Summary Writing of The Lottery
The story started in a small village, which had a small population but a long history. Thus, there was a traditional activity in this village every year, called “the lottery”.
It was a pretty morning of June 27th. The people of the village began to gather together in the square around ten o’clock. The children assembled first, making a great pile of stones in one corner of the square, and filled their pockets with the stones. Sooner, the women arrived after their husbands. They called their children back and started waiting the lottery began.
This lottery was conducted by Mr.Summers, as usual. He came here with the black wooden box, and put it on a three-legged stool, which carried by Mr. Graves, the postmaster of this village. About the black wooden box, everyone knew that it was the one replaced the original one, but no one care about making a new one instead, even as much tradition as was represented by the black Before the lottery, there were something had to be done. Mr.Summers and Mr. Graves made up the slips of paper and put them in the box. Also, there were lists of heads of families, heads of households in each family, members of each household in each family, needed to be made up. And there was the proper swearing-in of Mr.Summers by the postmaster, as the official of the lottery. At last, Mr. Summers had a speech. Just as he finally finished talking, Mrs.Hutchinson came hurriedly. And then, the lottery began.
Mr.Summers asked if everyone was here. Then, each villager came to reach into the black box and took out a folded paper one by one. In this process, people chatted about the lottery, which they were familiar to.
When everybody finished, there was a long pause, until Mr, Summers asked who got the paper. It was Bill Hutchinson. Getting the result, Bill’s wife, Tessie, shouted to Mr.Summers and tried to let her daughter in. Mr.Summers refused these words and started a new turn, among the Hutchinsons. Bill, his wife, and their three children, took the paper one by one as they had done just now. Mr.Summers opened the paper one by one, and the last one, owned by Tessie, was signed.
Mr.Summers told everyone to finished this lottery quickly in the end. And Tessie was in the center of a cleared space by then. The only thing she could do was screaming, while the villagers were throwing the stones on her head.
Article Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong William Kilpatrick Many of today 's young people have a difficult time seeing any moral dimension （ 道德层 面 ） to their actions. There are a number of reasons why that 's true, but none more prominent than a failed system of education that eschews （ 回避 ） teaching children the traditional moral values that bind Americans together as a society and a culture. That failed approach, called “decision - making, ” was introduced in schools 25 years ago. It tells children to decide for themselves what is right and what is wrong. It replaced “character education. （ 品格教 育 ）” Character education didn 't ask children to reinvent the moral wheel （ 浪费时间重新发明早已存 在的道德标准）; instead, it encouraged them to practice habits of courage, justice and self-control. In the 1940s, when a character education approach prevailed, chewing gum; today they worry about robbery and rape. Decision-making curriculums pose thorny （ 棘手的 ） ethical dilemmas to students, with the impression that all morality is problematic and that all questions of right and wrong are in dispute. Youngsters are forced to question values and virtues they 've never acquired in the first place or upon which they have only a tenuous （ 薄弱的 ） hold. The assumption behind this method is that students will arrive at good moral conclusions if only they are given the chance. But the actual result is moral confusion. For example, a recent national study of 1,700 sixth- to ninth-graders revealed that a majority of boys considered rape to be acceptable under certain conditions. Astoundingly, many of the girls agreed. This kind of moral illiteracy is further encouraged by values-education （价值观教育 ） programs that are little more than courses in self-esteem （ 自尊 ）. These programs are based on the questionable assumption that a child who feels good about himself or herself won 't want to do anything wrong. But it is just as reasonable to make an opposite assumption: namely, that a child who has uncritical self-regard w ill conclude that he or she can 't do anything bad. Such naive self-acceptance results in large part from the non-directive （ 无指导性的 ）, non-judgmental （ 无是非观的 ）, as-long-as-you-feel-comfortable-with-your-choices mentality （ 思 想） that has pervaded （ 渗透） public education for the last two and one-half decades. Many of today 's drug education, sex education and values -education courses are based on the same 1960s philosophy that helped fuel the explosion in teen drug use and sexual activity in the first place. Meanwhile, while educators are still fiddling with （ 胡乱摆弄 ） outdated “feel - good ” approaches, New York, Washington, and Los Angeles are burning. Youngsters are leaving school believing that matters of right and wrong are always merely subjective. If you pass a stranger on the street and decide to murder him because you need money —if it feels right —you go with that feeling. Clearly, murder is not taught in our schools, but such a conclusion —just about any conclusion —can be reached and justified using the decision-making method. It is time to consign （ 寄出 ） the fads （风尚 ） of “decision - making ” and “non- judgmentalism ” to the ash heap of failed policies, and return to a proved method. Character education provides a much more realistic approach to moral formation. It is built on an understanding that we learn morality not by debating it but by practicing it. Sample teachers worried about students leaving them
公文常使用的专用词语（超全） 1．称谓语。即公文中对不同的行文对象的特定称谓用语。常见的有“贵”、“该”、“各”、“本”、“我”、“你”、“他”等。写作时，应当根据不同的行文方向和隶属关系，恰当选用，不可随意为之。 2．起首语。即公文的开篇语，它在文中的位置，关系重大。公文写作不可不重视起首语的运用，因为它是行文先锋(开头)的“尖兵”，直接关系到全篇公文的命运。公文中常用的起首语大体上可分为四类：其一，表目的的，如“为”、“为了”等；其二，表根据的，如“根据”、“遵照”、“按照”、“依照”等；其三，表原因的，如“鉴于”、由于”、“随着”等；其四，表态度、方式的，如“兹定于”、“兹有”、“兹派”、“兹将”、“兹介绍”、“欣闻”、“欣悉”等。 3．经办语。常用的有“拟”、“拟定”、“拟于”、“拟子”、“草拟”；“布置”、“部署”、“计划”、“决定”、“安排”、“审定”、“审核”、“审批”、“审签”、“批阅”、“批复”；“出示”、“出具”、“赋予”、“付诸”、“会同”、“会签”、“会审”、“会晤”；“实施”、“施行”、“公布”、”颁布”、“发布”、“颁发”、“颁行”；“报请”、“报告”、“报批”、“报呈”、“呈请”、“呈阅”、“旱签”；“递交”、“申报”、“递送”、“送审”、“传阅”、“提请”；“准予”、“签发”、“签署”、“签证”、“签字”；“业
已”、“业经”、“报经”、“业于”，等等。这类专业术语数量颇多，不胜枚举。 4．时间语。常用的有“最近”、“目前”、“不久前”、“迅即”、“时限”、“时效”、“时宜”、“顷刻”、”过去”、“现在”等等。这些时间语，多系表量模糊而表意准确的模糊语言。 5.期清浯。常用的有“请”、“务请”、“恳请”、“即请”、“请子”、“请示”；“希”、“希望”、“务希”、“即希”、“尚希”、”尚祈”、“尚盼”、“尚望”；“接洽”、“商洽”、“商定”、“商议”、“商酌”；“须即”、“须经”、“务须”、“应子”、“应当”、“悉力”、“悉心”等。 6．向问浯。常用的有“当否”、“妥否”、“可否”、“是否可行”、“是否同意”、“是否妥当”、“意见如何”等。 7．表意语。常用的有“应”、“拟”、“责成”、“批准”、“同意”、“欠妥”、“不妥”、“照办”、“禁止”、“取消”、“力戒”、“力避”、“切勿”、“切记”、“严惩”、“严厉”、“查询”、“查勘”、“查证”、“酌定”、“酌办”等。 8．谦敬语。常用的有“承”、“承蒙”、“不胜”、“大力”、“通力”等。 9．过渡语。即公文层次或段落以及语句前后之间的连缀语。常用的有“为 此”、“现将”、“特作”、“基于”、“对此”、“据此”、“总之”、“由此观之”等。 10．结尾语。即位于公文结尾部分的固定性语句，具有使行文显得简洁凝炼、典雅庄重的功用。常用的有“此令”、
常用词的学术替换 动词替换： 1.Improve 提高： Promote: 促进AC之间的贸易promote the trade between A and C; He was promoted to senior manager in this company. Advance: our understanding of human genetics has considerably(非常的，可换做vastly) advanced. Enhance: the publi city has enhanced his reputation.这次宣传提高了他的名望 2.change 改变： Transform:多指改头换面，完全改变，不能用于形容slight change。说到人口变化：the increasing population has transformed the landscape and structure of local industry structure.人口剧增改变了小镇的景色以及当地的工业结构 3.Emphasize 强调： Highlight：the report highlight the decline in the numbers of native(可以换作local) plants and insects. Stress: He stresses the need for parents to listen to their children. Accentuate: the crisis accentuates the gap between rich and poor. (highlight and emphasize 的区别：highlight是告诉人们重点，因而能够让别人注意，类似于老师勾重点；而emphasize则是使重点清晰，不管别人是否能注意得到。而stress则和emphasize差不多) 4.Develop培养： Cultivate: cultivate the ability of … ；培养情操；cultivate a more relaxed and positive way towards life. Nurture: 养育，同样可以指培养人才（talents）the sea nutures ample marine animals. 5.Break 破坏： Impair：impair ability; 主要是破坏能力，莫乱用。 Undermine这个词也是指的是抽象意义上的破坏，有逐渐削弱之意，重点是循序渐进的过程。Undermine one’s ability/confidence/authority/position/credibility Jeopardize: 不能乱用，破坏的东西要上一定的等级才能配上此词。比如Jeopardize the process of peace.破坏和平进程 Devastate特指毁灭、蹂躏the earthquake devastated the whole city. 6.Keep 保存 Preserve、Conserve 保护资源用的就是这个词，不要用protect，protect这个词用在保护具体的东西。 7.deal With解决 Tackle: tackle the problem. Resolve: resolve dispute争论/conflict冲突/problem/issue/crisis危机；来自拉丁语，比较正式。 8.need 需要 Require：xxx requires courage and confidence. Necessitate: 用法不简单，没有摸透。 call for（这也是个很高级的用法，奥巴马就用这个【我不晓得奥巴马咋个用的，原帖是这样
Original: My neighbor's children love playing hide-and-seek as all children do, but no one imagine that a game they played last week would be reported in the local newspaper. One afternoon, they were playing in the vacant lot down the corner. Young Paul, who is only five years old, found the perfect place to hide. His sister, Natalie, had shut her eyes and was counting to ten when Paul noticed the storage mail box at the corner and saw that the metal door was standing open. The mailman had just taken out several sacks of mail and had carried them to his truck which was standing at the curb a few feet away. Paul climbed into the storage box and pulled the door closed so hard that it locked. Soon realizing what he had done, he became frightened and started crying. Meanwhile, Natalie was looking for him everywhere but could not find him. It was lucky that she happened to pause at the corner for a minute and heard her brother's cries. She immediately ran to tell the mailman who hurried back from his truck to unlock the metal door. Paul was now free, but he had had such a bad scare that he could not stop crying. The mailman, however, soon found a way of making him laugh again. He told him that the next time he wanted to hide in a mail box, he should remember to put a stamp on himself! Summary: The children were playing hide-and-seek in a vacant lot one afternoon. Finding that the storage mailbox had been left open, Paul hid and locked himself in it accidentally. His sister, Natalie, heard his cries and realized where he was hiding, so she immediately told the mailman to unlock the metal door. After letting him out, the mailman made him stop crying by telling him to put a stamp on himself the next he wanted to hide in a mailbox. Original: Why do some animals die out? In the past two hundred years people have caused many kinds of animals to die out--to become extinct. People keep building houses and factories in fields and woods. As they spread over the land, they destroy animals' homes. If the animals can't find a place to live, they die out. Sixteen kinds of Hawaiian birds have become extinct for this reason. Other animals, such as the Florida Key deer, may soon die out because they are losing their homes.Hunters have caused some animals to become extinct, too. In the last century, hunters killed all the passenger pigeons in North America and most of the buffalos. Today they are fast killing off hawks and wolves. Pollution is killing many animals today, too. As rivers become polluted, fish are poisoned. Many die. Birds that eat the poisoned fish can't lay strong, healthy eggs. New birds aren’t born. So far, no animals have become extinct because of pollution. But some, such as the bald eagle and the brown pelican, have become rare and may die out. Scientists think that some animals become extinct because of changes in climate. The places where they live become hotter or cooler, drier or wetter. The food that they eat cannot grow there any more. If the animals can't learn to eat something else, they die. Dinosaurs may have died out for this reason. Summary:
公文写作常用词语 结尾和平行文的结尾。常见的征询用语有“当否、可否、妥否、是否可行、是否妥当、是否同意、如有不当、如无不当、如有不妥、如果不行、如果可行、意见如何”等。 引叙用语 公文中表示引述来文的词语。主要用于批复、复函、指示、决定等文种。常用的引叙用语有“收、接、悉、前收、前接、现收、现接、近收、近接、惊悉、欣悉、收悉、闻、近闻、惊闻、欣闻、喜闻”等。 结尾用语 公文中表示全文结束的词语。不同的文种对结尾用语有不同的要求。如请示的结尾用语可用“以上请示当否，请批复”，“妥否，请批示”，“上述意见如果可行，请批准”等；报告的结尾用语可用“以上报告如有不当，请指示”，“以上报告如无不当，请批转各地执行”等；通告的结尾用语可用“特此通告”，“此告”等。 公文常用特定用语的解释 1.兹因：开端用语，主要用于文章开头，其解释是现在因为。 2. 承蒙：谦敬用语，用于表示谦敬，具体解释为“多亏受到”。 3. 届期：就是到时候的意思。 4. 谢忱：表示“感谢的心意”。如：谨致谢忱；聊表谢忱等。 5. 谨悉：引叙用语，多用于复文引据，表示知道的意思。 6. 以资：把...用来作为...。如：以资鼓励。 7. 鉴于：过渡用语，公文中承上启下的用语，表示因为，考虑到。 8. 顷接：也是用语复文引据，如：倾接慰问电，至感温馨；倾接校友会通报，感非言馨。字面解释为：不久以前。 9. 业经：经办用语，表明进程，经过....（帮助）。 10.责成：拟办用语，用于审批拟办，指定某人或某机构办成某件事。 11.拟请：期请用语，用于表示期望请求。拟：计划，请：请求。 12.如蒙：期请用语，用于表示期望请求。意思是：如果能够得到.... 13.此复：用于复文结尾，表示特此作为回复。 5 公文常用特定用语 类别 用语名称 作用 常用特定用语 1 开端用语 主要用于文章开头，表 示发语、引据 为、为了、为着、查、接、顷接、根据、据、遵照、依照、按照、按、鉴于、关于、兹、兹
一篇英语summary范文英语Summary写第一步：阅读 A.认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 B.给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。 C.现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。 D.简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。 第二步：动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。
B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。 C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。 D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。 E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧： 1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。 2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子： “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”
写作常用词汇 常用短语 立足当前着眼长远抓住机遇应对挑战量力而行 尽力而为全面推进统筹兼顾综合治理切实抓好/减轻扎实推进加快发展持续增收从严控制注重强化 严格执行坚决制止明确职责坚定不移牢牢把握 积极争取深入开展规范改进积极发展努力建设 良性互动优势互补率先发展互惠互利积极稳妥 依法实行全面分析全面贯彻持续推进全面落实/实施逐步扭转基本形成普遍增加基本建立更加完备/完善明显提高/好转不断加强/增效/深化显著改善/增强 大幅提高日趋完善比较充分 做深做细做实 有重点分步骤 不动摇不放弃不改变不妥协 融入全过程、贯穿各方面 进一步形成 积极稳妥落实 自觉按规律办事 常用动词 积累推进推动健全统领协调统筹转变提高
推进实现适应改革创新扩大加强促进巩固保障方向完善加快振兴崛起分工扶持改善调整优化解决宣传教育发挥支持带动帮助深化规范强化统筹指导服务健全确保维护优先贯彻实施深化保证鼓励引导坚持深化强化监督管理开展规划整合理顺推行纠正严格满足推广遏制整治保护健全丰富夯实树立尊重制约适应发扬拓宽拓展规范改进形成调整规范坚持调节取缔调控指导把握弘扬借鉴倡导培育打牢武装凝聚激发说服感召尊重包容树立培育发扬提倡营造促进唱响主张弘扬通达引导疏导着眼吸引塑造搞好履行倾斜惠及简化衔接调处关切汇集分析排查协商化解动员联动激发增进汲取检验保护鼓励完善宽容增强融洽凝聚筑牢考验进取凝聚设置吸纳造就逐步实现 常用名词 关系力度速度反映诉求形势任务体制机制理念意识秩序要务核心主体水平方针结构力度增量比重规模标准办法特色差距渠道纽带主体载体制度需求能力负担体系重点资源职能倾向秩序途径活力项目工程政策
2017年英语写作中高级同义词替换 连词篇：（介词，副词） Firstly: previously, beforehand, foremost, initially, originally, formerly, principally, mainly, essentially, basically, generally, commonly, universally, on the whole, fundamentally, to begin with, to start with, first of all, at the outset… Then: subsequently, afterward, thereafter, after that, secondarily, what is more, furthermore (further more)… Lastly:ultimately, eventually, in conclusion, to conclude, as a final point, last of all, last but not least, finally… Too: as well (句末)也, in addition, besides, moreover, additionally, to boot, excessively, also… And: plus, as well as, along with, in addition, bonus, with… Or: otherwise, if not, before, or else… So (adv): therefore, thus, consequently, accordingly, as a result, for that reason, hence, that’s why Because: as, due to, since, as to, in that, for the reason that, for, now that…
摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。 第一步：阅读 A．认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 B．给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。C．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。 D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。 第二步：动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。 B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。 C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。 D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。 1 / 19
E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧： 1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。 2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。 5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 2 / 19
机关公文写作常用词语 "新"系列 新形势新任务新挑战新机遇新情况新问题新困难新对策新办法新局面新气象 "者"系列 守护者保护者守望者践行者组织者协调者旁观者教育者监督者管理者设计者引导者实施者指导者协助者决策者参与者 "外号"系列 (个人)先行官火车头老黄牛活地图辖区通减压阀助推器 （集体）大熔炉主旋律接力赛 "性"系列 自觉性时效性可操作性复杂性积极性实效性机制性特殊性主动性有效性体制性多变性创造性坚定性保障性危险性准确性阶段性流动性盲目性目的性层次性稳定性实用性预见性启发性全局性科学性前瞻性警示性局部性局限性针对性苗头性根本性约束性普遍性倾向性长期性理论性典型性经常性精确性系统性示范性思想性果敢性完整性必要性知识性坚韧性多样性重要性趣味性敏感性服务性先进性随意性警惕性指导性优越性反复性技术性思想性全局性前瞻
性战略性创新性指导性可操作性目标性 "感"系列 使命感责任感危机感紧迫感荣誉感成就感自豪感归属感认同感幸福感满足感忧郁感孤独感失落感"化"系列 信息化、科学化、数字化、标准化、集约化、精细化、机制系统化、办案法制化、打击专业化、防范网络化、警务信息化向心力凝聚力洞察力执行力推动力战斗力保障力驾驭力自控力亲和力号召力感召力语言表达能力文字写作能力组织协调能力团队协作能力 "意识"系列 全局意识整体意识奉献意识谋划意识机遇意识任务意识形象意识责任意识学习意识创新意识进取意识危机意识自我保护意识忧患意识 "三字经"创一流树标杆当标兵树形象展风采显特色出实招做实事攻难点查隐患堵漏洞正警风聚警心明职责聚合力建堡垒强管控强基础求实效求突破求改进求规范谋长效谋发展谋打赢 "一" 一股绳一盘棋一颗钉一班人一条心一股劲一面旗一座山一堵墙一支笔一条枪一块砖一条龙一把手 "一种" （这个类别稍微解释一下，可以用来起排比递进式
英语六级写作中常用词的替换词 1) 大多数人most people→ the majority of the population 2) 经常often→frequently 3) 我相信I believe→ from my standpoint, from my perspective 4) 必须must→ it is a must for us to… 5) 知道know→ be aware of 6) 因为because→in that 7) 最后at last→eventually 8) 然而but→however 9) 如果if→provided that 10) 各行各业的人all kinds of people→people from all walks of life 11) 引起，导致lead to→contribute to 12) 人people→individuals 13) 好的good→desirable, beneficial 14) 怀的bad→undesirable 15) 很多many→ numerous 16) 越来越more and more→ a(n) increasing/mounting number of 17) 很very→extremely 18) 方面side→aspects 19) 表明show→demonstrate, indicate 20) 利用use→utilize 21) 因此/结果so→therefore 22) 部分part→proportion 23) 提高improve→enhance 24) 改变change→transform 25) 强调/重视emphasize→ attach great importance to 26) 培养develop→cultivate 27) 破坏destroy→undermine 28) 解决deal with →tackle /figure out 29) 普遍的everywhere→universal 30) 明显的obvious→apparent 31) 在当今社会in the modern society→in the current society 32) 使make→enable 5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（强烈推荐）6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（强烈推荐）
英文s u m m a r y写作范 例
Article Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong William Kilpatrick Many of today’s young people have a difficult time seeing any moral dimension (道德层面) to their actions. There are a number of reasons why that’s true, but none m ore prominent than a failed system of education that eschews (回避) teaching children the traditional moral values that bind Americans together as a society and a culture. That failed approach, called “decision-making,” was introduced in schools 25 years ago. It tells children to decide for themselves what is right and what is wrong. It replaced “character education. (品格教育)” Character education didn’t ask children to reinvent the moral wheel (浪费时间重新发明早已存在的道德标准); instead, it encouraged them to practice habits of courage, justice and self-control. In the 1940s, when a character education approach prevailed, teachers worried about students chewing gum; today they worry about robbery and rape. Decision-making curriculums pose thorny (棘手的) ethical dilemmas to students, leaving them with the impression that all morality is problematic and that all questions of right and wrong are in dispute. Youngsters are forced to question values and virtues they’ve never acquired in the first place or upon which they have only a tenuous (薄弱的) hold. The assumption behind this method is that students will arrive at good moral conclusions if only they are given the chance. But the actual result is moral confusion. For example, a recent national study of 1,700 sixth- to ninth-graders revealed that a majority of boys considered rape to be acceptable under certain conditions. Astoundingly, many of the girls agreed. This kind of moral illiteracy is further encouraged by values-education (价值观教育) programs that are little more than courses in self-esteem (自尊). These programs are based on the questionable assumption that a child who feels good about himself or herself won’t want to do anything wrong. But it is just as reasonable to make an opposite assumption: namely, that a child who has uncritical self-regard will conclude that he or she can’t do anything bad. Such naive self-acceptance results in large part from the non-directive (无指导性的), non-judgmental (无是非观的), as-long-as-you-feel-comfortable-with-your-choices mentality (思想) that has pervaded (渗透) public education for the last two and one-half decades. Many of today’s drug education, sex education and values-education courses are based on the same 1960s philosophy that helped fuel the explosion in teen drug use and sexual activity in the first place. Meanwhile, while educators are still fiddling with (胡乱摆弄) outdated “feel-good” approaches, New York, Washington, and Los Angeles are burning. Youngsters are leaving school believing that matters of right and wrong are always merely subjective. If you pass a stranger on the street and decide to murder him because you need money—if it feels right—you go with that feeling. Clearly, murder is not taught in our schools, but such a conclusion—just about any conclusion—can be reached and justified using the decision-making method. It is time to consign (寄出) the fads (风尚) of “decision-making” and “non-judgmentalism” to the ash heap of failed policies, and return to a proved method. Character education provides a much more realistic approach to moral formation. It is built on an understanding that we learn morality not by debating it but by practicing it.