《英文版经典古希腊神话》
1 The Olympian Gods
Between Macedon（马其顿王国）and Thessaly of eastern Greece there stood a high mountain．Its cloudy top rushed into the very heavens．On the top of the mountain，the home of the gods was bathed in brightness．At Olympus Zeus ruled as the father of gods and men．Zeus was not a crude ruler by any standards．All the gods listened to his final words，it was true．But Zeus made them all sit on a committee of twelve members，including six gods and six goddesses．The first in the Olympian crowd sat Zeus himself．He was the overlord of gods and men and the operator of the thunderbolt ．Next to him was Hera，his proud and green-eyed queen．Poseidon was ruler of the sea，And Hades，king of the lower world，had no seat in the committee．Apollo was the god of the sun，music and poetry，while his twinsister Artemis was the goddess of the moon and the chase．Athena was the goddess of wisdom and patroness of house holdarts．Hestia，the goddess of the family，represented home life and family happiness．The frightening Ares was the god of war，and the charming Aphrodite the goddess of love and beauty．The god of fire，Hephaestus，was the forger(铁匠) of the thunderbolts of Zeus．The wing footed messenger Hermes was the god of invention and commerce；and the goddess of grains and harvests，Demeter，looked after agriculture and stood for mother of civilization．
All the chief gods mentioned above took human forms of incomparable beauty and grace．Often moved by human feelings and desires，they frequently gave way to anger and jealousy．They became involved in ceaseless battles with the world of man．Among themselves at Olympus they plotted and struggled for power．In the human world they experienced competitions and difficulties．They enjoyed earthly friendships and loves．A crowd of everlasting gods looked and acted in a perfectly human fashion that is what all gods at Olympus actually were．
1.Macedon: [史]马其顿王国(古代巴尔干半岛中部一奴隶制国家)
2.Thassaly: A region of east-central Greece between the Pindus Mountains and the Aegean Sea. Settled before 1000 b.c., it reached the height of its power in the sixth century b.c. but soon declined because of internal conflicts.塞萨利希腊中东部一地区，位于屏达思山和爱琴海之间。建于公元前1000年之前，于公元前6世纪势力达到鼎盛但很快就因内乱而衰败
3.overlord: A lord having power or supremacy over other lords.
4.forger: 铁匠
2 Pandora
After the stealing of fire，Zeus became increasingly unkind to men．One day he ordered his son Hephaestus to build an image of a beautiful maiden out of clay．He then asked the gods and goddesses to award her with different kinds of gifts．Among others，Athena clothed her in an attractive coat and Hermes gave her the power of telling lies．A charming young lady，she was the first woman that ever lived．Zeus called her Pandora．Because she had received from each of the gods and goddesses a gift．The gift was harmful to men．
Zeus decided to send her down to men as a present．So Hermes the messenger brought her to Epimetheus，brother of Prometheus．The greatness of her beauty touched the hearts of all who looked upon her，and Epimetheus happily received her into his house．He had quite forgotten Prometheus' warning：never to accept anything from Zeus．The couple lived a happy life for some
time．Then trouble came on to the human world．
When he was busy with teaching men the art of living，Prometheus had left a big cask(木桶) in the care of Epimetheus．He had warned his brother not to open the lid．Pandora was a curious woman．She had been feeling very disappointed that her husband did not allow her to take a look at the contents of the cask．One day，when Epimetheus was out，she lifted the lid and out it came unrest and war，Plague and sickness，theft and violence，grief sorrow，and all the other evils．The human world was hence to experience these evils．Only hope stayed within the mouth of the jar and never flew out．So men always have hope within their hearts．
3 Apollo
Among the crowd of Olympian gods the one most widely admired was Apollo．He was the son of Zeus and Leto．According to Greek mythology，Leto was driven by Hera from land to land at last Poseidon took pity on her and brought the island of Delos out of water for her to live on．There she gave birth to the twins ，Apollo and Artemis．
Apollo was me sun-god．He wore a purple robe(长袍)．He usually sat in his bright eastern palace early in the morning and made ready to start his daily journey across the sky．During the day he roved his carriage of gold and ivory ，and brought light，life and love to the great world below．late in the afternoon he came to the end of his journey in the far western sea and got on his golden boat to return to his eastern home．
Apollo was the god of music and poetry．He could stir up all feelings．These feelings are expressed in lofty songs．With his lyre(七弦琴) of gold and the sweet accents of his godlike voice heled the choir of the Muses at Olympus．The pleasant music from his lyre was so exciting that stones marched into their places in rhythmic time and of their own will when he helped Poseidon build up the walls of Troy．On one occasion，invited to a contest by the human musician Marsyas，he won and then flayed him to death for his pride．On another occasion，he lost out to Pan at a musical contest and turned the ears of the judge，King Midas，into those of an ass．
1.lofty: Affecting grandness; pompous. 壮丽的给人以深刻印象的宏大气势；壮丽的
2.hele: vt. （与in连用）把…栽入土中
3.flay: To strip off the skin or outer covering of. 剥皮剥去皮或表部表层
His son，Orpheus，took over such skill from the father that his lyre moved man and animals alike．Apollo stood for youthful and manly beauty．His golden hair，stately manner and air all combined to make him the admiration of the world．A beautiful girl，by the name of Clytle，was so fond of his beauty and glory that from dawn to dusk she knelt on the ground，her hands outstretched towards the sungod，and her eyes looked at his golden wheeled carriage racing across the blue sky．Though her love was not returned，she had never changed her mind about Apollo．The gods were moved at the sad sight，and changed her into a sunflower．
4.state: Dignified and impressive, as in size or proportions.庄严的在规模或比例方面庄严尊贵的
4 Prometheus
Prometheus was a Titan ．In the war between Zeus the giants he had stood on the side of the new Olympian gods．Out of the clay he made the first man，to whom Athena gave soul and holy breath．Prometheus spent a lot of time and energy in creating the gift of fire．And fire raised man above all animals ．Later，there held a joint meeting of gods and men．The meeting was to decide
what part of burnt animals should be given to gods and what to men．Prometheus cut up an ox and divided it into two parts：under the skin he placed the fresh，and under the fat he put the bones，for he knew the selfish Zeus loved fat．Zeus saw through the trick and felt displeased at the Prometheus' favor towards men．So in a masterful way he took away the gift of fire from mankind．However，Prometheus managed to steal fire from heaven and secretly brought it down to men．Flying into an anger at this unjustified act of rebellion，Zeus let the other gods chain Prometheus to a rock on Mountain Caucasus，where a hungry eagle ever tore at his liver which ever grew again．His period of pain was to be thirty-thousand years．Prometheus faced his bitter fate firmly and never lost courage before Zeus．At last Heracles made Prometheus and Zeus restore to friendship，when Heracles came over in search of the golden apple and killed the eagle and set the friend of mankind free．
5 Nereus and Proteus
Of all the small sea divinities Nereus and Proteus stood out as Peculiar sea-gods．Nereus，known as“the Old Man of the sea”，represented the pleasant aspect of ocean waters．He lived beneath the sea with his fifty lovely daughters，of whom the most famous were Amphritrite，Thetis，Galate a and Panope．It was Nereus who advised Heracles to seek Prometheus in the hero's search of the golden apples．
Proteus was Poseidon's herdsman. He was well known for two qualities：the gift of prophecy and the power to take various forms．At one time he was a lion with a curly wavy hairs；at another he appeared in the shape of a wild boar；and still another he stood a stately tree covered with rich leaves．When，after all these and many other changes，he failed to get rid of his questioner，the god offered detailed answers．
6 Eros（Cupid）
Eros was the god of love，better known by his Latin name Cupid．Son of Aphrodite by Ares ，he took his place among the small gods of Olympus．He was represented as a little naked boy，with sparkling wings，and he carried his bow and arrows wherever he wandered．Shooting his thrilling arrows in evils，he inspired the passion of love and provided all nature with life and power of reproduction．The lovely，naughty god had two kinds of arrows：the gold tipped arrows used to quicken the pulse of love and the lead tipped ones to palsy it．Besides，he had a torch to light hearts with．
Though sometimes he was blindfolded ，no man nor god，Zeus himself included，was safe from his evils．At one time the little naughty god was wounded by his own arrows and such burning love was awakened in him for the human maiden Psyche that he disregarded the constant interference of his mother and plucked up his courage to beg Zeus for justice．Another famous story where Eros played an important part was the Argonautic expedition．Medea，daughter of King Aeetes，was wounded by Eros' arrows，took Jason's part in recovering the golden fleece and eventually became the hero's wife．
1.blindfold: To cover the eyes of with or as if with a bandage.（如用或似用绷带等）蒙住眼睛
2.Argonaut【希神】亚尔古英雄(随同贾森乘亚尔古舟, 去海外寻找金羊毛的英雄)
7 Ares
Son of Zeus and Hera，Ares was appointed god of war．He was terrible and majestic ，and his
march shook the world．Of all the major gods at Olympus，he was the most hateful，loving struggle and war and ever thirsty for blood ．On the other hand he signified courage and victory in battle，and was devoutly worshipped by soldiers going to war．Prayers were addressed to him before the war and spoils presented at his altar after it．
1.majestic: adj. Having or showing lofty dignity or nobility; stately. 具有或显示出庄重的或高贵气质的；威严
He was the one god who ever had to submit to the power of his inferiors ．At one time lack of tact and good judgment led to his shame．He was fighting with two giants，and finding himself no match for the two monstrous creatures，laid down his arms and was imprisoned in chains．He was set free in the end by the artful Hermes，but not before he had suffered all the humiliations .
He was as thoughtless as he was unkind ．A son of Poseidon's，attempting to kidnap his daughter，made the war-god unhappy，so that he killed the youth without he hesitation. In retaliation ，Poseidon dragged him before a group of Athenian judges for trial．The court was held on a hill outside Athens．Ares presented his case and was declared innocent. The hill was ever after called Areopagus，“the hill of Ares”，and the judges received the names of Areopagitae．
8 Dionysus
Dionysus was the god of wine．He was the son of Zeus by Semele．When his mother was burnt to death in the glory of Zeus ．He was still a helpless infant．His father trusted his upbringing to some mountain fairy maidens ．They took the greatest care of him．Under the tutorship of Silennus，the Satyr，he was introduced to all the secrets of nature and the culture of the wine．He travelled far and wide in his carriage drawn by wild beasts．He was said to have been to India and Ethiopia ．Wherever he went，there was music and song and revelling．His attendants，known as the Bacchantes，were noted for their noise and disorder．A most wild，noisy crow，they drank，danced and sang in a careless way．The women Bacchantes were infamous for their excessive immodesty and disgraceful excitement ．In their madness and intoxication they committed cruel violence. They tore Orpheus，the gifted musician，limb from limb．King Pentheus of Thebes，for frowning on the worship of Bacchus in his kingdom，suffered the same treatment at the hands of
a band of these fanatical women，of whom his own mother was the leader．
1.revel: To engage in uproarious festivities; make merry.参加喧嚣的庆典；作乐
9 Philomela
King Pandion of Athens had two daughters，Procne and Philomela．When Athens was threatened by the wild men，King Tereus of Thrace came to its help．Out of gratitude King Pandion offered Tereus either of his daughters in marriage and the Thracian king chose Procne as wife．For years they lived in Thrace and had one son，Itylus by name．Then Procne became homesick and longed to see her dear sister Philomela．At her repeated requests Tereus sailed to Athens to fetch Philomela．On the way back his evil heart took flame at the sight of Philomela who was then in her beauty of maidenhood．He seized and carried her away by force，cut out her tongue and imprisoned her in a lonely hut in the woods．To Procne he lied，saying that Philomela was dead．Philomela stayed in prison for a year，where she had woven her painful story into the web of a robe ．Then she managed to send the robe to her sister．As soon as she received the web Procne came over to the woods and to rescue her sister away from the keepers．
Back at the palace, the two women，hot for paying back ，killed little Itylus and served him up to his father ．When Tereus learned of the terrible truth he grasped his sword and chased the sisters into the woods．There the gods turned Procne into a swallow，Philomela a nightingale and Tereus a hoopoe(戴胜鸟) ．
10 Palladium
When Ilus had first built his new seat，the city of Troy，he prayed Zeus to show some sign of blessing for it．His prayer was heard，and a wooden image of Pallas- Athena fell from heaven to within the walls of the city．Known as the Palladium，the statue afforded the city safety and protection．At religious meetings of the goddess it was carried through the city streets amid joys and songs of praise．
After the flames of war had spread for ten years before the walls of Troy，a prophet foretold that Troy could never be expected to fall as long as the Palladium was treasured by its people ．In order to steal it out，Odysseus and Diomedes slipped into the capital one night in disguise ，known to none but Hellen．The bad woman took out them to He Cuba，the queen of Troy，at whose feet Odysseus immediately bowed down and asked for mercy．The queen granted their request，and with the help of Helen，they successfully brought the image back to the Greek camp at dawn．Later it was said that Aeneas got hold of it and carried it with him to his new land，where it was Preserved together with the goddess' fire．
11 The Flood
Towards the end of the Age of Bronze the human world became very cruel．
Men grew hungry，impolite and ungodly．Neither right or law was respected any longer，and the rule of hospitality was forgotten．Dressed up in human form，Zeus visited Arcadia and Thessaly，and disliked the deadly wrongs of men ．He decided to clear the earth of them all．Without hesitation he released the rainy south wind and called upon the heartless Poseidon to help．Soon the whole world sank in a vast ocean，and the entire human race disappeared in the unheard of flood，all but two poor Thessalonians((古希腊)帖撒罗尼迦人) ．
These were an old childless couple，kind and faithful and contented with life．The man was called Deucalion and his wife Pyrrha．Son of Prometheus，Deucalion had been warned beforehand by his father of the coming flood and made himself a huge chest．When the roaring flood came the couple hid themselves init and floated for nine days until it touched land again on Mt Parnassus．The once active world presented a frightening sight．It was all death and ruin．Feeling lonely and unsafe，the old couple prayed to the gods for help．A sage instructed them to cast the bones of their mother about ．The son of the wise Titan，having guessed the true meaning of the mysterious command，started throwing stones behind him．A miracle occurred．The stones that the man cast became men；the stones that the woman threw turned into women．Since then，people appeared on the land again．The Heroic Age had begun．
12 Ajax（the Great）
Ajax was a man of giant stature，daring but slow．When the Trojan War was about to break out he led his forces from Salamis to join the Greek army at Aulis．As one of the trustiest champions of the Greek cause，he was given the job of guarding one end of the Greek camp near Troy．He was noted in the battlefield for his bravery and courage．After Achilles' death he became one of the two
hot contestants for the dead hero's shield and armour，the other being Odysseus．When the weapons were finally judged to his rival，Ajax went mad for grief．Unable to get over the hardships，he took his own life．When，in order to seek the advice of，Odysseus came to visit the lower world，the shade of Ajax frowned upon him．In the lower world Ajax chose to be a lion，guided clearly by the bitter recollection of his former life．
13 Jason
Among the pupils of the wise and just Centaur，there was a boy named Jason．He was by birth a prince．His father Aeson was once king of Iolcus，but was overthrown by his own half brother Pelias．So he sent his baby son Jason to the Centaur for safekeeping．As a boy Jason took part in the boar(野猪) hunt．When he grew up into a strong youth he was told of the secret of his birth．So he went to avenge his father's wrongs ．
On his way back to his native city he met a weak old woman waiting to be helped across a mountain stream．Kind and polite，Jason carried the old lady on his back and walked across the stream．Little had he thought that the old woman was just Hera herself ．Thus he got the help and protection of a powerful friend at the beginning of his life．As he lost one shoe in the stream he had to enter Pelias' palace in only one shoe．Pelias was quite scared to see such a stranger because he had been warned by a prophet to be careful of a man wearing only one shoe．He was not surprised when Jason told him who he was and what his business was about．The artful（狡猾的）Pelias welcomed his nephew with false pride and joy ；he promised to give up the kingdom to one who had proved himself worthy of it．And he urged the youth to bring the golden fleece（羊毛）back from Colchis．He felt quite certain that his nephew would never come back alive from the hopeless task．Pelias' prediction was quite right．Jason died a poor death in the kingdom of Colchis．
14 Io
Io was the daughter of a river god．She was loved，run after and won by Zeus．Hera became so green-eyed that she flew down from Olympus one day to pay her rival （竞争对手）back ．Zeus，however，had foreseen her arrival and changed Io into a beautiful white little cow．Seeing through the trick，Hera asked for the cow as a present and Zeus had to give in to her wish ．Then she left the cow to the care of a hundred-eyed monster，Argus．Argus' eyes were ever open and no escape was possible．Unable to bear to see her so unhappy，Zeus sent Hermes down to destroy the monster．Dressed up as a shepherd，Hermes lulled Argus to sleep with his sweet songs and long stories，then killed him and set Io free．But Hera's anger was not to be calmed down yet．She sent a gadfly(牛虻) to attack the cow and drive her from land to land．In her misery the cow passed over the strait which divides Europe and Asia．In this way the strip of water got its name Bosporus ，the way of the cow．She wandered over the sea，which by chance got from her its name the Ionian Sea ．In the end she arrived in Egypt where she was turned back into her natural form ．She settled down and gave birth to a son，Some of her children remained in Egypt and ruled as kings for a longtime．
1.Lull: To cause to sleep or rest; soothe or calm.
15 The Sirens
Far out in the sea there was an island，on the rocky edge of which lived three Sirens，the three sisters of magic song．Half human and half bird，the Siren sisters sat in a field of flowers，singing in voices that excited the hearts of men．The attractive songs were so sweet that ships were attracted to the island and struck to pieces on the rocks．No sailor nor ship had ever been known to pass the Island of the Sirens without being attracted to disaster ．
Acting on the advice of Circe，Odysseus took careful preparation against the Sirens．Before their ships came to where they could hear the song，Odysseus had himself tied to the mast ，stopped the ears of his men with wax and ordered them to ignore his orders and gestures when they were passing the fatal is land ．
Soon they came in sight of the rocky is land，and the attractive song reached the ears of Odysseus．It moved him so much that he struggled in despair to free himself and shouted for his men to turn towards the rich and flowery grass land of the singing sisters．But no one paid any attention to him．The sailors kept straight on until they were completely out of hearing．Then his friends freed him and took the wax out of their ears．For once the Sirens had sung with no effects．The eldest of the sisters，Partherope，loved Odysseus so much that she threw herself into the sea after his ships had passed．
16 Hecuba
Hecuba's life was one of grief and sorrow．She saw with her own eyes her eldest born Hector killed and insulted by Achilles．She saw her son Polites slain in front of her by Pyrrhus．And she saw her husband，the aged Priam，dragged towards the household altar and ruthlessly butchered there．After the fall of Troy she was carried into slavery ．She had the misfortune to witness her daughter Polyxena，her sole consolation in bondage ，sacrificed at the tomb of Achilles．She had the sad fate to see washed ashore the corpse of her youngest son Polydorus，who had been entrusted to the Thracian king for safekeeping．With her fifty children all dead she became the queen of sorrows from whom no other woman could obtain the crown ．Yet in her distress and despair，she plucked up her courage to avenge herself upon the Thracian king，who had murdered her son in order to get her son's gold．Later，as Dionysus had prophesied ，she was transformed into a dog with blood-shot eyes and，unable to endure the new misery，she leapt into the sea and thus ended her unfortunate life．
1.slain: To kill violently.
2.butcher：To kill brutally or indiscriminately.
3.corpse: 尸体
4.prophesy: 预告；预示
17 The Four Ages
There had been four ages since the human world first came into being ．They are the Golden Age，the Silver Age，the Age of Bronze and the Age of Iron．The Golden Age was the best of all．It was an age when Kronus sat on the throne．Generous nature met all the needs of men ．There were no extremes of cold and heat．And the evils of the human world were still kept in the cask．Epimetheus guarded the cask and Pandora was not yet made to open．Men lived a happy life．They were forever young．They were always eating richly and knew neither hard labour nor sorrow．When death came it came like a peaceful sleep．And they became good spirits in heaven ．
The Silver Age was one in which the human race was somewhat less valuable in body and mind．The period was of helpless be ginning．It lasted a hundred years．And it was the time of manhood，short and troubled．Men spent in ignorance and evil．They no longer admired the gods and offered no sacrifices．However，as the race of the Silver Age was not entirely lack of goodness，they had some honour and lived on as spirits under the earth．
During the age of Bronze men became further degenerated ．Dressed in bronze and armed with weapons of bronze，they live din the houses of bronze．Cruel and heartless，they delighted in war and died in endless struggle．When they passed away，they came into the darkness of the lower world．
The last age，that of Iron，was one of continual care and grief．There was no family love，no sense of respectful duty，no friend ship and hospitality．Nor was there any faith，truth and justice．Evil was widespread，might was right，and the flames of war burnt the surface of the earth．It was a race of men given up by gods ．
18 The Golden Fleece
King Athamus of northern Greece had two children，Phrixus and Helle．After he left his first wife and married Ino，a wicked woman，the two children received all the cruel treatment that a stepmother could devise ，At one time the kingdom was ruined by a famine．Ino persuaded her credulous husband into believing that his son，Phrixus，was the actual cause of the disaster，and should be sacrificed to Zeus to end it．The poor boy was then placed on the altar and was about to be knifed when a ram with golden fleece was sent down by the gods and carried off the two children on its back．As they flew over the strait that divides Asia from Europe，Helle，faint at the vast expanse of water below ，fell into the sea and was drowned．Thus the sea of Helle，Hellespont，became the ancient name of the strip of water．Her brother kept on and arrived in Colchis on the eastern shore of the Black Sea．There he sacrificed the ram to Zeus and gave its golden fleece to King Aeetes，who nailed it on a sacred tree and put a sleepless dragon in charge ．credulous: Disposed to believe too readily; gullible.
1.ram：羊；
2.fleece：羊毛
19 Pygmalion
Pygmalion，King of Cyprus，was a famous sculptor．He made an ivory image of a woman so lovely that he fell in love with it．Every day he tried to make Galatea up in gold and purple，for that was the name he had given to this mistress of his heart．He embraced and kissed it，but it remained a statue．In despair he went to Aphrodite's shrine for help．Offering rich sacrifice and sending up a passionate prayer，he begged the goddess to give him a wife as graceful as Galatea．Back home，he went straight up to the statue．Even as he gazed at it a change came over it．A faint colour appeared on its cheeks，a gleam shone from its eyes and its lips opened into a sweet smile．Pygmalion stood speechless when Ualatea began to move towards him．She was simple and sweet and alive！Soon the room was ringing with her sliver voice．The work of his own hands became his wife．
20 Endymion
Endymion was a handsome young shepherd who kept his flocks of sheep on Mt Latmos，Asia Minor ．Living in a quiet，lovely valley，he lived a perfectly peaceful life．Sometimes when his sheep grazed happily on some rich grass around，he would lie down on the meadow and sleep soundly，completely free from worldly grieves and cares．
One clear，bright night，as Artemis drove her carriage across the heavens，her eyes chanced upon a beautiful youth sleeping in the peaceful valley below．Her heart beat with love and admiration．She came down from her moon carriage and gave a quick but passionate kiss on his face．Even the sleepy Endymion was fascinated at the sight of the fair maiden as he opened his eyes．But the vision disappeared so soon that he regarded the whole scene as a dream．Every night Artemis floated down to steal a kiss from the lips of the sleeping shepherd until her occasional carelessness of duty caused the suspicion of Zeus．The father of gods and men decided to remove the earthly temptation to the goddess forever．He called for Endymion on to him and ordered him to choose between death in any form and everlasting youth in perpetual dreamy sleep ．The shepherd chose the latter，and he still slept on Mt Latmos，with the moon goddess sadly visiting and kissing him every night．
21 Lotus Eaters
On the tenth day after leaving Troy，Odysseus and his men came to an island，where the people only took lotus fruit and flowers as their food．This plant had such a magic effect on its eaters that it could make them forget their past and produce a dreamy laziness over them．When Odysseus' men arrived，they were kindly invited by the people on the is land to eat the sweet food．Its magic power began to work on the immediately．They fell into a deep daydream．They lost all wishes for future，To them the sea and ship appeared dull and hateful．And they were not eager to see wife，child and kingdom．When he saw no trace of his men coming back，Odysseus became suspicious．He set out with some well armed men to find out the truth．It did not take him long to find out the magic effect of the food．Not allowing his followers to touch the plant，he ordered them to drag their lazy friends back to their ship．There he had them tied to the benches until they slept off the harmful effect of the lotus ．Without hesitation they set sail，leaving the dreamy lotus eaters behind．
1.lotus: 莲，荷花; 希神〉忘忧果
22 Daphne
Daphne was a lovely blooming fairy maiden．As she was playing merrily in the woods one day she saw Apollo the sun-god staring at her with more than amazement and ad miration in his eyes．The beaming face of the sun put her to flight．The eager Apollo followed her closely behind，calling out to her to stop．His passion had been lighted by her beauty and grace．He was afraid that this might be the last time he saw her．The quick footed maiden made the best of her legs ，but the passionate Apollo pressed hard upon her ．Through rough fields and pathless woods she ran，but the sound of his pursuing feet ever grew nearer．As he ran he begged his beloved maiden to slow down，for he feared that she might fall and hurt her sparkling skin on the rocky roads．But the escaping maiden never cared so much about that．She even threw one glance back wards ．At last she was quite breathless and cried to her father，a river god，for help．No sooner had her prayer
been uttered than answered ，for she had instantly found herself glued to the ground and a layer of soft bark growing over her fair skin ．She had been turned into a laurel tree．Sighing，Apollo put his arms around the tree trunk．The trunk responded by turning thinner．To show his undying love for the maiden，he decided that the laurel would be his favorite tree and should be the prize of honour and fame for deathless poets and poetry ．Thus the most outstanding poet always desires to be made a poet laureate ．
1.migration：<美方>赞赏,惊讶,大惊小怪
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3210441370.html,urel: 月桂树;
3.poet laureate: 桂冠诗人
23 Narcissus
Narcissus had a twin sister whom he loved better than anyone else in the world．This sister died when she was young and very beautiful．Narcissus missed her so very much that he wished he might die too．
One day，as he sat on the ground by a spring，looking absently into the water and thinking of his lost sister，he saw a face like hers，looking up at him．It seemed as if his sister had become a water nymph and were actually there in the spring，but she would not speak to him．
Of course the face Narcissus saw was really the reflection of his own face in the water，but he did not know that．In those days there were no clear mirrors like ours；and the idea of one's appearance that could be got from a polished brass shield，for instance，was a very dim one．So Narcissus leaned over the water and looked at the beautiful face so like his sister's，and wondered what it was and whether he should ever see his sister again．
After this，he came back to the spring day after day and looked at the face he saw there，and mourned for his sister until，at last，the gods felt sorry for him and changed him into a flower．This flower was the first narcissus ．All the flowers of this family，when they grow by the side of a pond or a stream，still bend their beautiful heads and look at the reflection of their own faces in the water．
24 Ixion
In Thessaly there once lived a king by the name of Ixion．He was both handsome and mighty．He went to woo the beautiful maiden Dia and won her love，but her old father was most reluctant to part with his child．only when Ixion swore to let him have his royal treasure house did the father agree to give the king the hand of Dia in marriage ．Ixion took Dia home with him．But he was in no mood to keep his promise，for a long time passed and no treasure ever came to the old man．Impatient to have his promised wealth，the old father went to see Ixion and gave him no peace，until at last Ixion decided to get rid of him once and for all ．Opening the door of his treasure house，he pushed the old man in and there burnt him to death．
woo: To seek the affection of with intent to romance.
Zeus was furious over the terrible deed．The frightened Ixion went up to heaven and asked the father of gods and men to rid him of his dishonesty ．His prayers were granted，and he stayed happily for a while in the glorious home of the gods，There his lecherous eyes fell on Hera，whose radiant beauty fascinated his heart．Forgetting Dia at home，he planned for Hera to elope with him．Seeing all this，Zeus sent a cloud in the form of Hera to Ixion．The impious king made love to the shade and made it the mother of the centaurs ．The infuriated Zeus cast Ixion down to
Hades and had him bound to a wheel of fire，which，forever revolving，racked and tore his body in its unbroken swift revolutions．
1.elope：to run away with a lover, especially with the intention of getting married.
2.impious: Lacking reverence; not pious.
25 Orion
Orion was a giant hunter．He was the beautiful son of Poseidon．One day，when hunting in the forest，he caught sight of Artemis' fair maidens，the seven Pleiades ．He was so attracted by their beauty that he started chasing them．In despair the charming maidens prayed to Artemis for help and were sent up by the goddess to the heavens as a constellation ．Later he fell in love with another maiden，Merope by name，but rash and impatient，he took the maiden by force and enraged her father，King Oenopion of Chios．The king made him drunk and put out his eyes ．Following the sound of the Cyclopes' hammer，he went to Hephaestus，who sent a guide to travel with him to the east，where the sun rose．Exposing his eyeballs to the rays of the sun，he was restored to his eyesight．He became a constant companion of Artemis and followed the goddess in the chase with his dog Sirius(天狼星)．Apollo did not approve of this love，however．One day he dared his sister to shoot at a dark spot moving in the sea．Little did she suspect that she was aiming her arrow at Orion，for the dark spot turned out to be the head of Orion swimming in the ocean．Artemis was extremely sad．As she could not pull him back from the grasp of Death she sent him up to the sky as a constellation，with his hunting dog Sirius be side him．
26 Tantalus
Tantalus was the rich and mighty king of Lydia．Son of Zeus by a fairy maiden，he was greatly favored by the gods．He was invited to share wine and food with them at their banquets，and he was let into their secrets ．But ever the latter end of joy is woe ．Either because he had stolen wine or gave away the secrets of Zeus，or because he had become so proud as to test the gods by serving up the flesh of his son Pelops to them，he incurred the wrath of Zeus and was hurled down to the everlasting darkness of Tartarus ．There he was made to stand up to his chin in a little lake，with clusters of luscious fruits hanging over and around his head．He strove eternally to drink the ever-evading water and to clutch at the delicious fruits which were ever tossed out of his reach by blasts of wind．Thus he was doomed to endure endless burning thirst and bitter hunger in the world of the shades．The whole occurrence has given rise to the expression“tantalizing”，meaning something in plain view but unattainable ．
1.luscious: : adj. Sweet and pleasant to taste or smell:
2.strive: To struggle or fight forcefully; contend:
3.tantalize: To excite (another) by exposing something desirable while keeping it out of reach.
27 Actaeon
When she was tired with hunting Artemis used to take a bath in a little mountain spring．One hot summer afternoon she was playing in the cool，quiet water with her maidens when she heard a rustle behind the bushes ．She felt quite angry to find that a young hunter was peeping admiringly at her naked body ．Her maidens gave a sharp cry and crowded around the goddess．But young Actaeon had seen the huntress．
Actaeon loved the hunting．He had been searching the woods every day．On this particular afternoon he felt so tired with running about that he，by accident，came over to the spring in search of water．He was thus surprised to find Artemis bathing．The angry goddess was not to be calmed．She splashed water in the hunter's face．As soon as the water drops fell on Actaeon，he was changed into a stag ．Just at that moment he heard the barking of his team of fifty hunting dogs．They were coming up to him．He was suddenly seized with fear ，and presently ran away．The dogs，all driven mad by the goddess，ran after him closely．Running as fast as his legs could carry him，Actaeon was soon out of breath ．Feeling certain that he was to die，he dropped to the ground and made no further attempt to get up．The dogs came nearer to their former master and tore him to pieces．
1.stag: The adult male of various deer, especially the red deer.
2.Artemis：the virgin goddess of the hunt and the moon and twin sister of Apollo.
28 Atlas and Perseus
After the killing of Medusa，Perseus，carrying her head with him，flew far and wide，over land and sea．As night came on，he reached the western limit of the earth ，where the sun goes down．Here he would gladly have rested till morning．It was the kingdom of King Atlas，who was bigger than all other men．He was rich in flocks and herds and had no neighbor or rival to invade his country．But his chief pride was in his gardens，whose fruit was of gold，hanging from golden branches，half hid with golden leaves．Perseus said to him，“I come as a guest．I claim Zeus for my father and I killed Medusa．I seek rest and food．”But Atlas remembered that an ancient prophecy had warned him that a son of Zeus should one day rob him of his golden apples ．So he answered，“Go away！Or neither your false claims of glory or parentage shall protect you” ；and he attempted to drive him out．Perseus，finding the giant too strong for him，said，“Since you value my friendship so little，please accept a gift”；and turning his face away，he held up Medusa's head．Atlas was changed into stone．His beard and hair became forests，his arms and shoulders cliffs，his head a summit，and his bones rocks．Each part increased till he became a mountain，and（such was the pleasure of the gods）heaven with all its stars rests upon his shoulders．
1.Medusa：The Gorgon who was killed by Perseus.
2.prophecy: An inspired utterance of a prophet, viewed as a revelation of divine will.
3.parentage: Descent from parents; lineage:
29 The Golden Touch
Midas，son of the Great Goddess of Ida，by a hero whose name is not remembered ，was a pleasure loving King of Macedonian Bromium，where he ruled over the Brigians and planted his famous rose gardens．
One day，the old hero Silenus，Dionysus' former teacher，happened to straggle from the main body of the Dionysian army as it marched out of Thrace into Boeotia，and was found sleeping and drunken in the rose gardens．The gardeners tied him and led him before Midas，to whom he told wonderful tales of a big continent lying beyond the Ocean's stream ——altogether separate from the united mass of Europe，Asia，or Africa——where gigantic，happy，and long lived people lived in splendid cities，enjoying a wonderful law system．Midas，delighted with Silenus' fictions，entertained him for five days and nights，and then ordered a guide to lead him to Dionysus' headquarters．
神话就是关于神界的故事。统观希腊神话与中国神话中的神界故事系列，大体都有以下一些主题：创世(叙说宇宙的诞生与世界的起源)；人类的诞生，灾难(希腊与中国神话中的洪水故事)；救世(某个英雄或半神拯救人类)；以发明创造为特征的文化超人的出现(如带来火种的普罗米修斯，发明用火的燧人氏)……。我们看到，尽管两个民族的神界故事不乏相近之处，但是，他们的具体形态——如完整、丰富程度、叙事风格等方面还是有明显的差异，贯穿其中的主导精神更是完全不同。 一、人性和神性 希腊诸神具有强烈的世俗性和人本色彩。希腊神话中的诸神 , 没有一个是全知全能和完美无缺的, 神性成为人性的精妙表现。希腊众神和英雄都是神人同形同性的, 像人一样, 具有人的形象, 也具有人的七情六欲, 甚至奸淫、偷盗和彼此欺诈。许多希腊神话故事具有浓郁的生活气息和极大的感染力。如著名的故事：“金苹果”，传说珀琉斯国王同海洋女神结婚，邀请了所有的神参加婚礼，惟独没请纠纷女神厄里斯。于是，厄里斯决意报复，暗中把一只金苹果扔在欢快的客人们中间，上面写到：“送给最美丽的女人。”天后赫拉、智慧女神雅典娜、爱神阿佛洛狄忒都觉得自己是最美丽的，应该得到这个金苹果，于是争吵起来。三位女神从圣山一直争吵到山下，遇见了牧羊人装束的特洛伊王子帕里斯，于是请他裁决。为了得到这个金苹果，她们分别以财富、荣誉和美女相许，帕里斯想要得到世上最美的女人，就将苹果给了阿佛洛狄忒。 世上最美的女人是斯巴达王后海伦，在阿佛洛狄忒的帮助下，帕里斯诱走海伦。由此引发了著名的特洛伊战争。只因女人的妒忌心所至，竟然怂恿出一场长达10年的特洛伊战争。与希腊诸神不同的是, 中国的神大都是堂堂正正的君子, 形象庄严肃穆、清心寡欲, 心中无我, 是道德的楷模。女娲的传说就是如此，女娲（拼音：nǚ wā），中华上古之神，人首蛇身，为伏羲之妹。起初以泥土造人，创造了人类社会并建立婚姻制度；而后世间天塌地陷，于是熔炼五彩石以补天，斩龟足以撑天。 《淮南子》云: “女娲宓穆休于太视之下。然而不彰其功, 不扬其声, 隐真人之道, 以从天地之固然。”这里显然是对女娲的称赞。女娲有造人和补天之功, 其功莫大焉。然而, 她并不宣扬, 之所以不宣扬, 就是没有意识到“自我”的存在。再如尧舜地位的禅让, 大禹治水三过家门而不入, 夸父为人类追日而死等等, 都是无我、大公的表现。 二、世俗与高远 由于希腊神形象与文化内涵上与中国神的不同, 使得人们在对待他们的态度上也极为不同。希腊是泛神论者, 信奉多神教。他们在神话中描绘的神灵往往都是一个个实实在在的, 拥有男人和女人具体形象的, 并且可以与之平等交往的神, 与人类没有距离感, 有的也与人类通婚。比如天神宙斯就曾娶了腓尼西亚美丽的公主欧罗巴, 并且还生下了米诺斯和拉达曼提斯两个儿子。还有斯巴达
神话是远古时代人们通过超自然的形象和幻想的形式，表达他们对世界起源、自然现象和社会生活的原始理解的故事和传说。它们大多形式朴素，充满浪漫主义色彩。人类在同自然的斗争中，无法科学地认识自然，战胜自然，只有借助想象以征服自然力，支配自然力。它们的内容涉及自然环境和社会生活的各个方面，既包括人类的起源，也包括人类的命运。神话一般分为三类：创世神话、始祖神话、战争神话。由于生产力水平的限制，古代社会早期东西方各民族之间大多相互隔绝，互不往来。然而，东西方的神话故事，在思想内容和艺术形式上都存在着相似性。但由于政治、经济、文化、历史条件的影响，也有许多不同之处。 创世神话是神话重要的组成部分之一，解释宇宙的起源以及万物的生成。在中国神话中，关于宇宙的生成就有多种版本。如《太平御览》中有“天地混沌如鸡子，盘古生其中。万八千岁，天地开辟，阳清为天，阴浊为地”。《淮南子》中有“古未有天地之时，唯象无形，窈窈冥冥，有二神混生，经天营地，于是乃别为阴阳，离为八极。”阴阳指的是阴神和阳神，阳神管天，阴神管地，这样世界就形成了。古希腊神话中关于世界形成的神话创世纪与之颇有相似之处。在创世纪中，宇宙中的古神卡俄斯生了地母该亚、爱神厄洛斯还有厄瑞玻斯和尼克特两兄妹。厄瑞玻斯意为黑暗，尼克特意为夜晚。而卡俄斯名字意为混沌，与中央天帝混沌相似，这说明中国古代和古希腊的人们对于与宇宙未成时的猜想是一致的。中国的创世神话中，盘古是以牺牲肉体来完成万物创造的。盘古将自己的双眼化成了日月，将四肢和头颅化作了五岳，将血脉化成了长江和黄河，将毛发化成了山林与草木，将肌肉化成了泥土，将筋骨化成了金石。在希腊神话中，其创世神话充满了血腥和征服。宙斯的神界秩序是在代代天神的血肉之躯上建立起来的，这杀戮竟都是至亲骨肉之间的。 中国神话与古希腊神话所认为的中心是完全不一样的。希腊神话以神为本，中国神话以人为本。在希腊神话中，一切都围绕神展开，神是整个庞大思想体系的中心。而中国神话中，人类的意志和精神力量是占主导地位的，宇宙上的万物皆为人而存，连神都是为人服务的。在古希腊人们眼中，神主宰着万物。神是无所不能无所不在的，是长生不死的，宇宙存在，神便存在，神左右人们的生活，甚至感情世界。在中国神话中，神不是摆布、统治人类、凌驾于人类之上的，而是与人和谐相处，且为人类服务造福的。 在希腊神话中，尽管神有着人的七情六欲，但同人之间却有着严格的界限：所有的人会死，但是神却不死。人与神结合生下的英雄们也不是神，也会死。然而中国神话中，人神之别相当模糊，有些英雄如伏羲、后羿，本身即是神；而玉皇大帝是人升天为神的，一人得道鸡犬升天。古希腊神话表现的是人神同构，而中国神话表现人神同一。 希腊神话中的神充满着凡夫俗子的七情六欲，弥漫着人类的生活气息，甚至在道德上十分放纵。以天神宙斯为代表，风流韵事层出不穷，甚至有乱伦现象。而中国的神无情无欲，不结婚不生子。中国的神具有的是神性，更理性；希腊的神具有的是人性，更感性。
希腊神话与中国神话中关于各自神仙体系的比较研究 摘要 本文通过对中国本土中国神话（道教）和希腊神话的神仙体系若干主要差异特征的比较研究，力求描绘出两族关于各自神仙体系的框架图。进而从神话为根上溯到民族文化之果，使两族文化的差异呈现出一个较为清晰的脉络图。 本文从内容上以两族的“创世神话”、“传承体系”、“走下神坛”三题的阶段性差异为切入点，对两族关于神仙体系的多方位比较，得出以下结论： 1、创世神话的差异作用且反作用于各自民族传承延续的精神文明——舍身取义与人本主义的迥然不同 2、传承体系的差异体现在类人社会化的程度，归根结底地说：是社会化与家族化的分道扬镳 3、希腊众神与中国仙神逐步走下神坛，此结果是社会发展之必然。仙神类人化程度不同，实则是民族文化的侧重点不同。 4、两族神话的最终发展方向终是与各自民族文化息息相关，互相依托、传承且逐渐形成各自民族性格。 关键词：希腊神话、中国神话、民族文化 目录 摘要 导论 第一章神话与民族文化
第二章关于创世神话的差异——舍身取义与人本主义 第一节中国盘古开混沌 第二节希腊混沌之神卡俄斯 第三节造成创世神话差异的原因浅析 第三章关于传承体系的差异——英雄传承与生育传承 第一节中国神的英雄传承 第二节希腊神的类人传承 第三节造成传承体系差异的原因浅析 第四章关于走下神坛的差异——尚德精神与人本精神 第一节人神趋近 一中国历史的新晋仙神 二希腊神话中的半神与人 第二节造成走下神坛差异的原因浅析 第五章神话中神仙体系与民族文化的再审视 结论 参考文献 【1】谢选骏，《神话与民族精神》，山东文艺出版社，1986年版。 【2】斯威布，《希腊的神话和传说》楚图南译，人民文学出版社，1977年版。 【3】荣格，《神话——原型批评》，著，三联书店，1988年版。 【4】鲁刚、郑述谱编译，《希腊罗马神话词典》，中国社会科学出版社，1984年版。
希腊神话与中国神话对比 在研究中国神话、日本神话、希腊神话的过程中我们发现，在描写怪物的恐怖之处时，大概都类似。 希腊那边的怪物，一般强调它看守的财宝、美女、神器（厄尔托斯、奥特休斯、克尔帕洛斯、百眼巨人等）。或者是拥有什么样的能力（安普沙、戈耳工三姐妹、塞壬、艾瑞克特翁尼亚斯等）还有采取什么办法能打倒它（斯芬克斯、革律翁、弥诺陶洛斯、海德拉斯汀法罗斯湖怪鸟等）。 日本神话中的怪物，基本是讲述是怎么死的死了变成什么有什么仇什么怨（白儿、桥姬、高女、青女房、阴摩罗鬼等），也有夸耀其神力无穷的（八岐大蛇、以津真天等）。更多的是解释一些不明所以的自然现象的（垢尝、舟幽灵、墙壁怪、不知火、逆柱、幽谷响、鸣屋等）。 而中国神话里的怪物，……要么着重讲述它要吃人，想吃人，怎样吃人，如何吃人（《聊斋志异》）。要么就是在写吃了它有什么好处，怎么吃它，去哪里抓（《山海经》）。最著名的莫过于四大名著之一的《西游记》全篇上下有一半都是在围绕一个食物吃不吃怎么吃好想吃吃不着准备吃锅都开了鸭子飞了的话题在展开。由此我们得出，中华文化和其他世界文化的发展方向……几千年前就大局已定…… 今天我们主要谈谈中国神话以及希腊神话的区别。希腊神话主要特点分为以下几点：1. 希腊神话系统性更强； 2. 希腊神话重故事性，中国神话重实用性； 3. 希腊神话中神祇地位更高，中国神话强调了人对于神的逆向征服。 我将以大家比较熟悉的太阳神话为例，具体对三个方面进行剖析，最后会加入一节结语，分析产生这些差异的原因。 1. 希腊神话系统性更强 以太阳神话为例，希腊神话有两位太阳神，一个是赫利俄斯，另一个是后期希腊神话中的阿波罗。赫利俄斯是个司机，主要驾着车拖着太阳在天上走来走去，普罗米修斯就是从他的车上盗了火种；阿波罗不光是太阳神，还是美术、医药、诗歌与口才之神。两个人的形象都非常丰满，围绕两个人，不同作家、画家、歌者写了不同的故事进行歌颂塑造，彼此都能做到统一。神族谱系也梳理的异常流畅，系统性强。 中国神话相对较为零散而原始，彼此之间难以相互认证：在《山海经·大南荒经》里，对太阳的起源解释是被帝后的老婆生下来的（“羲和者，帝后之妻，生十日。”）但盘古开天神话里又说是盘古的眼睛变的；《山海经》说太阳升起的地方叫做大言，是一座大山（“有山名曰大言，日月所出”），可《淮南子·天文训》又说太阳升起的地方叫旸谷。如果再加上夸父追日、后羿射日这些故事，可
古希腊神话与中国神话内容之比较。 古老的希腊神话和中国神话在世界文化史上占有十分重要的地位。中国和希腊作为东西方文明的发祥地, 中希两国的神话故事也是世界神话故事中的两颗璀璨 的明珠,对东西方文明产生了深远的影响。通过对两国神话故事进行内容比较, 我们会发现很多的不同之处。 一、地理位置的差异而形成内容的差异。 希腊和中国的神话都产生于人类社会初期,都在与自然的斗争中发挥了各自的想像力。但又因两国的地域、自然条件、历史进程的不同,造就了不同的文化观念。 华夏文明源远流长,早在公元前五千到三千年间,就从黄河中上游发展到了黄河中下游。又因地处内陆而形成了相对封闭、稳定、单一的文化传统。以农耕为主的生产方式产生了重实际、轻幻想的思维方式。中国神话中的英雄,几乎无一不与劳动有关,象开天辟地的盘古,炼石补天的女娲,发现药草的神农,教民稼穑的后稷,等等。中国神话的内容，大多是与农务有关。 而古希腊三面环海，丰富的海洋资源与便利的海上贸易促使古希腊文化受到多种文化的冲击。故其民族精神呈现出海洋的开放性,对外族文化的宽容性。表现在神话中,便是《荷马史诗》中众多的探险活动和军事冒险活动。古希腊是海洋文明,希腊人通过海上活动取得财富,形成了自由、勇敢、个性化、浪漫的神话体系。 二、中国神话与古希腊神话内容细节上的区别。 1，世界的起源。 在中国神话中，世界的开辟是大英雄盘古, 他用开天巨斧劈开了混沌。轻的部分上升为天, 沉重的部分,下降为地。而女蜗在完成了补天、造人的大功之后, 也将自己的身体化成了万物。 而希腊神话则强调自然的变幻与孕育某一天混沌之神自然的破裂产生了黑暗和黑夜, 还有其他几位最初的神灵胸怀宽广的地母该亚、黑暗女神和黑夜女神。随着时间的推移, 从黑暗和黑夜中又产生了光明和白昼。大地母亲该亚又生育了很多的后代, 薪火相传构筑了世界的万物。 2.人物形象（神）的差异。 在中国神话里，人兽同体的神占居主流。如殷商青铜器上，刻有龙、蟠龙、凤、一头多身怪兽，表现了当时流传着的神话里的各类角色，它们都是兽形神。。在中国神话里，鸾、凤、鲤等形态色彩美丽的动物被认为是给人类带来吉祥的神灵。《山海经》所载数十百位山神，十之八九也是半人半兽的神。总之，中国神话神的人物形象，主流是兽形或者是人兽的同体。 但是在古希腊神话里，神是同形同性的。古希腊神话的神，像人们一样去思考、行动，像人一样去恋爱，结婚、争风吃醋。像宙斯的好色、赫拉的嫉妒
古希腊神话与神话的不 同点 集团文件发布号：（9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-
古希腊神话与中国神话的不同点 不同的地方孕育着不同的文化，造就了不同的神话故事，文化具有区域性，所以存在很多区别。东方神话富有浪漫主义色彩，而西方神话，如希腊神话，则富有现实主义色彩。东方神话主要是对自然和教义的强调；而西方更侧重于人文，里面的神仙是具备人的特征的。 中国神话是人类可以通过修行、行善、渡化，能够成仙成神，在西方神话里就不行。 以古希腊神话为例，天神都是世袭的，讲究血统，只要是天神的子女多半可以成神；凡人通过与天神婚配有机会使得子女成神，而自己不行。东方神话人教为本，人族为天地主角，就算漫天神佛亦在人教基础上而立。人族当自强不息，敢作敢当，不因神而畏惧不前。 西方神话多为天生神，就算后来成神的也是有神的血统的才可。人皆要敬畏神，不断的借由神来忏悔自己的作为，人命由神定。 中国神话宣扬人可胜天，可以成佛，可以与天同寿；西方人永远是上帝的子民，耶稣的羔羊。东方文化讲究天人合一的自由理论，西方传统比较崇尚敬畏。 中国神话是中国远古人民对自然及文化现象的理解和想象，中国神话童年时期的文化产物很多，多是关于开天辟地，人类起源，日月星辰，自然万物，洪水猛兽，部落战争等内容。它们呈现出中国古代人们对天地万物的天真，富有趣味的艺术想象。像皇帝战蚩尤、神农尝百草、盘古开天辟地、女娲造人、女娲补天、后羿射日、嫦娥奔月、精卫填海等。
中国神仙体制是以玉皇大帝为首的中央集权制,古希腊罗马神话：反映出当时古希腊罗马社会人民对民主政权的向往举例：在《西游记》中，冥间阎王，水中龙王都直接由玉帝掌管。而宙斯是天界之神，他的哥哥波赛东是海洋之神，另一个哥哥哈得斯是冥界之神，他们虽然尊宙斯为众神之王，但各自为主，自己地盘的事务由自己全权处理，没必要经过宙斯的审批。而且每当发生重大事件，众神都会在奥林匹斯山进行商议及表决，并非由宙斯个人独裁，这比较具有民主集中制的表现。且每天众神们都会在宙斯神殿进餐，地位都比较平等，享受自由。 在古希腊神话里，不当神与神之间产生爱，神也会爱上凡人，如宙斯爱上了欧罗巴姑娘把她抢走，阿佛洛迪忒爱上阿多尼斯。在神的世界也有家庭，也有好多家庭成员，也有等级观念，也有相互残杀等。在古希腊神话里，除了神灵之外，还展现了英雄人物，体现 了赞美人性，肯定了人性，肯定人的价值。在古希腊神话里，神有着人一样的情感，生活，只是在好多方面神的力量比人强大，它长生不老，在神的社会里也有着等级制度与家庭成员，他们也有喜怒哀乐。在神话里也有半人半神的英雄，也有凡人。他们之间相互联系。总而言之，因为古希腊神话产生了水平低下的社会里，物质基础决定了上层建筑，好多神等是些自然界的强大力量，当时的人类无法征服，对其崇拜的产物，里面的好多英雄人物，是某个在历史上作出重大贡献或对社会产生巨大影响人物的缩影，也肯定了人性。古希腊神话是当时的客观事物在当时人们脑中的反应，也给后人留下了巨大的艺术宝库。
论中国神话和古希腊神话之异同 内容摘要：东西方文化有着个自的特点，也孕育出具有自己独特文化的神话故事。东西方的文化差异造成了 各自神话的差异，但同为一种题材的传说和人类 早期的产物，两者又有着相似的地方。东西方神 话有着统一性和差异性。本文主要从东西方神话 关于世界的起源和神的“性”的问题展开研究。 神话对现世也有较大的影响和有较大的研究价 值。 关键词：神话相同点不同点影响 正文：人类产生以后，由于生产力的低下，早期的人类对自然的认识能力极其 有限，面对着强大的自然力，他们无能为力。为了生存，他们又不得不同大自然进行着抗争，但受着低下的生产力水平的束缚，他们只能凭借着幻想来认识和改造客观世界。“任何神话都是用想象和借助想象以征服自然力，支配自然力，把自然力加以形象化。于是，神话诞生了。 神话是人类创造的宝贵的精神财富，是古代人类智慧的结晶。各个地方都有着自己的神话故事，有着普遍的共性，但是不同地域的民族文化会造成各自神话具有地方独特的个性。中国神话和古希腊神话代表着东西方的不同文化的结晶。研究二者的异同点，对我们了解东西方文化有着现实的意义。 在人类的童年时期，生产力低下的时期，人们对于自然力感到惊恐和慌张。于是人们为了生存，迫切地希望提高生产水平来改造自然，支配自然。人们就借助想象来征服自然，把自然形象化。所以产生了神话这种高度幻想性的故事。 古希腊和中国位于地域上的东西方，神话文化存在着许多异同点。
（一）古希腊与中国神话的相同点 首先关于世界的起源，两者有着相同的认识。 按照古希腊人的说法，最初的宇宙是混沌的一片，之后分出天地水，正是从混沌之中诞生了大地女神盖亚和厄洛斯（深渊）和塔尔塔洛斯（地狱），接着在大地底层出现了层出现了厄瑞玻斯（黑暗）与倪克斯（夜），两者结合生出“光明”与“白昼”。盖亚又生出了乌拉诺斯（天空）和蓬托斯（海洋）。盖亚与她的儿子乌拉诺斯结合，生下了十二个泰坦巨神（Titans）及三个独眼巨人和三个百臂巨人，这就是世界上所有怪物的始祖。后来在盖亚的教唆下，克罗诺斯打败了第一代神界主宰乌拉诺斯，从他的血液中又生出两个巨神。之后又与自己的妹妹瑞娅结婚，生下了几个神，克洛诺斯不愿重蹈父亲乌拉诺斯覆辙，于是便吃掉瑞娅生的每一个小孩。后来瑞娅奉该娅之命，在生最后一个孩子宙斯时逃往克里特岛，宙斯在克里特岛长大，推翻了父亲克洛诺斯的统治，新秩序在奥林匹斯山建
从美学上看古希腊神话和中国古代神话的区别 中国古代神话是非常丰富的，但是篇幅都非常的短小,对神的事迹的记载非常简洁，故事缺乏曲折而又深动的情节，内容比较零乱，许多时候还会自相矛盾的，也没有完整的神仙体系，神与神之间的联系比较少，中国古代神话中神的主要形象是半人半兽的，即：人兽嵌合体。但无论是哪一神话都紧紧围绕人的生存主题；神话中的英雄人物都充满激斗志、神异能力和英雄气慨；熔铸了浓烈了情感,塑造了鲜明的形象,表现出丰富的想象力。 希腊神话谱系清晰、故事复杂、情节曲折、人物形象丰满鲜明，具有世俗化色彩和浓郁的人本色彩，休现了人类童年时代的自然天真纯朴、活泼浪漫以及古希腊人渴望征服自然的顽强意志和美好理想。神话中的神是高度人格化的，具有神人同形同性的显著特点。他们不但具有人的形象和性格，而且具有人的七情六欲。在艺术表现上，希腊神话想象丰福，内容生动，故事优美。既有浪漫的夸张，又有现实描写，表现了古希腊人丰富的想象力和极大的创造力。 中国上古神话中的主要大神们具有“不食人世烟火，没有平凡人的情欲”性格特征。如伏羲、女娲、炎帝、黄帝、颛顼、帝喾、尧、舜、禹等等，都是崇高和干净的。他们道貌岸然，从不戏谑人类，更不会嫉妒和糟践人类。在个别的私生活上，他们从来都是非通例矩和检点的，非常注重小节、注重品行和德的修养，并且尊贤重能。几乎每一位神王都没有“不安于室”或“乱播恋爱种子”的景象。在他们的身上，只有崇高的光环、干净的品和崇高的情。在古希腊神话中，希腊诸神与凡人一样有着复杂的性格，他们具备人类的思想感情,性格也十分鲜明,他们同人类一样,有爱、有恨,七情六欲样样俱备,甚至好嫉妒、爱虚荣,有时在道德上还不如人。他们时而以人类为朋友和正义的维护者的面目出现，时而冷酷无情，狡诈多疑，嫉妒成性，背信弃义，不负责任，他们与世人维持着互惠关系，对虔诚供奉者，引为所爱，赐以福祗；对怠慢冒犯者，引为所恨，必施诅咒和报复。特洛伊战争神话中，诸神因交战双方各有恩怨而分成两派，各自支持一方。神灵处处护佑自己钟爱的英雄，对凡间生育的子女更是爱护有加，充满人类亲情，宙斯忍受爱子萨尔珀冬葬身沙场竟留下伤心泪水；忒提斯对阿喀琉斯的母爱更是真挚感人。诸神对冒犯者必施严厉报复：阿波罗因希腊人侮辱其祭司而在军营中散播九天瘟疫；忒拜王后尼俄柏嘲笑勒托女神子女少，阿波罗和阿尔忒弥斯为母雪耻，将其七子七女尽皆射杀；嫉妒成性的赫拉无情残忍的迫害情敌；宙斯则残酷折磨人类的恩主普罗米修斯。总之，希腊神祗从来不是完善道德的化身：战神阿瑞斯是嗜血成性的战争魔王，赫尔墨斯为盗贼之主，阿佛洛狄忒则是娼妓的保护神，神话中“众神之父”的宙斯精力过剩，处处粘花惹草，一会儿变成天鹅去勾引勒达，一会儿化作金雨与那厄约会，一会儿又变成一只公牛迷惑欧罗巴，干了不少风流韵事。
《世界文化史》期末考查论文 论文题目：从中国神话与希腊神话中看中西文化的差异性专业班级：计算机091 姓名： 学号： 成绩： 2011年6 月
从中国神话与希腊神话中看中西文化的差异性 计算机091 学号 ***** 摘要：通过对希腊神话和中国神话的详细对比分析，阐述了希腊神话和中国神话的差异性。同时指出在现代社会中，我们应吸取西方文化中的精华部分，以促进文化和文明的进一步发展。尤其在外语教学中应加强文化教育，以促进跨文化交际。 关键词：希腊神话，中国神话，差异性 1.绪论 神话，在世界浩瀚的文学史上无疑是一朵奇葩。神话记载的是神鬼活动，反映的却是人类的思想和理念，因而它是对现实生活的一种虚拟和想象，正如马克思在《<政治经济学批判>导言》中所说的神话是“通过人的幻想，用一种不自觉的艺术方式加工过的自然和社会形式本身，”是“用想象和借助想象以征服自然力，支配自然力，把自然力加以形象化”。神话是文化的存在，从某种意义上说，神话是人类对自身与客观世界关系的认识的真实叙述和记录，神话中含有“历史”的成分，人们在神话中寻找人类同年时代的“真实”，或以神话印证历史，或以历史的方法和观念研究神话。神话，作为描述神的事迹的“神圣故事”，恰恰是人与自然这种特殊关系的真实的再现。从这个意义上说，神话应该是氏族的、部族的、民族的，乃至某一人群团体原初的自然观、世界观和道德观，是这种自然观、世界观和道德观客观的、真实的和理性的体现。神的产生依赖于人的“自意识”的形成。不同的社会环境和社会背景会有不同的文化和思想体系，因而也就会有不同的神话。本文旨在阐述希腊神话和中国神话的差异性。 1.1 系统性 古希腊很早便有了一个完整的神话体系，有着很强的逻辑连贯性。希腊神话是古代希腊人以想象中的希腊北部奥林波斯山上的宙斯大神及其周围的男女诸神为主要系谱，结合古希腊社会的历史和传统而创造出来的故事和英雄传说。古希腊不仅详细解释人和生命的起源，还所有神和传奇人物的活动进行记载。在希腊，宙斯是众神之主，任何神的活动几乎都围绕主神展开。在古希腊神话中，性观念非常开放，宙斯便是通过种种错乱的性关系将众神联系在一起。古希腊神话中所有神老师密切相连，并形成一个完整的系统。每位神都有自己的身份和地位，他们的来源、成长以及一切行动都有记载。十二提坦巨神之一的普罗米修斯，在帮助宙斯当上主神之后，因替人类盗取火种而被严加惩处，故事记载详尽而严谨，这也是希腊神话系统性的一种表现。 与希腊神话相反，整个中国古代文学史上从未出现过一个完整的神话或宗教体系。中国古代对万事万物的起源或形成都不感兴趣，因而很少对自然现象进行
关于希腊神话与中国神话的对比差异及其原因 姓名：乔鹏飞班级：100304 学号：20100876 摘要：希腊神话和中国神话分别在西方、东方有着举足轻重的地位，代表着西方文化和东方文化。然而两者之间存在的差异是显而易见的。本文通过对比希腊神话和中国神话中神的外貌形象，神话体系，性格特征，基本精神来阐述两者之间的差异，并解释其原因。 关键字：希腊神话；中国神话；差异；原因 马克思曾在《政治经济学批判·导言》中指出神话的本质，即“任何神话都是用想象和借助想象以征服自然力，支配自然力，把自然力加以形象化；因而，随着这些自然力实际上被支配，神话就消失了”。因此统观希腊神话和中国神话，大概都是以下一些主题：创世，造人，人类的灾难，救世，文化创造······然而尽管如此，他们之间的很多方面是不同的，甚至是截然相反的。 一、差异 1、形象的人化和神话 色诺芬在一首诗里写道：“埃塞俄比亚人说他的神的皮肤是黑的、鼻子是扁的；色雷斯人说他们的神眼睛是蓝的、头发是红的。”1由此可见，各民族的神都有不同的形象特征。在对神形象的塑造上，希腊神话和中国神话是完全不同的。希腊神话的神是神人同形同性的，而中国神话中的神则以半人半兽的居多。 按照古希腊人的说法，最初的宇宙是混沌的一片，之后分出天地水，正是从混沌之中诞生了大地女神盖亚和厄洛斯（深渊）和塔尔塔
洛斯（地狱），接着在大地底层出现了层出现了厄瑞玻斯（黑暗）与倪克斯（夜），两者结合生出“光明”与“白昼”。盖亚又生出了乌拉诺斯（天空）和蓬托斯（海洋）。盖亚与她的儿子乌拉诺斯结合，生下了十二个泰坦巨神（Titans）及三个独眼巨人和三个百臂巨人，这就是世界上所有怪物的始祖。后来在盖亚的教唆下，克罗诺斯打败了第一代神界主宰乌拉诺斯，从他的血液中又生出两个巨神。之后又与自己的妹妹瑞娅结婚，生下了几个神，克洛诺斯不愿重蹈父亲乌拉诺斯覆辙，于是便吃掉瑞娅生的每一个小孩。后来瑞娅奉该娅之命，在生最后一个孩子宙斯时逃往克里特岛，宙斯在克里特岛长大，推翻了父亲克洛诺斯的统治，新秩序在奥林匹斯山建2立。 与希腊神话不同的是，中国神话中的神大多数神兽同形体。在中国较早的神话典籍《山海经》等书的记载中，诸神的形态怪异、面目狰狞。“氐姜”诸族的首领“姜”是一位羊头人身的女神，太晧伏羲氏“人面蛇身”，蚩尤“耳鬓如剑戟，头有角”，“伏羲女娲交尾图”等。这类神斗庄严高贵，至圣至威，神秘莫测，在某种程度上说其实是人格化的自然物。 2、神话体系的统一化和分散化 就总体而论，希腊神话比较统一，从头至尾具有连贯性，而中国的神话则较分散、零星。 希腊神话体系表现为完备、丰富、具备逻辑性。古希腊在公元2世纪就完成了神话的谱系化工作。（所谓谱系化，一般是指对原始的零星的神话进行再创造，使之成为一个有体系的神话。）3最早传世的
论中国古代神话与古希腊神话的差异 摘要 什么是神话？这是一个很不容易解答的问题。我国古代就连神话这样一个字眼也没有，这也还是近世纪从外国输入进来的。神话这个字眼，看起来很容易叫人迷惑，由于它本身包含的神怪变幻的因素，一般人就会认为所谓神话就是和现实生活无关，而是从人类头脑中空想出来的东西，其实这是非常错误的。我记得高尔基说过：“神话乃是自然现象，对自然的斗争，以及社会生活在广大的艺术概括中的反映。”这也就说明了神话的产生，也是基于现实生活，而并不是处于人类头脑里的空想。迄今为止，各地区各民族流传了很多脍炙人口的神话故事。这些神话反映了不同民族的心理结构和生活状况，具有个性。因此造就了各地域神话的差异，中国和希腊就是典型代表。 关键词：中国古代神话与古希腊神话差异 在我的童年跟青少年时代，一直就很喜欢童话、神话、传说……这些人们的口头文艺创作，以及我从书本里看到的那些神话故事，都会惊讶其丰美，总是会被里面跌宕起伏、精彩动人的故事所吸引，而故事里的一幅幅画面也仿佛就在眼前，令我浮想联翩。比如像中国神话《庄子》里的鲲鹏之变，黄帝遗失玄珠，盘古开天辟地；希腊神话潘多拉的盒子的故事，阿波罗的爱情故事，宙斯、普罗米修斯……下面，我们就来一起分析一下中国古代神话与古希腊神话的差异到底表现在哪些方面。 1、中国古代神话与古希腊神话的起源不同。 中国社会发展史告诉我们，原始人“进入历史的时候，还是半动物，因而也是十分贫困的，在这样的条件下也就谈不上有什么计划经济。集体劳动与平均分配，在这里是以原始人同周围的自然作斗争中的极其薄弱的装备为
基础的。”所以在原始公社制度下虽然没有人对人的剥削，但是原始人确是自然的你奴隶。他们被贫困和生存斗争的困难多压倒，起初还没有脱离周围的自然界。在长时期中，原始人无论对自己还是自己生存的自然条件都没有任何有联系的观念。后来逐渐才开始对自己和周围环境有了极有限的幼稚观念。再后来一点，当人类“两手教导头脑，随后聪明一些的头脑教导两手，以及聪明的两手再度更有力地促进头脑发展的时候”，原始人才开始在自己的想象中使周围世界布满了超自然的存在物，神灵和魔力。他们对于大自然所发生的各种现象：例如风雨雷电的击搏，森林中大火的燃烧，太阳和月亮的运行，虹霓云霞的幻变......产生了巨大的惊奇的感觉。惊奇而得不到解释，于是便认为他们都是有灵魂的东西，称他们为神。他们不但把太阳、月亮等等当作神，还把各种各样的动物、植物，甚至微小到像蚱蜢那样的生物，也都当作神来崇拜。这就是所谓万物有神论。从这些蒙昧的观念中，产生了原始神话和原始宗教，正是原始人从劳动中发展起来的日益聪明的头脑所创造出来的，也正是原始社会的低下的生产力的一种反映。 一方面由于原始社会是并没有人剥削人的社会，一方面由于原始社会的生产力的低下，原始人长时期的被生存的困难和与自然作斗争的困难所迫害着，要战胜这些困难，所以他们一再用激情而振奋的调子唱出了关于劳动和劳动英雄的颂歌。他们歌颂了用斧子开天辟地的盘古，创造了人类的熬炼五色石子补天的女娲，钻木取火的遂人，发现药草的神农，教导人民种庄稼的后稷......这一切征服自然、改善人类生活的劳动英雄，是受人们最大崇敬的。他们是神，可也是人。 希腊神话或传说大多来源于古希腊文学，包括如《荷马史诗》中的《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》，奥维德的《变形记》等经典作品，以及埃斯库罗斯索福克勒斯和欧里庇得斯的戏剧。神话谈到诸神与世界的起源、诸神争夺最高地位及最后由宙斯胜利的斗争、诸神的爱情与争吵、神的冒险与力量对凡世的影响，包括与暴风或季节等自然现象和崇拜地点与仪式的关系。希腊神话和传说中最有名的故事有特洛伊战争、奥德修斯的游历、伊阿宋寻找金羊毛、海格力斯（即赫拉克勒斯）的功绩和忒修斯的冒险。 古希腊神话源于古老的爱琴文明，和中国商周文明略有相像之处。他们
希腊神话与中国神话的区别 古希腊文学是欧洲文学的源头之一，中国文学博大精深，二者都在世界文学上占据着重要的地位。古希腊神话是原始氏族社会的精神产物，是古希腊人集体创造的口头创作，是欧洲最早的文学形式，大约产生于公元前8世纪以前。神话是对中国各种文学创作较早发生影响的一种体裁。 （一）神的谱系。中国分两类，一类是三皇五帝，是口头相传流传至今。第二类是道教神系。但都没有过多的亲缘关系，他们的诞生方式大多是通过修行来达到成仙。而希腊神话是“奥林匹克神系”为主干是人类的自身家族体系的具体翻版。如雷电神宙斯，他的妻子天后赫拉，而宙斯的女儿及儿子，太阳神阿波罗，战神阿瑞斯女战神雅典娜等都是神族。 （二）神的脾性。中国的神都是比较善良，具有博爱之心，为民服务。如女娲补天，盘古开天辟地，伏羲定下大制等。而希腊神话中的神识人神同形同性，希腊神话中的神祗，像人一样，有情欲，有善恶，有计谋，互有血缘关系，都是人格化了的形象。如天后赫拉善妒。但神祗和人的区别也很鲜明：长生不老，可随意变形，各具特殊本领和巨大威力，其好恶态度对下界人类的生神的爱情。在古希腊神话和史诗的世界里，神和英雄们追逐情欲的满足犹如飞蛾扑灯，无所畏惧，其间，人类童年时期的天真浪漫与原始生命力常常是借情欲的追逐乃至放纵表现出来的。这是一个弥漫着爱欲冲动的世界，又是一个充溢着生命活力的世界！在希腊神话中，神人经常通婚，并且神界有一个主神即宙斯—雷电之神，围绕其旁的有爱神阿弗洛狄忒、战神阿瑞斯、阿波罗日神阿尔特弥斯为月神等。神神之间也有很大的姻亲或者是血缘关系。宙斯管天，波塞冬为海神，哈得斯是冥神，其三人又为兄弟，众小神间又各有联系，因而环环相扣，围绕一个中心，自成谱系，而形成了一个广大的集体。其脉络十分清晰。再来看中国的神界，有太白金星、托塔李天王、哪吒、王母、七仙女、织女、二郎神等等。但各神间有严厉的等级之分并且各神的联系与交流又是少之又少。中国的神话中神很少有爱情，可能是受道教的影响，道教比较讲究清心寡欲。 （三）神话与宗教。从神话和希腊宗教的关系看，它也是希腊宗教崇拜的起源。神话和宗教的关系极为密切。希腊的宗教崇拜发源与希腊神话。如果没有希腊神话就不会有古希腊的宗教崇拜。二者是一而二，二而一的关系。其宗教崇拜的古老对象，就是神话中的众神和英雄，如宙斯,赫拉，阿波罗，雅典娜，赫拉克勒斯等。所以，希腊神话作为宗教，实际上是崇拜他们的部落和城邦，随着城邦的衰亡，神话作为宗教也就失去了意义。人类在依赖自然、利用自然的过程中，往往采取表达愿望的宗教仪式活动，这是宗教神话产生的直接因素。这种仪式，常常与巫术、魔法紧密联系在一起，成为宗教神话赖以生存的“子宫”。如中国南方的傩仪形式。而中国儒道思想根深蒂固，神话传说着重于行为与思想上，忠孝节义是重中之重，如精卫填海，陈香救母等许多神话传说，都是以牺牲小我完成大我为中心的。 （四）神的寿命。中国神话中神识长寿的不会死亡的，一般会一直处于那个地位，而希腊神话中总是新一代的神通过打败旧一代的神来取得统治地位。 （五）故事体系。中国神话故事十分分散，故事的情节简单篇幅短小，相互间的内在联系也不大而希腊故事结构庞大，气势恢宏具有系统性。希腊神话包括神的故事和英雄传说两个部分，神的故事涉及宇宙和人类的起源，神的产生及其谱系等内容。中国神话在流传中有丢失的现象，并且儒家讲究不信神，使其没有发展也没有妥善保存，是中国文化一大遗憾。
浅谈希腊神话和中国神话的差异及其原因 姓名：李婷班级：对外汉语102 学号10012209 摘要：希腊神话和中国神话分别在西方、东方有着举足轻重的地位，代表着西方文化和东方文化。然而两者之间存在的差异是显而易见的。本文通过对比希腊神话和中国神话中神的外貌形象，神话体系，性格特征，基本精神来阐述两者之间的差异，并解释其原因。 关键字：希腊神话；中国神话；差异；原因 马克思曾在《政治经济学批判·导言》中指出神话的本质，即“任何神话都是用想象和借助想象以征服自然力，支配自然力，把自然力加以形象化；因而，随着这些自然力实际上被支配，神话就消失了”。因此统观希腊神话和中国神话，大概都是以下一些主题：创世，造人，人类的灾难，救世，文化创造······然而尽管如此，他们之间的很多方面是不同的，甚至是截然相反的。 一、差异 1、形象的人化和神话 色诺芬在一首诗里写道：“埃塞俄比亚人说他的神的皮肤是黑的、鼻子是扁的；色雷斯人说他们的神眼睛是蓝的、头发是红的。”1由此可见，各民族的神都有不同的形象特征。在对神形象的塑造上，希腊神话和中国神话是完全不同的。希腊神话的神是神人同形同性的，而中国神话中的神则以半人半兽的居多。 正如意大利思想家维柯所说：“神是人的本质的对象化。”2希腊的神已经经历了相当彻底的人化。希腊人按照自己的模样塑造神的形
象，在古希腊人的心中，神不是青面獠牙、牛头马面的怪兽，而是与人同形同性，像人一样俊美、健壮、雄伟。太阳神阿波罗英俊，战神阿瑞斯剽悍，美神阿佛洛狄忒妩媚。因此有人说过古希腊人“这样一个人文主义者，他崇拜有限和自然，而不是超脱世俗的崇高理想境界。为此，他不愿意他的神带有令人敬畏的性质，他也根本不去捏造人是恶劣和罪孽造物的概念”。3不仅如此，奥林匹斯山的诸神，富有人情味，并且具有人的性格、人的感情。如天神宙斯的风流，赫拉的嫉妒，都充满了浓厚的人间的生活的气息。“全部希腊文明的出发点和对象是人。它从人的需要出发，他注意的是人的利益和进步”。4与希腊神话不同的是，中国神话中的神大多数神兽同形体。在中国较早的神话典籍《山海经》等书的记载中，诸神的形态怪异、面目狰狞。“氐姜”诸族的首领“姜”是一位羊头人身的女神，太晧伏羲氏“人面蛇身”，蚩尤“耳鬓如剑戟，头有角”，“伏羲女娲交尾图”等。这类神斗庄严高贵，至圣至威，神秘莫测，在某种程度上说其实是人格化的自然物。 2、神话体系的统一化和分散化 就总体而论，希腊神话比较统一，从头至尾具有连贯性，而中国的神话则较分散、零星。 希腊神话体系表现为完备、丰富、具备逻辑性。古希腊在公元2世纪就完成了神话的谱系化工作。（所谓谱系化，一般是指对原始的零星的神话进行再创造，使之成为一个有体系的神话。）5最早传世的文字当数《荷马史诗》。后来叙事诗人赫西奥德的长诗《神谱》扼要
中国神话和古希腊神话的对比 文章摘要:有人说，神是人的异端，神来自人的对立面，神是人的本质的异化，神在人就不在，人在神就不在；有人说，神是人的另一幅面孔，神来自人的家乡，神是无情世界的感情，神是人的精神家园。事实究竟是怎样的呢？中国神话和古希腊神话有何异同呢？本文将着重从神话的起源、神间恩怨、末日传说、神谱谱系以及他们各自特点来对比中国神话和古希腊文化、简述神的奇异世界。 关键词：中国神话、古希腊文化、起源、谱系 远古时期，人还是渺小的。作为大自然的最新一族，论视力，人不如盘旋在天空的鹰；论嗅觉，人不如野生的狗；论牙齿，人不如原始森林里的狮子……人的生命因此而脆弱，人们匍匐于自然万象面前，无法看清这些东西的本来面目，于是人们就把人的和超越人的一切赋予自然，自然万象以神的面貌在人的观念里安营扎寨。这就是原始人神话思维方式产生的根源。 一、中国神话和古希腊神话的原始神灵起源对比 追溯人类神话的源头，我们首先看到的是一个个原始神灵。他们产生于原始社会，是氏族公社制和原始思维的产物。各个原始神灵是通过人们口头传述的一个神话片段获得他们的形象和神格的。原始神灵是思维极其不开化和不连贯的原始人所创造出来的，因此有关传说往往是不连贯的。 每个名族都有自己的创世大神和创世神话。盘古是古代中国所设想的创世大神。在中国古代四大名著之一的《西游记》开头就唱到：
混沌未分开，茫茫渺渺无人见。自从盘古破鸿蒙，开辟从兹清浊辨。而古希腊人提出了三种创世方案。而其中一种是根据赫西奥德的《神谱》记载，古希腊的天地是被生育出来的，其创世大神是卡俄斯和该亚。最先创造出来的是混沌（卡俄斯），然后是胸怀宽广的大地（该亚）。不可动摇的、永远不朽的诸神住在白雪皑皑的奥林匹斯山山顶上。 二、中国神话和古希腊神话神间恩怨对比 神与神之间既有恩又有怨，恩之极乃夫妻之情、情侣之爱，怨之至乃战场上兵戎相见。所有这些恩怨在神与神之间都上演过。但神之夫妻之情、情侣之爱、兵戎之恨更有与凡人不一般之处。 在中国，女娲与伏羲本是兄妹，却结成了夫妻；象是舜的异母弟弟，却屡屡加害于舜。在古希腊，俄狄浦斯杀死的是自己的亲生父亲，取得是自己的亲生母亲；风流倜傥的宙斯生冷不忌，天神也爱，凡女也想，恋姑姑，追侄女，弄得天后赫拉防不胜防，乱施淫威。 在中国神话中，有一个普遍的现象，即凡是神话人物，往往都只知其母、不知其父的身世。比如，黄帝是因为他的母亲附宝看到了一道环绕着北斗星并且特别明亮的闪电，感应于此才生下来；殷商的始祖契是因为他的母亲简狄吞食了一只玄鸟的卵而生下来的……无论是黄帝还是契，他们的母亲都很明确，而他们的父亲就不知是何许人。很多人对此的解释就是诸神为了使神和人之间有所区别，对人都是父母性生活的产物的这一事实的一种避讳。 而对于宙斯来说，他的放浪形骸生活又与古希腊名族特殊的风
古希腊神话与中国神话的异同论 【摘要】: 神话是人类最早的幻想性口头散文作品。人类童年时期的产物，文学的先河。神话产生的基础是远古时代生产力水平低下和人们为争取生存、提高生产能力而产生的认识自然、支配自然的积极要求。本文根据中国神话故事与古希腊神话故事的特点、地位和影响对其异同进行解析。 关键字：特点，影响，异同。 一、神话故事的影响 神话中充满神奇的幻想，它把原始劳动者的愿望和世界万物的生长变化都蒙上一层奇异的色彩。神话中神的形象，大多具有超人的力量，是原始人类的认识和愿望的理想化。它是根据原始劳动者的自身形象、生产状况和对自然力的理解想象出来的。狩猎经济比较发达的部落，所创造的神话人物大多与狩猎有关。农耕发达的部落所创造的神话人物多与农业有关。人以刀斧、弓箭为武器，神话中的人物也就变成以这种工具武装起来的英雄。神话中的主人公被想象为超人的，但有时也要遇到挫折和厄运。它反映了神话幻想的现实制约性。透过神话幻想的折光，从神话人物的作为和斗争，可以约略看到当时的人的作为和斗争。 神话是人们借助于幻想企图征服自然的表现。神话中神的形象大多具有超人的力量，是原始人类的认识和愿望的理想化。神话中
的人物大多来自原始人类的自身形象。狩猎比较发达的部落，所创造的神话人物大多与狩猎有关；农耕发达的部落所创造的神话人物多与农业有关。神话中的英雄也以刀斧、弓箭为武器。从神话中，可以看到先民的一些事迹。 二、中国神话的特点 1、神话与历史难以分开：在中国有文字记载的历史以前的历史，部分地根据传说，而传说和神话是交结在一起的。如伏羲、神农、黄帝、夏禹这些古代的英雄和领袖，既是传说中的历史人物，也是神话中的重要角色。 2、歌颂劳动创造：这一类的神话故事多得很，如燧人钻木取火，伏羲仿蜘蛛网而造打鱼捕兽的网、神农尝百草，后稷教民稼穑，夏禹治水，等等。魏晋以后的志怪小说中也有一部分以能工巧匠为主角，对他们的智慧大加称赞。 3、赞美坚韧不拔、自我牺牲的英雄精神：鲧和禹相继治水是个很典型的例子。鲧窃天帝的“息壤”以堙洪水，结果天帝派人把他杀了。可是鲧的肚子里生出禹来，继承他的治水大业。禹历尽千辛万苦，三十岁还没结婚，婚后四天便又去治水，终於治水成功。“愚公移山”的故事的可贵处，正是在於它歌普通劳动人民的苦干和坚毅的精神。 4、劝善惩恶：在魏晋以后的志怪小说中这是个重要的主题。可能是受儒家关於仁义道德的教导和佛家的“善有善报，恶有恶报”思想影响，许多文人创作的故事都有人皆应做好事，不应做坏事的寓意。例如董永是个勤劳、诚恳、又顺父亲的好人，所以天帝就派仙女来帮
浅析古希腊神话与中国神话的异同 神话是远古人民表现对自然及文化现象的理解与想象的故事。它是人类早期的不自觉的艺术创作。世界上的每一个民族都有属于自己的神话，这是人类的共通现象之一，神话反映着远古时期人类的生活风貌以及人类祖先对于自己未知世界的美好猜想。 古希腊神话是西方文学的源头，包含了众多想象奇特、丰富多彩的故事，与此同时，远在东方的中国土地上也诞生了诸多充满神秘色彩的民间传说和神话，二者之间存在许多异曲同工之处，当然由于地理环境、民族文化的不同，古希腊和古中国的神话也有着许许多多的差异。 中希神话的相似性在世界的产生、人类的起源等方面表现的尤为突出：在中国古代的神话之中，盘古开天辟地应算得上是公认的创世方式，据《山海经》记载：“天地浑沌如鸡子，盘古生其中。万八千岁，天地开辟，阳清为天，阴浊为地。盘古在其中，一日九变，神于天，圣于地。天日高一丈，地日厚一丈，盘古日长一丈，如此万八千岁。天数极高，地数极深，盘古极长。”在古希腊神话中，地母该亚诞生于混沌之中，又由她生出了白昼和黑夜，后来又有了天神乌拉诺斯，乌拉诺斯与该亚结合生下了十二个提坦神，最小的儿子克洛诺斯推翻父亲的统治后成为了第二代天神，与其姐结合后又生下六男六女，而后克洛诺斯又被自己的小儿子宙斯推翻，宙斯成为了第三代天神，并创建了统治世界的奥林匹斯神系，由此创世工作基本完成。中国和希腊的创世神话均反映出了古希腊和古中国人民丰富的想象力，
他们对自己所处的世界不甚了解，并且处于“靠天吃饭”的原始时期，因此，古希腊古中国的神话均带有对大自然的敬畏和崇拜。 中希神话最显著的不同则在于神与人之间的关系方面：中国古代便有了“天人合一”、“天人感应”等说法，在中国古代先民的眼中，人处于宇宙和自然的中心，人虽受制于自然，但又可以通过自己的能力和智慧求得与自然的和谐发展，神也是站在人类的一边，处处为人的发展提供方便，女娲造人补天，斩除恶龙猛兽；炎帝教人播种五谷、辨别草药；黄帝教人钻燧生火、盖房取暖……在中国，神并不凌驾于人之上，不是摆布人类、统治人类，而是与人和谐相处，为人类服务。 在古希腊则不是如此，神才是整个宇宙的中心和主宰，诸神为了争抢一只金苹果便可以发动一场耗时十年的战争，劳民伤财也在所不惜；一心为人类着想的普罗米修斯因把圣火偷偷带到了人间便要承受老鹰每天啄食肝脏的巨大痛苦，在希腊诸神看来，人类是神族的产物，他们不配与神享受同样的资源，而应当一切为神族服务。 另外，神具有人类的某些特性也是古希腊神话的一大特点，众神之王宙斯好色，诸女神互相攀比嫉妒，女神赫拉小心眼、爱吃醋等等。而在中国，神则是完美的象征，他们普度众生、完美无缺，无论遇到何种争议均能站在正义的一边，自己无欲无求，一切只为所谓“道”，这样比较起来，倒是古希腊神话中人化的神的形象更加生动可人。