英语词汇学讲义
第一章英语词汇学简介(A Brief Introduction to English Lexicology)
教学目的：
●了解英语词汇学研究的现状及地位
●掌握及分类
●了解英语词汇学的研究范围和研究方法
●了解学习英语词汇学的目的及意义
教学重点：
●英语词汇学的定义
●英语词汇学的研究范围
教学难点：
●英语词汇学研究滞后的原因
●英语词汇学的定义及研究范围
教学方法：理论讲解为主，课堂讨论为辅
教学步骤：
课程导入：(10 分钟)
Discussion: What do you think lexicology mainly studies?
教学讲练内容：(80分钟)
1.1英语词汇学研究的现状及地位
1828 Noah Webster “lexicology”第一次出现
20c初没有受到足够的重视
1980s以前前苏联和中国有所研究
1980s中期以后西方语言学家开始重视英语词汇学研究，专著陆续问世，并开始把词汇研究与其它学科的研究联系到一起
词汇学研究没有受到重视的原因：
醉汉找钱的故事(David Crystal 为Jean Tournier 的英语词汇学概论写的序言中提及)，说明西方语言学家避重就轻，因为在语言的三个要素中，语音体系和语法体系比较简单，易于归纳，便于研究，容易出成果；而词汇体系比较庞杂，不易归纳和研究，也不容易出成果。实际课堂教学中，很少有教师会系统地讲授词汇学的理论(因为词汇学理论本身就是滞后的)，而学生在外语学习中最大的难点之一就在于如何学习和掌握词汇。从实际需要的角度出发，词汇学研究引起西方语言学家重视也是迟早的事情。此外，电脑应用的发展和普及以及语料库的形成为分析词汇的特征和总结词汇的规律性的原则创造了有利条件，在词汇体系的研究方面出现新的突破是指日可待的事情。
现在词汇学被看作是语言分析的一个层面。语言分析的五分法(词汇学lexicology、音位学phonemics、形态学morphology、句法学syntax和语义学semantics)与传统的三分法(音位学、句法学和语义学)相比，最大的不同在于重视了词汇的作用，充分肯定了词汇学的地位。当然，我们在使用语言的时候，总是不由自主地同时涉及所有的层面，所以，语言分析的五个层面虽然可以分别进行，但是不能忽视它们的相互联系和相互作用。
1.2词汇学的定义及分类
Routledge Dictionary of Language and linguistics by Hadumod bussmann
承认了词汇学在语言学中的地位，但是把侧重点放在词汇的语义学上面。
The Oxford Companion to the English Language by Tom McArthur
明确肯定了词汇学是当代语言学的一个分支。
The Linguistics Encyclopedia by KirstenMalmkjaer
详细介绍了词汇学的覆盖范围，并讨论了词汇在转换生成语法框架内的作用以及在话语分析中的作用。
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language by David Crystal
词汇部分共有5章，全书482页中占了72页之多。
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.(WNWD,韦氏新世界美国英语词典). It is the study of the lexis, understood as the stock of words in a given language, i.e., its vocabulary or lexicon.(lexicon: from Greek lexis ‘word’, lexikos, ‘of/for words’)
词汇：vocabulary(较口语化) lexis(较有学术味) lexicon(介于两者之间)(希腊词源)
词的总和构成语言的词汇，但词汇这一术语不仅指语言中所有的词，而且指诸如方言(dialect)、使用域(register)或术语(terminology)等某一语言变体中使用的词和短语。
分为普通词汇学(general lexicology)和具体语言的词汇学(special lexicology)两大类。前者探讨和研究一切语言的词和词汇共有的规律性，后者探讨和研究某一种具体语言的词汇。
1.3英语词汇学的研究范围
词汇学原先是传统语文学(philology)的一个分支，现在已经逐渐被认可为语言学的一个分支。有的词典把侧重点放在词汇语义学上，有的涉及词汇的性质、意义、历史、用法、构词以及词典学，有的词典把词汇研究跟生成语法研究和话语分析也结合了起来，有的更把词汇的性质、来源、结构和词汇的各个方面都包括在内。尽管各家的观点不尽一致，但是都已经承认了词汇学在现代语言学中的地位。至于英语词汇学研究范围的界定，尚有待语言学家进一步探索。
本书研究范围：单词的结构、构词法、单词的意义及词义关系、英语词汇的构成、词义的历史演变、成语及词典知识。
1.4英语词汇学的研究方法
共时研究法(synchronic approach)和历时研究法(diachronic approach)
从共时的角度看，可以不考虑词汇所发生的变化而从某一点时间上进行研究。如wife(妻子)一词是指“尤其相对丈夫而言的已婚妇女)，这是该词的现有意义。它还有woman(妇女)这样一个废弃(obsolete)的意义，在midwife(产婆)、housewife(家庭妇女)等词中还保留有这样的意义。然而，我们还可以从历时的角度来研究词汇形式和意义的起源和发展。从这一角度来考虑，wife又来自于古英语的wif，义为woman，后来在发展过程中逐渐产生了现在的“已婚妇女”的意义。
1.5学习英语词汇学的目的和意义
对专业英语学生而言：
扩大词汇量，有效运用英语词汇；
更深入地理解词义，更有效地组织、划分和贮存词汇；
增强学生对词义和用法的了解，准确使用词汇；
有利于掌握使用参考书的技能，增强解决问题的能力和学习英语的有效性；
提高语言接受能力和语言使用能力。
对语言教师而言：
更娴熟地处理材料，尤其是有关词汇的材料，就能选择和组织材料进行更有效的教学。比如，他们可以进行循序渐进的构词法知识的传授，让学生多掌握词汇的结构，这样会有助于学生快学词汇，记好词汇，还可以利用不同的语义关系来对词汇进行归组划分，解释词义。教师对词典的了解将对教学和研究具有十分重要的价值。熟练地使用一两本好词典也有利于提高
教师的教学水平。
1.6 使用教材及作者简介
教材：1997年出版的英语词汇学教程
汪榕培：1942年6月出生，上海人(苏州人)，研究生毕业于复旦大学外文系，著名的英语教育家，长期担任英语教学工作，连续18年任大连外国语学院院长，论文60余篇，译著50余部，近年来在中国古典文学英译、中西方文化比较研究等方面有了突破性的进展。1983年著《实用英语词汇学》，是这一学术领域第一本专著。
1.7 课时安排及学习要求
每周一课，讲解一个单元
要求：因课堂内容讲解较多，要求必须做好课前预习，课后复习，课本上的练习课堂上因时间有限，讲解比例不超过三分之一，其余部分要求查阅有关参考书独立完成。
练习：统计指定段落中850个基本英语词汇出现的频率（了解、熟悉基本英语词汇及体验早期词汇学研究的艰辛）
答疑及作业布置(10分钟)：
预习教材第一单元，重点预习词素定义及分类
问题解答：
the difference between morphology & lexicology
morphology: the study of the grammatical structure of words and the categories realized by them. Thus a morphological analysis will dived girls into girl and –s, which realizes “plural”; singer into sing and –er, which marks it as a noun denoting an agent. A category is “morphological” if it is realized within words. Thus morphological case is case as realized by different elements within nouns or words of other classes, as opposed to case roles realized by independent words or word order; a morphological causative is a causative form of a verb as opposed to a causative construction , and so on. In linguistics, the study of the structure of words, as opposed to SYNTAX, the study of the arrangement of words in the higher units of phrases, clauses, and sentences. The two major branches are inflectional morphology(the study of inflections) and lexical morphology(the study of word-formation).
英语词汇学以英语词汇为研究对象，它的研究范围在西方分别属于多个独立的学科，甚至英语词汇学传统的研究范围也是如此(词汇形态学、词汇语义学、语言史、词典学等等)。英语词汇学传统的研究范围没有涉及的词汇研究其他方面，则在几个相关的学科以很大的篇幅加以论述。正如语言学概论涉及语言学的各方面内容(尽管各方面的内容都有其专门的学科)一样，英语词汇学概论也涉及英语词汇学的各方面内容(尽管各方面的内容都有其专门的学科)。学习英语词汇学能够使学生在较短时间内多视角地研究英语词汇，加深对英语词汇的理解。
语言学本身就是一门交叉学科，这一特征在20世纪后期充分体现出来。词汇学是语言学内部具有相对独立性的一门子学科，跟社会、经济、政治、科技、生理、心理等语言学以外的学科联系尤为紧密，广义词汇学的研究领域也会越来越拓展，为人类更好地认识世界、改造世界发挥应有的作用。另一方面，语言的语音、语法、词汇是有机地结合在一起的，脱离语音和语法来研究词汇是毫无意义的(正如现在的生成语法不得不把词汇规则列入其规则系统之中一样)，脱离语境、脱离文化来研究词汇也是毫无意义的(语义学的研究范围已经从单词扩展到句子，语用学从语义学脱胎而出，话语分析又把研究范围从句子扩展到语篇)，词汇学跟语言学各个相对独立学科之间的联系是相当紧密的，它的研究领域必然会随之拓展。allophone and allomorph
phoneme: a phonological unit of language that cannot be analysed into smaller linear units and that in any particular language is realized in non-contrastive variants”. “the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words. pan and ban, ban and bin.
phone: the realization in sound of a phoneme
allophone: is one such realization among others: /n/ normally alveolar, but is dental before the dental fricative /θ/ in tenth/tεnθ/. There are no minimal pairs contrasting dental and alveolar /n/ ,and so the difference is not phonemic, because of this, the two forms are said to be allophones of the same phoneme /n/.
第二课英语单词的结构(Morphological Structure of English Words)
教学目的：
●掌握英语词汇定义
●掌握英语单词的定义
●掌握英语词素的定义及分类
教学重点：
●英语单词的定义
●英语词素的分类
教学难点：
●词位与词形的区别
●粘着词根和词缀的区别
教学方法：理论讲解为主，课堂讨论及课堂练习巩固为辅
教学步骤：
课程导入：(10 分钟)
Discussion: Do you think English vocabulary consists of only single words?
How many words do you think are there in the sentence “I saw him yesterday.”?
教学讲练内容：(80分钟)
2.1英语的词汇
2.1.1定义：英语所有单词的总称。
lexis: The vocabulary of a language, especially in dictionary form.
lexicon: The vocabulary of a language, together with information about the pronunciation, use, and meaning of each item in it.
vocabulary: The set of lexical items (words) in a language; also called lexicon
glossary: An alphabetical list of the terms used in a special field.
2.2 英语单词
2.2.1 词的定义：能独立运用的、最小的、有语义的语言单位。the minimal meaningful unit of language that can function independently
examples:
a.cat a. cat
b.cats b. dog
How many words are illustrated above? The answer seems clear: two in each example. However, while it is obvious that it is the only answer for the second group of words, there is a sense in which only one word appears in the first group. This is the word CA T, with a cat being its singular form and b cats the plural. This second sense of “word” is the one when we intend to convey when we say “this dictionary contains 50000 words” or “I know 5,000 words of Greek.” The term we use for this more abstract notion of “word” is “lexeme”, and when we wish to make it clear that we are discussing a lexeme, the convention is to write it with capital letters. Thus, the first group illustrates only the lexeme CA T, while the second group illustrates the two lexemes CAT and DOG. In the first group there are the singular and plural forms of the lexeme CAT, and we say that the first group illustrates two word forms of one lexeme.
Ex:go knife went gone going knives
Question: How many lexemes and word forms are there in the group above?
A nswer: 2 lexemes and 6 word forms
(lexeme: A minimal form that conveys one meaning and can be used in reference or predication: the word cat and the idiom put up with are both lexemes.
word form: The concretely realized grammatical form of a word in the context of a sentence. The word in the surface structure that corresponds to the lexeme as the ( unalterable) abstract base unit of the lexicon is realized according to grammatical categories( such as tense, number, case, person, and so on) in altered word forms.)
2.2.2 词的分类(word classes/part of speech/grammatical category)：Terms in linguistics for a category of words that have been grouped together because they are similar in their
成绩 Root and Affixation of Lexicology Abstract: It’s important and permanent to master the vocabulary in the English learning. Everyone who has ever set foot on English realizes that it’s somewhat incredible for us to reciting numerous and difficult words. Nevertheless, there are some skills we should acquire to make word-recitation easier and more effective. This paper mainly discusses the using of vocabulary root and affix. Only by having a good knowledge of the roots and affixes, can we prosper our English vocabulary and further our English study. Key words: root; affixation; detailed analysis; difficult words 1Introduction: Blindly reciting numerous and difficult words is a total waste of time and energy. Especially, situation becomes worse for the college students with little words storage and non-interest. However, most of the English words are comprised with roots and affixes, which are limited, stable and short. If we acquire them, it will be much simpler and rapider for us to recognize the unfamiliar and difficult words through the analysis on roots and affixes. If we can master and know how to use them properly, it will be a big step for the further study of this foreign language. A road of a thousand miles begins with each single step, so does the English words. Now we are going to learn the root and affixation respectively. Definition is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity and it carries the main component of meaning in a word. By learning the roots, we will find it not complicated for us to understand the long and difficult words which we often encounter in the tough reading test. However long and tough the word is, we can divide it into several parts, the fundamental part is the root and then we can understand what it means and fluently blurt it out without repeating it. Here are some detail analyses of the examples: Internationalist: nation is the root which means country or state, inter- is prefix meaning between or interactive, -al is the suffix and the –ist is the suffix meaning the person. So you will quite simply find its meaning. Invigorate: the root is vigor similar to power and energy, in- means making sth have the function of verb, here is make sth vigor, -ate is the verb suffix. So invigorate is to make sth vigorous. Antecedent: -ced- is the root referring to motion or going forward, ante- is before, and –ent means somebody. So antecedent is somebody who moves ahead of us, the same as forefather or ancestor. Protract: -tract is the root like pulling sth or extending sth make it wider or longer, pro- is the prefix meaning “ahead”. After analyzing this word, we know that “protract” is similar to prolong meaning make sth longer or longer to live. A lot of words contain this root, such as detract, extract, subtract, attract, tractable, intractable, etc. Arbitrariness: arbitrary is the root indicating to randomness or out of order, -ness is the noun suffix. The profound meaning of learning roots is that you will find it much easy to memorize words because there are so many word share the same root. No matter how long and hoe difficult the word is, the basic meaning of the word is stable and unchangeable. If we recite words according the
《英语词汇学教程》（2004 年版）练习答案 Chapter 1 7. Choose the standard meaning from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the left. a. tart: loose woman b. bloke: fellow c. gat: pistol d. swell: great e. chicken: coward f. blue: fight g. smoky: police h. full: drunk i. dame: woman j. beaver: girl 8. Give the modern equivalents for the following archaic words. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave / the sea bade = bid 12. Categorize the following borrowed words into denizens, aliens, translation loans, and semantic loans. Denizens: kettle, die, wall, skirt, husband Aliens: confrere, pro patria, Wunderkind, mikado, parvenu Translation loans: chopstick, typhoon, black humour, long time no see Semantic loans: dream Chapter 2 1. Why should students of English lexicology study the Indo-European Language Family? The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. Knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2. Make a tree diagram to show the family relations of the modern languages given below.
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料c h a p t e r 文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]
Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split.
试题三 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.(30%) 1.According to the degree of similarity, homonyms can be classified into ( ) A. perfect homonyms B. homonyms C. homophones D. all the above 2.Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example ( ) A. ad for “advertisement” B. dish for “food" C. fond for “affectionate” D. an editorial for “an editorial article" 3.It is a general belief that the meaning does not exist in the word itself, but it rather spreads over ( ) A. the reader’s interpretation B. the neighbouring words C. the writer's intention D. the etymology of the word 4.Which of the following is a prefix of time and order? A. extra- B. pro- C. re- D. semi- 5.Which of the following dictionaries is not a specialized dictionary? A. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology B. Chamber's Encyclopedic English Dictionary C. Longmont Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs D. Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms 6.Which of the following statements is Not true? A. Reference is the relationship between language and the world. B. The relationship between a word and its referent is arbitrary. C. Concept is universal to all men alike. D. Sense denotes the relationships outside the language. 7.The words which occur before or after a word and may affect its meaning form ( ) A. physical context B. grammatical context C. lexical context D. linguistic context 8."Smith is an architect. He designed World Trade Center. "The clue provided in the context is ( ) A. definition B. explanation C. example D. hyponym 9.The term "vocabulary" is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that ( ) A. it can refer to the common core of a language B. it can refer to the total number of the words in a language C. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical period D. it can stand for words in given dialect or field 10.The idiom "a dark horse" is a ( ) A. simile B. metaphor
考研英语词汇复习笔记 翻硕复习的一大重头戏就是词汇，而词汇量是巨大的，必须要有日常的积累和复习，并且掌握科学的记忆方法，才能最有效地积累词予匚量。下面是关于英语词汇的学习笔记，以供大家参考。(1) 1. bereave :使某人丧失(尤指亲属)bereave Sb Of Sb an accident WhiCh bereaved Him Of his Wife 使他丧失妻子的事古攵the bereaved husband 死了妻子的男人 the bereaved丧失亲人的人 bereavement(n):丧亲之痛，丧失亲人 deprive : take Sth away from sb;PreVent Sb from enjoying Or USing Sth剥夺sb/sth的sth;阻止某人 享有或使用Sth deprive sb/sth Of Sth deprive Of OneS CiVil rights剥夺某人的公民权deprivation(n):剥夺;贫困;被剥夺的事物WideSPreaCl deprivation 普遍贫困 MiSSing the HOIiday WaS a great deprivatiOrL错失假日是极大的损失。 deprived(adj):贫困的，穷苦的deprived ChildhOOd 贫苦的童年
2. abdomen : Part Of the body below the CheSt and CliaPhragm,cOntaining the stomach.腹部 abdominal(adj)腹部的an abdominal OPeratiOn 月复咅8手术belly : (口)front Of the HUman body from the WaiSt to the groin;belly 肚子，胃 With an empty belly 空着肚子 in the belly Of a ShiP 在船腹里 belly OUt(动词用法):鼓涨,凸出The Wind bellied OUt the SaiIS 3. c onSeCrate : devote sth/sb to Or reserve sth/sb for a SPeCial (esp religious) PUrPOSe 扌巴sth/sb 献给 sth/sb 做某种(尤其宗教)用途COnSeCrate sth/sb to Sth COnSeCrate OneS Iife to the SerViCe Of GOd,to the relief Of SUffering献身于为神服务(解除世人痛苦)的事业 devote : give OneS time z energy to sth/sb; dedicate 为某人付出，向某人奉献，献身于devote Oneself/sth to sb/sth devoted(adj):热爱的，非常忠实的Z全心全意的a devoted SOn
英语词汇学 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers .Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket（30％） 1. Degradation can be illustrated by the following example[ ] A. lewd → ignorant B. silly → foolish C. last → pleasure D. knave → boy 2. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of: [ ] A. humour B. sarcasm C. ridicule D. all the above 3. The four major modes of semantic change are _____. [ ] A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradation B. extension, generalization, elevation and degradation C. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradation D. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation 4. The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called _____. [ ] A. synecdoche B. metonymy C. substitution D. metaphor 5. Idioms adjectival in nature function as _____. [ ] A. adjectives B. attributes C. modifiers D. words 6. Grammatical context refers to _____ in which a word is used. [ ] A. vocabulary B. grammar C. semantic pattern D. syntactic structure 7. In the idiom 'in good feather', we change 'good' into 'high, full' without changing meaning. This change of constituent is known as _____ . [ ] A. addition B. replacement C. position-shifting D. variation 8. The word "laconic" is _____. [ ] A. onomatopoeically motivated B. morphologically motivated C. semantically motivated D. etymologically motivated 9. CCELD is distinctive for its _____. [ ] A. clear grammar codes B. language notes
张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》——解析 第一部分Chapter Ⅰ 英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary) Bloomfield 1933 中对词的定义是，每个单词都是最小的自由词。然而这个定义不够全面，存在着缺陷。首先，不是所有的单词都可以独立出现，如the ，a ，my 这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义。另外，Bloomfield的定义侧重在于语法（syntax）却没有涉及到词的意义。随着词汇学的发展跟完善。人们给词下了较为完整的定义。“词，今指语言组织中的基础单位，能独立运用，具有声音、意义和语法功能。”（《辞海》1984（上）375页，上海辞书出版社） 一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。纵观英语的发展历史，我们可以知道，大多数的英语词汇都是外来词，它从拉丁语，法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇，不断的扩充自己，为己所用。特别是第二次世界大战之后，英语词汇得到了空前的发展。现代英语词汇快速发展的原因主要有四方面。一是科学技术的快速发展，二是社会经济的全球化，三是英语国家的政治和文化变化，最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响。 英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成，而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。根据词的起源可以分为本族语和外来语；根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇，文学词汇。口头词汇，俚语以及科学术语。基础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征，稳定性，构词的能力和搭配能力。 第二部分Chapter Ⅱ到Chapter Ⅳ 英语词汇的形态结构和词的构词(Morphological structure of English words and word-formation ) (一) 词素（Morphemes） 单词是有词素（morphemes）构成的。词素即英语语言中有意义的最小单位，同时具有声音和意义。单词可以有一个或一个以上的词素组成。如：nation 是一个词素，national有nation+al 两个词素。词素跟音素（phoneme）不同，词素必须同时具备声音和意义两方面，而音素只需要发出声音即可。如k 和u 只是音素，因为它们没有什么具体含义。而a 和i 分别存在于单词tame 和time 中是音素，但当a是定冠词和i表示第一人称时它们则是词素。词素并不等同于音节（syllable ），因为音节并没有什么具体含义。如单词dis·a·gree·a·ble有五个音节却只有三个语素（dis + agree + able ）。词素有不同的形式，同一语素的不同形式即语素变体。 词素可以分为自由词素（free morphemes）和黏着词素（bound morphemes）。自由词素可以单独成为单词，而黏着词素则必须要依附于其他的词素，如-ly , -ness。 词素又可以分为词根和词缀。词根是单词中表示含义的成分，可以是自由或者黏着词素。词缀只能是黏着词素，它又可以分为屈折词缀（inflectional affixes）和派生词缀（derivational affixes ）。屈折词缀跟语法有关，派生词缀又可以分为前缀跟后缀，这都是构成新单词的重要元素。从词素的层面来说，词可以分类为简单词，复杂词以及合成词。词素在词的构成中取到非常重要的作用，因为构词的二大过程----合成和附加都涉及到了词素，前者是词素的联合，后者是黏着词素附加到自由词素上。 (二) 词的构成（word-formation） 1/5页 有很多种途径可以构成词汇，大的方面主要有合成法（compounding），派生法(derivation)和转换法(conversion)三种，小的方面主要有八个过程，分别是首字母法(acronym)，混合法(blending)，截短法(clipping)，专有名词(word from proper names)，逆构法(back-formation)，复制法(reduplication)，新古典法(neo-classical famation)以及混杂法(miscellaneous)。
英语词汇学期末论文 题目：浅析英语词汇巧记法 专业：英语 班级：13级3班 学号：201313010309 姓名：黄旷静 完成时间：2015年1月14号
浅析英语词汇巧记法 摘要：词汇是英语学习的基础，没有足够的词汇量就不可能高水平的掌握英语这门外语，而浩瀚的词汇海洋让很多人望而生畏。尽管花费了大量时间精力去背，记忆的效果却差强人意，原因就在于没有使用科学的方法记忆词汇。其实，世间万物都是有规律性的，英语单词的组词与构词方法也有规律，了解了它的规律有利于我们有效甚至高效学习英语单词。为了提高单词记忆的效率，本文从不同方面介绍几种记忆方法。 关键词：词汇科学记忆规律效率 一．读音记忆法 1.拼读法 英语是拼音文字，英语中的单词的读音大多是有规律的，熟悉字母及字母组合的发音规则，掌握正确的拼法与读音之间的关系，可以根据单词的读音，降低记忆难度，正确地拼写单词。 例如ay读[ei]。带有ay字母组合的词，如say，day，way，pay，may，play，spray，不仅发音容易，而且拼写也没有任何困难。Sh ch tion ture 等也都有固定读音，ee发音为i: culture 文化pasture牧场mature 成熟的architecture 建筑学带有true的单词也都能很方便的记忆下来
2.谐音法 尽管有些人认为用这种谐音记忆法记忆单词不科学，不利于正确掌握发音，但实践证明，对尚未掌握外语的构词特点和记词规律的初学者来说，采用谐音法记单词确实能有效地记住一部分难记的单词。但是，在用谐音法记单词时需要特别注意，绝不可将其作为模仿发音的依据，只能作为记忆单词时的谐音联想手段，以加强记忆，而必须按照单词的标准发音去读记，以避免这种记词法干扰正确发音。用谐音法记单词是，根据外语单词的读音到中文中寻找与其读音相似的谐音，寻找到谐音与单词的联系。用这种方法甚至可能达到终身不忘，这也正是谐音记忆法的绝妙之处。 例如：mouth嘴[联想：说话“冒失”的就是嘴] think想[联想：想时要“深刻”] 二．联想法 1.拆分联想 科学研究表明：联想是记忆的基础。世界著名的生理学家巴甫洛夫指出："记忆要依靠联想，而联想则是新旧知识建立联系的产物。”联想法是联想记忆的进一步运用和发展。它是指学习者展开积极丰富的想象力，使所要记忆的知识生动、形象化，通过联想在新旧知识(如英语熟词词义与生词词义)之间建立起一种联系，从而达到以旧带新、快速记忆的目的。
《英语词汇学教程》参考答案 (注：参考答案仅供参考。有些题目的答案并非是唯一的) Chapter 1 1. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Y et, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions uses different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon. 2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door. (2) Y ou boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o‘clock. (3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting. 3. (1) when it follows ?-t‘ and ?-d‘, it is pronounced as [id]; (2) when it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t]; (3) when it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d]. 4. (1)They are words that can be included in a semantic field of ―tree‖. (2)They represent the forms of the verb ―fly‖ and have a common meaning. (3)They belong to a lexical field of ?telephone communication‘.. (4)They are synonyms, related to human visual perception. Specifically, they denote various kinds of ―looking‖. 5. (a) ?blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black) ; ?blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in colour (the primary stress in on black); ?greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black), ?White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black). 0 (b) black ?board: any board which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); black ?bird: any bird which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); grey ?hound: any hound that is grey in colour (both words receive primary stress); ?white ?house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress). 6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words. 7. (a) The ?bull‘ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal. (b) ?Take the bull by the horn‘ is an idiom, meaning ?(having the courage to) deal with someone or something directly.
英语词汇学笔记之“名词解释篇” 2010.1.11济南1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion. 2. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the minimal significant element in the composition of words. 3. Free morphemes or Content morphemes (Free root)--- They are morphemes that may constitute words by themselves : cat, walk. 4. Bound Morphemes or Grammatical morphemes--- They are morphemes that must appear with at least one other morpheme, either bound or free : Catts, walk+ing. 5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of "say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand". 6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or funtion. 7. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional ,thus known as inflectional morphemes. There is the regular plural suffix -s(-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, desks. 8. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes--- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war. 10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y. Derivational morphemes/ derivational affixes --- A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element. Such as prefix, suffix, combing form to an already existing word. Prefixation ---- is the formation of new words by adding prefix or combing form to the base. (It modify the lexical meaning of the base) Suffixation--- is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or combing form to the base and usually changing the word-class of the base. Such as boy. Boyish (noun- adjective) 11. Roo t --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity. 12.Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove. 13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).