利用CAD / CAM/ CAE系统开发操纵机器人
H.S.李*，S.E.张
华为技术学院，电力机械工程，云林，台湾，中国
摘要
在这项研究中，需要开发用于机器人操作臂的CAD/CAE/CAM集成系统。通过变换矩阵，利用D-H坐标系变换方法对机器人的位姿进行分析，我们使用MATAB软件对其进行计算。一般来说，利用PRO/E对机械臂的参数进行实体化建模，用Pro / Mechanical软体模拟动态仿真和工作空间，MasterCAM用来实现切削模拟仿真，而最终的模型用CNC数控铣床制造出来。这样，一个用于机器人操作臂的CAD/CAE/CAM集成系统便开发出来了。我们用一个范例来验证这种设计，分析以及制造的结果的正确性。该集成系统不仅促进机器人的生产自动化功能，而且还简化了机械臂的CAD / CAE / CAM的分析过程。这种集成系统是用于开发一个实用的计算机辅助机构设计课程的教学辅助工具。
?2003由Elsevier B.V.出版
关键词：CAD / CAE/ CAM;机械臂;Denavit，Hartenberg坐标系变换
引言
许多研究已涉及到的CAD / CAE/ CAM集成系统的原理。吕[1]讨论了平面五杆受电弓的运动学分析并设计制造了基于此弓的机械手。通过研究五杆受电弓的运动性能，设计出一款简单的控制器来对机械手进行控制。
李某和陈某[2]描述了一个自动升降轮椅固定装置内的全尺寸货车的开发。
开发的过程中，包括机制的概念设计，运动仿真，工程分析，原型开发和测试。周[3]使用参数化CAD系统的实体模型表达设计理念。首先开发的是模具，其次是基于CAM系统的模型。通过与产业界的合作，对试模调整，粉末形成，烧结，烧结后处理在专业的粉末冶金工厂进行了实验。徐[4]在UG2通用CAD / CAM系统的基础上通过将注塑模具的CAD/CAM软件与注塑模具CAE软件集成建立了一个注塑用CAD / CAE/ CAM系统。现在，许多研究已经涉及到了机器人与网络控制的原理。黎[5]使用交互式菜单驱动机械手的运动学和逆运动学，学习如何使变换矩阵操纵友好的方法来开发计算机辅助教学软件。黄等[6] 通过互联网得的远程计算控制功能提出了一种五轴联动机器人交流伺服与TCP/ IP协议。在机器人的运动期间，通过配备在实
验室服务器上的CCD相机可以在主页上显示出来机器人的运动轨迹。远程计算机可以通过浏览器远程监控机器人的运动。为了满足并行工程的要求，我们使用的D-H的坐标变换方法进行机器人的位置分析；导入设计，分析和制造模拟实际的力学模型;制造机器人样机；以及提供一个用于机器人设计与分析的综合性网站。本文不仅可以促进机械臂自动化功能，简化机器人的设计，分析和制造工艺，而且还可以作为教育用途的补充工具，用于大专计算机辅助机制的设计课程。
2系统分析
示例系统的程序如下；
1）计算机辅助设计
用D-H坐标建立法来分析机器人的位姿，用MATLAB软件对其进行计算。2）计算机辅助绘图
利用Pro / ENGINEER的参数化设计的概念和统一的数据库，绘制3D零件图及组装机器人的实体模型。
3）计算机辅助分析
为了评估通过虚拟机器人样机的机器人设计，装配实体模型转移到Pro / Mechanica软体（与Pro / ENGINEER系统集成）。
材料性能，约束和驱动程序被应用到模型上去模拟工作空间。
4）计算机辅助制造
为了实现利用Mastercam的模拟切割，二维工程绘图档案应转移成舸文件，选择轮廓形成链，定义切削参数，生成以及验证刀具路径，最后，转换数控代码，将DNC与CNC数控铣床连接起来，制造机器人样机
图1显示了上述系统结构。
在本节中，主要研究空间机械臂的运动学分析，如图2.使用本节中的理论研究，可以得到机器人的夹持装置的位置。利用D-H坐标转置定义[7]，（01）T表示将坐标系S1(X1, Y1,Z1)中的点变换到坐标系S0(X0, Y0,Z0)中去。基准坐标系中夹
持位置的描述可以用一连串的依次相乘的矩阵来描述
05T = 01T 12T23T34T 45T 。在基准坐标系S0下夹持位置就可以通过变换矩阵05T来变换到坐标系s5当中去。变换矩阵如下:
01T = Rot(Z, θ1) Trans(0, 0, d1) Rot(X,?90?)
cθ1 –sθ 1 0 0
= sθ1 cθ0 0
0 0
1 0
0 0
0 1
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 d1
0 0 0 1
=
12T = Rot(Z, θ2) Trans(a2, 0, 0)
1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 ?1 0 0
cθ1 0 ?sθ1
sθ1 0 cθ1
= =
23T = Rot (Z, θ3) Trans (a 3, 0, 0) Rot (Y, 90?) = X
=
34T = Rot (Z, θ4) Trans (0, 0, a 4) Rot (Y,?90?)
c θ2 ?s θ2 0
s θ2 c θ2
0 0
1 0 0 a
2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
c θ2 ?s θ2 0 a 2c θ2
s θ2 c θ2 0 a 2s θ2
0 0
c θ3 ?s θ3 0
s θ3 c θ3
0 0
1 0 0 a 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 ?1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 ?s θ3 c θ3 a 3c θ3 0 c θ3 s θ3 a 3s θ3 ?1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
=
x = 45T = Rot(Z, θ5) Trans(a5, 0, 0)
=
x
=
cθ4 ?sθ4 0
sθ4 cθ4
0 0
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 a4
0 0 0 1
0 0 ?1 0
0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 ?sθ4 ?cθ4 0
0 cθ4 ?sθ4 0
1 0 0 a4
0 0 0 1
cθ5 ?sθ5 0
sθ5 cθ5
0 0
1 0 0 a5
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
cθ5 ?sθ5 0
a5cθ5
sθ5 cθ5 0
a5sθ5
05T = 01T 12T 23T 34T 45T
根据变换矩阵，我们用Matlab来计算机器人的位置并进行分析。当θ1 = 0?(fixed),θ2 = 25?, θ3 = 25?, θ4 = 45?, θ5 = 5?时，
夹持装置的位置如图3所示
3.2 样机的制造
实体建模技术不仅可以极大地减少开发周期，而且可以有效的提高工业产品的制造精度与质量。为了建立如图2所示的空间机器人的虚拟样机，我们一般使用PRO/E对各个部件进行草绘，并机械手的各个部件参数化模型进行装配。图4 展示出了机械手实体模型的爆炸装配图。
图3。夹持装置的位置
图4。爆炸装配图实体模型
图5。机器人运动学约束模型。
图6 工作空间
图7。手臂摆动刀具路径模拟。
图8。摇臂切削仿真。
3.22 运动学分析
为了在实际制造之前能够准确的预测机器人的运动学分析结果，我们通常使用PRO/MECANICA软件对机器人的装配模型进行定义来完成机械手的运动学约束模型。定义的内容包括：坐标系的定义（如图2所示），材料的性能（定义为中
密度聚乙烯）
图9 驱动机器人
图10 实例
驱动器（定义振幅，周期，相位和偏移），约束（定义为旋转副），完整的机器人运动学约束模型，动态模拟与工作空间，图5 展示出了机器人的运动约束模型，图6 展示出了机器人的工作空间。
3.23 制造过程
为了完成机械臂的规划过程，我们需要把2D的DXF文件转换成3D文件。为了用MASTERCAM完成切削仿真，、我们需定义切削参数（如等高深度，刀具直径，主轴转速，进给速度，深度切割，
直径偏移），刀具路径NC代码的生成和转化。图7显示了振荡刀具路径模拟。在完成数控代码的转换后，利用数控机床完成机器人样机的制造。图8显示了摇臂切削仿真。如图9 所示，完成了装有齿轮，步进电机，89C51微处理器的机器人完成了。
4.实例展示
计算机网络的重要性和优势正在逐渐被认识到。设计，分析和制造公司已经着手于利用更多的与网络关联的技术来支持他们的商业操作。为了整合浏览器上的机器人设计与分析的结果，我们使用FrontPage来超链接的动态模拟图像，位置分析，工作空间。
这个实例在网络上可以获取。网址为https://www.doczj.com/doc/3118979972.html,.tw/～
jennifer/robot1/.图10 展示出了实例模型的框架结构。机器人的设计参数如下：
d1 = 360 mm, a2 = 200 mm, a3 = 300 mm, a4 = 200 mm,
a5 = 150 mm. 运动角度范围：θ1 = 0?(固定), θ2 = 0–210?, θ3 = 0–210?, θ
4 = 0–360?, θ
5 = 0–45?.
5.总结
将FrontPage，MATLAB，Pro / E和Pro / Mechanica软体相结合，即可开发出一个用于机械手的CAD/CAE/CAM集成系统，该系统不仅促进机器人的生产自动化功能，但也简化了机械臂的CAD / CAE / CAM的过程。这种集成系统还可用于开发实用的计算机辅助机制设计课程的教学辅助工具。
6.参考文献
1）[1] D.M.陆，受电弓的运动学设计及其应用制造机械臂，J. TECHNOL。15（1）（2000）149-155。
2）M.Y.李，S.H.陈，设计和开发的一个自动化轮椅升降装置，研究TECHNOL。16（1）（2001）45-50。
3）M.柔，自动化设计和制造的金属研究和陶瓷粉的加工产品，研究TECHNOL。15（3）（2000）463-468（中国）。
4）徐华，王华，R.Q.张旗张，系统集成注塑模具CAD/ CAE/ CAM的研究，上海交通大学。32（1）（1998）26-29（中国）。
5）Y.S.丽，计算机辅助教学软件的发展机械手的运动学和反向运动学，1991年3月22日至23日，第六次会议关于技术和职业教育，台北，第20234-20239页。6）S.A.公司黄，M.R.程，文学硕士KER，C.C.罗兆焦耳，吴，互联网五轴交流伺服机器人，遥控的自动化技术的第五次国际会议上，1998年7月20-22日，台北，第[B2-2]1-6。
7）J. Denavit，R.S.hartenberg，基于矩阵的低副机构的旋转运动学ASME研究APP机械22（1955）215
Counter bored hole 沉孔 Chamfer 倒斜角 Fillet 倒圆角 padding block垫块 stepping bar垫条 upper die base上模座 lower die base下模座 upper supporting blank上承板 upper padding plate blank上垫板 spare dies模具备品 spring 弹簧 bolt螺栓 document folder活页夹 file folder资料夹 to put file in order整理资料 spare tools location手工备品仓 first count初盘人 first check初盘复棹人 second count 复盘人 second check复盘复核人 equipment设备 waste materials废料 work in progress product在制品 casing = containerization装箱 quantity of physical inventory second count 复盘点数量 Quantity of customs count 会计师盘,点数量 the first page第一联 filed by accounting department for reference会计部存查 end-user/using unit(department)使用单位 Summary of year-end physical inventory bills 年终盘点截止单据汇总表 bill name单据名称 This sheet and physical inventory list will be sent to accounting department together (Those of NHK will be sent to financial department) 本表请与盘点清册一起送会计部－(NHK厂区送财会部) Application status records of year-end physical inventory List and physical inventory card 年终盘点卡与清册使用－状况明细表 blank and waste sheet NO. 空白与作废单号
陶瓷 ceramics 合成纤维 synthetic fibre 电化学腐蚀 electrochemical corrosion 车架 automotive chassis 悬架 suspension 转向器 redirector 变速器 speed changer 板料冲压 sheet metal parts 孔加工 spot facing machining 车间 workshop 工程技术人员 engineer 气动夹紧 pneuma lock 数学模型 mathematical model 画法几何 descriptive geometry 机械制图 Mechanical drawing 投影 projection 视图 view 剖视图 profile chart 标准件 standard component 零件图 part drawing 装配图 assembly drawing 尺寸标注 size marking
技术要求 technical requirements 刚度 rigidity 内力 internal force 位移 displacement 截面 section 疲劳极限 fatigue limit 断裂 fracture 塑性变形 plastic distortion 脆性材料 brittleness material 刚度准则 rigidity criterion 垫圈 washer 垫片 spacer 直齿圆柱齿轮 straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮 helical-spur gear 直齿锥齿轮 straight bevel gear 运动简图 kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条 pinion and rack 蜗杆蜗轮 worm and worm gear 虚约束 passive constraint 曲柄 crank 摇杆 racker 凸轮 cams
外文翻译 英文原文 Belt Conveying Systems Development of driving system Among the methods of material conveying employed，belt conveyors play a very important part in the reliable carrying of material over long distances at competitive cost．Conveyor systems have become larger and more complex and drive systems have also been going through a process of evolution and will continue to do so．Nowadays，bigger belts require more power and have brought the need for larger individual drives as well as multiple drives such as 3 drives of 750 kW for one belt(this is the case for the conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine)．The ability to control drive acceleration torque is critical to belt conveyors’performance．An efficient drive system should be able to provide smooth，soft starts while maintaining belt tensions within the specified safe limits．For load sharing on multiple drives．torque and speed control are also important considerations in the drive system’s design. Due to the advances in conveyor drive control technology，at present many more reliable．Cost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive systems covering a wide range of power are available for customers’ choices[1]. 1 Analysis on conveyor drive technologies 1．1 Direct drives Full-voltage starters．With a full-voltage starter design，the conveyor head shaft is direct-coupled to the motor through the gear drive．Direct full-voltage starters are adequate for relatively low-power, simple-profile conveyors．With direct fu11-voltage starters．no control is provided for various conveyor loads and．depending on the ratio between fu11-and no-1oad power requirements，empty starting times can be three or four times faster than full load．The maintenance-free starting system is simple，low-cost and very reliable．However, they cannot control starting torque and maximum stall torque；therefore．they are
英文翻译 机械设计 一台完整机器的设计是一个复杂的过程。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。 Machine Design The complete design of a machine is a complex process. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge. 任何产品在设计时第一步就是选择产品每个部分的构成材料。许多的材料被今天的设计师所使用。对产品的功能，它的外观、材料的成本、制造的成本作出必要的选择是十分重要的。对材料的特性必须事先作出仔细的评估。 One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to today's designers. The function of the product, its appearance, the cost of the material, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection. A careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations. 仔细精确的计算是必要的，以确保设计的有效性。在任何失败的情况下，最好知道在最初设计中有有缺陷的部件。计算（图纸尺寸）检查是非常重要的。一个小数点的位置放错，就可以导致一个本可以完成的项目失败。设计工作的各个方面都应该检查和复查。 Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design. In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. The checking of calculations (and drawing dimensions) is of utmost importance. The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked. 计算机是一种工具，它能够帮助机械设计师减轻繁琐的计算，并对现有数据提供进一步的分析。互动系统基于计算机的能力，已经使计算机辅助设计（CAD）和计算机辅助制造（CAM）成为了可能。心理学家经常谈论如何使人们适应他们所操作的机器。设计人员的基本职责是努力使机器来适应人们。这并不是一项容易的工作，因为实际上并不存在着一个对所有人来说都是最优的操作范围和操作
High-speed milling High-speed machining is an advanced manufacturing technology, different from the traditional processing methods. The spindle speed, cutting feed rate, cutting a small amount of units within the time of removal of material has increased three to six times. With high efficiency, high precision and high quality surface as the basic characteristics of the automobile industry, aerospace, mold manufacturing and instrumentation industry, such as access to a wide range of applications, has made significant economic benefits, is the contemporary importance of advanced manufacturing technology. For a long time, people die on the processing has been using a grinding or milling EDM (EDM) processing, grinding, polishing methods. Although the high hardness of the EDM machine parts, but the lower the productivity of its application is limited. With the development of high-speed processing technology, used to replace high-speed cutting, grinding and polishing process to die processing has become possible. To shorten the processing cycle, processing and reliable quality assurance, lower processing costs. 1 One of the advantages of high-speed machining High-speed machining as a die-efficient manufacturing, high-quality, low power consumption in an advanced manufacturing technology. In conventional machining in a series of problems has plagued by high-speed machining of the application have been resolved. 1.1 Increase productivity High-speed cutting of the spindle speed, feed rate compared withtraditional machining, in the nature of the leap, the metal removal rate increased 30 percent to 40 percent, cutting force reduced by 30 percent, the cutting tool life increased by 70% . Hardened parts can be processed, a fixture in many parts to be completed rough, semi-finishing and fine, and all other processes, the complex can reach parts of the surface quality requirements, thus increasing the processing productivity and competitiveness of products in the market. 1.2 Improve processing accuracy and surface quality High-speed machines generally have high rigidity and precision, and other characteristics, processing, cutting the depth of small, fast and feed, cutting force low, the workpiece to reduce heat distortion, and high precision machining, surface roughness small. Milling will be no high-speed processing and milling marks the surface so that the parts greatly enhance the quality of the surface. Processing Aluminum when up Ra0.40.6um, pieces of steel processing at up to Ra0.2 ~ 0.4um.
Manufacturing Engineering and Technology—Machining Serope kalpakjian；Steven R.Schmid 机械工业出版社2004年3月第1版 20.9 MACHINABILITY The machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors: 1、Surface finish and integrity of the machined part; 2、Tool life obtained; 3、Force and power requirements; 4、Chip control. Thus, good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting zone. Because of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below. 20.9.1 Machinability Of Steels Because steels are among the most important engineering materials (as noted in Chapter 5), their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining steels. Resulfurized and Rephosphorized steels. Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in
机械专业英语词汇中英文对照翻译一览表 陶瓷ceramics 合成纤维synthetic fibre 电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion 车架automotive chassis 悬架suspension 转向器redirector 变速器speed changer 板料冲压sheet metal parts 孔加工spot facing machining 车间workshop 工程技术人员engineer 气动夹紧pneuma lock 数学模型mathematical model 画法几何descriptive geometry 机械制图Mechanical drawing 投影projection 视图view 剖视图profile chart 标准件standard component 零件图part drawing 装配图assembly drawing
尺寸标注size marking 技术要求technical requirements 刚度rigidity 内力internal force 位移displacement 截面section 疲劳极限fatigue limit 断裂fracture 塑性变形plastic distortion 脆性材料brittleness material 刚度准则rigidity criterion 垫圈washer 垫片spacer 直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear 直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear 运动简图kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条pinion and rack 蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear 虚约束passive constraint 曲柄crank 摇杆racker
机械专业相关词汇中英文翻译大全 单价unit price 工日合计Man-day total/work-day total 人工费cost of labor 材料费materials expenses 机械的mechanical 检查接线connection test 发电机generator 调相机phase regulator 周波cycle 减负荷装置 load-shedding equipment 断路器柜circuit breaker cabinet 单母线single busbar 互感器transformer 每相电流Current by Phase 封闭式插接close type socket joint 发电机控制面板generator control panel 分级卸载sorted unloading 同步控制synchronization control 调速器 speed governor 信号屏signal screen 继电器relay 高压柜high pressure cabinet 油浸电力变压器oil-immersed power transformer 空气断路器air circuit breaker 控制屏control panel 直流馈电屏direct current feed control panel 电容器electric condenser 计量盘metering panel 成套配电箱whole set of distribution box 落地式floor model 控制开关Control switches 铜芯电力电缆Copper core power cable 控制电缆actuating cable 热缩式电力电缆终端头pyrocondensation power cable terminal 钢结构支架配管steel structure bracket tubing 万用槽钢versatile U-steel 电缆托架 cable bracket 钢制托盘式桥架steel Tray-type cable support system waterproof socket 防水插座 防爆插座Explosion-proof socket 接地绞线earthing twisted pair 接地母线 earthing bus
机械工业出版社2004年3月第1版 20.9 MACHINABILITY The machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors: 1、Surface finish and integrity of the machined part; 2、Tool life obtained; 3、Force and power requirements; 4、Chip control. Thus, good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting zone. Because of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below. 20.9.1 Machinability Of Steels Because steels are among the most important engineering materials (as noted in Chapter 5), their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining steels. Resulfurized and Rephosphorized steels. Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in resulfurized steels. Phosphorus in steels has two major effects. It strengthens the ferrite, causing
机械专业英语词汇 陶瓷ceramics 合成纤维synthetic fibre 电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion 车架automotive chassis 悬架suspension 转向器redirector 变速器speed changer 板料冲压sheet metal parts 孔加工spot facing machining 车间workshop 工程技术人员engineer 气动夹紧pneuma lock 数学模型mathematical model 画法几何descriptive geometry 机械制图Mechanical drawing 投影projection 视图view 剖视图profile chart 标准件standard component 零件图part drawing 装配图assembly drawing 尺寸标注size marking 技术要求technical requirements 刚度rigidity 内力internal force 位移displacement 截面section 疲劳极限fatigue limit 断裂fracture 塑性变形plastic distortion 脆性材料brittleness material 刚度准则rigidity criterion 垫圈washer 垫片spacer 直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear 直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear 运动简图kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条pinion and rack 蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear 虚约束passive constraint 曲柄crank 摇杆racker
机械专业英文翻译 Company number：【WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998】
启动轴 starting axle 启动齿轮starting gear 启动棘轮 starting ratchet wheel 复位弹簧 restoring, pull back spring 弹簧座 spring seating 摩擦簧friction spring 推力垫圈 thrust washer 轴挡圈axle bumper ring 下料 filling 切断 cut 滚齿机 gear-hobbing machine 剪料机 material-shearing machine 车床 lathe 拉床 broaching machine 垂直度 verticality, vertical extent 平行度 parallelism同 心度 homocentricity 位置度 position 拉伤 pulling damage 碰伤 bumping damage 缺陷 deficiency 严重缺陷 severe deficiency 摩擦力 friction 扭距 twist 滑动 glide 滚动 roll 打滑 skid 脱不开 can’t seperate 不复位 can’t restore 直径 diameter M值 = 跨棒距 test rod span 公法线 common normal line 弹性 elasticity 频率特性 frequency characteristic 误差 error 响应 response 定位 allocation 机床夹具 jig 动力学 dynamic 运动学 kinematic 静力学 static 分析力学 analyse mechanics 拉伸 pulling 压缩 hitting 机床 machine tool 刀具 cutter 摩擦 friction 联结 link 传动 drive/transmission 轴 shaft 剪切 shear 扭转 twist 弯曲应力 bending stress 三相交流电 three-phase AC 磁路 magnetic circles 变压器 transformer 异步电动机 asynchronous motor 几何形状 geometrical 精度 precision 正弦形的 sinusoid 交流电路 AC circuit 机械加工余量 machining allowance 变形力 deforming force 变形 deformation 电路 circuit 半导体元件 semiconductor element 拉孔 broaching 装配 assembling 加工 machining 液压 hydraulic pressure 切线 tangent 机电一体化 mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration 稳定性 stability 介质 medium 液压驱动泵 fluid clutch 液压泵 hydraulic pump 阀门 valve 失效 invalidation 强度 intensity 载荷 load 应力 stress 安全系数 safty factor 可靠性 reliability 螺纹 thread 螺旋 helix 键 spline 销 pin 滚动轴承 rolling bearing 滑动轴承 sliding bearing 弹簧 spring 制动器 arrester brake 十字结联轴节 crosshead 联轴器 coupling 链 chain 皮带 strap 精加工 finish machining 粗加工 rough machining 变速箱体 gearbox casing 腐蚀 rust 氧化 oxidation 磨损 wear 耐用度 durability 机械制图 Mechanical drawing 投影 projection 视图 view 剖视图 profile chart 标准件 standard component 零件图 part drawing 装配图 assembly drawing 尺寸标注 size marking 技术要求 technical requirements 刚度 rigidity 内力 internal force 位移 displacement 截面 section 疲劳极限 fatigue limit 断裂 fracture 塑性变形 plastic distortion 脆性材料 brittleness material 刚度准则 rigidity criterion 垫圈 washer 垫片 spacer 直齿圆柱齿轮 straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮 helical-spur gear 直齿锥齿轮 straight bevel gear 运动简图 kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条 pinion and rack 蜗杆蜗轮 worm and worm gear 虚约束 passive constraint 曲柄 crank 摇杆 racker 凸轮 cams 反馈 feedback 发生器 generator
翻译部分 英文原文 High-speed machining and demand for the development of High-speed machining is contemporary advanced manufacturing technology an important component of the high-efficiency, High-precision and high surface quality, and other features. This article presents the technical definition of the current state of development of China's application fields and the demand situation. High-speed machining is oriented to the 21st century a new high-tech, high-efficiency, High-precision and high surface quality as a basic feature, in the automobile industry, aerospace, Die Manufacturing and instrumentation industries gained increasingly widespread application, and has made significant technical and economic benefits. contemporary advanced manufacturing technology an important component part. HSC is to achieve high efficiency of the core technology manufacturers, intensive processes and equipment packaged so that it has a high production efficiency. It can be said that the high-speed machining is an increase in the quantity of equipment significantly improve processing efficiency essential to the technology. High-speed machining is the major advantages : improve production efficiency, improve accuracy and reduce the processing of cutting resistance. The high-speed machining of meaning, at present there is no uniform understanding, there are generally several points as follows : high cutting speed. usually faster than that of their normal cutting 5 -10 times; machine tool spindle speed high, generally spindle speed in -20000r/min above 10,000 for high-speed cutting; Feed at high velocity, usually 15 -50m/min up to 90m/min; For different cutting materials and the wiring used the tool material, high-speed cutting the meaning is not necessarily the same; Cutting process, bladed through frequency (Tooth Passing Frequency) closer to the "machine-tool - Workpiece "system the dominant natural frequency (Dominant Natural Frequency), can be considered to be high-speed cutting. Visibility high-speed machining is a comprehensive concept. 1992. Germany, the Darmstadt University of Technology, Professor H. Schulz in the 52th on the increase of high-speed cutting for the concept and the scope, as shown in Figure 1. Think different cutting targets, shown in the figure of the transition area (Transition), to be what is commonly called the high-speed cutting, This is also the time of metal cutting process related to the technical staff are looking forward to, or is expected to achieve the cutting speed. High-speed machining of machine tools, knives and cutting process, and other aspects specific requirements. Several were from the following aspects : high-speed machining technology development status and trends.