Lesson 1
HOW DOES A MARINE DIESEL ENGINE WORK?
The diesel engine is a type of internal combustion engine which ignites the fuel by injecting it into hot, high pressure air in a combustion chamber. The marine diesel engine is a type of diesel engine used on ships. The principle of its operation is as follows:
A charge of fresh air is drawn or pumped into the engine cylinder and then compressed by the moving piston to very high pressure.
When the air is compressed, its temperature rises so that it ignites the fine spray of fuel injected into the cylinder. The burning of the fuel adds more heat to the air charge, causing it to expand and force the engine piston to do work on the crankshaft which in turn drives the ship's propeller.
The operation between two injections is called a cycle, which consists of a fixed sequence of events. This cycle may be achieved either in four strokes or two. In a four-stroke diesel engine, the cycle requires four separate strokes of the piston, i.e. suction, compression, expansion and exhaust. If we combine the suction and exhaust operations with the compression and expansion strokes, the four-stroke engine will be turned into a two-stroke one, as is shown in Figures l (a)-(d).
The two-stroke cycle begins with the piston coming up from the bottom of its stroke, i.e. bottom dead centre (BDT), with the air inlet ports or scavenge ports in the sides of the cylinder being opened (Fig. 1 (a)). The exhaust ports are uncovered also. Pressurised fresh air charges into the cylinder, blowing out any residual exhaust gases from the last stroke through the exhaust ports.
As the piston moves about one fifth of the way up, it closes the inlet ports and the exhaust ports. The air is then compressed as the piston moves up (Fig. 1 (b)).
When the piston reaches the top of its stroke, i.e. the top dead center (TDC), both the pressure and the temperature of the air rise to very high values. The fuel injector injects a fine spray of fuel oil into the hot air and combustion takes place, producing much higher pressure in the gases.
The piston is forced downward as the high pressure gases expand (Fig. 1 (c)) until it uncovers the exhaust ports. The burnt gases begin to exhaust (Fig. 1(d)) and the piston continues down until it opens the inlet ports. Then another cycle begins.
In the two-stroke engine, each revolution of the crankshaft makes one power or working stroke, while in the four-stroke engine, it takes two revolutions to make one power stroke. That is why a two stroke cycle engine will theoretically develop twice the power of a four stroke engine of the same size. Inefficient scavenging and other losses, however, reduce the power advantage to about 1.8.
Each type of engine has its application on board ship. The low speed (i.e. 90 to 120 r/min) main propulsion diesel operates on the two-stroke cycle. At this low speed the engine requires no reduction gearbox between it and propeller. The four-stroke engine (usually rotating at medium speed, between 250 to 750 r/min) is used for alternators and sometimes for main propulsion with a gearbox to provide a propeller speed of between 90 to 120 r/min.
READING MATERIAL
WORKING CYCLES
A diesel engine may be designed to work on the two-stroke or on the four-stroke cycle. Both of them are explained below.
The Four-Stroke Cycle
Figure 2 shows diagrammatically the sequence of events throughout the typical four-stroke cycle of two revolutions. It is usual to draw such diagrams starting at TDC (firing) but the explanation will start at TDC (scavenge). Top dead centre is some times referred to as inner dead centre (IDC).
Proceeding clockwise round the diagram, both inlet (or suction) and exhaust valves are initially open. (All modern four-stroke engines have poppet valves.) If the engine is naturally aspirated, or is a small high-speed type with a centrifugal turbocharger, the period of valve overlap, i.e. when both valves are open, will be short, and the exhaust valve will close some 10o after top dead centre (ATDC).
Propulsion engines and the vast majority of auxiliary generator engines running at speeds below 1,000 r/min will almost certainly be turbocharged and will be designed to allow a generous throughflow of scavenge air at this point in order to control the turbine blade temperature. In this case the exhaust valve will remain open until exhaust valve closure (EVC) at 50-60o ATDC. As the piston descends to outer or bottom dead centre (BDC) on the suction stroke, it will inhale a fresh charge of air. To maximise this, balancing the reduced opening as the valve seats against the slight ram or inertia effect of the incoming charge, the inlet (suction) valve will normally held open until about 25-35o ABTC (145-155o BTDG). This event is called inlet valve closure (IVC). The charge is then compressed by the rising piston until it has attained a temperature of some 550o C. At about 10-20o BTDC (firing), depending on the type and speed of the engine, the injector admits finely atomised fuel which ignites within 2-7o (depending on the type again) and the fuel burns over a period of 30-50o, while the piston begins to descend on the expansion stroke, the piston movement usually helping to induce air movement to assist combustion.
At about 120-150o ATDC the exhaust valve opens (EVO), the timing being chosen to promote a very rapid blow-down of the cylinder gases to exhaust. This is done: (a) to preserve as much energy as is practicable to drive the turbocharger, and (b) to reduce the cylinder pressure to a minimum by BDC to reduce pumping work on the 'exhaust' stroke. The rising piston expels the remaining exhaust gas and at about 70-80o BTDC the inlet valve opens (IVO) so that the inertia of the outflowing gas, plus the positive pressure difference, which usually exists across the cylinder by now, produces a through flow of air to the exhaust to ’scavenge’ the cylinder.
If the engine is naturally aspirated the IVO is about 10o BTIDC. The cycle now repeats.
The Two-Stroke Cycle
Figure 3 shows the sequence of events in a typical two-stroke cycle, which, as the name implies, is accomplished in one complete revolution of the crank. Two-stroke engines invariably have ports to admit air when uncovered by the descending piston. The exhaust may be via ports adjacent to the air ports and controlled by the same piston (loop scavenge) or via poppet exhaust valves at the other end of the cylinder (uniflow scavenge).
Starting at TDC combustion is already under the way and the exhaust opens (EO) at 110-120o ATDC to promote a rapid blow-down before the inlet opens (IO) about 20-30o later (130-150o ATDC). In this way the inertia of the exhaust gases-- moving at about the speed of sound-- is
contrived to encourage the incoming air to flow quickly through the cylinder with a minimum of mixing, because any unexpelled exhaust gas detracts from the weight air entrained for the next stroke.
The exhaust should close before the inlet on the compression stroke to maximise the charge, but the geometry of the engine may prevent this if the two events are piston controlled. It can be done in an engine with exhaust valves.
At all events the inlet ports will be closed as many degrees ABDC as opened before it (i.e. again 130-150o BTDC) and the exhaust in the same region.
Injection commences at about 10-20o BTDC depending on speed and combustion lasts 30-50o, as with the four-stroke.
Lesson 39 Maritime Labour Convention 2006 Text The Maritime Labour Convention(MLC2006)was adopted by ILO in February2006,which provides comprehensive rights and protection at work for the world’s more than 1.2 million seafarers. Regulation 2.3-Hours of work and hours of rest. Purpose:To ensure that seafarers have regulated hours of work or hours of rest. 1.Each Member shall ensure that the hours of work or hours of rest for seafarers are regulated. 2.Each Member shall establish maximum hours of work or minimum hours of work rest over given periods that are consistent with the provisions in the Code. Standard A 2.3-Hours of work and hours of rest 1.For the purpose of this Standard,the term: (a)hours of work means time during which seafarers are required to do work on account of the ship ; (b)Hours of rest means time outside hours of work ;this term does not include short breaks. 2.Each Member shall within the limits set out in paragraphs 5 to 8 of this Standard fix either a maximum number of hours of work which shall not be exceeded in a given period of time ,or a minimum number of hours
专业词汇Special Terms 第一部分柴油机 Diesel Engine 二冲程船用柴油机 two stroke marine diesel engine 四冲程船用柴油机 four stroke marine diesel engine 高（中，低）速柴油机 high(medium,lower)speed engine 气缸 cylinder 气缸盖 cylinder cover(cylinder head) 苏尔寿发动机 Sulzer engine B&W型发动机 Burmeister and Wain engine 哥塔维根型发动机 Gotaverken engine 曼恩型发动机 M.A.N.engine V型发动机 V-type engine 直流扫气式发动机 uniflow scavenging type engine 回流扫气式发动机 loop flow scavenging type engine 横流扫气式发动机 crow-flow scavenging type
engine 十字头式发动机 crosshead engine 筒形活塞式发动机 trunk-ppiston engine 涡轮增压式发动机 turbocharge engine 固定部件 fixed parts 耐磨部件 wear parts 运动部件 moving parts 互换部件 interchangeable parts 气缸套 cylinder liner 示功阀 indicator cock(indicator valve) 安全阀 safety valve 气缸启动阀cylinder air starting valve 缸套顶圈 head ring for cylinder liner 排气阀 exhaust valve 进气阀 air inlet valve(suction valve) 气阀传动机构 valve driving mechanism 顶杆 tapper rod 推杆 push rod
轮机英语词汇 1、pump 泵 ①Supply pump供给泵②transfer pump 输送泵 ③circulating pump 循环泵④bilge pump 舱底水泵 ⑤ballast pump 压载水泵 1、tank ①drain tank 泄放柜②service tank 日用柜 ③settling tank沉淀柜④storage tank 储存柜 ⑤circulating tank 循环柜⑥used oil tank 废油柜 ⑦buffer tank 缓冲柜⑧overflow tank 溢流柜 ⑨Collecting tank 收集柜⑩expansion water tank 膨胀水箱 2、water ①sea water (S.W.) 海水②fresh water (F.W.)淡水 ③operating water 工作水④sanitary water 卫生水 ⑤washing water冲洗水⑥refilling water 再注水 ⑦feed water给水⑧condensate water 冷凝水 ⑨bilge water 舱底水⑩sewage污水 2、oil ①fuel oil (F.O.) 燃油②lubricating oil (L.O.) 滑油 ③engine oil 机油④cylinder oil 气缸油 ⑤diesel oil (D.O.) 柴油⑥turbine oil 透平油 ⑦cool oil 冷却油⑧seal oil 密封油 3、temperature (temp) 温度 4、flow 流量 5、pressure（press）压力 6、power 功率 10、level 液位 11、vibration 振动 12、normal/abnormal 正常/异常 13、main/auxiliary (aux.) 主要/辅助的 14、inlet/exhaust 进气/排气 15、fire alarm 火警 16、fail/failure 故障 17、overload 过载 18、no-voltage 失电 19、leak/leakage 泄漏 20、wrong-way 错向 21、insulation(insul) 绝缘 22、oil mist 油雾 23、viscosity 粘度 24、density 浓度 25、salinity 盐度 26、oil content 油含量
研究生英语系列教材上第9单元 A 篇参考译文 住房危机走向郊区 在过去的五年里;弗吉尼亚州费尔法克斯县的住房价格增长速度是家庭收入增长速度的12倍。今天，该县中等家庭不得不将其收入的54%用于购买位于该县的普通住房;在2000这个数字是26%。形势如此严峻，以至于费尔法克斯县最近开始对年收入90，000美元的家庭提供住房补贴;很快，这个数字可能提高到I10，000美元。 1. 富兰克林·罗斯福总统曾经说经济大萧条造成1/3的美国人住房简陋、衣衫楼兰、营养不良，然而70午后的今天，美国人却是穿着考究、营养日益过剩。但是，廉价房稀缺是一场日益加深的民族危机，而不仅仅是依靠福利为生的城市家庭的危机。这个问题己经波及中产阶级，并向郊区蔓延，在那里服务工作者及其家属挤在过于狭小的公寓里，大学毕业生不得不借宿在父母家，而消防队员、警察和教师在他们所服务的社区也买不起房。 2．住房拥有率接近历史最高位，但有房户和无房户之间的差距越来越大，有房子离工作单位80英里远的有房户之间的差距也越来越大。现在，1／3的美国人花费至少30%的收人用于住房，联邦政府将这种情况定义为"无力支付"的负担，而有一半的穷打工仔花费至少50%的收人用于租房，这种情况被称为"极其严重"的负担。在过去
10午里，房地产迅猛发展，这使得在此之前就已经购置房产的美国人大赚特赚了一把，但现在廉价房对中、低收人的美国人来说，是一个比税收、社会保险、汽油价、格更严重的问题。 3美国曾经非常关注廉价房间题。1934午和1937午，罗斯福签署了住房立法，提供抵押贷款、攻府公寓，并为那些穷困潦倒的工人提供建筑工作。1949午，国会树立了官方目标---- "让每一个美国家庭都能拥有一个体面的家和宜居环境，"而到了1974年，尼克松总统开始对数以百万计的低收入租户在私有住房方面提供租金补贴凭单。半个世纪以来，在华盛顿发生的大多数住房方面的辩论都围绕着一个主题:即应该在多大程度上扩大联邦政府的资助。 4. 但在过去20年中，唯一的联邦住房新提案就是H0P VI，也就是克林顿政府拆毁80，000单位的最羞公共住房，重建混合收人寓所来取而代之。该计划己经拆除了大部分高度危险的房子，它们曾使公共住房声名狼藉，并己重建了一些城市的社区。但是它更多的是把享有补贴的公寓房夷为平地而不是取而代之。 5．总的来说，自90年代初以来，接受联邦援助的家庭数己经降到最低，尽管人口不断增加，预算不断膨胀。美国国会已经拒绝了美国总统布什提出的大部分的削减计划，但几乎没有讨论过增加计划；廉价房的倡导者花费的大部分时间都被用于努力争取保持现状。 6．而现状真是很艰难。今天，有450万低收人家庭享受联邦住房救助，还有3倍于此的家庭符合被救助资格，却拿不到救助。费尔法克斯县有12，000户家庭在排队轮候4，000套救助公寓。"这太宝贵了，
北极星电力 中国电力联盟 孤独不孤 5854210 zzw19890219 豆丁 5854210 汽轮机英语词汇 TURBINE VOCABULARY I Power station电站 1. power station电站 2. power plant电站，发电设备 3. utility电力部门 4.independent power producer (IPP)独立发电项目，独立发电站 5.nuclear power station核电站 6. thermal power station火电站 7. fossil (fired) power plant化石燃料电站，常规火电站 8. combined heat power (CHP) plant热电联供机组 9. steam power plant蒸汽电站，蒸汽发电设备 10. cogeneration power station热电联供电站 11. coal fired power plant燃煤电站 12. oil fired power plant燃油电站 13. gas filed power plant燃气电站 14. LNG power plant (liquefied natural gas)燃液化天然气电站 15. BoP (balance of plant)电站辅机 16. I&C (instrumentation and control)仪表和控制系统 II Turbine透平，涡轮 17. Turbine透平，涡轮 18. steam turbine汽轮机 19. gas turbine燃气轮机 20. nuclear turbine核电汽轮机 21. fossil turbine火电汽轮机
轮机英语名词性专业术语的特点及翻译摘要：研究轮机英语名词性专业术语的特点，重点探讨轮机英语名词性专业术语 构词特点、词法特点和语义特点，并讨论轮机英语名词性专业术语的翻译方法和 翻译技巧． 关键词：轮机英语；名词性专业术语；特点；翻译技巧 The characteristics of nominal terms of marine engineering English and their translation Abstract The characteristics of special nominal terms of marine engineering English are explored with a focus on three aspects----word formation，morphology and semantics．The translation techniques employed in translating special nominal terms of marine engineering English are also discussed． Key words marine engineering English；special nominal terms；characteristics； translation techniques 0 引言 轮机英语中有大量的名词性专业术语，这些术语在构词法、词法和语义等方面都有它自身的特点，这些特点又决定了其在汉译时必须选取特定的翻译方法和翻译技巧，因此，掌握轮机英语名词性专业术语的特点以及了解相应的翻译方法和技巧对于学习和翻译轮机英语是非常重要的．确实有一批工程技术人员，他们了解船舶机械的构造和原理，英语功底也比较好，而且对翻译表现出浓厚的兴趣，但是在翻译轮机英语时常常会感到茫然，原因之一可能就是由于对轮机英语中名词性专业术语的特点不够熟悉，对相应的翻译方法和翻译技巧缺乏分析和掌握．本文尝试归纳出轮机英语名词性专业术语的几个特点，并有针对性地提出翻译方法和技巧，以期对提高轮机英语的翻译质量有所帮助． 1 轮机英语名词性专业术语的特点 轮机英语属于科技英语，其词汇具有科技英语词汇的特点，如大量使用专用词汇，常用词汇具有专业意义，词性的转换较多等等．此外，轮机英语名词性专
汽轮机常用英文缩写（一） BOPMS balance of plant master system 主控顺序 BP base plate 底版，支撑板 BPSbypass control system 旁路控制系统 BRG bearing 轴承 BW backwash 反洗 BYP bypass 旁路 CAB cabinet 小室 CAEP condenser air extraction pump 真空泵 CAV cavity 空腔 CAVIT cavitation 汽蚀 CC closing coil 闭式循环 CCCW closed circuit cooling water CCCWP closed circuit cooling water pump 却水泵 CCW condenser circulating water A/M ADS AGC AOP AOV AST A-STP A-STRT ATC auto/manual 自动/ 手动 automatic dispatch system automatic generator control auxiliaty oil pump air operated valve automatic stop trip auto stop auto start 自动调度系统 机组自动发电控制 辅助油泵 汽动门 自动停机跳闸系统 自动停止 自动启动 automatic turbine control 汽轮机自动控制 A-TRIP auto trip AUX auxiliary BAF baffle BASE base BBL barrel BF boiler follow BKUP backup 自动跳闸 辅助的 隔板 基本方式 圆筒型支架 锅炉跟随方式 备用 机组辅助设备 闭式循环冷却水 闭式循环冷 循环水
轮机英语听力会话评估教材分析与教学策略 发表时间：2018-01-17T11:16:54.007Z 来源：《教育学文摘》2018年1月总第252期作者：林红[导读] 对第四版轮机英语听力与会话教材和教学策略进行分析。以评估规范为突破口，分析学生现存问题，探讨更好地引导教学与复习的有效方法，进而学以致用，扎实提高课堂教学质量，实现轮机英语听力与会话教学整体持续提升。林红青岛远洋船员职业学院外语系山东青岛266000 摘要：本文根据中国海事局颁布的《海船船员适任评估大纲》，对第四版轮机英语听力与会话教材和教学策略进行分析。以评估规范为突破口，分析学生现存问题，探讨更好地引导教学与复习的有效方法，进而学以致用，扎实提高课堂教学质量，实现轮机英语听力与会话教学整体持续提升。 关键词：轮机英语听力与会话教材教学策略为提高轮机英语教学质量，提高学生的轮机英语听说能力，根据中国海事局颁布的《海船船员适任评估大纲》，作为二三管轮，他们应当具备必要的会话能力。因此，合理分析教材，实施有效的会话教学是达到评估大纲的基本。 一、评估规范考查内容 综观第三版与第四版的轮机英语听力与会话的总体特征，大家不难看出主导方向不变，题型没有改变，适任评估规范没有变动，试题范围稍有变化，试题主要对学生的考查体现在关注知识理解和应用基础上，重点关注轮机英语的听说能力。对教师而言，考查“过程与方法”教学，实现有效地引领教学方向的作用。适任评估内容主要包括：公共英语、机舱日常业务、与驾驶台联系、应急情况下的用语、对外业务联系用语、PSC/ISM检查用语六章65个节点的考查内容。 二、教材考查分析 中国海事服务中心组织编审的第四版轮机英语听力与会话，围绕着《海船船员适任评估大纲》设计，细化了每一章节考题，具体表现为将每一章节由一部分的听力训练改为听说训练，划分为客观题题源训练和主观题题源训练两部分。其中轮机英语听力与会话适任评估教材由第三版的2043题变为第四版2120题，第四版轮机英语听力与会话共增加了206题，具体表现为单句减少了46题，对话增加了210题，短文增加了176题。根据第四版轮机英语听力与会话可以看出，除了PSC/ISM检查的短文保持32篇不变之外，其余各章节均有不同程度的增减，公共英语减少题数为84题，除去第三版词汇图片题129题，第一章公共英语部分统计为单句减少2题，对话增加31题，短文增加16篇。机舱日常业务增加题数为最多，共计153，其中单句减少21题，对话增加94题，短文增加80篇。与驾驶台联系题数增加为46题，其中单句减少5题，对话增加23题，短文增加28篇。应急情况下用语增加19题，其中单句增加4题，对话增加35题，短文减少12篇。对外业务联系增加77题，其中单句增加5题，对话增加40题，短文增加32篇。PSC/ISM检查减少32题，其中单句减少19题，对话减少13题，短文维持不变。 三、目前教学存在问题 客观分析，一是试题图中信息含量增加。学生的听辨和思维能力跟不上，导致学情达不到考题高度。二是听力评估中的语速保持不一致，增加的新题语速偏快。在一定程度上，增加了学生的辨音难度。综合上述分析，我们轮机英语听力与会话教学需要关注下列问题： 1.学生英语基础薄弱，词汇量少 听说是轮机工程学生进入远洋海上生活的必备技能。现如今学生由于词汇量有限，无法自行甄别可用于区分不同题目并方便辩识、记忆的关键词，对题目的理解与记忆形成了很大的障碍。从学生失分较多的题目看，学生听题不准确、对题干要求不注意，获取有效语言信息能力不足。 2.学生缺乏良好的学风，自我控制能力差 学生的自我约束力较差，有部分学生把主要精力放在休闲娱乐上，影响了正常的学习、生活。 四、轮机英语听力与会话教学策略 众所周知，轮机英语听力与会话适任评估主基调是固定试题，突出的是听力训练和口语表达为主。第四版的口语评估试题中，许多知识点反复考查，但试题承载考查的方法都是变化的应用，既有形式上的创新，也有本质上的突破。那么，面对英语听力与口语评估，我们应该如何实施教学策略？我认为可以从两个方面展开： 1.确定内容。以课程理念内容为思维、方法和能力方面的指导，以大纲为教与学的标准，以轮机英语听力与会话为教学基础，按以下几个方面选择复习： （1）分析判断、概括归纳和说明原理：加工处理从图和有关资料中获取的各种信息，分析、比较、判断、归纳形成结论。 （2）应用的能力：能将书本知识、原理等运用到口语评估中，进行解释和解答的能力。在不同的模块中去迁移，以达到能够解决英语听说中的困难。 2.实施策略 （1）立足大纲，明确评估考试方向。《中华人民共和国海船船员适任评估规范》涉及课程内容的共有65条，对适任评估规范最好是逐条进行专题性落实。透彻适任评估规范，会使我们教学目标更精准，教学方法更合理，课堂更加和谐与高效。 （2）立足学情，整合教材和资源。我们应该根据学生的实际状况，对教材以及其他教学资源进行整合。 （3）有效讲练，提高综合素养。讲练是密不可分的两个部分。平时讲练是为了学生学会、理解。复习时讲练是为了学生应用和提升。这其间切实都渗透着学生综合素质的提升。有些教学内容不能都拓展，但是尽量做到讲后必练。我的有效方法是就原题讲，同时归纳相关试题。同时要引导学生拓展思维，学会方法迁移，引导学生由学习课本知识原理，转变为让知识在实践情境中的运用，而不是死记硬背教材原有知识以及原有知识的生搬硬套。
船舶英语 目录 一.职位及工种 (Titles and type of work) (1) 二、柴油机类 (Words about diesel engine) (3) 三、船舶机械类 (Words about marine machinery) ·· 11 四、阀门(Words about valve) (14) 五、泵类(Words about pump) (16) 六、甲板机械类（Deck machinery） (18) 七、工具类(Word about tools) (20) 八、常用物料(Material in common use) 26 九、常用紧固件 (Part of fixation in common use) (28) 十、常用油类(Oil in common use) (28) 十一、常用量词 (Quantifier in common use) (29) 十二、国家名称(Name of country) 。 30 十三、常用缩语 (abbreviation in common use) (31) 十四、船用动态常用单词(marine tends word) 32 十五、船舶机电设备操作词汇 (manipulate of marine equipment) ·33 十六、故障常用单词 (words about malfunction) (35) 十七、保养检修常用词汇 (Words about maintain and examination) 38 十八、常用数字(Numeral in common use) 40 十九、时间、季节与方向 (Time、Season and Direction) (42) 二十常用词组（Phrases in common use）·45 二十一、常用动词和例句 (Verb in common use and example) (48) 二十二、问候和常用表达语 (Greeting and common expression) (67) 二十三、主机提交过程用语 (Delivery expressions for main engine) 68 二十四、空压机和空气系统用语 (Air compressor and Air system) (75) 二十五、锅炉提交用语 (Delivery expressions for boiler) (77) 二十六、锚绞车提交过程用语(Delivery expressions for anchor windlass) 79 二十七、舵机提交过程用语 (Steering gear delivering) (87) 二十八、付机提交过程用语 （Delivery expression for A/E） (91) 二十九、救生艇提交过程用语 (Delivery expressions for lifeboat) ··92 三十、其他提交项目 (Delivery expressions for other items) (95) 三十一、甲板机械系泊试验 (Mooring test for deck machinery) (96) 三十二、机舱设备系泊试验 (Mooring test for the equipment in E/R) (98) 三十三、谈论故障常用语 （Expressions for trouble） (100) 三十四、谈论检修常用语 (Expressions for overhaul) (101) 三十五、谈论试验和检验 (Talking about test & check) (103) 三十六、谈论技术要求 (Talking about technology required) (105) 一．职位及工种(Titles and type of work) 1．船长 Captain 2．大副 Chief officer 3．二副 Second officer 4．三副 Third officer 5．四副 Fourth officer 6．水手长 Boatswain 7．水手 Sailor & Seaman 8．木匠 Carpenter 9．轮机长 Chief engineer 10．大管轮 Second engineer 11．二管轮 Third engineer 12．三管轮 Fourth engineer 13．机匠长 Chief motorman 15．机匠 Fitter 16．加油工 Oil man 17．大电 Chief electrician 18．电工 Electrician 19．车间主任 Workshop director 20．工长 Section chief 21．班长 Fore man 22．钳工 Fitter 23．主管工程师 Engineer in charge 24．机务&船东 Superintendent &Super &Owner 25．助理工程师 Assistant engineer 26．验船师（机）Register 27．验船师（船）Surveyor 28．油漆工 Painter 29．焊工 Welder 30．大橱 Chief cook 31．物料员 Store keeper 32．加油工 Oiler 33．机工 Mechanic 34．甲板员 Deck man 35．电线工 Wireman 36．外包工 Laborer 37．铸工 Molder 38．管子工 Pipe fitter 39．起重工 Crane operator 二、柴油机类(Words about diesel engine) 1．主机 Main engine 2．二冲程柴油机 Two-stroke diesel engine 3．四冲程柴油机 Fore-stroke diesel engine 4．高速柴油机 High speed diesel engine 5．中速柴油机 Middle speed diesel engine 6．低速柴油机 Low speed diesel engine 7．气缸盖(缸头) Cylinder head 8．安全阀 Safety valve 9．释放阀 Relief valve 10．示功阀 Indicator valve 11．示功考克 Indicator cock 12．空气起动阀 Air starting valve 13．起动空气分配器 Air starting distributor 14．油头(燃油喷射器) Fuel injector 15．排气阀 Exhaust valve 16．气缸套 Cylinder liner 17．冷却水套 Cooling water jacket 18．气缸注油器 Cylinder lubricator 19．活塞 Piston 20．活塞头 Piston crown 21．活塞裙 Piston skirt 22．活塞销 Piston gudgeon pin 24．活塞杆 Piston rod 25．活塞环 Piston ring 26．活塞环槽 Piston ring groove 27．压缩环 (气环) Compression ring 28．刮油环 (油环) Oil scraper ring 29．减磨令 Wear ring (copper ring) 30．伸缩管(水拉管) Telescopic pipe 31．活塞冷却空间 Piston cooling space 32．填料箱(函) Stuffing box 33．填料箱密封环Sealing ring for Stuffing box 34．填料箱压缩环 Pressure ring for Stuffing box 35．填料箱刮油环Scraper ring for Stuffing box 36．扫气箱 Scavenging receiver 37．扫气口 Scavenging port 38．排气口 Exhaust port 39．十字头 Cross head 40．十字头销 Crosshead pin 41．十字头轴承 Crosshead bearing 42．十字头滑块 Crosshead slipper 43．滑块 Guide shoe 44．十字头导板 Crosshead guide plate 45．连杆 Connecting rod 46．连杆大端轴承 Bid end bearing 47．连杆小端轴承 Small end bearing 48．曲柄轴承 Crank bearing 49．曲柄销 Crank pin 50．曲轴 Crank shaft 51．曲轴颈 Crank journal 52．曲柄臂 Crank web 53．拐档差 Crank deflection 54．主轴承 Main bearing 55．主轴颈 Main journal 56．轴承瓦 Bearing bush 57．上轴瓦 Upper bearing bush 58．上轴瓦 Upper half 59．下轴瓦 Lower bearing bush 60．下轴瓦 Lower half 61．推力轴承 Thrust bearing 62．推力块 Thrust pad 63．推力盘 Thrust disc 64．推力轴 Thrust shaft 65．底座 Bed plate 66．机架 Frame 67．曲柄箱 Crank case 68．曲柄箱导门 Crank case door 69．曲柄箱防爆门 Explosion-proof Crank case. 70．定时齿轮 Timing gear 71．飞轮 Flying wheel 72．凸轮 Cam 73．凸轮轴 Cam shaft 74．喷油凸轮 Fuel injection cam 75．链条 Chain 76．链条轮 Chain wheel 77．链条箱 Chain box 78．推杆 Push rod 79．摇臂 Rocker arm 80．排气阀 Exhaust valve 81．吸气阀 Suction valve 82．排气总管 Exhaust manifold 83．进气总管 Air inlet manifold 84．高压燃油管 High pressure fuel pipe 85．活塞冷却水管 Piston cooling water pipe 86．法兰 Flange 87．贯穿螺栓 Tie bolt (tie rod) 89．滑油泵 Lubricating oil pump 90．燃油泵 Fuel oil pump 91．滑油泵齿轮 Gear for lubricating oil pump 92．燃油泵齿轮 Gear for fuel oil pump 93．叶轮 Impeller 94．柱塞 Plunger 95．导杆 Guide rod 96．导套 Sleeve 97．滚动轴承 Ball bearing 98．滑动轴承 Sliding bearing 99．推力滚动轴承Thrust ball bearing 100．推力面 Thrust surface (thrust side) 101．盘车机 Turning gear 102．增压器 Turbocharger 103．涡轮机(透平) Turbine 104．涡轮 Turbine wheel 105．涡轮叶片 Turbine blade 106．喷嘴 Nozzle 107．废气叶轮 Exhaust impeller 108．废气叶轮片 Exhaust blade 109．废气端 Exhaust side 110．透平端 Turbine side 111．转子轴 Rotor shaft 112．油泵 L.O.pump 113．换向装置 Reversing device 114．换向伺服期 Reversing servomotor 115．压气机(鼓风机) Blower 116．膨胀接 Expansion joint 117．调速器 governor 118．飞重 Flying weight 119．补偿阀 Compensate valve 120．针阀 Needle valve 121．开口销 Cotter pin 122．轴封 Shaft seal 123．机械密封 Machinery seal 4
第一课 船用柴油机是怎样工作的 柴油机是一种内燃机，通过把燃油喷入高温高压的燃烧室而发火。船用柴油机是一种在船上使用的柴油机。其工作原理如下： 一定量的新鲜空气被吸入或泵入汽缸并被运动的活塞压缩至很高的压力。空气被压缩时，温度升高，便点燃喷入汽缸的油雾。燃油的燃烧增加了缸内空气的热量，使空气膨胀并迫使发动机活塞对曲轴做功，随之驱动螺旋桨。两次喷油期间的运转过程叫一个工作循环。它由一些程序固定的过程组成。这个循环可在两个行程或四个行程内完成。四冲程柴油机的工作循环需四个独立的活塞行程，即吸气，压缩，膨胀和排气。如果我们把吸气和排气行程与压缩和膨胀行程结合起来，四冲程柴油机就变成了二冲程柴油机，如图1（a）~ （b）所示。 A 扫气 B 压缩 C 喷油 D 排气 二冲程循环从活塞离开其行程底部，即下止点（BDC）向上运行开始，气缸侧面的进气口即扫气口是打开的[图1（a）]，排气口也是打开的。经压缩的新鲜空气充入气缸，通过排气口将上一行程的残气吹出。 当活塞上行至其行程的1/5时，关闭进，排气口，随后空气在活塞上行中被压缩[图1（b）]。当活塞上行到行程底部，即上止点（TDC）时空气的压力和温度都上升到很高的数值。此时喷油器把很细的油雾喷入灼热的空气中，燃烧开始，在气体中产生更高的压力。 随着高压气体的膨胀，活塞被推动下行[图1（c）]直到它打开排气口，燃烧过的气体开始排出[图1（d）]，活塞继续下行直到它打开进气口，另一个循环开始。 在二冲程柴油机中，曲轴转一周产生一个动力行程，即做功行程；而在四冲程柴油机中，曲轴转两周才产生一个动力行程。这就是为什么从理论上说二冲程柴油机能产生相同尺寸的四冲程柴油机的两倍功率。然而，扫气不充分和其他损失使这一优势降到大约1。8倍。 在船上，每种柴油机都有他的应用。低速（即90~120 r/min）主推进柴油机以二冲程工作。在此低速时，机桨间不需减速箱。四冲程柴油机（通常以中速运转，转速在250~750r/min）用于发电机，并且有时作推进主机，用减速箱提供90~120 r/min的速度。 阅读材料译文 工作循环 柴油机可设计成以二冲程循环或四冲程循环工作，二者解释如下： 四冲程循环 图2示出了典型的两转四冲程循环的过程。该图通常从上止点（TDC，发火）开始绘制，从上止点（TDC，扫气）开始解释。上止点又叫内止点。 沿该图顺时针看，开始时进，排气阀都是打开的（所有现代四冲程柴油机均有气阀机构）。如果柴油机是自然换气或带有径流增压气的小型高速机，气阀的重叠时间，即两气阀同时开启的时间将很短。排气阀将在上止点后（ATDC）10o左右关闭。 推进柴油机和绝大多数1000r/min以下运转的辅助发电柴油机几乎都采用涡轮增压，并设计成在这一时刻让大量的扫气空气贯穿流动以控制适当的叶片温度。在这种情况下，排气阀将保持开启直至上止点后50~60o关闭。随着活塞在其吸气行程向外或下止点下行，它将吸入大量新鲜空气。为使吸入空气量达到最大，并补偿因阀落座造成的开启量减少或吸气惯性作用，进气阀保持开启，直到下止点后大约25~30o（145~155oBTDC）。这一过程称之为进气阀关闭。充入的空气然后被上行的活塞压缩至大约550oC。依柴油机的型号和转速而定，大约在10o~20oBTDC，喷油器喷入精细雾化的燃油。喷入的燃油在2~7o内着火（也依机型而定），活塞在膨胀行程下行，在30~50o的期间内燃烧。活塞的运动通常有利于诱导空气助燃。
Alternating current generators 交流电发电机 A coil of wire rotating in a magnetic field produces a current. 在一个线圈的电线旋转磁场产生电流。 The current can be brought out to two sliprings(滑环)which are insulated from the shaft. 目前可以拿出两sliprings(滑环)轴隔绝了。 Carbon brushes(碳刷)rest on these rings as they rotate and collect the current for use in an external circuit. 碳刷(碳刷)依靠这些环当其旋转,收集当前用于外部电路。 Current collected in this way will be alternating,that is,changing in direction and rising and falling in value. 目前以这种方式收集将交流,也就是说,改变方向,上升和下降的价值。 T o increase the current produced,additional sets of poles(电极)may be introduced. 增加所产生的电流,另外套杆(电极)可被引入。 The magnetic field is provided by electromagnets(电磁铁)so arranged that adjacent(相邻的)poles have opposite polarity(极性). 磁场是由电磁铁(电磁铁)安排(相邻的)两极附近有相反的极性(极性)。 These…field coils(场线圈、励磁线圈)?,as they are called,are connected in series to an external source or the machine output. 这些“场线圈(场线圈,励磁线圈)”,就象它们的称呼一样,被连接在一个外部来源或系列机器的输出。 If separate coils or conductors(导线)are used then several outputs can be obtained. 如果单独或导体线圈(导线)是用来后来几个输出可以被获得。 Three outputs are usually arranged with a phase separation of 120°,to produce a three phase supply. 三个输出通常安排一个相分离的120°,产生一种三相供应。 The three phase system is more efficient in that for the same mechanical power a greater total electrical output is obtained. 三个阶段的系统,更有效,为同一机械动力更大的总电力输出表达式。 Each of the three outputs may be used in single phase supplies or in conjunction for a three phase supply. 每一种都有可能被用于输出单相供应或连接三阶段供应。 The separate supplies are connected in either star or delta formation. 分开的供应被连接在要么恒星或三角洲的形成。 The star formation is most commonly used and requires four sliprings on the alternator. 恒星的形成是最常用的四sliprings,需要在交流发电机。 The three conductors are joined at a common slipring and also have their individual slipring. 这三个导体的一个共同的一个连在一起了,也有他们各自的一个。 The central or neutral line(中性线)is common to each phase. 中央或中性线(中性线)是常见的每个阶段。 The delta arrangement has two phases joined at each of the three sliprings on the alternator. 伊洛瓦底三角洲排列两个阶段加入在每一个三sliprings在交流发电机。 A single phase supply can be taken from any two sliprings. 一个单相供应可以拿走任何两个sliprings。 So far,alternator construction has considered the armature(电枢)rotating and the field coils stationary,
Module 3 My First Ride on a Train Ⅰ.阅读理解 阅读下面短文,从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。 (2017河南洛阳二模,A) After a long winter, spring is the ideal time for sightseeing and exploring London’s green spaces. Explore London’s parks and gardens Springtime is one of the pe rfect times of a year to explore London’s parks and gardens, when the city’s Royal Parks will be in full bloom with flowers. Go and admire the rainbow of azaleas(杜鹃花)at Richmond Park or hire a deckchair in St James’s Park with a view of Buckingham Palace. Enjoy the entertainment at a Spring Festival There are a good many festivals and events held in London throughout spring. Make the most of the cultural exhibitions at the British Library Spring Festival, the Sundance Film Festival or the London Literatur e Festival;head to Shakespeare’s Globe, which hosts open-air Shakespeare performances from late April until early October. Get active Warmer weather means there’s no excuse for staying indoors, so go for a walking or cycling tour of London. Alternatively, walk the Thames Walkway, which follows the river all the way from central London into the countryside;make the most of London’s “Boris Bikes”, which are available for hire all around the city and are free of charge for the first half hour. If