots whose owners are too lazy to teach them to talk. IRL: “In Real Life” —meaning not on the Internet, where most of us secretly prefer spending most of our time. What other strange slang terms do you know of? 1.The underlined phrase “ring a bell” in Paragraph 1 means _______? A.响铃 B.听起来熟悉 C.敲醒警钟 D.打电话 2．How many Internet slang terms are there explained by the author? A.8 B.6 C. 9 D .7 3.Which group has the same meaning ? A. SMH and TBH B.FOMO and JOMO C.TBH and IMHO D.AWK and NP 4.Who will use AWK? A. people whose mothers never taught them to say thank you B. self-conscious liberal arts students C. parrots whose owners are too lazy to teach them to talk. D. Both A and B
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外刊话题：英国成首选留学目的地 文本难度：★☆☆☆☆ 话题难度：★☆☆☆☆ UK top destination for study For the first time, the UK has overtaken the US as the preferred overseas study destination for Chinese students, a report released Sunday showed. In the survey for the annual Report on Chinese Students' Overseas Study, the UK was preferred by 42% of respondents, up by 1 percentage point from last year. Study in the US was preferred by 37% of respondents, down by 6 percentage points. Australia and Canada, both at 16%, tied as the third most popular destinations for overseas study, followed by Japan, Germany and Singapore. The report attributed the shift in students' preferences from the US to the UK to tense Sino-US(中美间的) relations in the past two years and the UK's advantages, such as the reopening of the Post Study Work Visa and quicker graduation requirements. 重点单词 1. destination [?dest??ne??n] n.目的地，终点，景点 2. overtake [???v??te?k] vt. 赶上 3.release [r??li?s] v.释放；公开 4.survey [s?:'vei] v.调查 5. percentage [p??sent?d?] n.百分比 6. respondent [r??sp?nd?nt] n.调查对象 7. attribute to 把……归因于 8. shift [?ift] n. 交换，变化 v. 更替，移