中国网络大学CHINESE NETWORK UNIVERSITY
本科毕业设计(论文)小说《远大前程》的体裁分析
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中国网络大学教务处制
2018年03月01日
摘要
关于个人成长和教育的传统文学体裁被称为成长小说，该小说体裁起源于18世纪德国，并流行于欧美各国。许多文学大师创作了许多不朽之作。其中英国十九世纪著名作家查尔斯·狄更斯的《远大前程》就是一部成长小说的经典之作。
关于狄更斯的小说《远大前程》的研究可谓汗牛充栋，也不乏有从成长小说角度进行研究的文献，但其中缺少从小说主要元素的角度进行系统研究的文章。本文将依据文学原理中的小说三大主要元素，即主题、人物和情节对《远大前程》进行详细分析，论证作品符合成长小说的定义及其特点，是典型的成长小说。
本论文由四部分组成，第一部分是引言，主要介绍作者查尔斯·狄更斯及其作品《远大前程》；第二部分主要介绍成长小说理论、小说的三大要素：主题、人物和情节；第三
部分从小说的主题、人物和情节等三要素分析《远大前程》中的主题类型、人物设定和情节模式，阐述小说的成长小说属性，论证《远大前程》是一部典型的成长小说。第四部分是结论，总结论文探讨的主旨。
关键词：《远大前程》；成长小说；体裁分析；文学元素
Abstract
The initiation story（also known as Bildungsroman）is a novel of personal development or of education. It originated from Germany in the latter half of the 18th century and has since become one of the major narrative genres in European and Anglo-American literature. Some classics of this type published across the global, one of them is Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations. Dickens’ novel Great Expectations presents the growth and development of Pip, the protagonist of the novel.
Many researches on Great Expectations as an initiation story have been done. But no researches have included all the three main elements of theme, character and plot in the novel. With the three elements from the Elements of Literature by Zhang Jian, this paper is to have a genre analy sis of Dickens’ Great Expectations from three aspects---the initiation theme, the character design and the plot pattern, thus proving that Great Expectations is a typical Initiation story.
This paper consists of four parts. The first part is about an introduction to Charles Dickens and his novel Great Expectations, researches done and the research needed to be done. The second part is an introduction to the initiation story, its definition, its origin, its development and its characteristics. The third part is an analysis of Great Expectations as a typical initiation story which involves the initiation theme, the character design, and the plot pattern. The last part concludes with a reiteration of the main points discussed in this paper.
Key Words: Great Expectations; Initiation story; genre analysis; literary elements
Contents
摘要 .............................................................................................................................................. II Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ I II 1. Introduction . (1)
1.1 Charles Dickens and His Works (1)
1.2 Introduction of Great Expectations (1)
1.3 The Current Research of Great Expectations and the Significance of this Paper (2)
2. The Initiation Story---a Specific Literature Genre (3)
2.1 Its Definition (3)
2.2 Its Origin and Development (3)
2.3 The Characteristics of the Initiation Story (4)
3. The Analysis of Great Expectations as a Typical Initiation Story (5)
3.1 The Initiation Theme in Great Expectations (5)
3.1.1 The Initiation in the P rotagonist’s Life Changes (5)
3.1.2 The Initiation in the P rotagonist’s Characteristic Changes (7)
3.2 The Character Design (8)
3.2.1 The Main Character Design (9)
3.2.2 The Minor Character Design (10)
3.3 The Plot Pattern (11)
3.3.1 The Similarity of Plots in Pip’s Boyhood (11)
3.3.2 The Turning Point of the Initiation (11)
3.3.3 The Maturation and Self-discovery of the Protagonists (12)
4. Conclusion (12)
Bibliography (13)
Acknowledgments (13)
1. Introduction
The i nitiation story is a traditional literary genre describing a hero’s growth and development. There are a number of classical novels belonging to this genre. Great Expectations is one of the typical Initiation stories written by Charles Dickens who is regarded as the greatest British novelist of Victorian period. This part would give an overview of Charles Dickens, and an introduction to the novel Great Expectations, current research and the significance of this thesis.
1.1 Charles Dickens and His Works
Charles Dickens, whose full name is Charles John Huffam Dickens, was born in 7 February 1812 and died in 9 June 1870. He is one of the great British writer and social critic in the 19th century. During his life, he enjoyed unprecedented fame for his works, and by the twentieth century his literary genius was broadly acknowledged both by the critics and scholars.
Dickens had written various novels, including the picaresque novel The Pickwick Papers; the historical novel A Tale of Two Cities; these three novels: Bleak House, Hard Times and Little Dorrit which reflect social and political problems; three classical Initiation stories Oliver Twist, David Copperfield and Great Expectations; and other famous novels and novellas, such as Dombey and Son, The Old Curiosity Shop, and A Christmas Carol. Among them, David Copperfield is regarded as Dickens’ autobiography. His fictions, with vivid descriptions of life in 19th-century England, have inaccurately and anachronistically come to symbolize on a global level Victorian society (1837 – 1901) as uniformly "Dickensian", when in fact, his novels' time scope spanned from the 1770s to the 1860s. His creative genius has been praised by a lot of writers—from Leo Tolstoy to G. K. Chesterton and George Orwell—for its realism, comedy, prose style, and social criticism.
Most significantly, Dickens is one of the British writers who developed the Initiation story from Germany to Europe.
1.2 Introduction of Great Expectations
Great Expectations is Charles Dickens' thirteenth novel in his later years. It is Dickens’ third Initiation story. The other two works are Oliver Twist and David Copperfield. This novel depicts the growth and personal development of an orphan named Pip. Collected and dense, with an unusual conciseness for Dickens, the novel represents Dickens' peak and maturity as an author.
According to G. K. Chesterton, Dickens penned Great Expectations in "the afternoon of his life and fame.” Once published, the novel got a great popularity and also received mixed reviews from critics: Thomas Carlyle speaks of "All that Pip's nonsense,” while George Bernard Shaw praised the novel as "All of one piece and con sistently truthful.” It was also adapted many times in popular movies and stage plays.
The entire story is understood to have been written as a retrospective, rather than as a narrative or a diary.The story is divided into three parts of Pip's expectations. The first "expectation" starts from chapter 1 to chapter 19, the second part is from chapter 20 to chapter 39, and the last part is from chapter 40 to the end. The general plot of this novel is like this: Pip is a kind-hearted and innocent little boy living with his bad-tempered sister and kind-hearted brother-in-law Joe. Under his sister’s maltreatment and Joe’s protection, Pip lives in a poor yet happy life. He has no ambition but to be a blacksmith like Joe. All of that is changed since he is invited to be a companion with Estella in Satis House which belongs to a rich but strange woman Miss. Havisham. Pip is ashamed of himself compared with Estella, and longs to be an educated gentleman. In a fortuitous chance, Pip gets a fortune from a secret benefactor and is asked be trained as a gentleman in London. There Pip’s vanity and ambition get fulfilled. After several years, the benefactor appears. Pip’s dream is broken. He realizes how wrong he was in the past. He changes to be practical and grows up to be a mature man living by his own hands in the end.
We can get something about Dicken s’thought from the novel. Created in Dickens’later years, Great Expectations contains his deeper understanding about human, surrounding environment and life experiences. As the title, the phrase “great expectations” has the meaning of irony. It is not just a story about the disillusionment of Pip’s great expectations of being a gentleman, but pays more attention to the influence of environment on human, which is one of Dickens’ philosophical thought s.
1.3 The Current Research of Great Expectations and the Significance of this Paper
There are many researches about Great Expectations. While, the current research usually focuses on several aspects of it. Firstly, the narrative perspective, such as Luo Yufeng’s An Analysis of Narrative Perspective in Great Expectations. Secondly, the theme of values, such as Ruan Yajun’s The Ture Fortune Through Pip’s Eyes in Great Expectations. Thirdly, the feminism, such as Wang Min’s A Sacrifice in the Male-dominated Society: on the Image of Miss Havisham in Great Expectations.Some researchers also focus on its different themes like crime, social
class, empire and ambition.
However, there is little research on the genre analysis of Great Expectations. The thesis focuses on this point and uses the three main elements of novels to analyze.
As Charles Dickens is one of novelists who developed Initiation story in Europe, it is meaningful to let the genre analysis show how Dickens developed Initiation story in his own way, and to get more knowledge about the social environment of the Victorian age and stories of normal individuals at that time.
2. The Initiation story---a Specific Literature Genre
In literary criticism, the initiation story is a literary genre that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood and in which character change is extremely important. The birth of the initiation story is normally dated back to the publication of Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship by Johann Wolfgang Goethe in 1795–96. Although the initiation story arose in Germany, it has had extensive influence first in Europe and later throughout the world.
2.1 Its Definition
According to Carly. M. Bonar, “The Bildungsroman, a particularly difficult genre to pin down, has traditionally designated the maturation process of young boys through adolescence, culminating with the achievement of self-identity.”
Though many scholars are trying to define it, the best definition of it is still not established. Among all the definitions now we have, Mark’s is the most widely accepted one: the initiation novel describes that the young hero changes his previous world view, or transfigures his disposition, or he changes the both after suffering physical and mental traumas; this change let him get rid of his innocent childhood, and finally leads him to the complicated adult society.
In A Glossary of Literary Terms, literary critic M.H.Abrams states that the Bildungsroman illustrates: the development of the protagonist’s mind and character from childhood through varied experiences and often through a spiritual crisis into maturity, and in such process, the novel also usually involves the recognition of one’s identi ty and role in the world.
2.2 Its Origin and Development
The Initiation Story, as an independent literary genre, has experienced nearly three centuries’
position in the field of literary stories.
The initiation novel begins at the 18th century, first in Germany, and then prevails in Europe and America. The traditional Initiation story is considered to have originated from Goethe’s Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship, and the German term "Bildungsroman" has come to signify it. According to Anniken Telnes Iversen, “Goethe’s Wilhelm Meister is a point for reference because it is generally recognized as the founding work of the genre and a major inspiration for the early writers of bildungsromans in Britain.”Then, it is named as the Initiation story in English.
However, it did not develop smoothly. There was a long-time controversy about Initiation Story in history. Critics and scholars consistently debated on the origination and definition of the special literary genre since it appeared in the 18th century.
In the 19th century, with Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship’s translated into English, the Initiation story prevails in British. British writers inherited the Initiation story and developed it with their own writing style. The traditional realism of British novels contributed to the popularity of British writing style and make it focus on individual’s growth, and even developed it into a literary genre,such as Robinson Crusoe(1719), which is a novel about survival and adventure, and which also depicts an unruly story of a teenager’s growth. Other nineteenth-century English authors produced similar novels—Charles Dickens's Great Expectations(1861) and Charlotte Bront?'s Jane Eyre (1847) are generally considered as two out-standing examples of the Initiation Story genre. Though these novels resemble their German counterparts, scholars have noted that after being transplanted to England, their forms took on some unique characteristics.
2.3 The Characteristics of the Initiation Story
There are several views towards the Initiation story’s characteristics. Firstly, on structure, the Initiation story is usually narrated from the perspective of the first person, and the growth of protagonists could be generally divided into several stages in each of which he or she has different growing experiences and characteristics. Secondly, on content, the Initiation story usually depicts a man or a woman’s growth since his or her childhood and the protagonists usually suffers a lot in their earlier life, such as leaving home, and they would gain self-awakening at last. Thirdly, there are plenty of psychological describing about the protagonists’growth in terms of mental maturity.
3. The Analysis of Great Expectations as a Typical Initiation Story
In this part, This paper will prove that Great Expectations is a typical Initiation story based on the analysis of its theme, character and plot. Firstly, This paper would start with a brief introduction of the three main elements of a novel. There are totally seven elements of a novel including theme, character, plot, point of view, style, tone and irony, and symbol. Among them, theme, character and theme are the main elements. Theme is defined as the central or dominating part of a literary work. Character can be divided into protagonists and antagonists, and Plot is the arrangement of events that make up the story. They are independent from yet complement each other. They altogether make up the whole story. The Initiation story is not exceptional, but it do has a special and narrow definition.
3.1 The Initiation Theme in Great Expectations
According to Springfield, “An Initiation story is ‘a novel about the moral and psychological growth of the main character’”. The theme of an Initiation story is usually about protagonists’ physical and psychological growth. At the beginning, the protagonists in the Initiation story are innocent or immature. Later they encounter a series of events and experience sufferings. During this process they feel confused and lost. They continually raise questions about the outside world and the society, struggling to find an answer and a way to be one part of the society. At last, they embrace a new birth and become mature.
In Great Expectations, Dickens depicted the protagonist’s growth as an initiation story. Here, this paper would make a plot analysis of Pip’s initiation in his life changes and psychological changes.
3.1.1 The Initiation in the P rotagonist’s Life Changes
In Pip’s three stages of life, he has three different great expectations. The three expectations are more and more mature and practical with Pip’s growth. From his life changes, We could analyze his initiation in terms of social status and psychological maturity.
At the beginning of the novel, the story depicts an innocent and timid young protagonist. The little poor orphan Pip lives a humble life with his ill-tempered elder sister and her strong yet gentle husband, Joe Gargery. They belong to the lower class in society. At that time, his is willing to become a blacksmith like Joe. He learns a lot from Biddy due to a little boy’s longing for
at a graveyard, he never knows that the mysterious man will influence his whole life. He is afraid of the convict but sympathizes him in the meantime, so he provided him with food and tools. This implies the boy’s kindness. Pip’s peaceful life does not change until he is hired by an embittered wealthy woman, Miss Havisham, as an occasional companion to her and her beautiful but haughty adopted daughter - Estella. From that time on, Pip gradually feels ashamed of his status and life, and aspires to change his simple life and become a gentleman. He spends more years as an apprentice to Joe, so that he may grow up to have a livelihood working as a blacksmith and to reach Estella’s class. He longs for self-perfection. This life is suddenly changed when he is visited by a London attorney, Mr. Jaggers, who informs Pip that he is to come into the "Great Expectation" of a handsome property and be trained to be a gentleman at the behest of an anonymous benefactor.
To be a gentleman, the first step is to leave his original life,which is the foundation to know the outside world and to contact with the upper class. However, he is afraid of the unknown world and feels sorry for Joe. This is a dispensable step for his growing. It leads to his new views towards the world. The description of “mist” is appropriate to imply Pip’s destiny.
The second stage of Pip's life has happened in London, he learns about the details of being a gentleman. There, he has tutors, fine clothing, and joins the cultivated society. It seems that he has stepped into the upper class and almost became a gentleman. As he adopts the physical and cultural norms of his new status, he also adopts the class attitudes that go with it, and when Joe comes to visit Pip and his roommate Herbert to deliver an important message, Pip is embarrassed to meet with Joe's unlearned ways, despite his protection in the name of love and friendship for Joe. At the end of this stage, Magwitch’s appearance again changes his world. It is a signal pulling Pip back to his original life, and make things even worse.
The third and last stage of Pip's expectations alters Pip's life from the artificially supported world of his upper class life and brings him back to the realities that he must deal with - facing moral, physical and financial challenges. After Magwitch is arrested, Pip loses his all money and goes to the debtor’s jail. He th inks a lot and understand everything at last. After a few days, with Joe’s help, he was released. with Joe’s encouragement, he decide s to rebuild his life by his own hands, so he goes to England and gets a job. At that time, we could see that Pip has grown up to be a real mature man and could shoulder responsibility for himself.
Having a review of Pip’s three stages of life, we could see that the second stage is the best.
At that time, Pip lives in the upper class, wears fine clothes and acts in a gentle manner, and his social status is higher, the most important elements of all. However, he gets those illusory things at the cost of affection and loyalty, so he is not happy at all. His great expectation at that stage is immature and fragile. In contrast, although he is a common clerk after he leaves London and begins new life, he can support himself with his own hands and is respected by others. This is the real social status that he earned all by himself.
3.1.2 The Initiation in the P rotagonist’s Characteristic Changes
Pip’s characteristics alter with the psychological changes in his inner world. By analyzing the changes, we can get a psychological initiation of Pip.
At the beginning, little Pip is a timid boy since his childhood. Joe loves him and he loves Joe, which is crucial for the ability to form close relationships between them later in their life. On the other hand, his sister is a tyrannical, inconsistent “mother” who metes out punishment for no reason. She brings him up “with hands” is probably the reason for Pip’s deep-seated fear, particularly his constant fear of doing something wrong. When he helps Magwitch, he feels guilty; he is also afraid that someone will find out his crime and arrest him.
In fact, Pip is a very generous and sympathetic young man by his nature. There is a fact that can prove it, for instance, he helps Magwitch, secretly buying Herbert’s way into business, and his essential love for all those who love him also indicates the fact. Even when he lives in London and being selfish and arrogant, he always has an internal struggle with his conscience throughout the book. The main line of the novel- Pip’s growth may be seen as the process of learning to place his native sense of kindness and conscience above his immature idealism.
Because he is not confident and narrowly educated, he gets ill-treatment from Miss. Havisham and Estella without any words and he even felt shamed on himself being so poor and normal. After meeting Estella and Miss. Havisham, shame becomes his most dominant characteristic, and he tells us, “it is a most miserable thing to feel ashamed of home” (chapter 14). Estella’s judgment of him is “common” (chapter 8) and “ignorant and backward” (chapter 9).
In order to reach Estella’s class, he tries his best to learn. To some extent, Pip can be regarded as an idealist. In Pip’s great expectations, he pursues self-improvement in three aspects, they are respectively moral, social, and educational. Pip desires his own moral improvement. First, in order to become a gentleman, he lost Joe and his original life, and he even discriminates them. At last, when he realizes his fault and leaves London, he regrets for having ever been so
bad to Joe. He gets a moral initiation. Second, in order to marry Estella, Pip longs to be a gentleman to fit her. It is the first time for Pip to have a sense of inferiority when he meets Estella at Satis House. He wants to become a member of Estella’s social status, so he accepts to go to London. Third, a gentleman must be an educated man. Pip tries his best to learn to read to make his ambition come true. At last, learning from his suffering and the examples of Joe, Biddy, and Magwitch, Pip learns that social and educational improvement a re irrelevant to one’s real worth and that conscience and affection are to be valued above erudition and social statuses.
His characteristic does not change until he meets Miss Havisham and Estella when Pip’s desire for advancement expands and it overshadows his kindness. After receiving his mysterious fortune, his idealistic wishes seem to have been justified, and he gives himself over to a gentlemanly life of idleness. His ambition becomes stronger during that period.
However, when he discovers that Magwitch, but not the wealthy Miss Havisham, is his secret benefactor, Pip’s dream is broken. The fact that he comes to admire Magwitch while losing Estella to the brutish nobleman Drummle ultimately forces him to realize that one’s social position is not the most important quality one have, and that his behavior as a gentleman has made him to hurt the people who care about him most. He learns to be practical instead of pursuing after the illusory expectation. He knows about his own identity and do what he really wants. Pip’s psychological initiation embodied in his identity to himself. After experienced heart-breaking and physical pain, he realizes the true values of life.
From this part, we can conclude that the theme of Great Expectations accords with the Initiation theme. Now, let’s come to the character design.
3.2 The Character Design
In the character design of the Initiation story, there are main character design and minor character design. The Main character design is an author’s description of the protagonists, and minor character design acts as a foil to the main character design. In the Initiation story, the authors usually design minor characters as the initiation guides who exert influences on the protagonists’ maturation. According to the positive and negative influences, it can be respectively defined as positive initiation guides and negative initiation guides. Besides, we will have a thorough discussion in this regard. This part would make a detailed analysis of the character design in Great Expectations.
3.2.1 The Main Character Design
In the initiation story, main characters are commonly regarded as the protagonists. Authors design main characters by describing details of their life and their psychological initiation. In the novel Great Expectations, Dickens depicts a lot of details about Pip’s life changes and characteristic changes in his three initiation stages.
Dickens described a scene of desolation in Pip’s eyes and introduced a frightened boy to readers. This implies Pip’s little knowledge to the world and his innocent nature.
“Conscience is a dreadful thing when it accuses man or boy; but when, in the case of a boy, that secret burden cooperates with another secret burden down the leg of his trousers, it is (as I can testify) a great punishment”(Chapter1)
From this description about Pip’s thoughts, we can be informed of Pip’s guilty psychology to his conscience. Actuated by his sympathy for the convict, Pip steals his sister’s pie and Joe’s tool, but he cannot bear sufferings from his own conscience. It implies that Pip is a kind-hearted and conscientious boy.
After Pip has visited in Satis House, he is impressed by different lifestyles of the upper class and Estella’s pride and prejudice. He begins to be unsatisfied with his own life and social status, so he decides to make himself uncommon.
From Chapter 20 to Chapter 39 is the second stage of Pip’s life in London. Dickens used a number of conversations to illustrate Pip’s curiosity towards his new life and his changes. In conversations between Pip and Jaggers’, we can know that Pip is excited about his intended role as a gentleman; in conversations between Pip and Joe, it is clearly to see Pip’s disgust to his original surrounding; in conversations between Pip and Herbert, we can see that Pip is happy to make a new friend in the upper class and his warm-hearted nature. In addition, Dickens also depicted Pip’s love for Estella, which is the motivation of Pip’s great expectations: “Ah me! I thought those were high and great emotions. But I never thought there was anything low and small in my keeping away from Joe, because I knew she would be contemptuous of him. It was but a day gone, and Joe had brought the tears into my eyes; they had soon dried, God forgive me! Soon dried”
In Chapter 39, Dickens depicted Pip’s shock when he meets his secret benefactor, which shows Pip’s self-awakening. He used a lot of Pip’s internal monologue to describe Pip’s psychological changes.
In the third stage, Pip is self-awakening. After experiencing lots of sufferings in life, Pip realizes his fault. Dickens described Pip’s inner monologue for Joe, showing his remorse.
In the end, Pip grows up as a mature young man with real valued great expectations. Pip finishes his maturation from immaturity to independence. Dickens designed the protagonist’s initiation in different stages. The main character design is in accordance with the initiation story’s character design.
3.2.2 The Minor Character Design
In the initiation story, minor characters can be defined as the Initiation guides who exert influences on the protagonist’s development. According to their good influences and bad influences, it is classified as positive initiation guides and negative initiation guides. Firstly, let’s come to the positive initiation guides.
In Great Expectations, Dickens created two remarkable paternal images, the blacksmith Joe Gargery and the convict Abel Magwitch. The two men act as the positive initiation guides for Pip’s maturation. They give Pip warm love and support, guiding his growth.
Joe has the characteristics of a positive initiation guide, which make he get along with younger people: he is kind-hearted and sympathetic. When Pip’s parents died, Joe sympathizes the poor orphan so he cares Pip as father with his love and protects him at any time. Joe is also Pip’s best friend. Little Pip loves him and admires him. His expectation is to be a blacksmith like Joe. It is clear that Pip’s kind nature is learned from Joe. Joe’s love to Pip does not reduce even when Pip hurts him in London, although he is disappointed towards Pip. As Joe excitedly finds Pip in London and send message to him, Pip treats him coldly. He realizes they are different people and his arrival embarrassed Pip, so he calls Pip “Sir”. Then, when Pip goes to a debtor’s jail, it is Pip who repays his debt with all his money and cares about him till he recovers.
The other initiation guide exerting positive influences on Pip’s maturation is Abel Magwitch. Although he is an escaped convict and is impressed by readers as a scary image at the beginning of the novel, his love to Pip is selfless. He gives all his fortune made in Austria to Pip partly because little Pip has ever helped him with a pie and a file. Another reason is that Pip has the same circumstance as him. They are both the poor persons living in lower class, without knowledge about their parents. With the same experience, he places his hope on Pip of becoming a wealthy gentleman in the upper class.
In the initiation story, the negative initiation guides also exert influences on the protagonist’s
maturation. In the novel Great Expectations, the negative ignition guides mislead Pip to fell into an illusory world and to become a vain man from an innocent boy.
Miss Havisham is a negative initiation guide for Pip. To revenge her fiancé who abandons her on their wedding, she adopts Estella. She cultivates Estella to be a cold, proud and selfish girl in the upper class to allure men and hurts them. Living in darkness and desperation, she has a morbid psychology. She invites Pip to Satis House to accompany Estella. Pip falls in her trap. He falls in love with Estella and longs to be a member of the upper class to match with her.
As the analysis above implies, the initiation guides in one’s initiation play an important role. One should identify both the positive and negative guides. It also illustrates that the character design of the novel is in accordance with the initiation story. Now, let’s come to the plot pattern.
3.3 The Plot Pattern
The Plot, as one of three main elements of a novel, acts as the structure to support a story. In a classic i nitiation story, the protagonist’s story usually starts from his or her innocent childhood, and their life could be divided into several stages. According to Alexandra Palme's research, “The three-part structure of initiation can shortly be described as the three stages of ‘innocence’–‘experience’–‘maturity’”(Stories of Initiation2.2.2) In this chapter, there are three parts respectively depicting the plot pattern of Great Expectations in such three stages.
3.3.1 The Similarity of Plots in Pip’s Boyhood
From Chapter 1 to Chapter 19, Dickens depicts Pip’s innocent and immature period. At the beginning of the novel, the image of Pip shown to readers is a little,lonely and frightened boy. The poor boy meets a fearful escaped prisoner, he pleaded in terror, However, when he realizes the man has suffered a lot, Pip sympathizes him much and treats him well. For Pip, it is more difficult to ask Joe or policemen for help. He would feel guilt and is afraid of being arrested when he helps the convict. It also indicates that Pip is a kind-hearted boy. When he is discriminated by Estella, he cries and decides to be a wealthy gentleman. This implies Pip’s immaturity.
3.3.2 The Turning Point of the Initiation
In Pip’s initiation story, there are three turning points exerting great influences on him.The first is Pip’s meet with Estella in Satis House, which makes he decide to be a wealthy gentleman instead of being his original pure ideal of a normal blacksmith. He has a new understanding about the different life in the upper class. He begins to disgust his status in the lower class.As
the ambition of being noble getting stronger, he gradually loses his nature and became impetuous. The second turning point is laid when Pip gets money from a benefactor, his life changed and his characteristics altered as well. It is the unexpected fortune that motivates Pip’s fancy of leaving home. In London, his great expectations to be a gentleman seemed to come true all at once, so Pip decided to leave behind his original life including his kindest companion, Joe. He became arrogant with the vanity life. The last turning point is Magwitch’s reappearance. It leads to the breaking of Pip’s illusions and his self-awakening.
3.3.3 The Maturation and Self-discovery of the Protagonists
As all the Initiation story, the protagonists grow up to be mature in the end. In the novel Great Expectations, Chapter 40 to Chapter 59 is Pip’s growth stage of maturation and the end of the novel.
Pip’s story ended with his reunion with Estella in the ruined Satis House. At that time, Pip is awakened from his fault and starts a new life. After experiencing the common but pure life in childhood, having the illusory fantasy in teenage, Pip knew and understood the world and found his identity in reality. He found back his kind nature and collected experiences in life, growing up with maturation and self-discovery finally.
In the end, Dickens used an open ending, which is the common-used style of Initiation Story.
4. Conclusion
Charles Dickens is regarded as the greatest novelist in the Victorian Era. The novel Great Expectations won fame as his most famous work. By doing research and analyzing in the paper, I could arrive at the conclusion that Great Expectations is a typical Initiation story.
As introduced and analyzed above, I claimed that Great Expectations is a typical Initiation Story in reference to three points: theme, character design and plot pattern. The novel’s theme is the protagonist who grows up to be mature and understand the true essence of life after experiencing a series of things and lessons, and being successful in the end. The characters design follows the common rule of the initiation story that every character has its influence on the protagonist’s growth. This novel’s structure is in line with the original initiation story narrative structure. In addition, the open ending is also one of the characteristics of this literary genre.
Bibliography
[1] Abrams M.H. A Glossary of Literary Terms.Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press and Thomson Learning, 2004.
[2] 李维屏.英国小说人物史[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2008.
[3] 李维屏.英国小说人物史[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2006.
[4] 李亮,孙旭春.找到自我，收获人生---析《远大前程》主人公匹普的成长历程[J] . 山东: 读与写杂志, 2010,7(4).
[5] 芮渝萍.美国成长小说研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社, 2004.
[6] 由春英,刘喜波.《远大前程》中的成长主题和领路人原型解读[M].黑龙江:齐齐哈尔大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2007.
[7] 张剑.文学原理教程[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2010.
Acknowledgments
I want to acknowledge the invaluable help of Mrs. Zhang, my constant consultant, who has made timely and useful suggestions on working out the outline, refining the earlier drafts and given me enlightening advice throughout the whole process of writing the thesis. I especially appreciate her guidance and wish to extend my sincere gratitude to her.
This work also owes much to my dear friends whose encouragement and great help inspires me to make further efforts when I encounter difficulties and was sometimes at loss.
My heart-felt thanks are also due to my father and mother, who have been in constant favor of me and offered me the best they could. This thesis would not have been possible without the support and assistance that I received from them. My grateful thanks go to you all.
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Term Paper Hey, buddy, you are supposed to write an essay of 1000 words. You should not exceed 2000 words. (1000-2000 wds) Your writing will be scored for content, organization, grammar and format. And you will have to submit it in Word on 7th-17th June at the latest. Choose a book or author that we have covered in the course, and define your topic: ?Make sure that it is related only to American literature. ? A discussion of Characters; ? A study of the Context (social, political, or economic) in which a work was written; ?An interpretation of the Message or Theme; ?An analysis of a specific Image occurring in several works; ?All text should be in 12-point Times New Roman font; ?Everything should be double-spaced; ?Use 5 paces at the beginning of every paragraph; ?Skip a line between the title and text; ?Type your Name, Class, and also your Student ID No. on a separate line; ?Center the title and type it in bold; 胡彭，6
关于论文结构和格式规的有关问题，请认真阅读“外国语学院英语本科毕业论文撰写要求”，同时可查阅“MLA格式学位论文写作规（供查询用）”。（建议：以本文作为模板，把自己论文的相应部分复制后，以“选择性粘贴”—“无格式文本”的方式，粘贴到文的相应位置，以保持与文格式完全一致。） 论文单面打印1份，左侧装订（两个钉子）。（这些说明打印时删除） 请文学方向的参考文2。 财经大学 本科毕业论文(设计) 文1 题目：论转换法在英汉翻译中的应用 学院外国语学院 专业英语 班级英语0802（注意原山经、原山财班级名称不同） 学号2008110107 姓名潇 指导教师文涛 财经大学教务处制 二Ｏ一二年五月
财经大学学士学位论文原创性声明 本人重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下进行研究工作所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的容外，本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了意。本声明的法律结果由本人承担。 日期填写定稿日期5月1日。教师学生都要手写签名 学位论文作者签名： 年月日 财经大学关于论文使用授权的说明 本人完全了解财经大学有关保留、使用学士学位论文的规定，即：学校有权保留、送交论文的复印件，允许论文被查阅，学校可以公布论文的全部或部分容，可以采用影印或其他复制手段保存论文。 日期填写定稿日期5月1日。教师学生都要手写签名 指导教师签名：论文作者签名： 年月日年月日
On Application of Conversion in English-Chinese Translation by Liu Xiao Under the Supervision of Li Wentao Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts School of Foreign Studies Shandong University of Finance and Economics May 2012
本科课程考查（论文）专用封面 作业（论文）题目： Hamlet On-line 所修课程名称： 英美文学 修课程时间： 2012 年 9 月至 2013 年 1 月 完成作业（论文）日期： 2012 年 12 月 评阅成绩： 评阅意见： 评阅教师签名： 年 月 日 __ __ ___ __ __ ___ __ __学院_ __ ___ __ __ 级_ __ __ ___ __ _专业 姓名_ __ ___ __ __ __ 学号____ ___ __ __ ____ …… … …… … … … … … … … （ 密 ） … … … … … … … … … … … … （ 封 ） … … … … … … … … … … … … （ 线 ） … … … … … … … … … … … …
Hamlet On-line Abstract:"Hamlet " of Shakespeare is a classical representative work.The most famous words is: To be or not to be this is a question.In the work, Shakespeare created Hamlet--a man with wisdom and courage .In order to revenge on his uncle for killing his father,he pretend to be a madman.He is a kindhearted man and a god-fearing person .He is inconsistent in his heart,and fall in love with a beautiful girl.In the end he killed his uncle ,but poisoning and dead in sad . In this article, I would like to introduce the gradual improvement of this work's background and influence of Hamlet ;The main ideas of Hamlet; Comments on the figures of Hamlet and in the conclusion I point out certain factors resulting in such a immortal hamlet and eulogize Shakespeare’s greatness in perceiving so charming a Denmark prince as a humanist. Key words: Hamlet ; analysis of the work; comments on the figures 1. The background and influence of Hamlet In the early 17th century, Shakespeare wrote a number of his best known tragedies. Many critics believe that Shakespeare's greatest tragedies represent the peak of his art. The titular hero of one of Shakespeare's most famous tragedies, Hamlet, has probably been discussed more than any other Shakespearean character, especially for his famous soliloquy which begins "To be or not to be; that is the question". Hamlet was based on the legend of Amleth, preserved by 13th-century chronicler Saxo Grammaticus in his Gesta Danorum as subsequently retold by 16th-century scholar Fran?ois de Belleforest. The play vividly portrays both true and feigned madness –from overwhelming grief to seething rage – and explores themes of treachery, revenge, incest, and moral corruption. 2. The Main Ideas of Hamlet The story is set on the eve of Elsinore. Denmark court in the Middle Ages. Hamlet, the prince of the Denmark, is the leading role. The king of Denmark dies, his brother Claudius becomes the
Elements of Fiction - A Brief Introduction A. Primary Elements: Plot, Character, Theme, Points of View, Symbol, Setting B. Secondary Elements: Imagery, Irony, Style & Tone, Exposition 1. Plot - the sequence of events or incidents of which the story is composed/the arrangement of events that make up a story/the complete pattern or design of the work. A. Conflict is a clash of actions, ideas, desires or wills. a.Person against person. b.P erson against environment - external force, physical nature, society, or "fate." c.Person against herself/himself - conflict
with some element in her/his own nature; maybe physical, mental, emotional, or moral. d.P erson against God-Greek mythology. B. Artistic Unity - essential to a good plot; nothing irrelevant that does not contribute to the total meaning; nothing that is there only for its own sake or its own excitement. C. Plot Manipulation and Fabulation - a good plot should not have any unjustified or unexpected turns or twists, no false leads, and no deliberate and misleading information; fabulation is the introduction of the fabulous or unrealistic or gothic elements in an otherwise realistic setting. D. Story Ending: In a Happy Ending the
五、英语文学类毕业论文选题 121. The Independent Spirit of Hester Brynne in The Scarlet Letter 《红字》中海丝特。白兰的独立精神探析 122. On the Meanings of Images in Moby Dic 论《白鲸》中的象征意义 123. Democratic Idea in Leaves of Grass 论《草叶集》中的民主思想 124. The Analysis on different Concept of Value in Sister Carrie 《嘉莉妹妹》中不同价值观的分析 125. Mark Twain’s Humor & Satire in Adventures of Huckberry Finn 马克。吐温的幽默与讽刺在《哈克贝利。费恩》中的充分体现 126. 从接受美学看莎士比亚《第十二夜》中的喜剧元素 Comic Elements in << The Twelfth Night>> from the Perspective of Receptive Aesthetics 127. 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》中的奶妈和《西厢记》中的红娘人物形象比较 The Comparison of Nanny in Romio and Juliet and Hongniang in Romance of the Western Chamber 128. 试论自卑情结对夏绿蒂勃朗特创作的影响 The Influence of Inferiority Complex on the works of Charlotte Bronte 129. 从依恋理论看《呼啸山庄》主人公希力克列夫悲剧性格的形成 The Forming of H eathcliff”s Tragic Personality in Wuthering Heights from the Perspective of Attachment Theory 130. 灵与肉的对立――从《无名的裘德》中的苏和阿拉贝拉人物分析看哈代的悲观主义 The contrast between the Spirit and the Flesh--- Hardy’s Tragic Thought analyzed through Sue and Alabella in Jude the Obscure 131. On the Realistic Style of Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales 论乔叟《坎特伯雷故事集》的现实主义风格 132. On Shakespeare’s Religious Ideas 论莎士比亚的宗教思想 133. On the Essence and Specialty of Shakespeare’s Tragedy 论莎士比亚悲剧的本质与独特性 134. On the Linguistic Features of Burns’ Poetr 论彭斯诗歌的语言特色 135. On the Fatalistic Ideas in Hardy’s Works 论哈代作品中的宿命论观点 136. Fitzgerald, Spokesman of the “Roaring 20’s”----- A Study of His (e.g. The Great Gatsby) 菲茨杰拉德：美国二十世纪二十年代的代言人 ------ 再读《了不起的盖茨比》 137. Ernest Hemingway, Spokesman of the “Lost Generation”. 海明威：迷惘的一代的代言人
关于论文结构和格式规范的有关问题，请认真阅读“外国语学院英语本科毕业论文撰写要求”，同时可查阅“MLA格式学位论文写作规范（供查询用）”。（建议：以本范文作为模板，把自己论文的相应部分复制后，以“选择性粘贴”—“无格式文本”的方式，粘贴到范文的相应位置，以保持与范文格式完全一致。）论文单面打印1份，左侧装订（两个钉子）。（这些说明打印时删除） 文学方向的请务必参考此范文（语言学教学、文化类也可参考）。 山东财经大学 本科毕业论文(设计) 范文2 题目：论《诺桑觉寺》的反哥特观念 学院外国语学院 专业英语 班级英语0801（注意原山经、原山财班级名称不同） 学号67 姓名李晓慧 指导教师王俊华 山东财经大学教务处制 二Ｏ一二年五月
山东财经大学学士学位论文原创性声明 本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下进行研究工作所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。本声明的法律结果由本人承担。 日期填写定稿日期5月1日。教师学生都要手写签名 学位论文作者签名： 年月日 山东财经大学关于论文使用授权的说明本人完全了解山东财经大学有关保留、使用学士学位论文的规定，即：学校有权保留、送交论文的复印件，允许论文被查阅，学校可以公布论文的全部或部分内容，可以采用影印或其他复制手段保存论文。日期填写定稿日期5月1日。教师学生都要手写签名 指导教师签名：论文作者签名： 年月日年月日
On Anti-Gothicism in Northanger Abbey by Li Xiaohui Under the Supervision of Wang Junhua Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts School of Foreign Studies Shandong University of Finance and Economics May 2012
英美文学欣赏知识点100句 1.The work that presented,for the first time in English literature,a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales. 首次在英国文学，中世纪英国社会的全面逼真的画面，创造了从各行各业生动的人物整体画廊是杰弗里·乔叟的坎特伯雷故事集。 2. Geoffrey Chaucer is regarded as the father of English poetry. 乔叟被看作是英国诗歌之父。 3. The verse form of heroic couplet was introduced into English poetry and employed in the poem with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature by Geoffrey Chaucer. 3.英雄对联的诗体被引入英国诗歌和诗与真正的轻松和魅力，第一次在英国文学的杰弗里·乔叟的历史就业。 4. The Canterbury Tales presents a whole gallery of vivid characters,the team of pilgrims,people from all walks of life,including 31 members altogether. 4.坎特伯雷故事呈现生动的人物整体画廊，朝圣者的队伍，来自各行各业，其中包括31名成员共有人。 5. Generally,Renaissance refers to the intellectual movement during the period between 14th and mid-17th centuries,its essence was humanism. 5.一般来说，文艺复兴是指智力运动在14和中17世纪之间的时期，它的本质是人文精神。 6. English Renaissance Period was an age of poetry and drama.
论《雾都孤儿》的幽默艺术 Tom Jones, a Dissipated but Kindhearted Man 放荡而又善良的汤姆琼斯 The Free Will and Rebellious Spirit in Paradise Lost 《失乐园》中的自由意志和反叛精神 On the Development of Shylock’s Character 论夏洛克的性格发展 Morality and Criticism in Tom Jones 评《汤姆?琼斯》中的道德观与批评观 On Imogen，the New Feminine Image in Cymbeline 论《辛白林》中伊慕琴的新女性形象 Burns’View on Love and Friendship 论彭斯的爱情友谊观 The Reflection of Art and Life in Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode on a Nightingale 《希腊古瓮颂》与《夜莺颂》中艺术与生活的对照 The Womanism in "The Color Purple" On the Differences between Chinese and Westerners in Non-language Communication 谈中国人和英美人非语言交际的差异 On the Contribution of the American Blacks during American Civil War 美国黑人在美国历史上的贡献 On American Black English 浅谈美国黑人英语 On the Differences of the Marriage Concept between Chinese and American 浅谈中美婚姻观念的差异 A Contrastive Analysis of Table Manners and Culture between China and Western Countries On the Ideological Content in Bacon’s Essays 论培根散文的思想性 Women's Movement in 1960s in American 美国六十年代的妇女运动 Analysis the negative effects of violent television and movie on children 浅析影视暴力对青少年儿童的负面影响 The Influence of Chinese Cultural Circumstances on English Learning 汉语环境对英语学习的影响 A Comprehension of Male Centrad Literature through A Doll’s House 黑色的坚毅——小说《飘》主人公的性格分析Black Determination——An Analysis of the Personalities of the Main Character in Gone with the Wind 从浪漫走向世俗的新型女性——《理智与情感》中玛丽安的性格分析 人性的扭曲信任的危机--重读《奥》剧杂感Random Thoughts on Othello
英语专业本科论文范文 A Brief Analysis of english teaching in senior high school Abstract: Classroom teaching is the main way for students to learn En glish. But in senior high school, a lots of probelms still exsit in t he English teaching especially in the teaching of reading and writing. In this paper, the importance and methods of reading and writing wi ll be further discussed. Key words: reading writing techniques Introduction: Classes should be learner-centered, with meaningful, fu nctional activities, often, classes begin by finding out what the stu dents don’t know. These classes operate on the assumption that there is a great deal of information that students lack and that the teache r and textbooks will impact that information to the students. Teacher s who hold this assumption view students as plants waiting passively to be fed and watered. But I think the students should be regarded as explorers, active learners who bring a great deal to the learning pr ocess and at the same time, draw from their environment as they devel op new understandings. The basic principle will be used in the teachi ng of reading and writing. Section One------ How to teach reading I. Why teach reading There are many reasons why getting students to read English texts is an important p art of the teacher’s job. In the first place, many of them want to be able to read texts in English either for their career s, for study purposes or simply for pleasure. Anything we can do to m ake reading easier for them must be a good idea. Reading texts provide good models for English writing, provide oppo rtunities to study language vocabulary, grammar, punctuation, and the way to construct sentences, paragraphs and texts. Lastly, good readi ng texts can introduce interesting topics, stimulate discussion, exci te imaginative responses and be the springboard for well-rounded, fas cinating lessons. The last but not the least, students must read widely because only a fraction of knowledge about the world can come from other experienc es in their short lives. II. What kind of reading should students do? When the teachers give reading class to students, they should notic e a balance----a balance to be struck between real English on the one hand and the students’ capabilities and interests on the other. The re is some authentic written material which beginner students can und erstand to some degree: menus, timetables, signs and basic instructio
英美文学相关论文优秀范文 浅谈英美文学中的爱情婚姻观 摘要英美文学中描绘爱情和婚姻的小说众多，为世人展示了不同时期、不同地域、 不同阶层的人们丰富多彩的爱情和婚姻观。这些不同的爱情婚姻观既是作品主人公性格的 集中体现，也是对人物所处的社会环境和历史背景的深刻剖析。论文以描写几对不同人物 之间波澜不惊的爱情故事闻名于世的经典爱情小说――《傲慢与偏见》为例，来分析作品 中倡导的独特的西方爱情婚姻观。 关键词：英美文学《傲慢与偏见》简?奥斯丁爱情婚姻观 梁山伯与祝英台凄美的爱情悲剧让我们唏嘘不已，崔莺莺和张生冲破重重障碍最终有 情人终成眷属让人为之欣慰，这是中国古典文学名著中的经典爱情故事。当我们把目光转 向英美文学，罗密欧与朱丽叶的忠贞爱情深刻地为我们诠释了爱情的真谛;于连?索雷尔 两段截然不同的爱情经历和其最终悲剧性的结局却告诉我们当爱情被虚荣占据后，结果唯 有悲剧。 英美文学名著中描写爱情的名家之作非常之多，众多的爱情经典让我们回味无穷，为 我们展示了各式各样、色彩纷呈的爱情婚姻观。正如有多少个读者，就会有多少个不同的 哈姆雷特一样，每个读者都会在这些名作中找到自己的影子，产生共鸣。以下就以《傲慢 与偏见》为例，来分析英美文学中各式各样、与众不同的爱情婚姻观。 一《傲慢与偏见》简介及主旨分析 英国知名女作家简?奥斯丁Jane Austen的代表作《傲慢与偏见》，以日常琐事为事 件出发点，运用非常考究的语言，通过对不同人物性格的详实刻画，以及当时处于社会压 迫与反抗不同地位的各个阶层间复杂关系的深刻剖析，以现实主义的手法形象、生动地描 述了18世纪末-19世纪初饱受封闭守旧思想禁锢下英国乡村的风土人情。 作品中，奥斯丁以其独特的观察力、诙谐幽默的语言，通过对班纳特家的五个女儿及 其密友在对待婚姻时的不同抉择，真实地描述了中小地主及资产阶级“绅士”和“淑女” 之间荒诞的婚姻与爱情，展现了女主人公们在爱情婚姻观方面不断学习、探索和前进的心 路历程，继而提出了自己主张“既不赞同为了金钱而结婚，也不认同将婚姻当做儿戏而草 率对待”这一鲜明的爱情婚姻立场。纵然时过境迁，我们依然能从中体会到不同凡响的艺 术效果。 二一段相互吸引至真至纯的爱情故事 简是班纳特家中的大女儿，属于那种漂亮大方、温柔可爱的大家闺秀式的女孩子，她 看待任何的人和事物都总会往好的一面去联想。她身上散发出的与众不同的独特气质深深 地吸引了年轻英俊且极度富有的宾利。但两人身份地位的悬殊预示着二者结合的不可能性，达西也曾因简的家庭背景差而极力反对宾利与其结婚。但随着剧情的发展，两人终因相互
1.An Analysis of Hardy’ s Comparisons inTess of the d'Urbervilles 浅析哈代在《德伯家的苔丝》中对比手法的运用 2.The Use of Hemingway’ s Iceberg Theory in The Old Man and the Sea 海明威“冰山原理”在《老人与海》中的运用 3. An Analysis of Alec’ s Personalities Tessin of the d'Urbervilles 解读《德伯家的苔丝》中阿雷克的性格 4.An Interpretation of the Female Character Estella in Great Expectations 《远大前程》中女性形象艾丝黛拉解读 5.An Interpretation of the Female Character Miss Havisham in Great Expectations 《远大前程》中女性形象郝维辛小姐解读 6.The Use of Stream of Consciousness in Mrs. Dalloway 浅析《达洛维夫人》中的意识流运用 7.Fatalism in Tess of the d'Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy 哈代的宿命论在《德伯家的苔丝》中的体现 8.An Analysis of Thomas Hardy’ s Attitudes towards the Heroine in Tess of the d'Urbervilles 哈代对《德伯家的苔丝》中女主人公的态度解读 9. An Interpretation on the Themes of the Poems Written by Emily Dickenson 艾米莉·狄金森诗歌主题解读 10. A Comparative Study between the Heroines’ Personalities inJane Eyre and Wuthering Heights 《简·爱》与《呼啸山庄》女主人公性格对比研究 11.An Analysis on the Causes of Tess's Tragedy 苔丝悲剧人生的成因分析 12.An Interpretation of the 18th-cen tury English Female’ s Choice of Husbands from Jane Austen ’ s Novels 从简·奥斯丁作品解读十八世纪英国女性择偶观 14.A Comparative Study of Three Chinese Versions of“ Of Studies ” 《论学习》三种汉译本比较研究 15.Translation Strategies and Techniques of Long Sentences in TEM 8 英语专业八级中长句的翻译策略与技巧 16. A Survey on the Status of English and American Literary Classics’ Reading of English Majors 英语专业学生阅读英美文学名著状况调查 17. A Survey on the Current Teaching Situation of English and American Literatures in Universities of China 关于我国高校英美文学教学现状的调查报告 18.A Survey on the English Majors ’ Current Learning Situation of English and American Literatures in Universities of China 高校英语专业学生英美文学学习现状调查报告 19. A Survey on the Current Situation and Countermeasures of the Course of English and American Literatures’ Marginalizatio 英美文学课程“边缘化”现状调查与对策研究 20. A Survey on the English Majors’ Use of Electronic Dictionaries in Learning English and
英语专业本科毕业论文范文 [摘要]英语专业本科写作是本科生在毕业之前最重要的一项学习任务。文章针对目 前毕业论文中存在的主要问题，如写作基本功欠缺、学术基础和意识薄弱、选题不合适及论文缺乏深度和创新等问题并对其原因进行了探讨，据此提出相应的改进措施，以期提高毕业的质量。 [关键词]毕业论文;问题;改进措施 高校英语专业英语教学大纲认为毕业论文是考察学生综合能力、评估学业成绩的一个重要方式。在2004年开始实行的高等学校外语专业本科教学评估方案中毕业论文的质量 被列为一级指标“学生创新能力”的主要观测点(教育部高等教育司， 2004)。根据英语专业教学大纲的精神，学生的毕业论文写作不仅是对学生学业和专业成绩的一次综合测评，也是对学校设置和培养方案以及教师教学活动的一次考验。毕业论文写作是高等院校英语专业教学计划中一个不可缺少的组成部分和实践性环节，是考查学生综合能力、评价学生成绩的一个重要方式。 一、毕业论文写作的现状 在国内，近年来各高校英语专业对学生毕业论文的撰写比较重视。为了提高论文的质量，加强论文的严谨性和规范性，各高校近年来都出台了一系列政策，如的撰写、中期检查、抽查评估，有些高等院校从三年级开始增设学年论文教学环节等等。英语专业本科毕业论文的质量虽然有一定的进步，但也存在着一些问题。原上海外国语大学校长戴炜栋教授等的研究和调查证实了高等学校英语专业毕业论文质量的滑坡趋势(戴炜栋2007)。学 生在论文实际的撰写过程中，出现了写作基本功、格式规范、选题、论文的深度、外文资料不足的问题。其中的原因是多方面的，例如:在培养中偏重技能训练，轻视知识吸纳的 连贯性，使学生缺乏学术的内涵和深度，缺乏认识能力和思辨能力(文秋芳2006);在第八 学期才开始毕业论文的写作，不仅毕业生在短时间内无从选题，而且导致论文质量下降。这种现象对本科教学带来的负面影响应引起各高校英语专业的高度关注。 二、毕业论文写作存在的主要问题 目前高校毕业论文存在不少问题，如语言技能较弱，查阅文献资料的能力比较差，不知道怎样确立自己的观点等等，但以下几个方面的问题尤为明显:第一，写作基本功欠缺。英语专业毕业论文中一个显著的问题就是学生的写作能力较差，反映出学生英语语言能力欠缺。例如:论文结构不严谨、松散;一篇论文有多个中心论点;章节之间缺乏连贯性;语法、拼写错误多;学生随意使用非正式文体，书面语和口语混用的现象比比皆是。
英美文学论文范文 一、“四段论”的英美文学教学方式 二、多元复合式的英美文学教学方法 (一)构建“互动式”的英美文学教学模式 (三)构建立体化的教学内容 三、多元复合式英美文学教学方法的意义 通过对英美文学课的学习，实际上是使学生获得对世界和人生的感悟与体验，培养学生对任何生命主体的亲近和敬畏。它不仅是一 门科学，更是一种对世界的态度。通过教师使用多元复合式的教学 方法，可以给学生提供广阔的自由发展空间，充分发挥学生的主动性、积极性和创造性。学生通过积极参与英美文学课的教学，养成 积极思考与表达的习惯，通过积极阅读英美文学作品原著，理解英 美文学与文化，提高文学批评鉴赏能力和英语水平，学生的分析能 力和思辨能力在这个过程中也就得到了相应的提高。 一、文学教育及其重要意义 二、英美文学教学改革途径 现在的英美文学课程课时偏少，教学内容不够丰富系统，教学方法单一，要想通过文学教育更好地培养学生的素质，就必须探索英 美文学教学改革的途径。 1、调整授课学时 2、增加“文学批评理论”教学 3、改革教学模式 以教师为中心的传统教学模式注重专业知识的单向传授，学生的积极性、主动性和动手能力不强。课堂教学应将教师的讲授与指导、课前小组准备与课堂专题讨论结合起来，有效地实现师生之间的互
动。教师通过布置开放性的研究任务，让学生带着问题，以协作学 习的方式完成自主探究学习。学生对图书馆和网络资源进行查阅检索，对所得资料进行分析比较、选择取舍、加工处理，这是一个努 力探索、积极进行意义建构的过程。教师是意义建构的帮助者，即 帮助学生学会独立思考和独立解决问题的能力。教师也可利用多媒 体设施与影视资源，增加学生的学习兴趣，或号召学生运用想象力，根据名著改编作品并进行舞台表演。 4、改革评价模式
英语专业毕业论文范文（仅供参考） 英语专业毕业论文范文（仅供参考） Hester Prynne---Resurrection Abstract: The Scarlet Letter makes the American writer Nathaniel Hawthorne known all around the world. Hawthorne is a pious Christian, and is deeply influenced by the theology. He’s so much indulged in the religious doctrine that people can find the reflection of the God almost everywhere in his works. After reading The Scarlet Letter, one is mostly impressed by the spirit of The Bible the story depicted. The book chiefly discusses sin and how to atone for it. Hester Prynne is the heroine of the fiction. This paper researches her fate to illustrate the influence of The Bible to Hawthorne. Hester Prynne commits adultery and is forced to wear a scarlet letter “A” on her breast. At the beginning, she encounters all kinds of sufferings, both from the society and from her own soul. However, she realizes her sin and tries her best to atone for it. And she dose not choose to avoid her fault. Finally, through her endeavor, God forgives her. In short, sin and atoning for sin, that is the purpose of this paper. Keywords: The Scarlet Letter., Hester Prynne, The Bible, sin and atonement. 摘要：《红字》使美国作家纳撒尼尔霍桑誉满全球。霍桑是一个虔诚的基督徒，并深受神学的影响。他是如此沉迷于宗教的教义之中，人们几乎可以发现神在他的每部作品中无处不在。读完《红字》，给人印象最深的莫过于故事描绘的《圣经》的精神。该书主要讨论了关于罪与赎罪的问题。海丝特白兰是小说的女主人公。本文主要研究她的一生以说明《圣经》对霍桑的影响。海丝特白兰犯了通奸罪，并被迫在胸口上带一个大写的红色字母“A”。一开始，她遭遇了各种各样的磨难，既有来自社会的也有来自她自己精神上的。然而，她认识到了自己的罪行并尽最大努力去赎罪，并且她并没有选择逃避责罚。最后，通过她的努力，神原谅了她。简言之，本文的主要目的就是罪行以及赎罪。 关键字：《红字》，海丝特白兰，《圣经》,罪行以及赎罪。 Chapter One: Biography of Nathaniel Hawthorne With the publication of The Scarlet Letter in 1850, Nathaniel Hawthorne became one of the greatest writer at that time and built his reputation as a major American author. Since that time on, people began