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解放军医学院(301医院)胸外科学2018年考博真题试卷

解放军医学院(301医院)胸外科学2018年考博真题试卷

301医院

医学考博真题试卷攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷

解放军医学院(301医院)

2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题

考试科目:胸外科学

注意:所有答案一律写在答题纸上,写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。

一、名词解释

1.肺上沟瘤

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考博英语作文实用范文:真人秀

考博英语作文实用范文:真人秀 考博英语作文实用范文:真人秀 What emerges into our sights is a familiar yet far-reaching picture that there are a wide range of reality shows in front of a middle-aged man who, half lying on the sofa, is swinging a remote device in his hand with a confused face, wondering which one is the best to choose. The meaning revealed by the picture is that reality shows have hit into our common cultural market. On the one hand, not only does this sort of consumer culture drives the improvement of cultural industry, but also it exerts a strong influence on our daily life, such as being informed of local customs and folklore from place to place, relieving the pressure derived from our working class’regular work and so on. On the other hand, it is the wide spread of this form of entertainment that makes it difficult to present the real, cultural contents but only stays in the half-hearted nature. What’s worse, what the increasing imitative behaviors brings about, to a new high, is the national over-consumption. As for me, the type of reality shows is a special product of the economic and social development that produces more benefits but less adverse impact. However, it is imperative for us, common people, to take a rational yet responsible attitude to the life we lead, especially the kind of activity we are obsessed with.

第八版外科学考试重点 大题 名词解释

1、甲状腺危象:是甲亢的严重并发症,危象时病人主要表现为:高热(>39°C)、脉快(>120次/分),同时合并神经、循环及消化系统严重功能紊乱如烦躁、谵望、大汗呕吐、水泻等。本病是甲状腺素过量释放引起的爆发性肾上腺素能兴奋现象,若不及时处理可迅速发展至昏迷、虚脱、休克甚至死亡。死亡率约20%~30%。 2、Richter疝:嵌顿的内容物仅为部分肠壁,系膜侧肠壁及其系膜并未进入疝囊,肠腔并未完全梗阻,这种疝称为肠管壁疝或Richter疝 3、残胃癌RGC:胃十二指肠溃疡病人行胃大部切除术后5年以上,残余胃发生的原发癌称为残胃癌。 4、早期胃癌EGC:即胃癌仅限于粘膜或粘膜下层者,不论病灶大小或有无淋巴结转移,均为早期胃癌。 5、门静脉高压性胃病:在门静脉高压高压时,胃壁淤血、水肿,胃粘膜下层的动-静脉交通支广泛开放,胃粘膜微循环发生障碍,导致胃粘膜防御屏障的破坏,形成门静脉高压性胃病。 6、Reynolds五联症:急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎除具有一般胆管感染的Charcot 三联症(腹痛、寒战高热、黄疸)外,还可出现休克、神经中枢系统受抑制表现,即~ 7、Charcot三联症:肝外胆管的典型的临床表现,即腹痛、寒战高热、黄疸。 8、Mirizze综合征:是一种特殊类型的胆囊结石,形成的解剖因素是胆囊管与肝总管伴行过长或者胆囊管与胆总管汇合位置过低,持续嵌顿和压迫胆囊壶腹部和颈部的较大结石,可引起肝总管狭窄或胆囊胆管篓,以及反复发作的胆囊炎,胆管炎及梗阻性黄疸。 9、滑动疝:有少数病程较长的疝,因内容物不断进入疝囊时产生的下坠力量将囊颈上方的腹膜逐渐推向疝囊,尤其是髂窝区后腹膜与后腹壁结合得极为松弛,更易被推移,以至盲肠(包括阑尾)、乙状结肠和膀胱随之下移而成为疝囊壁的一部分,这种疝称为滑动疝。 10、酒窝征:若乳腺癌累及Cooper韧带,可使其缩短而至肿瘤表面皮肤凹陷,即所谓酒窝征。 11、桔皮样改变:若乳腺癌的癌块继续增大,如皮下淋巴管被癌细胞堵塞,可引起淋巴回流障碍,出现真皮水肿,皮肤呈桔皮改变。 12、绞窄性疝(strangulateded hernia):肠管嵌顿如不及时解除,肠壁及其系膜受压情况不断加重可使动脉血流减少,最后导致完全阻断,即为绞窄性疝。13、损伤控制性处理:是指以暂时或简单的方式,不进一步增加过多损伤来控制腹部损伤,如出血和腹腔感染等,使之不再进一步发展,从而有利于复苏和后期确定性手术的进行。 14、腹腔间隔室综合征(ACS):当腹腔内压升高到一定水平,发生腹腔内高压,引起少尿、肺、肾及腹腔内灌注不足,结果导致多器官功能衰竭。 15、胃肠道间质瘤(GIST):是消化道最常见的间叶源性肿瘤,其中60%~70%发生在胃,20%~30%发生在小肠,曾被认为是平滑肌(肉)瘤。 16、巴德-吉利亚综合征(Budd-Chiari syndrome):又称肝后型门静脉高压症,由先天或后天性原因引起肝静脉和(或)其开口以上的下腔静脉段狭窄或阻塞所致。分为三型:I型:57%以下腔静脉隔膜为主的局限性狭窄和阻塞所致。2型:38%下腔静脉弥漫性狭窄或阻塞。3型:5%肝静脉阻塞。 17、胆囊三角(Calot三角):胆总管、肝总管、肝下缘所构成的三角区,胆囊动脉、肝右动脉、副右肝管在此区穿过,是胆道手术极易发生误伤的区域。 18、急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis):是一种常见的急腹症,按病理分类可分为水肿性和出血性坏死 一、甲状腺危象的治疗。

外科学题库及答案-显微外科

显微外科 一、填空题 1、显微外科是利用光学放大,使用对进行精细手术的学科。 2、1963年我国在世界上首次报道再植成功。 二、判断改错题 1、吻合血管的组织移植是显微外科应用最多最广的领域。 2、近年来,试用非缝合法进行小血管吻合的技术已用于临床。 三、选择题 [A型题] 1、对手术显微镜的要求之一是。 A.放大倍数在2-20倍之间自动变化 B.放大倍数在10-40倍之间自动变化 C.放大倍数在7-25倍之间自动变化 D.放大倍数在6-20倍之间自动变化 E.放大倍数在6-30倍之间自动变化 2、7-0常用的显微缝合针线用来。 A.吻合口径<3mm的动、静脉,神经 B.吻合口径>3mm的动、静脉,神经 C.吻合口径1-3mm的血管 D.吻合口径1-3mm的淋巴管 E.吻合口径约3mm的淋巴管、血管 [B型题] A.稳固夹持显微缝合针线 B.分离组织和夹提缝线打结 C.分离组织 D.修剪血管 E.阻断血流 3、血管夹用于。 4、镊子用于。 5、直剪用于。 6、持针器用于。 [C型题] A.端端吻合B.端侧吻合 C.两者均可D.两者均不可 7、常用的血管吻合方法属于。 8、带蒂皮瓣和肌皮瓣移植属于。 9、淋巴结与小静脉近端吻合属于。 10、轻度吻合漏血时采用的方法属于。 [X型题] 11、显微手术器械应符合以下要求。 A.经济 B.小型、轻巧 C.纤细 D.不反光

E.无磁性 12、血管端端吻合的方法如下。 A.严守无创技术 B.彻底清创血 C.切除血管外膜 D.血管冲洗扩张 E.正确缝合血管 四、名词解释 1、皮瓣Skin-graft 2、显微外科(Microsurgery) 五、问答题 1、试述显微外科手术的特点及基本功培养 2、试述显微外科的应用范围及目前小血管吻合的研究进展(举例即可) 参考答案 一、填空题 1、显微器械细小组织 2、断肢 二、判断改错题 1、对 2、错(未能用于临床) 三、选择题 1、E 2、B 3、E 4、B 5、D 6、A 7、A 8、C 9、B 10、D 11、BCDE 12、ABCDE 四、名词解释 1、皮瓣:即皮肤及其附着的皮下组织块。 2、显微外科:利用光学放大。即在放大镜或手术显微镜下,使用显微器材, 对细小组织进行精细手术的学科。 五、问答题 1、答:两个特点:①光学放大,提高手术的准确性。②视野小学。显微外科需要一般时间的习惯和训练。坐位要舒适,以肘至小指均放于手术台上,防止抖动,加强稳定性。首先要学会在镜下使用器械,习惯在放大及小视野下操作,再训练切开、缝合、引线、打结、剪线。尔后进行血管修整、吻合。最后在小动物体上进行血吻合,逐步过渡到临床运用。 2、答:应用范围:①断肢(指)再植②吻合血管的组织移植③吻合血管的足趾移植再造指或手指④吻合血管的移植重建食⑤周围神经显微修复⑥显微淋巴管外科⑦小管道显微外科⑧吻合血管的小器官移植 研究进展:激光焊接、电凝吻合、粘合等。

2018考博英语写作万能模板

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